Internati
o
nal Journal
of App
lied Power E
n
gineering
(IJAPE)
V
o
l.
3, N
o
. 1
,
A
p
r
il
201
4, p
p
.
33
~40
I
S
SN
: 225
2-8
7
9
2
33
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJAPE
Performance Analysis of Volt
age Stability againstSudden
Load
Changes in Voltage Controlle
d In
vert
ers for Di
strib
u
ted
Gen
e
rati
on
Arvind Kadam, Keer
thi
Unni, Sus
hil Thale
Fr. C. Rodrigues
Institut
e
of
T
e
chnolog
y
,
Vashi
,
Navi Mum
b
ai
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Ja
n 21, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Feb
17
, 20
14
Accepted
Mar 10, 2014
Distributed
Gen
e
ration (DG) is
play
ing an
im
portant role in
the f
i
eld
of
ele
c
tri
c
it
y
gen
e
r
a
tion b
y
being
a
viabl
e
alt
e
rnat
i
v
e to
the C
e
ntr
a
liz
ed Power
Generat
i
on (CPG). This interest
is also m
o
tivate
d
b
y
the ne
ed for elim
inat
ing
the unnecessar
y
transmission and distri
bution costs,
reducing the
g
r
eenhouse
gas emissions,
deferring capital costs
and improving the availability
and
reliability
of
elec
trical networks. Although, d
i
st
ributed gen
e
ration
has man
y
advant
ages
, i
t
h
a
s
s
o
m
e
is
s
u
es
in the
fields of
protection, po
wer control,
stabili
t
y
, isl
a
ndi
ng detec
tion et
c.
Am
ongst all the issues, this paper att
e
m
p
ts
to highlight
the
issue of voltage stab
ility
und
er
sudden chang
e
s in lo
adin
g
conditions in
a d
i
stributed g
e
ner
a
tion
s
y
stems operating in
stand-alone mode.
Proper design and tuning of compensato
rs for
closed loop operation in DG
s
y
stem
s can en
sure voltage sta
b
ilit
y.
As the load dem
a
nd increases
, th
e
output voltage
of DG usually
dips fo
r a short time owing to the weak
(smaller cap
acity
) nature of r
e
newable
sources, after which it returns to
s
t
ead
y
s
t
at
e. Thi
s
fall in the volt
a
ge pr
ofile could prove to be harmful if the
settling
tim
e is
m
o
re. The sim
u
lation
and hard
ware results i
llu
strate
that
,
accur
a
t
e
com
p
e
n
s
a
tor des
i
gn, i
s
one of the ke
y fa
ctor in m
a
i
n
taining
the
voltag
e
stabi
lit
y in DG s
y
stem
.
This
paper
ex
plores the
effect of proper
c
o
mpe
n
sa
t
o
r de
si
gn i
n
ma
i
n
ta
i
n
ing vol
ta
ge st
a
b
ili
ty
of DG.
Keyword:
Clo
s
ed
l
o
op
oper
a
tio
n
Com
p
ensator design
Di
st
ri
b
u
t
e
d ge
nerat
i
o
n
Renewa
ble s
o
urces
Vo
ltag
e
stab
ility
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Ar
vin
d
Ka
dam
,
Depa
rtem
ent of Elect
ri
cal
E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g,
Fr. C
o
n
ceicao
Ro
drigu
e
s
Institu
te of Techn
o
l
o
g
y
,
Sect
or
-9
A,
Va
shi
,
Na
vi
M
u
m
b
ai
,
40
0
7
0
3
,
I
n
di
a.
Em
a
il: arv
i
n
d_h
k@ym
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
The e
n
er
gy
i
n
dust
r
y
t
oday
i
s
faci
n
g
m
a
ny
chal
l
e
nge
s beca
use o
f
t
h
e e
v
er
i
n
creasi
n
g
de
m
a
nd o
f
t
h
e
electrical p
o
w
er. Th
ese ch
allen
g
e
s in
clud
e main
tain
ing
po
wer qu
ality, in
creasin
g
t
h
e power transfer capacity
of t
h
e system
, reducing t
h
e
high capital c
o
st
require
d
for ge
neration of
power as well
as reducing
t
h
e per unit
cost
and m
a
ny
m
o
re. The po
w
e
r el
ect
roni
cs a
nd
po
wer
syste
m
s
researche
r
s
are curre
n
tly work
i
n
g
to
ward
s th
e
so
lu
tion
t
o
th
ese prob
lem
s
. Th
e
o
ngo
ing
research
es in
t
h
i
s
area
have
f
o
un
d t
h
at
t
h
e proble
m
s
associated with
t
h
e co
nve
nt
i
o
n
a
l
sourc
e
s can
bet
t
e
r be s
o
l
v
e
d
t
h
r
o
ug
h
DG. Th
erefore DG is g
e
ttin
g
lo
t o
f
atten
tion
as it can
p
r
ov
id
e t
h
e so
lu
tio
n to
t
h
e issu
es
related
t
o
t
h
e CPG.
Di
st
ri
b
u
t
e
d
Ge
nerat
i
o
n ca
n
b
e
defi
ned
as l
o
cal
i
zed
sm
all s
cale electricity generation in
the ra
nge
of
f
e
w
h
und
r
e
d
s
o
f
kW
to
f
e
w MW
[
1
]-[2
].
I
n
D
G
systems,
th
e electr
i
cal p
o
w
e
r
is g
e
ner
a
ted
using
lo
cally
available re
ne
wable
or
nonre
n
ewa
b
le e
n
ergy sources
. T
h
is
p
o
we
r
ge
nerat
e
d is
first
fed
t
o
the
local l
o
a
d
, i
f
the
po
we
r ge
nerat
i
on i
s
m
o
re t
h
a
n
t
h
e l
o
a
d
dem
a
nd t
h
en t
h
e p
o
we
r i
s
fe
d t
o
t
h
e g
r
i
d
. B
a
se
d
on t
h
i
s
p
h
en
o
m
enon
t
h
ere ar
e t
w
o
m
odes of
ope
r
a
t
i
on o
f
DG sy
st
em
s;
fi
rst
bei
ng
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
n
ec
t
e
d m
ode or t
h
e gri
d
-t
i
e
d m
ode an
d
seco
nd
bei
n
g
t
h
e st
a
n
d
-
al
o
n
e
m
ode or
t
h
e i
s
l
a
nde
d m
ode.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-87
92
IJA
P
E Vol
.
3
,
No
. 1, A
p
ri
l
20
14
:
33
–
4
0
34
DG system
s o
ffer
b
e
n
e
fits lik
e lib
eralizatio
n o
f
el
ectricity
mark
ets, standb
y cap
acity, reliab
ility, an
d
gri
d
s
u
pport et
c [2]
.
D
G
is a
tool t
h
at can hel
p
electrical suppliers to sort
ou
t prob
lem
s
in
a lib
eralized
m
a
rk
et,
whe
r
e cust
om
er i
s
keen o
n
l
o
oki
ng f
o
r t
h
e b
e
st
sui
t
a
bl
e ele
c
tricity service provide
r
. T
h
e DG system
s ca
n be
use
d
fo
r i
n
crea
si
ng st
an
d
b
y
capaci
t
y
at
t
i
m
e
s of pea
k
l
o
a
d
dem
a
nd. The
DG al
so
hel
p
s
i
n
peak sha
v
i
ng f
o
r
co
n
tinuo
us p
o
w
e
r
supp
ly.
As e
v
ery
coi
n
has t
w
o
si
des
,
D
G
al
s
o
has
bene
fi
t
s
as
we
ll as som
e
issues. But
if t
h
es
e issues
are
solve
d
t
h
en DG ca
n
be a
via
b
le alternati
v
e
to CPG.
The
is
sues a
ssociate
d
with
a powe
r electronic converter
b
a
sed
DG
u
n
i
t
in
clu
d
e
m
a
in
t
e
n
a
n
ce
o
f
p
o
wer q
u
ality, p
r
o
t
ectio
n
,
power
co
n
t
ro
l,
v
o
ltage stab
ility, freq
u
e
n
c
y
stab
ility, islan
d
ing
d
e
tection
,
s
m
o
o
t
h
op
eratin
g
m
o
d
e
tran
sfer etc. Th
is
pap
e
r ad
dresses th
e issu
e o
f
vo
ltag
e
stab
ility
in
th
e co
n
t
ex
t o
f
th
e
su
dd
en
lo
ad
chan
g
e
s in
DG syste
m
in
co
rp
oratin
g
no
n-co
nven
tio
n
a
l / ren
e
wab
l
e
energy s
o
urces
and
powe
r ele
c
tronic convert
e
rs.
1.
1.
Over
view of
Distributed Generation
A t
y
pi
cal
st
r
u
c
t
ure
of
D
G
sy
st
em
i
s
sh
own in
Fi
g
u
re
1
.
A static tran
sfer switch
(STS) is
u
s
ed
t
o
sep
a
rate th
e mu
ltip
le DG
u
n
i
ts fro
m
u
tilit
y
g
r
i
d
at th
e PCC. In
case
o
f
in
terrup
tio
n
i
n
u
tility, th
e STS en
su
re
th
e d
i
scon
n
ecti
o
n of m
u
ltip
le DG un
its fro
m th
e m
a
in
g
r
i
d
. Each DG syst
e
m
co
n
s
ists
of
a ren
e
wab
l
e
o
r
no
n-
rene
wa
bl
e ene
r
gy
so
urc
e
, a
n
e
n
er
gy
st
o
r
age
devi
ce,
an
i
nve
rter, a
n
d a c
ont
roller. Each DG units is connected
with
th
e l
o
cal lo
ad. Th
e DG
un
it can
o
p
e
rate in
grid
co
nnec
t
ed o
r
st
an
d-al
one m
ode
. I
n
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
n
ect
ed
m
ode
th
e DG
u
n
its are co
nn
ected
to
th
e u
tility g
r
id
, and
th
e ex
t
r
a p
o
wer av
ailab
l
e after feedin
g
to
DG lo
cal lo
ad
will b
e
sup
p
lied
to
u
tility. In
case of an
y
fault o
ccurri
n
g
in
th
e
u
tility g
r
id
, th
e
STS at th
e PCC
d
i
scon
n
e
ct th
e
DG un
its fro
m
u
tility g
r
id
as so
on
as
p
o
ssi
b
l
e.
Fi
gu
re
1.
St
r
u
c
t
ure
of
g
r
i
d
co
nnect
e
d
DG
sy
st
em
In
the ab
sen
c
e o
f
th
e m
a
in
grid
th
e
DG
units can
o
p
erat
e
i
n
st
an
dal
o
ne
m
ode an
d
fee
d
real
a
nd
reactive
powe
r to t
h
e local
loads
.
On
ce
th
e DG
u
n
its
are switch
e
d to
stand
a
l
o
n
e
m
o
d
e
, th
e
DG un
its
im
m
e
di
at
el
y
share t
h
e
new
p
o
we
r
dem
a
nd,
base
d o
n
t
h
e l
o
ad s
h
ari
ng
sch
e
m
e
im
pl
em
ent
e
d an
d s
u
ppl
y
po
we
r
to
all th
e critic
al lo
ad
s. If th
e p
o
wer cap
acity o
f
DG un
its
is in
su
fficien
t
to su
pp
ly all th
e
lo
ad
s th
en
th
e
least
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
l
o
ads can b
e
cu
t-off to m
a
in
tain
v
o
ltag
e
stab
ility
[1
]-[9
].
2.
LITERATU
R
E
REVIE
W
Alth
oug
h, th
e
DG
h
a
s certai
n
issu
es, it h
a
s
m
a
n
a
g
e
d
to
attract th
e research
ers to
fi
n
d
so
lu
tion
for
th
em
. Alo
n
g
with
all o
t
h
e
r issu
es, th
e research
ers are also
d
ealin
g
with
vo
ltag
e
stab
ility
issu
e. In DG syste
m
s,
t
h
e o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge i
s
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
d by
c
ont
rol
l
i
ng t
h
e react
i
v
e po
we
r co
nt
r
o
l
.
T
h
i
s
re
gul
a
t
i
on i
s
base
d
on t
h
e
d
r
oo
p con
t
ro
l ch
ar
acter
istics
[1
],
[3
]-[
5
]
.
Th
e issu
e
o
f
vo
ltag
e
stab
ility
and
p
o
wer con
t
ro
l b
e
co
m
e
s q
u
ite si
g
n
i
fican
t
in
stan
d-alon
e m
o
d
e
of
ope
rat
i
o
n beca
use i
n
t
h
i
s
m
o
de of
ope
rat
i
o
n, t
h
e D
G
u
n
i
t
has t
o
su
ppl
y
bot
h real
an
d r
eact
i
v
e po
wer
t
o
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
Also
in
i
s
lan
d
e
d
m
o
d
e
,
wh
en
p
a
rallel
DG
un
its are feed
ing
co
mm
o
n
lo
ad
, t
h
e synch
r
on
izatio
n
between
pha
se, f
r
e
que
n
c
y
and m
a
gni
t
ude i
s
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
res
u
l
t
s
i
n
i
n
-a
de
quat
e
l
o
ad s
h
a
r
i
n
g b
e
t
w
een
DG
u
n
i
t
s [1]
,
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
t
or
ag
e
De
v
i
c
e
Lo
c
a
l L
o
a
d
A
ggr
eg
at
ed
DG
L
o
a
d
DG
1
GR
I
D
CB
ST
S
PC
C
In
v
e
r
t
e
r
C
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
CB
:
Ci
r
c
u
i
t
Br
e
a
k
e
r
D
G
: D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
te
d
G
e
n
e
r
a
tio
n
U
n
it
PC
C
:
Po
i
n
t
o
f
C
o
m
m
o
n
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
S
T
S
:
St
at
i
c
T
r
ans
f
er
S
w
i
t
c
h
R
e
ne
w
a
ble
/
No
n
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
En
e
r
g
y
S
o
u
r
c
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
t
or
ag
e
De
v
i
c
e
Lo
c
a
l L
o
a
d
DG
n
In
v
e
r
t
e
r
C
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r
R
e
ne
w
a
ble
/
No
n
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
En
e
r
g
y
S
o
u
r
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
APE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
7
9
2
Perfo
r
man
ce An
a
l
ysis
o
f
Vo
lta
g
e
S
t
a
b
ility Ag
a
i
n
s
t
S
udd
en
Loa
d
Chan
g
e
s
in
Vo
lta
g
e
(Arvin
d
K
a
d
a
m)
35
[3]-[4].
This i
n
-ade
quate loa
d
shari
n
g
affects th
e vo
ltag
e
profile o
f
DG sy
ste
m
. To overcom
e
these issues
of
react
i
v
e p
o
we
r
cont
r
o
l
an
d m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
ng s
m
oot
h vol
t
a
ge
pro
f
i
l
e
m
a
ny
po
wer c
ont
r
o
l
st
rat
e
gi
es have bee
n
pr
o
pose
d
.
T
h
e
s
e st
rat
e
gi
es a
r
e m
a
i
n
l
y
based
o
n
dr
oo
p c
o
nt
rol
c
h
aract
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s whi
c
h ca
n
be f
u
rt
he
r cl
as
si
fi
ed
as vi
rt
u
a
l
im
pedance
co
nt
r
o
l
[1]
,
[3]
,
i
n
t
e
g
r
al
co
nt
r
o
l
[
4
]
,
v
o
l
t
a
ge s
o
u
r
ce co
nt
rol
[5]
et
c. base
d
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
i
ficatio
n
in th
e
d
r
oo
p con
t
ro
l ch
aracteristics equ
a
tio
n.
The
c
o
nve
ntional
m
e
thod us
ed for real
and reactiv
e power
c
ontrol
is droop
control m
e
thod.
T
h
e
fol
l
o
wi
n
g
s
u
bs
ect
i
on
gi
ves
ba
ckg
r
ou
n
d
of
d
r
oo
p c
o
nt
r
o
l
ch
aract
eri
s
t
i
c
s.
2.
1.
Dr
o
o
p c
o
ntr
o
l
ch
arac
te
ri
sti
c
s
To u
nde
rst
a
n
d
t
h
e ori
g
i
n
of
t
h
e conce
p
t
of d
r
oo
p co
nt
r
o
l
,
t
h
e com
p
l
e
x p
o
we
r t
r
ans
f
er
red by
a
t
r
ansm
i
ssi
on l
i
ne nee
d
s t
o
be con
s
i
d
ere
d
. T
h
e si
ngl
e l
i
n
e di
agram
of t
r
ans
m
i
ssi
on l
i
n
e i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2 as
an
RL ci
rcu
it
with
th
e vo
ltages at th
e term
in
als o
f
th
e li
n
e
.
Fi
gu
re
2.
P
o
we
r Fl
ow t
h
r
o
ug
h
a Tra
n
sm
i
ssi
on Li
ne [
1
]
Whe
r
e,
E
S
and
E
R
are se
ndi
ng and
receivi
ng end
voltages
respe
c
tively,
δ
is angle bet
w
een
sending
and receivi
ng end voltages, I
is
current
fl
owing through t
h
e tra
n
sm
issio
n
line,
Φ
i
s
a
n
gl
e bet
w
ee
n se
ndi
n
g
end
v
o
l
t
a
ge
an
d c
u
r
r
ent
,
an
d
Z i
s
l
o
a
d
i
m
pedance
.
Typ
i
cal tr
an
smissio
n
lin
es
ar
e m
o
d
e
lled
w
ith
t
h
e inductan
ce (X)
b
e
in
g
m
u
ch gr
eater
th
an
t
h
e
resistance s
o
t
h
e resista
n
ce is ge
nerally
ne
gl
ect
ed. T
h
e e
quat
i
o
n
fo
r rea
c
t
i
v
e po
we
r (
Q
e
) can
t
h
en
b
e
written
as,
cos
(
1
)
If the power angle
δ
is s
m
al
l, t
h
en
th
e sm
all a
n
g
l
e
form
ula can be use
d
s
o
that cos
δ
= 1.
Sim
p
l
i
f
y
i
ng
an
d rewriting
giv
e
s,
≅
(
2
)
Equation
(2) determ
ines that voltage diffe
r
ence
depe
nds
on the reacti
v
e powe
r [2]-[5]. In ot
her
words, if th
e reactiv
e p
o
wer
can
b
e
regu
lated
,
th
en
th
e voltag
e
E
S
will b
e
co
n
t
ro
llab
l
e as well. By reg
u
l
ating
t
h
e react
i
v
e po
wer fl
ows t
h
ro
ug
h a po
we
r sy
st
em
,
t
h
e vol
t
a
ge can be det
e
rm
i
n
ed. Thi
s
obs
er
vat
i
on l
e
ads t
o
t
h
e com
m
on
dr
oo
p c
o
nt
r
o
l
eq
uat
i
o
n
[
1
0]
–
(
3
)
Whe
r
e
is th
e base vo
ltag
e
,
is th
e
slop
e
o
f
cha
r
acteristics and
is th
e tem
p
o
r
ary set
poi
nt
s f
o
r t
h
e
r
eact
i
v
e po
we
r of t
h
e i
nve
rt
er.
The t
y
pi
cal
vo
l
t
a
ge dr
o
op c
o
nt
r
o
l
charact
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
pl
ot
i
s
sho
w
n
i
n
Fi
gu
re 3
.
Fr
o
m
t
h
e dro
o
p
e
quat
i
o
n
(3
) as
wel
l
as fr
om
Fig
u
re 3
it is ev
id
en
t th
at, as th
e reactiv
e
p
o
wer
dem
a
nd i
n
crea
ses, t
h
e dr
o
o
p
cont
r
o
l
sche
m
e
wi
l
l
al
l
o
w the syste
m
voltage to dec
r
ease. The slope of the
characte
r
istic can
be
use
d
to e
s
tim
a
te reactiv
e po
wer
requ
ired
to b
e
ab
sorbed
or pum
p
ed i
n
to t
h
e system
.
2
.
2
.
Vo
l
t
ag
e Sta
b
ility
Main
tain
in
g
vo
ltag
e
stab
ility is a v
e
ry im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ect in
p
o
wer syste
m
. A system
en
ter
s
a state o
f
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
stab
i
lity wh
en
a d
i
stu
r
b
a
n
ce
or in
crease i
n
lo
ad
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
c
cu
rs. Vo
ltag
e
stab
ility
may al
so
be
affect
ed
w
h
e
n
a so
urce i
s
u
n
a
b
l
e
t
o
m
eet
t
h
e react
i
v
e
po
we
r dem
a
nd.
V
o
l
t
a
ge
pr
ofi
l
e
ca
n
t
hus
be
de
fi
ne
d as
the cha
n
ge i
n
t
h
e
voltage
of t
h
e system
as the load cha
n
ges.
The t
y
pe
o
f
s
o
urce
use
d
has
s
ubst
a
nt
i
a
l
im
pact
on
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
pr
ofi
l
e
of
t
h
e
DG
sy
st
em
. The
,
vol
t
a
g
e
in
stab
ility p
r
ob
lem
in
a DG syste
m
is o
n
e
o
f
th
e m
o
st d
e
stru
ctiv
e situ
at
io
n
on
p
o
wer syste
m
. A DG syste
m
whe
n
a
ssociate
d
to a
gri
d
is
not a
rigid or
stiff sy
stem
. Hence, it is
re
quired t
o
im
ple
m
ent acc
urate c
o
ntrol
strategies for e
ffective
operati
o
n of a
DG sys
t
e
m
.
Most of the
DG system
s with re
ne
wable
sources
su
c
h
as
PV a
rray
,
wi
n
d
are
som
e
t
i
m
e
s, de
pe
ndi
n
g
on atm
o
spheri
c conditions i
n
capable
of
produci
n
g reactiv
e powe
r. Thus, duri
ng dy
na
mic load cha
n
ging state,
Figure
3. Reactive power cont
rol
th
ro
ugh
v
o
ltage dr
oop
co
n
t
ro
l
[3
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-87
92
IJA
P
E Vol
.
3
,
No
. 1, A
p
ri
l
20
14
:
33
–
4
0
36
th
ey can
no
t main
tain
v
o
ltag
e
stab
ility. Th
erefore su
itab
l
e v
o
ltag
e
com
p
en
sato
r shou
ld
b
e
d
e
signed
and
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ted
t
o
m
a
in
tain
th
e v
o
ltag
e
stab
ilit
y o
f
th
e DG sy
ste
m
. Th
erefo
r
e, th
e in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
an
y DG
so
urce
need
s t
o
be
c
o
or
di
nat
e
d
wi
t
h
t
h
e av
ai
l
a
bl
e v
o
l
t
a
ge a
n
d
reac
tive power c
ontrol sc
hem
e
in
o
r
d
e
r to en
sure th
at
th
e DG system will no
t dro
p
th
e
p
r
op
er
vo
ltag
e
stab
ility.
A
fl
at
v
o
l
t
a
ge pr
ofi
l
e
ca
n be assur
e
d
i
f
So
urce s
u
p
p
l
y
i
ng t
h
e
po
wer i
s
st
i
ff i
.
e., The
vol
t
a
ge o
ffe
re
d by
t
h
e so
urc
e
does n
o
t
di
p
as l
o
ad dem
a
n
d
increases
.
There
is a
n
alternate s
o
urce
which ca
n
pum
p
in pow
er at the
transie
n
t stat
e.( e.g.Ultra ca
pacitor)
A co
m
p
en
sator is ap
pro
p
riately d
e
sig
n
e
d
to
co
m
p
en
sate
for th
e d
i
p
in
th
e vo
ltag
e
pro
f
ile at ti
m
e
s
o
f
lo
ad
increase. T
h
is
can incl
ude PI
or PID
con
t
ro
llers th
at are
p
r
op
erly tun
e
d
.
3.
HA
RD
WA
RE
A
N
D
SI
MUL
A
TIO
N
RES
U
LTS
The si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on a
n
d
ha
rd
wa
r
e
im
pl
em
ent
a
ti
on
of
D
G
u
n
i
t
i
n
st
an
d-al
on
e m
ode of
o
p
e
rat
i
o
n
wa
s
per
f
o
r
m
e
d. Al
l
t
h
e si
m
u
l
a
t
i
ons
w
e
re
pe
rf
orm
e
d o
n
M
A
TLAB
/
Si
m
u
l
i
nk s
o
ft
ware
. T
h
e si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on
resul
t
s
obt
ai
ne
d
were
veri
fi
e
d
by
i
m
pl
em
ent
i
ng on a t
h
ree
ph
ase i
nve
rt
er b
a
sed D
G
uni
t
har
d
wa
re
pr
o
t
ot
y
p
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
i
n
t
h
e in
stitu
te’s research labo
rat
o
ry.
Th
e
sim
u
l
a
tio
n
an
d h
a
rdware
resu
lts are exp
l
ain
e
d in
d
e
tail in
fo
llowing
sub
s
ectio
n
s
.
Ap
pr
o
p
ri
at
e de
si
gn
of c
o
m
p
ensat
o
rs i
s
cru
c
i
a
l
for p
r
ope
r
cl
osed l
o
o
p
co
nt
r
o
l
of a
n
y
sy
st
em
. In t
h
e
sy
st
em
unde
r
st
udy
,
t
h
e
sens
ed
vol
t
a
ges a
r
e co
nve
rt
ed
f
r
o
m
abc-t
o
-d
q
refe
rence
f
r
am
e an
d t
h
en
fe
d
t
o
t
h
e
i
ndi
vi
dual
P
I
cont
rol
l
e
rs
. Th
e out
p
u
t
o
f
PI
cont
r
o
l
l
e
rs ar
e t
a
ken as i
n
p
u
t
t
o
dq
-t
o
-
ab
c t
r
ansf
orm
a
t
i
on
f
o
r
gene
rat
i
n
g c
o
r
r
e
sp
on
di
n
g
p
u
l
s
es f
o
r
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
i
nve
rt
er
swi
t
c
h
e
s.
Depe
n
d
i
n
g
up
o
n
t
h
e
vari
o
u
s
pr
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
nal
gai
n
K
p
an
d in
tegral
g
a
in K
i
val
u
es
t
h
e t
r
a
n
si
ent
r
e
sp
onse
o
f
t
h
e
sy
st
em
was f
o
un
d t
o
vary
.
Thi
s
pa
per pa
r
t
i
c
ul
arl
y
focus
e
s on t
h
e i
m
pact
of di
ffe
re
nt
sou
r
ces an
d co
m
p
ensat
o
r desi
gn
on
D
G
syste
m
. Battery, so
lar PV, and
Fu
el cell are th
e t
h
ree typ
e
s of s
o
urces
c
o
nside
r
ed for this im
pact
study.
The
fo
llowing
sub
s
ectio
n
s
in
cl
ud
e th
e d
e
tailed
an
alysis o
f
th
e effect of
t
h
ese sources
al
ong with
c
o
m
p
ensator for
diffe
re
nt K
p
and
K
i
v
a
lu
es.
T
r
an
s
f
or
m
e
r
In
v
e
r
t
er
Fi
l
t
e
r
Lo
c
a
l
Lo
a
d
Si
ne
PWM
Ge
n
e
r
a
tio
n
a
b
c
t
o
dq
co
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
dq t
o
abc
co
n
v
er
si
o
n
AD
C
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
Se
ns
i
n
g
Ɵ
Ɵ
Bu
f
f
e
r
&
Ga
t
e
D
r
iv
e
r
V
d
*
V
q
*
V
a
V
b
V
c
PV
Pa
n
e
l
C
o
nt
r
o
l
S
T
I
C
K
-
T
M
S
32
0F
28
0
6
9
DC
Lin
k
+
+
_
_
PI
Co
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
PI
Co
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
In
t
e
rn
a
l
S
i
ne w
a
ve
g
e
ner
a
t
i
on
PL
L
Fi
gu
re
4.
C
l
os
ed l
o
o
p
c
ont
rol
schem
e
fo
r
vo
l
t
a
ge co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
d St
a
n
d
-
al
o
n
e
DG
u
n
i
t
3.
1. Si
mul
a
ti
o
n
Res
u
l
t
s
The Fi
g
u
re
4 sho
w
s t
h
e det
a
i
l
ed cont
rol
sch
e
m
e
im
p
l
em
ent
e
d on t
h
e sy
st
em
unde
r st
ud
y
for p
o
w
er
cont
rol
i
n
st
a
n
d-al
one m
ode.
Thi
s
sc
hem
e
im
pl
em
ent
e
d i
n
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on, i
s
do
ne
fo
r
dy
nam
i
call
y
changi
ng
lo
ad
s.
Wh
en
t
h
e lo
ad
is
resistiv
e, th
e inv
e
rter g
i
v
e
s a cl
ea
n t
h
ree
phase
wave
f
o
rm
for
vol
t
a
ge
an
d c
u
rre
nt
as
sh
own
in Fi
g
u
re 5
,
Figur
e
6
an
d Figur
e
8
.
O
n
th
e ev
en
t
o
f
a su
dd
en
incr
ease in lo
ad
, th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
t
h
e
DG
ch
ang
e
s d
e
pen
d
i
n
g
upon
two m
a
in fact
ors; t
h
e
form
e
r
being the
stiffness
of
the
sources
and la
tter base
d
on
the accuracy
of t
h
e
com
p
ensat
o
r
d
e
si
gn
o
r
bot
h.
Fi
gu
re
6 s
h
ow
s t
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut
cu
rre
nt
wa
ve
fo
r
m
of a v
o
l
t
a
ge
cont
rol
l
e
d
st
an
d-al
o
n
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
APE
I
S
SN
:
225
2-8
7
9
2
Perfo
r
man
ce An
a
l
ysis
o
f
Vo
lta
g
e
S
t
a
b
ility Ag
a
i
n
s
t
S
udd
en
Loa
d
Chan
g
e
s
in
Vo
lta
g
e
(Arvin
d
K
a
d
a
m)
37
DG
unit on the onset of a load change.
The wave
form
s
i
n
Figur
e 5 and Fig
u
r
e
6
sh
ow
s th
at, t
h
e sy
ste
m
is
stab
le for an
y lo
ad
ch
an
g
e
i
.
e.
th
eou
t
pu
t vo
ltag
e
of
DG
unit rem
a
ins consta
nt at specifie
d
refe
rence
value. For
l
a
rge l
o
a
d
cha
nge t
h
e
out
put
vol
t
a
ge de
vi
at
es from
i
t
s
reference
,
b
u
t
du
e t
o
t
h
e cl
osed
l
oop c
ont
rol
s
c
hem
e
th
e vo
ltag
e
ag
ain
rest
o
r
es b
a
ck
to its reference v
a
lu
e in short ti
m
e
.
Fi
gu
re 5.
Vol
t
age
c
ont
rol
l
e
d
St
and
-
al
o
n
e D
G
uni
t
out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge wave
f
o
r
m
Fi
gu
re 6.
Vol
t
age
c
ont
rol
l
e
d
St
and
-
al
o
n
e D
G
uni
t
out
put
c
u
r
r
ent
wa
vef
o
r
m
3.
2. Har
d
w
a
re
Resul
t
s
Th
e PV so
urce is in
h
e
ren
tly no
t a stiff sou
r
ce in
th
e sen
s
e t
h
at it can
no
t su
pp
ly po
wer
de
m
a
n
d
e
d b
y
a load
on the event
of a s
u
dde
n
loa
d
increa
se
. He
nce the vol
t
age profile
m
a
y
be affect
e
d
a
nd t
h
ere
wo
ul
d
be a
su
dd
en
d
i
p
i
n
th
e pow
er
sup
p
lied. In
o
r
der
to
m
a
in
tain
th
e vo
ltag
e
co
n
s
tan
t
, an
app
r
op
r
i
ate clo
s
ed
loop
ope
rat
i
o
n
of
t
h
e i
n
v
e
rt
er
i
s
i
m
pl
em
ent
e
d t
h
r
o
ug
h
DS
P as
s
h
ow
n.
T
h
e se
ns
ed
vol
t
a
ges
fr
o
m
t
h
e i
n
vert
er
out
put
are fe
d to compensators that are im
p
l
e
m
en
ted
in
d
i
screte fo
rm
in
DSP. Th
e con
t
ro
ller used
fo
r im
p
l
e
m
en
tin
g
cont
rol
sc
hem
e
i
s
DS
P-TM
S3
20
F2
8
0
6
9
c
o
nt
rol
-
st
i
c
k f
r
o
m
Texas
I
n
st
r
u
m
e
nt
s. Fi
g
u
re
7
sho
w
s
t
h
e l
a
bo
rat
o
r
y
setu
p fo
r th
e
dev
e
lop
e
d pro
t
otyp
e of
stand-
alo
n
e
DG
u
n
it.
Ap
pr
o
p
ri
at
e de
si
gn
of c
o
m
p
ensat
o
rs i
s
cru
c
i
a
l
for p
r
ope
r
cl
osed l
o
o
p
co
nt
r
o
l
of a
n
y
sy
st
em
. In t
h
e
sy
st
em
unde
r s
t
udy
, t
h
e
sen
s
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
ges a
n
d
cur
r
ent
s
a
r
e c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
d f
r
o
m
abc t
o
d
q
re
fer
e
nce f
r
am
e and t
h
e
n
fed t
o
t
h
e i
n
di
vi
d
u
al
PI
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
rs.
De
pen
d
i
ng
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
v
a
ri
o
u
s
K
p
and
K
i
val
u
es t
h
e transie
n
t res
ponse
of
the system
was found to va
ry.
Fi
gu
re
7.
La
b
o
rat
o
ry
set
u
p
f
o
r
st
an
d-al
one
DG
u
n
i
t
R-Phas
e Curre
nt
Fi
gu
re
8.
3-
Ø
vol
t
a
ge
an
d R
-
pha
se c
u
r
r
ent
wave
form
for
a stand-alone
DG unit.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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IJA
P
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.
3
,
No
. 1, A
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ri
l
20
14
:
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–
4
0
38
The o
u
t
p
ut
vol
t
a
ge and c
u
r
r
e
n
t
wave
fo
rm
s f
o
r t
h
e co
nt
r
o
l
schem
e
of Fi
gur
e 4 are sho
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re 8
.
Th
e r
e
spon
se of
th
e DG
u
n
it on
acco
u
n
t
of a
load i
n
crease
a
n
d loa
d
decrea
se
are s
h
ow
n i
n
Fi
gu
re
9,
Fi
g
u
re
1
0
an
d
Fi
g
u
re 11
.
In
itially th
e lo
a
d
con
n
ected
to
th
e syste
m
was 1
0
W
resistiv
e lo
ad
, later a 3
-
Φ
in
du
ctio
n
mo
tor
was co
nnect
e
d
as i
nduct
i
v
e l
o
ad i
n
pa
ral
l
e
l
t
o
resi
st
i
v
e l
o
ad. The i
m
pact
of vari
o
u
s K
p
and K
i
val
u
e
s
was
assessed
by
c
o
nnect
i
n
g a
n
d
d
i
scon
nect
i
n
g
I
M
as l
o
a
d
.
The system
was tested at l
o
w
volta
ge to
meas
ure t
h
e transient
res
p
ons
e on
DSO. T
h
e
prim
ary
vol
t
a
ge
of
1
1
0
V
-t
o-
41
5
V
st
ep u
p
(
Δ
-
Υ
) tra
n
sform
e
r was
adjuste
d
to 50
V
RMS. Figure 9 shows the transie
n
t
r
e
spon
se
o
f
syste
m
f
o
r
i
n
du
cti
v
e lo
ad
con
n
ectio
n
an
d d
i
sconn
ectio
n.
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c
)
(d)
(e)
(f
)
Figu
re
9.
T
r
an
sient res
p
onse
of
sy
stem
for
d
i
ffere
nt
K
p
v
a
l
u
es with
K
i
=
0.00
1
(a)
(b)
(c
)
(d)
(e)
(f
)
Figu
re
1
0
. T
r
a
n
sient
res
p
o
n
se
o
f
sy
stem
for
diffe
re
nt K
p
v
a
lu
es with
K
i
=
0.
00
3
K
p
=
0.1
K
p
=
0.3
K
p
=
0.5
K
p
=
0.8
Loa
d
Connecti
o
n
Loa
d
Di
sc
on
ne
ct
i
o
n
Vo
ltag
e
Di
p
du
e to
Lo
ad
Conn
ectio
n
Vo
ltag
e
Rise du
e to
Loa
d
Di
sco
nne
ct
i
o
n
K
p
=
0
.
06
K
p
=
0
.
08
K
p
=
0.1
K
p
=
0.3
K
p
=
0.5
K
p
=
0.8
R-Lo
ad
IM
-L
oad
R-Ph
ase
Vol
t
a
ge
W
a
ve
f
o
rm
R-Phas
e Cu
rre
nt
W
a
ve
fo
r
m
Loa
d
Connecti
o
n
Loa
d
Di
sc
on
ne
ct
i
o
n
RLo
a
d
No
V
o
l
t
a
ge Di
p due
t
o
Inc
r
ease
d
value
of
K
p
an
d K
i
Vo
ltag
e
Rise du
e to
Loa
d
Di
sco
nne
ct
i
o
n
R Lo
a
d
R-Lo
ad
IM
-L
oad
R-Ph
ase
Vol
t
a
ge
W
a
ve
f
o
rm
R-Phase Current
Wavef
o
r
m
K
p
=
0
.
08
K
p
=
0
.
06
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
APE
I
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2-8
7
9
2
Perfo
r
man
ce An
a
l
ysis
o
f
Vo
lta
g
e
S
t
a
b
ility Ag
a
i
n
s
t
S
udd
en
Loa
d
Chan
g
e
s
in
Vo
lta
g
e
(Arvin
d
K
a
d
a
m)
39
The de
vel
ope
d
har
d
wa
re wa
s t
e
st
ed fo
r va
ri
o
u
s com
b
i
n
at
i
o
ns o
f
K
p
a
nd
K
i
gai
n
val
u
es.
I
t
i
s
veri
fi
ed
that the system is stable a
nd
operates
in closed loop cont
rol for all
these K
p
and K
i
gai
n
val
u
es. The
wave
f
o
rm
s
sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
9 are fo
r di
f
f
ere
n
t
val
u
es
of
K
p
with
K
i
=
0
.
0
0
1
.
Fr
om
Figu
re
9
(a
)-
(f
) it is e
v
ide
n
t
that as K
p
value increases, the
peak am
plitude
of swi
t
c
hi
ng
t
r
ansi
ent
de
cre
a
ses,
bu
t th
ere
is n
e
g
lig
ib
le ch
ang
e
in
stead
y state
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e syst
e
m
. Th
e tim
e req
u
i
red to
co
mp
ensate fo
r t
h
e
d
i
p
o
c
cu
rred in vo
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile du
e
to
lo
ad
co
nn
ect
io
n
tak
e
s alm
o
st sam
e
t
i
m
e fo
r all K
p
v
a
lu
es
u
s
ed
for testing
system
.
The wa
ve
fo
rm
s sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
g.
10
(a)
-
(
f) a
r
e f
o
r
K
i
= 0.
00
3. T
h
i
s
i
n
c
r
eased K
i
v
a
lu
e
g
i
v
e
s good
transient
res
p
onse.
It is clear fr
om
the above fi
gures that
as K
p
val
u
e i
n
crease
s
along with K
i
v
a
lu
e,
th
e
a
m
p
litu
d
e
as
well as tran
sien
t ti
m
e
also
red
u
c
es.
Also wi
th
in
creased
gain
v
a
l
u
es t
h
e
ti
m
e
req
u
i
red
for the
syste
m
to come to stea
dy state at
th
e ev
en
t
o
f
add
itio
n
a
l l
o
ad conn
ection in
to
t
h
e system
is redu
ced.
Fig
u
res
expl
ai
n
t
h
at
,
t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
di
p
occ
u
r
r
ed
due
l
o
ad c
o
n
n
ect
i
o
n i
s
al
m
o
st
va
ni
shi
n
g
an
d a
n
alm
o
st
fl
at
v
o
l
t
a
ge
p
r
o
f
ile is
ob
tain
ed.
Wi
t
h
K
p
=
0.
8
an
d
K
i
=
0
.
00
5, th
e system g
i
v
e
s alm
o
st flat vo
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
with
n
e
g
l
ig
ib
le tim
e
req
u
ire
d
f
o
r t
h
e sy
stem
to restore ba
ck to st
eady state from tr
ansient state. The s
w
itching tra
n
sie
n
ts are als
o
n
e
g
lig
i
b
le in am
p
l
itu
d
e
.
The
i
m
pact
of t
h
ese
va
ri
o
u
s p
r
o
p
o
rt
i
o
nal
an
d
i
n
t
e
gral
gai
n
val
u
es o
n
vol
t
a
ge
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
d
i
nve
rt
ers f
o
r
d
i
stribu
ted
g
e
neratio
n are tabu
lated
in Tab
l
e 1
.
Figure
11. T
r
a
n
sient
res
p
onse
of system
for
K
p
=
0.
8 a
n
d
K
i
= 0.005
Tabl
e
1.
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
of
di
ffe
rent
com
p
ensat
o
r
g
a
i
n
val
u
es
Pr
opor
tional Gain
(K
p
)
Integral Gain
(K
i
)
Transient
Am
plitude
Steady St
ate
Erro
r
0.
06
0.
001
M
oder
a
te
M
oder
a
te
0.
08
0.
001
Reduces
Sm
all
Change
0.
1 0.
001
Reduces
Sm
all
Change
0.
3 0.
001
Reduces
Sm
all
Change
0.
5 0.
001
Reduces
Sm
all
Change
0.
8 0.
001
Reduces
Sm
all
Change
0.
06
0.
003
M
oder
a
te
Reduces
0.
08
0.
003
M
oder
a
te
Reduces
0.
1 0.
003
M
oder
a
te
Reduces
0.
3 0.
003
Reduces
Reduces
0.
5 0.
003
Reduces
Reduces
0.
8 0.
003
Reduces
Reduces
0.
8 0.
005
Vanishes
Vanishes
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
In
di
st
ri
but
e
d
g
e
nerat
i
o
n sy
st
e
m
or any
p
o
w
e
r
sy
st
em
, th
e lo
ad attach
ed
to it is always unp
red
i
ctab
le
an
d con
tinu
ously v
a
rying
.
Th
is con
tinu
o
u
s
ly ch
ang
i
ng
load
resu
lts in
vo
ltag
e
stab
ility issu
e
s
. The
m
o
m
e
nt
syste
m
is lo
aded
with
ad
d
iti
o
n
a
l l
o
ad, it
de
m
a
n
d
s
h
i
gh
startin
g
cu
rren
t.To
sup
p
l
y th
is h
i
gh
startin
g
cu
rren
t
in
itially th
e DG
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
ltag
e
d
r
op
sand
th
en
tak
e
s
fin
ite ti
m
e
to
rest
o
r
e b
a
ck
t
o
its no
rm
al o
p
e
rating
co
nd
itio
n dep
e
n
d
i
n
g
on
t
h
e co
m
p
en
sato
r d
e
sig
n
i.e. m
a
in
tain
th
e
DG
o
u
t
pu
t vo
ltag
e
.
R-Lo
ad
IM
-L
oad
R-Lo
ad
R-Phas
e Cu
rre
nt
W
a
ve
fo
rm
K
p
=
0.8
K
i
=
0
.
00
5
R-Phas
e Volta
ge
Wave
form
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
252
-87
92
IJA
P
E Vol
.
3
,
No
. 1, A
p
ri
l
20
14
:
33
–
4
0
40
The ha
rdware
results present
e
d here
determines
th
at, if
the c
o
m
p
ensator desi
gn is
very accurate,
th
en
t
h
is ti
m
e
tak
e
n b
y
th
e
syste
m
to
resto
r
e t
o
its normal o
p
e
rating
co
nd
itio
n can
b
e
redu
ced
,
al
so
th
e
t
r
ansi
ent
am
pl
it
ude ca
n be m
i
nim
i
zed. Fr
o
m
t
h
e Tabl
e 1
i
t
i
s
concl
ude
d t
h
at
, i
n
c
r
eas
e i
n
pr
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
nal
gai
n
resu
lts in
d
ecrease in
transien
t
a
m
p
litu
d
e
as
well as in
creas
e in integral ga
in res
u
lts in m
i
nimizing steady state
er
ro
r.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
Jinwei He and
Yun Wei Li. “An Enhan
ced
Load Dem
a
nd S
h
aring S
t
rateg
y
”
,
IEEE Transaction on Pow
e
r
Electronics
, Vol/Issue: 27(9)
.
Pp. 3984-3995
, 2
012.
[2]
G. Pepermans, J
.
Driesen
,
D. H
a
esel
donckx
, R.
Belmans, and
W. D’haeseleer.
“
D
istributed g
e
neration: def
i
nition
,
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ts
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BIOGRAP
HI
ES
OF AUTH
ORS
Arvin
d
Ka
da
m
rece
ived B
ach
elor of Engin
eer
ing degre
e
in E
l
ec
tronics
Eng
i
n
eering
and
Master of Engineering degr
ee
in Power Elect
r
onics and Drives both from Un
iversity
of
Mumbai, India in 2009 and 201
3 respectiv
ely
.
His
research interests includ
e ar
eas such as
Distributed
Gen
e
ration, DSP ap
plications
in
po
wer electronics, contro
l of pow
er electronic
converters, inver
t
ers
etc.
Email: arvind_h
k@
y
m
ail.com,
Ph: +91-251-221
2801
Kee
r
thi Unni
received
Bachelor of
Tech
nolog
y
degr
ee in Electronics and Comm.
Engineering fro
m Cochin University
o
f
Scien
ce
And Technolog
y
,
India in 2004
and Master
of Engineering d
e
gree
in Power
Electronicsand
Drives
from
the Univers
i
t
y
of M
u
m
b
ai, India
in 2012. She
is currently
working
with the El
ectro
nics and
Teleco
mmunication department o
f
Fr. C. Rodrigu
e
s Institute of
T
echnolog
y
,
Na
v
i
Mum
b
ai as an Assistant Professor. Her
res
earch in
ter
e
s
t
s
include are
a
s
such as
control of power electron
i
c s
y
s
t
em
s
,
DS
P
appli
cat
ions
and communications in microgr
ids.
Email: unnikeerth
y
@
gmail.
com,
Ph: +91-022
41
611000
Sus
hil Thale
o
b
tain
ed his B
a
chelor’s degr
ee in Electr
i
cal
En
gg. in
1992
an
d M.E.
in
Electrical Engg
in 1996 from
University
of Mumb
ai, India. He is currently
purs
u
ing Ph.D.
from
Indian Institute of
Technol
og
y
-
Bom
b
ay
wi
th speci
ali
zat
ion
in Power Elect
r
onics and
P
o
wer S
y
s
t
em
.
He is
als
o
working as
an As
s
o
ciat
e P
r
ofes
s
o
r (Ele
ctri
cal)
at F
r
.
C
.Rodrigues
Institute o
f
Technolog
y
,
Navi
Mum
b
ai. His ar
eas of research
includ
e ren
e
wable
ener
g
y
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
con
t
rol
,
prote
c
tion
and
c
o
m
m
unications
as
pects
in M
i
cro
g
rids
.
Em
ail:
ssthale@
ee.iitb
.ac.in
, Ph:
+91-022 2576
4
440
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