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Appl
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3
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Sep
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b
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2
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2
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~
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N:
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DOI
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280
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a
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Statistica
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est a
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ment on pe
rf
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rma
nce of powe
r sy
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sta
bilizer
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scil
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rsity
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Ya
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y:
R
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Ap
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2
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ted
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2
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Th
e
sta
ti
stica
l
o
p
e
ra
ti
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is
n
e
c
e
ss
a
ry
to
v
a
li
d
a
te
th
e
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
p
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c
e
d
u
re
sin
c
e
th
e
m
o
st
im
p
o
rtan
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
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p
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n
t
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p
a
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r,
a
sta
ti
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p
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t
o
e
n
su
re
th
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imp
a
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t
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f
p
o
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r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
ize
rs
(P
S
S
s)
in
2
0
2
-
b
u
s,
40
-
m
a
c
h
in
e
M
EP
E
tes
t
sy
ste
m
.
Th
e
e
i
g
e
n
v
a
l
u
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
is
u
t
il
ize
d
fo
r
d
e
tec
ti
n
g
th
e
l
o
we
st
d
a
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p
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e
s
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e
d
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m
p
i
n
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ti
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f
sy
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o
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il
latio
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a
n
d
th
e
se
m
o
d
e
s
a
re
a
p
p
li
e
d
a
s
in
p
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o
r
sta
ti
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A
t
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d
P
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d
P
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d
with
o
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t
P
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th
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y
p
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e
sis.
Th
e
t
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ted
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a
t
t
h
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M
EP
E
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st
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ste
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with
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e
sig
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d
P
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is
m
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st
a
p
p
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c
a
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le
fo
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t
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imp
ro
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e
m
e
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d
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p
in
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th
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p
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we
r
sy
ste
m
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dam
p
in
g
r
atio
Hy
p
o
th
esis
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
PSS
Statis
t
ical
t
-
test
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
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n
se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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ing
A
uth
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r
:
W
ai
My
at
T
h
u
Dep
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tm
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t o
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E
lectr
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Po
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E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
T
h
an
ly
in
)
T
h
an
ly
in
city
,
4
m
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f
ar
f
r
o
m
Ky
au
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-
T
an
city
,
Ya
n
g
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Div
is
io
n
,
My
an
m
a
r
E
m
ail: w
aim
y
atth
u
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Statis
t
ics
is
w
id
ely
u
s
ed
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tatis
tical
test
in
r
esear
ch
ac
tiv
ities
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
r
am
atica
lly
in
ev
er
y
s
cien
ce
[
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
p
a
p
er
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
s
tatis
t
ical
to
o
l
th
at
ev
alu
ates
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilizer
(
P
SS
)
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
th
e
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
.
To
d
a
y
,
m
o
s
t
p
lan
ts
in
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
r
ea
lize
d
b
y
AVR
an
d
PS
S
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
in
cl
u
d
in
g
PS
S
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
elim
in
ate
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
s
cillatio
n
to
k
ee
p
s
tab
ilit
y
[
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
PS
Ss
ar
e
in
s
tall
ed
f
o
r
ass
is
tin
g
th
e
au
to
m
atic
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
lato
r
(
AVR)
o
f
g
e
n
er
atin
g
s
t
atio
n
i
n
th
e
My
an
m
ar
n
atio
n
al
g
r
id
t
est
s
y
s
tem
(
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
)
to
d
am
p
o
u
t
o
s
cillatio
n
a
n
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
n
etwo
r
k
[
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
PS
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
d
esig
n
e
d
to
g
et
th
e
d
esire
d
o
s
cillatio
n
d
am
p
in
g
[
5
]
.
W
h
en
ac
tiv
atin
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
d
esig
n
ed
PS
Ss
o
n
th
e
ex
citatio
n
s
y
s
tem
o
f
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
g
en
er
atin
g
u
n
its
g
et
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
d
am
p
i
n
g
i
n
s
y
s
tem
o
s
cillatio
n
[
6
]
.
Fo
r
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
esi
g
n
an
d
t
o
ch
ec
k
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
PS
S,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
an
al
y
ze
f
r
o
m
a
s
tatis
tical
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew
t
o
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
o
r
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
to
co
n
f
i
r
m
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
ese
PSS
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
th
at
g
iv
e
th
e
b
etter
d
am
p
in
g
o
s
cillatio
n
o
f
th
e
ME
PE
n
etwo
r
k
u
s
in
g
s
tatis
tical
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
.
T
est
o
f
s
tatis
tica
l
h
y
p
o
th
esis
t
o
ev
alu
ate
two
s
et
s
o
f
d
ata
ar
e
well
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
d
eter
m
in
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
r
n
o
t,
ev
e
n
th
e
s
ets
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
i
atio
n
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
t
-
test
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
s
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
p
-
v
alu
e
an
d
t
-
v
a
lu
e
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
e
b
est
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
f
o
r
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
esig
n
ed
PS
Ss
in
o
s
cillatio
n
d
am
p
i
n
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
7
1
–
280
272
T
h
e
r
e
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
i
s
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
;
s
e
c
ti
o
n
2
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
n
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
io
n
t
-
t
e
s
t
i
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
o
r
k
,
s
ec
t
i
o
n
3
b
r
i
e
f
ly
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
o
f
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
is
te
s
ti
n
g
,
T
h
e
d
at
a
a
n
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
t
a
ti
s
t
i
c
al
t
t
e
s
t
o
n
t
h
e
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
r
a
t
e
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
PS
S
is
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
i
n
s
ec
t
i
o
n
4
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
r
es
u
l
ts
o
f
t
-
t
e
s
t
f
o
r
u
s
i
n
g
PS
Ss
a
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
e
d
i
n
s
e
c
ti
o
n
5
.
F
i
n
a
ll
y
,
c
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
i
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
6
.
2.
ST
A
T
I
S
T
I
CAL t
-
T
E
S
T
I
N
RE
S
E
ARCH
S
T
UDY
C
o
m
m
o
n
s
tatis
tical
test
s
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
ev
alu
ate
m
eth
o
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
As
a
s
tatis
t
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
t
-
test
is
o
f
ten
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
an
aly
ze
wh
eth
er
th
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t sam
p
le
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
o
r
d
e
p
ar
t
s
s
ig
n
ifican
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
u
ll h
y
p
o
th
esis
[
8
]
.
2
.
1
.
Student
t
-
t
est
T
h
e
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
th
at
it
is
b
ell
-
s
h
ap
ed
,
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
ab
o
u
t
th
e
m
ea
n
,
th
e
m
ea
n
,
m
e
d
ian
,
an
d
m
o
d
e
ar
e
eq
u
al
to
0
an
d
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
at
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
th
at
th
e
cu
r
v
e
n
ev
er
to
u
c
h
es
th
e
x
-
ax
is
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
with
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
th
at
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
is
g
r
ea
te
r
th
a
n
1
.
T
h
e
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
a
f
am
ily
o
f
cu
r
v
es
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
,
w
h
ich
is
a
n
u
m
b
er
r
elate
d
to
s
am
p
le
s
ize.
W
h
en
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
t
-
test
to
co
m
p
ar
e
two
m
ea
n
s
,
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
w
h
at
ar
e
th
e
s
am
p
les
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
r
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t.
T
o
test
th
e
m
ea
n
s
d
if
f
er
en
ce
,
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
t
-
test
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
o
f
t
-
test
[
9
]
is
(
1
)
.
=
̄
−
̄
√
2
+
2
(
1
)
wh
er
e,
th
e
f
r
ee
d
o
m
d
eg
r
ee
is
eq
u
al
to
t
h
e
s
m
aller
o
f
n
x
-
1
a
n
d
n
y
-
1
,
X
̅
-
Y
̅
is
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ea
n
s
o
f
s
am
p
le
a
n
d
th
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
v
alu
e,
μ
1
-
μ
2
is
eq
u
al
to
ze
r
o
wh
en
n
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
p
o
p
u
latio
n
m
ea
n
s
.
I
n
(
1
)
,
n
x
a
n
d
n
y
a
r
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
am
p
les
o
n
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
d
at
a
s
ets
X
an
d
Y.
X
̅
,
Y
̅
,
2
x
S
an
d
2
y
S
ar
e
th
e
s
am
p
le
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
am
p
le
v
ar
ian
ce
s
o
f
s
ets X
an
d
Y,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
ca
lcu
late
d
as
(
2
)
,
(
3
)
,
(
4
)
,
an
d
(
5
)
.
̄
=
∑
=
1
(
2
)
̄
=
∑
=
1
(
3
)
2
=
∑
(
−
̄
)
2
=
1
−
1
(
4
)
2
=
∑
(
−
̄
)
2
=
1
−
1
(
5
)
I
n
s
tatis
tic
s
,
th
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
(
r
)
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
ca
lcu
late.
T
h
is
co
ef
f
ic
ien
t
is
th
e
co
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
th
e
two
v
ar
iab
le
s
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
t
h
e
ir
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
an
d
it is
o
b
tain
ed
as
(
6
)
.
xy
=
∑
(
(
−
̄
)
.
(
−
̄
)
)
=
1
√
∑
(
−
̄
)
2
=
1
√
∑
(
−
̄
)
2
=
1
(
6
)
wh
er
e,
n
is
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
d
ata
an
d
X
i
,
an
d
Y
i
ar
e
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
s
am
p
le
d
ata.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
‒
1
to
1
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
r
cl
o
s
e
to
‒
1
o
r
1
in
d
icate
a
s
tr
o
n
g
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tw
o
s
am
p
les.
2
.
2
.
Co
nfident
inte
rv
a
l a
nd
pro
b
a
bil
it
y
in s
t
a
t
is
t
ics
T
h
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
lev
el
r
ef
lects
t
h
e
p
e
r
ce
n
t
o
f
co
n
f
id
en
ce
th
at
th
e
tr
u
e
m
ea
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
,
μ
D
i
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
lim
its
.
T
y
p
ical
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
els
ar
e
9
0
%,
9
5
%,
an
d
9
9
%,
with
9
5
%
b
ein
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
.
I
t
is
d
esire
d
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
1
0
0
(
1
−α
)
p
e
r
ce
n
t
co
n
fid
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
f
o
r
μ
D
.
I
n
wh
ich
,
α
,
is
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
u
s
ed
in
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
s
.
A
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
5
is
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
,
b
u
t
0
.
1
,
0
.
0
2
5
,
0
.
0
1
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
ta
tis
tica
l t
-
test
a
s
s
e
s
s
men
t o
n
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f p
o
w
er sys
tem
s
ta
b
iliz
er fo
r
o
s
cil
la
tio
n
…
(
Wa
i Mya
t Th
u
)
273
an
d
o
th
e
r
v
alu
es
ar
e
s
o
m
etim
e
s
u
s
ed
.
T
y
p
ical
v
alu
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
0
1
t
o
0
.
2
0
.
T
h
e
p
-
v
alu
e
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
th
at
th
e
test
s
tati
s
tic
wi
ll
tak
e
a
v
alu
e
at
least
as
ex
tr
em
e
as
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
al
u
e,
ass
u
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
tr
u
e.
I
f
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
is
less
th
an
th
e
p
r
escr
ib
ed
α
,
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
α
=
0
.
0
5
,
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
r
ejec
ted
[
9
].
3.
H
YP
O
T
H
E
S
I
S T
E
S
T
I
NG
A
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
is
a
s
tatis
tic
al
way
to
r
ejec
t
(
o
r
to
ac
ce
p
t)
a
r
esear
c
h
h
y
p
o
th
esis
with
in
a
ce
r
tain
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
n
f
id
en
ce
.
I
t p
r
o
v
i
d
es a
way
o
f
q
u
ick
ly
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
ev
id
e
n
ce
f
o
r
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
two
o
u
t
co
m
es
[
1
1
]
.
Pair
s
am
p
le
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
ca
s
e
-
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
is
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
wh
er
e
two
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
o
f
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
co
n
d
itio
n
ar
e
u
s
e
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
two
-
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
is
ap
p
lied
s
in
ce
th
e
g
o
al
i
s
t
o
v
alid
ate
wh
eth
er
th
e
co
n
d
i
tio
n
th
at
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
ate
o
f
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S
i
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
e
n
t f
r
o
m
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
o
f
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
tu
n
e
d
PS
S.
T
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
ass
u
m
es
th
a
t
th
e
tr
u
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
air
ed
s
am
p
le
s
is
ze
r
o
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
alter
n
ativ
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
ass
u
m
es
th
at
th
e
tr
u
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
p
air
ed
s
am
p
les
is
n
o
t e
q
u
al
t
o
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
p
air
ed
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ally
d
ef
in
ed
[
1
2
]
as:
−
T
h
e
n
u
ll h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
(
H
0
)
ass
u
m
es th
at
th
e
tr
u
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ce
,
μ
d
is
eq
u
al
t
o
ze
r
o
,
an
d
−
T
h
e
alter
n
ativ
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
(
H
1
)
ass
u
m
es th
at
μ
d
is
n
o
t e
q
u
al
t
o
ze
r
o
.
3
.
1
.
P
a
ired
s
a
m
ple t
-
t
est
W
h
en
th
e
s
am
p
les
ar
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t,
a
p
air
ed
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
f
o
r
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
m
ea
n
s
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
test
em
p
lo
y
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
m
atc
h
ed
p
air
s
[
1
3
]
.
Firstl
y
,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
th
e
v
alu
es o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
p
air
s
o
f
d
ata
an
d
it is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
(
7
)
.
=
̄
−
̄
(
7
)
Af
ter
ca
lcu
latin
g
D,
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
co
r
es
(
Σ
D)
,
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
s
q
u
ar
ed
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
co
r
es
(Σ
D
2
)
,
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
s
co
r
e
D
̅
an
d
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
co
r
es
(
s
D
)
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
(
s
D
)
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
les is
d
ef
in
ed
by
(
8
)
an
d
(
9
)
.
=
√
S
S
−
1
(
8
)
wh
er
e,
S
S
=
∑
2
=
1
−
(
∑
=
1
)
2
(
9
)
T
h
e
test
v
alu
e
t f
o
r
m
u
la
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
1
0
)
with
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
f
r
e
ed
o
m
(
d
.
f
)
,
n
‒
1
.
=
̄
−
√
(
1
0
)
Fin
ally
,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
t
-
o
b
tain
e
d
v
al
u
e
b
ased
o
n
alp
h
a
(
α
)
=
0
.
0
5
a
n
d
to
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
les u
n
d
er
th
e
n
u
ll h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
μ
D
=
0.
3
.
2
.
t
-
t
est
pro
ce
du
re
a
nd
re
s
ult
i
nte
rpre
t
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
a
p
air
ed
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
tep
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
is
ca
lcu
lat
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
le
m
ea
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
am
p
l
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
.
An
d
t
h
en
,
th
e
test
s
tatis
tic
is
tab
u
lated
.
Fin
ally
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
(
p
)
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
test
s
tati
s
tic
u
n
d
er
th
e
n
u
ll h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
to
a
t
-
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
with
(
n
−1
)
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
s
tatis
tical
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
.
W
h
en
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
p
air
ed
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
,
s
tat
is
tica
l
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
lo
o
k
in
g
at
t
h
e
p
-
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
lo
wer
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e,
th
e
l
o
wer
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
o
b
tain
in
g
a
r
esu
lt
lik
e
th
e
o
n
e
th
at
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
if
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
was
tr
u
e
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
t
-
test
,
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
with
PS
Ss
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
th
e
s
am
p
le
d
ata
o
f
t
-
t
est.
T
h
ese
d
ata
ar
e
an
aly
z
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
7
1
–
280
274
4.
DE
T
E
C
T
I
O
N
AN
D
ANA
L
Y
SI
S O
F
O
SCI
L
L
AT
I
O
N
M
O
DE
S
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
4
]
,
[
6
]
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
ese
r
esu
lts
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
t
-
test
.
I
n
[
4
]
,
[
6
]
,
a
p
r
ac
tical
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
PS
S
f
o
r
d
am
p
in
g
o
s
cillatio
n
.
T
h
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
is
3
0
4
0
MW
an
d
1
1
2
0
MV
Ar
wh
ile
th
e
to
tal
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
2
7
2
7
MW
in
th
e
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
PS
Ss
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
f
r
ee
an
d
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
twar
e
PS
AT
[
1
4
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
[
4
]
,
[
6
]
,
t
h
r
ee
ca
s
es;
ME
P
E
test
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
PS
S,
with
tu
n
ed
PS
S
an
d
with
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
th
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
two
s
am
p
le
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
t
-
test
.
Fo
r
th
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
an
aly
s
is
r
o
u
tin
e
o
f
PS
AT
[
1
4
]
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
etec
ti
n
g
th
e
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
s
cillatio
n
m
o
d
es.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
eig
en
v
alu
es
(
λ
=
σ
±
jω
)
o
cc
u
r
in
co
n
ju
g
ate
p
a
ir
s
an
d
th
e
n
o
n
ze
r
o
eig
en
v
alu
es,
(
±
jω
)
d
ef
in
e
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
m
o
d
es.
T
h
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
is
a
g
o
o
d
m
e
asu
r
e
f
o
r
d
am
p
in
g
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
am
p
in
g
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
(
ζ
i
)
an
d
o
s
cillatio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
f
i
)
o
f
t
h
e
i
th
eig
en
v
alu
e
a
r
e
[
1
6
]
d
e
f
in
ed
as
(
1
1
)
an
d
(
1
2
)
.
=
−
√
2
+
2
(
1
1
)
=
2
π
(
12
)
I
n
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
o
s
cillatio
n
s
with
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
s
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
0
.
0
3
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
r
ea
s
o
n
a
b
le
le
v
el
[
1
7
]
.
A
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
b
et
wee
n
5
%
to
1
0
%
is
ac
ce
p
ta
b
l
e
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
;
h
o
wev
e
r
,
th
e
1
0
%
v
alu
e
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
f
o
r
in
t
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tr
en
d
is
to
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
e
d
am
p
i
n
g
r
atio
t
o
b
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
0
.
0
5
f
o
r
all
m
o
d
es o
v
er
all
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
6
]
.
4
.
1
.
Da
m
pin
g
influences o
f
P
SS
i
n M
E
P
E
t
est
s
y
s
t
em
I
n
th
e
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
,
th
er
e
ar
e
4
0
g
en
er
ato
r
s
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
s
tate
v
ar
iab
les
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
d
e
p
en
d
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
of
g
en
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
b
r
ief
l
y
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
eig
en
v
alu
es
r
es
u
lt
an
d
t
h
e
d
etailed
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
[
4
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
an
aly
s
is
p
an
e
o
f
PS
AT
[
1
9
]
,
t
h
e
p
lo
ts
o
f
eig
en
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
ME
PE
te
s
t
s
y
s
tem
with
o
u
t
an
d
with
PS
S
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
i
g
en
v
alu
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
T
h
e
eig
e
n
v
alu
es
i
n
d
icate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
h
o
w
clo
s
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
to
b
ec
o
m
e
u
n
s
tab
le.
I
t
also
s
h
o
ws
wh
at
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
an
d
o
s
cillatio
n
m
o
d
es
ex
is
t
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
2
0
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
cr
itical
m
o
d
es
with
th
e
i
r
o
s
cillatio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
,
an
d
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
es
o
f
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
ased
o
n
(
1
1
)
an
d
(
1
2
)
.
Fr
o
m
t
h
ese
r
esu
lts
,
th
r
ee
o
f
th
ese
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
m
o
d
es
p
r
esen
t a
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
lo
wer
th
an
3
% a
n
d
th
e
m
o
d
es with
l
ess
th
an
5
% a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
p
r
io
r
r
esear
c
h
[
4
]
.
-
1
0
0
-
8
0
-
6
0
-
4
0
-
2
0
0
-
5
0
-
4
0
-
3
0
-
2
0
-
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
R
e
a
l
I
m
a
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
ta
tis
tica
l t
-
test
a
s
s
e
s
s
men
t o
n
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f p
o
w
er sys
tem
s
ta
b
iliz
er fo
r
o
s
cil
la
tio
n
…
(
Wa
i Mya
t Th
u
)
275
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
i
g
en
v
alu
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
with
PS
S
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
,
PS
S is
in
s
talled
o
n
th
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t g
en
er
ato
r
an
d
th
e
r
esu
ltan
t e
ig
e
n
v
alu
es o
f
th
e
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
with
P
SS
s
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
eig
en
v
alu
es
(
r
e
d
p
o
in
t)
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
ar
e
s
h
if
ted
to
t
h
e
lef
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Af
ter
i
n
s
tallin
g
th
e
PS
S,
all
eig
en
v
alu
es
ar
e
n
eg
ativ
e
a
n
d
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
at
o
f
with
o
u
t in
s
tallin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
4
.
2
.
I
nv
estig
a
t
io
n t
he
da
m
pin
g
ra
t
io
a
f
t
er
ins
t
a
llin
g
des
ig
ned
P
SS
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
b
est
d
am
p
in
g
(
ζ
>
0
.
0
5
)
,
t
h
e
PS
S
p
ar
am
eter
is
d
esig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
GE
P
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
is
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S
is
in
s
talled
o
n
d
o
m
in
an
t
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
th
at
ar
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
i
n
o
s
cillatio
n
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
eig
en
v
al
u
es
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
ME
P
E
test
s
y
s
tem
with
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
o
in
ts
o
u
t th
e
r
esu
lt o
n
ly
an
d
th
e
d
etailed
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
an
d
r
esu
lts
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
[
6
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
s
o
f
all
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
m
o
d
es
ar
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
5
%
ex
ce
p
t
Mo
d
e
1
5
th
at
ar
e
d
en
o
ted
b
y
o
s
cillatio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
eig
en
v
alu
es
r
esu
lt.
T
h
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
o
f
th
e
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
PS
S
in
s
tallatio
n
,
af
te
r
p
lacin
g
m
an
u
al
tu
n
e
d
PS
S,
an
d
af
ter
in
s
tallin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
eig
en
v
alu
es
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
s
an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
g
en
e
r
ato
r
s
o
f
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
m
o
d
es
ar
e
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
2
0
m
ac
h
in
es
o
u
t
o
f
4
0
th
at
a
r
e
s
en
s
itiv
ely
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
o
n
d
am
p
in
g
an
d
th
e
r
elativ
e
d
am
p
i
n
g
r
atio
s
o
f
th
r
ee
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
r
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
i
g
en
v
alu
e
r
esu
lt o
f
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
wi
th
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S
-
1
0
0
-
8
0
-
6
0
-
4
0
-
2
0
0
20
-
1
5
0
-
1
0
0
-
5
0
0
50
100
150
R
e
a
l
I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
7
1
–
280
276
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
r
esu
lt o
f
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
f
o
r
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
4
t
h
at
th
e
d
am
p
i
n
g
r
atio
o
f
G4
an
d
G6
a
r
e
n
eg
ativ
e
b
ef
o
r
e
in
s
tallin
g
PS
S.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
o
f
th
e
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
af
ter
in
s
tallin
g
P
SS
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
d
am
p
i
n
g
(
G4
an
d
G6
)
b
e
f
o
r
e
in
s
tallin
g
PS
S.
B
esid
es,
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
ates
o
f
th
e
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
with
d
esig
n
P
S
S
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
u
p
p
er
m
o
s
t
in
all
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
all
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
s
ar
e
r
ea
ch
ed
to
s
tab
ilit
y
r
eg
io
n
with
th
e
v
alu
e
s
o
f
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
5
%
ex
ce
p
t
G1
5
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
d
a
m
p
in
g
r
at
io
o
f
th
e
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
wh
en
in
s
tallin
g
th
e
PS
S
d
es
ig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
GE
P
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
th
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
,
a
s
tatis
tical
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
e
f
f
e
ct
o
f
d
esig
n
e
d
PS
S.
5.
ST
A
T
I
S
T
I
CAL t
-
T
E
S
T
F
O
R
L
O
W
-
F
RE
Q
U
E
NCY
O
S
CIL
L
A
T
I
O
N
DA
M
P
I
NG
T
o
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
PS
S,
th
e
s
tatis
tical
t
-
test
is
ap
p
lie
d
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
e
with
a
t
-
test
,
two
s
am
p
les
(
o
r
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
)
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
.
T
h
e
d
ata
i
n
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
t
-
test
is
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
s
o
f
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
b
ec
au
s
e
it
i
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
ass
es
s
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
PS
S
an
d
to
m
ak
e
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
th
at
PS
S
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
,
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
s
o
f
th
e
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
s
itu
atio
n
ar
e
o
r
g
an
ized
as
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
p
a
r
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
s
tatis
tical
t
-
test
.
I
n
T
ab
le
1
,
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
s
o
f
t
h
r
ee
ca
s
es
(
with
o
u
t
PS
S,
with
PS
S
,
an
d
with
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S)
with
th
e
s
am
e
m
o
d
es
ar
e
p
lan
n
ed
.
T
h
eses
d
am
p
i
n
g
r
ati
o
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
s
tatis
tical
t
-
test
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
s
tatis
tical
t
-
t
es
t
I
n
p
u
t
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s o
f
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
t
-
T
e
st
S
r
.
N
o
.
M
o
d
e
N
o
.
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
P
S
S
W
i
t
h
P
S
S
W
i
t
h
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
PSS
1
1
−
1
2
.
6
2
%
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2
.
2
9
%
1
2
.
2
2
%
2
2
−
5
.
9
9
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2
2
.
2
7
%
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2
.
5
9
%
3
3
5
.
0
6
%
3
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5
4
%
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2
.
2
5
%
4
5
0
.
0
8
%
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7
.
9
7
%
1
8
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9
0
%
5
6
8
.
8
1
%
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2
.
8
1
%
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9
%
6
7
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7
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8
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8
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9
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9
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7
8
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5
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11
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9
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12
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8
%
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1
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5
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11
13
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7
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4
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4
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12
16
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6
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13
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3
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3
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6
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14
18
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6
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15
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4
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.
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7
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7
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5
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21
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2
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1
.
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5
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18
23
5
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.
3
0
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9
5
.
8
0
%
9
5
.
8
7
%
19
25
9
7
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1
1
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9
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4
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.
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3
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21
28
8
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29
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T
h
e
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ig
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ich
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ates
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9
5
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el
o
f
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r
tain
ty
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T
h
er
ef
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r
e,
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ig
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α
=
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is
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o
r
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n
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in
ter
v
al
an
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th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
s
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
ta
tis
tica
l t
-
test
a
s
s
e
s
s
men
t o
n
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f p
o
w
er sys
tem
s
ta
b
iliz
er fo
r
o
s
cil
la
tio
n
…
(
Wa
i Mya
t Th
u
)
277
f
r
ee
d
o
m
(
d
f
)
is
(
n
-
1
)
.
As
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
2
,
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
t
-
test
p
ar
am
eter
s
a
r
e
ca
lcu
l
ated
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t a
n
d
p
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
tab
le.
Fo
r
ev
alu
atin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
PS
S
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
s
cillatio
n
d
am
p
in
g
,
a
s
u
i
tab
le
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
wo
u
ld
b
e
th
at
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
t
h
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
two
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
L
et
th
e
n
u
ll h
y
p
o
th
esis
:
0
μ
μ
H
1
2
0
=
−
=
.
L
et
th
e
alter
n
ativ
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
:
0.
μ
μ
H
1
2
1
−
=
5
.
1
.
Wit
ho
ut
P
SS
v
er
s
u
s
wit
h P
S
S
Firstl
y
,
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
with
o
u
t
PS
S
an
d
with
PS
S
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
t
-
test
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
W
ith
th
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
o
f
eig
e
n
v
a
lu
e
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
o
f
t
wo
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
n
am
ely
:
W
ith
o
u
t
PS
S
an
d
with
PS
S
at
s
am
e
m
o
d
es a
r
e
s
elec
ted
as two
d
ata
s
et
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
t
-
test
.
T
h
is
test
d
ec
id
es th
at
“I
s
th
er
e
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
with
an
d
with
o
u
t PSS
o
r
n
o
t?”
w
h
er
e,
μ
1
an
d
μ
2
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
ati
o
o
f
with
o
u
t
an
d
with
PS
S
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
tatis
tical
t
-
t
est ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Ou
tp
u
t p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
s
tatis
t
ical
t
-
test
f
o
r
ca
s
e
I
t
-
Te
st
:
P
a
i
r
e
d
Tw
o
S
a
m
p
l
e
f
o
r
M
e
a
n
s
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
P
S
S
W
i
t
h
P
S
S
M
e
a
n
0
.
2
1
9
9
6
8
1
8
2
0
.
2
9
8
3
5
4
5
4
5
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
0
.
1
3
7
5
3
4
1
8
0
.
1
3
3
0
9
4
7
7
5
O
b
serv
a
t
i
o
n
s
21
21
P
e
a
r
so
n
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o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
9
3
2
2
5
4
6
7
3
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
d
M
e
a
n
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
0
df
20
t
S
t
a
t
−
2
.
7
1
2
8
3
4
8
2
3
P
(
T<
=
t
)
o
n
e
-
t
a
i
l
0
.
0
0
6
5
1
6
6
9
t
C
r
i
t
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c
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l
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t
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i
l
1
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w
o
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t
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l
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1
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3
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3
8
t
C
r
i
t
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c
a
l
t
w
o
-
t
a
i
l
2
.
0
7
9
6
1
3
8
4
5
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
esu
lt
t
h
at
th
e
m
ea
n
s
a
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
in
ce
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
is
ex
tr
em
ely
lo
w.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t
at
p
=
0
.
0
0
6
5
1
6
6
9
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ac
tically
ass
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
m
ea
n
o
f
with
PS
S
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
wi
th
o
u
t
PS
S.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
t
d
ec
id
es
to
r
ejec
t
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
d
ep
icted
t
h
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
with
PS
S
i
s
m
o
r
e
s
u
itab
le
th
an
th
at
o
f
with
o
u
t PSS
.
5
.
2
.
Wit
ho
ut
P
SS
v
er
s
u
s
wit
h des
ig
ned P
SS
T
h
e
two
d
ata
s
et
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
t
-
test
ar
e
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
o
f
ca
s
e
I
I
:
W
ith
o
u
t
PS
S
an
d
with
d
esig
n
e
d
PS
S.
T
h
is
test
d
ec
id
es th
at
“I
s
th
er
e
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
with
o
u
t PSS
an
d
with
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S o
r
n
o
t?”
T
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
an
d
alter
n
ativ
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
ar
e
d
ef
in
e
d
as
th
e
ea
r
lier
s
ec
tio
n
.
W
h
er
e,
μ
1
an
d
μ
2
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
n
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
o
f
with
o
u
t
PS
S
an
d
with
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tatis
tical
t
-
test
ar
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Ou
tp
u
t p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
s
tatis
t
ical
t
-
test
f
o
r
ca
s
e
I
I
t
-
Te
st
:
P
a
i
r
e
d
Tw
o
S
a
m
p
l
e
f
o
r
M
e
a
n
s
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
P
S
S
W
i
t
h
D
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
P
S
S
M
e
a
n
0
.
1
8
4
1
8
0
9
5
2
0
.
3
1
0
2
8
8
7
6
2
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
0
.
1
1
4
8
2
6
1
2
4
0
.
1
0
8
7
2
9
9
2
3
O
b
serv
a
t
i
o
n
s
21
21
P
e
a
r
so
n
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
9
4
8
6
4
3
4
8
4
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
d
M
e
a
n
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
0
df
20
t
S
t
a
t
−
5
.
3
7
4
9
4
6
2
0
8
P
(
T<
=
t
)
o
n
e
-
t
a
i
l
0
.
0
0
0
0
1
4
6
0
4
8
t
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
o
n
e
-
t
a
i
l
1
.
7
2
4
7
1
8
2
4
3
P
(
T<
=
t
)
t
w
o
-
t
a
i
l
0
.
0
0
0
0
2
9
2
0
9
6
t
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
w
o
-
t
a
i
l
2
.
0
8
5
9
6
3
4
4
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2
7
1
–
280
278
Am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
ap
p
ea
r
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
tab
le,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t.
Sin
ce
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
α
is
s
et
at
0
.
0
5
an
d
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
(
0
.
0
0
0
0
1
4
6
0
4
8
)
is
ex
p
r
ess
iv
ely
les
s
th
an
0
.
0
5
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
.
Als
o
,
th
e
m
ea
n
o
f
two
d
ata
s
ets
is
d
if
f
er
en
t,
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
i
s
r
ejec
ted
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
s
e
(
with
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S)
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
d
am
p
in
g
.
5
.
3
.
Wit
h P
SS
v
er
s
u
s
wit
h de
s
ig
n
ed
P
SS
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
t
h
e
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
with
PS
S
an
d
d
esig
n
e
d
PS
S
ar
e
ass
ess
ed
with
a
s
tatis
tical
test
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
PS
S
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
ese
d
ata
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
o
d
ec
i
d
e
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
PS
S,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
q
u
esti
o
n
is
th
at
"I
s
th
er
e
is
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
if
f
er
e
n
c
e
b
etwe
en
with
PS
S a
n
d
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S o
r
n
o
t".
wh
er
e,
μ
1
an
d
μ
2
a
r
e
th
e
m
ea
n
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
o
f
ca
s
e
I
I
I
:
T
est
sy
s
tem
with
PS
S a
n
d
with
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S.
T
h
e
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
th
e
T
ab
le
4
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
b
o
th
o
n
e
tail (
0
.
0
0
6
0
5
9
4
5
4
)
,
an
d
two
tail
(
0
.
0
1
2
1
1
8
9
0
7
)
a
r
e
le
s
s
th
an
0
.
0
5
o
f
th
e
d
esire
d
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
als
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
il
ity
is
lo
w.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
itu
atio
n
(
with
PS
S)
is
le
s
s
th
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
itu
atio
n
(
with
d
esig
n
e
d
PS
S).
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
is
th
e
p
o
wer
to
r
ejec
t
t
h
e
n
u
l
l
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
test
r
esu
lts
th
at
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
tu
n
ed
PS
S.
T
ab
le
4
.
Ou
tp
u
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
s
tatis
t
ical
t
-
test
f
o
r
ca
s
e
III
t
-
Te
st
:
P
a
i
r
e
d
t
w
o
sam
p
l
e
f
o
r
me
a
n
s
W
i
t
h
P
S
S
W
i
t
h
D
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
P
S
S
M
e
a
n
0
.
2
6
5
7
7
1
4
2
9
0
.
3
1
0
2
8
8
7
6
2
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
0
.
1
1
5
2
2
5
1
7
9
0
.
1
0
8
7
2
9
9
2
3
O
b
serv
a
t
i
o
n
s
21
21
P
e
a
r
so
n
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
9
7
5
9
8
8
2
1
9
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
d
M
e
a
n
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
0
df
20
t
S
t
a
t
−
2
.
7
5
8
4
4
7
1
2
9
P
(
T<
=
t
)
o
n
e
-
t
a
i
l
0
.
0
0
6
0
5
9
4
5
4
t
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
o
n
e
-
t
a
i
l
1
.
7
2
4
7
1
8
2
4
3
P
(
T<
=
t
)
t
w
o
-
t
a
i
l
0
.
0
1
2
1
1
8
9
0
7
t
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
w
o
-
t
a
i
l
2
.
0
8
5
9
6
3
4
4
7
5
.
4
.
O
v
er
a
ll
dis
cus
s
io
n o
n sta
t
is
t
ica
l
t
-
t
est
T
h
e
p
ar
am
etr
ic
test
ca
lled
t
-
test
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
test
s
in
t
h
e
test
in
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
.
T
h
e
t
v
alu
e
will
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
if
th
e
f
ir
s
t
m
ea
n
is
l
ar
g
er
t
h
an
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
n
d
n
eg
ativ
e
if
it
is
s
m
aller
.
I
n
th
is
test
,
it
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
tak
e
0
.
0
5
as
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lev
e
l
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
wh
ile
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
t
-
test
.
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
r
ef
er
s
t
o
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
t
h
at
th
er
e
will
b
e
a
f
alse
r
ej
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
I
f
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
p
v
alu
e
is
less
th
an
0
.
0
5
,
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
is
th
at,
s
tatis
t
ically
,
t
h
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
air
e
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
r
esu
lts
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Pro
b
ab
ilit
y
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tatis
tica
l t
-
test
:
(
a)
W
ith
o
u
t P
SS
v
s
tu
n
ed
PS
S,
(
b
)
W
ith
o
u
t
PS
S v
s
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S,
(
c)
T
u
n
ed
PS
S v
s
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
S
ta
tis
tica
l t
-
test
a
s
s
e
s
s
men
t o
n
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f p
o
w
er sys
tem
s
ta
b
iliz
er fo
r
o
s
cil
la
tio
n
…
(
Wa
i Mya
t Th
u
)
279
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
v
alu
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
w
an
d
esp
ec
ially
p
v
alu
e
s
ar
e
ab
o
u
t
th
r
ee
in
f
iv
e
h
u
n
d
r
e
d
f
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
a
n
d
(
c)
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
a
b
o
u
t
s
ev
en
in
f
iv
e
h
u
n
d
r
ed
th
o
u
s
an
d
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
g
ets
r
ejec
ted
an
d
th
e
ME
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
with
d
es
ig
n
ed
PS
S
is
m
o
s
t
ap
p
licab
le
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t o
f
o
s
cillatio
n
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
in
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
in
all
s
tatis
tica
l t
-
test
s
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
e
r
,
a
s
tatis
tical
t
-
test
is
ap
p
lied
to
m
o
n
ito
r
a
n
d
a
s
s
es
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
es
o
f
PS
S
an
d
to
ce
r
tify
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
d
esig
n
e
d
PS
S.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
b
etter
d
am
p
in
g
o
s
cillatio
n
,
m
an
u
al
tu
n
n
ed
PS
S
an
d
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S
ar
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
o
n
t
h
e
g
en
e
r
ato
r
o
f
th
e
M
E
PE
test
s
y
s
tem
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
.
E
ig
en
v
al
u
es
an
aly
s
is
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
to
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
ati
o
an
d
l
o
w
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
m
o
d
es
o
f
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
g
en
er
ato
r
.
PS
S
b
ased
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
s
cillato
r
y
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
h
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
s
tatis
t
ical
test
to
as
s
ess
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
r
ate
o
f
PS
S
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
te
m
o
s
cillatio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t o
f
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
p
lain
e
d
as
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
i
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
tu
n
ed
PS
S
an
d
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S.
T
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
H
0
was
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
i
n
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
m
e
an
s
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S.
T
h
e
t
-
test
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i
n
m
ea
n
s
o
f
d
am
p
in
g
r
atio
s
with
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S
an
d
is
en
co
u
r
ag
ed
to
b
e
a
cc
ep
ted
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
v
alu
e
o
f
s
tatis
tical
t
-
test
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
PS
S
ac
h
iev
ed
th
e
tar
g
eted
s
ta
b
ilit
y
m
ar
g
in
s
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
o
f
l
o
w
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
m
o
d
es si
g
n
if
ican
tly
at
a
9
5
p
er
ce
n
t c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
t
er
v
al.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
F
.
Ya
n
g
-
c
h
u
n
,
H
.
Ya
n
-
c
h
u
n
a
n
d
H
.
Ya
n
-
c
h
u
n
,
"
T
h
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
stu
d
e
n
t’s
t
-
tes
t
i
n
i
n
tern
a
l
q
u
a
li
ty
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
c
li
n
ica
l
lab
o
ra
to
ry
,
"
Fro
n
ti
e
rs
in
L
a
b
o
r
a
to
ry
M
e
d
icin
e
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
–
12
8
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
flm.2
0
1
7
.
0
9
.
0
0
2
.
[2
]
D
.
M
o
n
d
a
l,
A
.
Ch
a
k
ra
b
a
rti
a
n
d
A
.
S
e
n
g
u
p
ta
,
Po
we
r
sy
ste
m
sm
a
ll
s
ig
n
a
l
st
a
b
il
i
ty
a
n
a
lys
is
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
,
El
se
v
ier
In
c
.
2
0
1
4
.
[3
]
K
.
M
.
Li
n
,
W
.
S
we
a
n
d
P
.
L
.
S
we
,
"
Op
e
n
so
u
rc
e
so
ftwa
re
b
a
se
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
M
E
P
E
tes
t
sy
st
e
m
fo
r
sta
b
il
it
y
stu
d
ies
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
Po
we
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
23
-
3
1
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
1
6
4
8
/j
.
ij
e
p
e
.
2
0
1
5
0
4
0
1
.
1
4
.
[4
]
W
.
M
.
T
h
u
a
n
d
K
.
M
.
Li
n
,
"
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
lo
w
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
sc
il
l
a
ti
o
n
s
b
y
o
p
ti
m
a
l
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
ize
r
s:
Ca
se
stu
d
y
o
n
M
EP
E
tes
t
sy
ste
m
,
"
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
P
o
we
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
3
3
3
-
3
5
0
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
4
2
3
6
/ep
e
.
2
0
1
8
.
1
0
8
0
2
1
.
[5
]
P
.
De
y
,
A
.
Bh
a
tt
a
c
h
a
ry
a
a
n
d
P
.
Da
s
,
"
Tu
n
i
n
g
o
f
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
ize
r
fo
r
sm
a
ll
sig
n
a
l
sta
b
il
it
y
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
,
"
Ap
p
li
e
d
Co
m
p
u
t
in
g
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
½
,
p
p
.
3
-
28
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
a
c
i.
2
0
1
7
.
1
2
.
0
0
4
.
[6
]
W
.
M
.
Th
u
a
n
d
K
.
M
.
Li
n
.
,
"
Co
m
p
o
site
-
d
e
sig
n
o
f
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
ize
r
fo
r
m
u
lt
i
-
m
a
c
h
in
e
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
g
e
p
a
n
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
re
sp
o
n
se
m
e
th
o
d
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Res
e
a
rc
h
&
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
(J
RI)
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
-
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[7
]
E
.
M
c
Cru
m
-
G
a
rd
n
e
r,
"
Wh
ich
is
th
e
c
o
rre
c
t
sta
ti
stica
l
tes
t
to
u
se
?
,
"
Brit
ish
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Or
a
l
a
n
d
M
a
x
il
lo
f
a
c
ia
l
S
u
rg
e
ry
,
v
o
l.
46
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
38
–
4
1
,
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
b
jo
m
s.
2
0
0
7
.
0
9
.
0
0
2
.
[8
]
W
.
C
.
S
a
n
t’An
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
On
th
e
u
se
o
f
h
y
p
o
th
e
sis
tes
ts
a
s
sta
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
in
d
e
x
e
s
fo
r
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
re
sp
o
n
se
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
m
a
c
h
in
e
ry
,
"
El
e
c
tric
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
4
7
,
p
p
.
2
4
5
-
2
5
3
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
e
p
sr.
2
0
1
7
.
0
3
.
0
0
5
.
[9
]
S
.
M
.
Ro
ss
,
I
n
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
p
ro
b
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
sta
t
isti
c
s fo
r e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
a
n
d
sc
ien
ti
sts
,
USA
:
El
se
v
ier I
n
c
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
0
]
S
.
G
len
,
"
Co
rre
latio
n
c
o
e
ffi
c
ien
t:
S
imp
le
d
e
fin
a
ti
o
n
,
f
o
rm
u
la,
e
a
sy
ste
p
s
,
"
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
sta
ti
stic
sh
o
wto
.
c
o
m
/
p
ro
b
a
b
il
it
y
-
a
n
d
-
sta
ti
stics
/co
rre
lati
o
n
-
c
o
e
fficie
n
t
-
f
o
rm
u
la/
.
[1
1
]
J
.
Ka
u
r,
"
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
u
se
d
in
h
y
p
o
th
e
sis
tes
ti
n
g
in
re
se
a
rc
h
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
a
re
v
i
ew
,
"
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
(IJ
S
R)
,
v
o
l
.
,
n
o
.
5
4
,
p
p
.
3
6
2
-
3
6
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
R
.
R.
Wi
lc
o
x
,
In
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
t
o
R
o
b
u
st E
st
ima
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Hy
p
o
th
e
sis T
e
stin
g
,
USA
:
El
se
v
ier I
n
c
.,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
3
]
T
.
H
.
Ab
e
b
e
,
"
Th
e
d
e
ri
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
h
o
ice
o
f
a
p
p
ro
p
riate
tes
t
sta
ti
stic
(Z,
t,
F
a
n
d
C
h
i
-
S
q
u
a
re
T
e
st)
in
re
se
a
rc
h
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
"
M
a
t
h
e
ma
ti
c
s L
e
tt
e
rs
.
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
3,
p
p
.
3
3
-
40
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
6
4
8
/
j.
m
l.
2
0
1
9
0
5
0
3
.
1
1
.
[1
4
]
F
.
M
il
a
n
o
,
Po
we
r
sy
ste
m a
n
a
lys
is t
o
o
lb
o
x
d
o
c
u
me
n
ta
ti
o
n
f
o
r P
S
AT
,
v
e
rsio
n
2
.
1
.
8
,
Ja
n
.
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
W
.
Du
a
n
d
H
.
Wan
g
,
An
a
lys
is
a
n
d
d
a
mp
i
n
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
lo
w
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
sc
il
l
a
ti
o
n
s
,
USA:
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
M.
J.
G
ib
b
a
r
d
,
P
.
P
o
u
rb
e
i
k
a
n
d
D.
J.
Vo
wle
s
,
S
ma
ll
si
g
n
a
l
st
a
b
il
it
y
,
c
o
n
tro
l
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
mic
p
e
rfo
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
ms
,
Ad
e
laid
e
:
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ad
e
laid
e
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
J
.
M
a
c
h
o
ws
k
i,
Z
.
L
u
b
o
sn
y
,
J
.
W.
Biale
k
,
a
n
d
J
.
R.
Bu
m
b
y
,
Po
we
r
sy
ste
m
d
y
n
a
mic
a
n
d
st
a
b
il
it
y
,
2
n
d
ed
,
UK
:
Jo
h
n
Wi
ley
&
S
o
n
s L
td
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
8
]
G
.
Ro
g
e
rs,
Po
we
r
sy
ste
m o
sc
il
la
ti
o
n
s
,
USA
:
S
p
r
in
g
e
r
,
2
0
0
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
1
-
4
6
1
5
-
4
5
6
1
-
3
.
[1
9
]
F
.
M
i
lan
o
,
"
A
n
o
p
e
n
so
u
rc
e
p
o
w
e
r
sy
ste
m
a
n
a
ly
sis
t
o
o
l
b
o
x
,
"
in
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r
S
y
st
e
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
9
-
1
2
0
6
,
Au
g
.
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
P
WR
S
.
2
0
0
5
.
8
5
1
9
1
1
.
[2
0
]
K.
P
ra
se
rtwo
n
g
,
N.
M
it
h
u
la
n
a
n
t
h
a
n
a
n
d
D.
T
h
a
k
u
r
,
"
U
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
lo
w
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
sc
il
latio
n
i
n
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.