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2
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8792
IJ
A
P
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Vo
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.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
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b
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2
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1
8
:
2
7
7
–
2
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3
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ap
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s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
i
n
v
er
t
er
u
s
in
g
a
f
l
y
b
a
ck
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
I
t
is
al
m
o
s
t
s
i
m
ilar
to
m
o
d
u
le
in
te
g
r
at
ed
P
V
co
n
v
e
r
ter
a
s
it
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
s
ev
er
al
m
o
d
u
les
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
er
ie
s
.
An
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
i
n
v
er
ter
i
s
u
s
ed
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
t
o
co
n
v
er
t
t
h
e
g
en
er
ated
DC
p
o
w
er
to
A
C
[
8
-
10]
.
T
h
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
w
i
ll
h
elp
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
tch
e
s
.
Di
f
f
er
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
li
k
e
p
er
m
u
tatio
n
o
f
P
V
p
an
els
alo
n
g
w
i
th
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
ex
tr
ac
ti
o
n
f
r
o
m
P
V
p
an
el
to
th
e
f
u
lle
s
t
[
1
1
-
15]
.
B
u
t
th
e
m
ain
th
in
g
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
an
y
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
d
ea
ls
w
it
h
P
V
is
t
h
at
at
an
y
r
ad
iatio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
e
MP
P
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
f
all
P
V
s
o
u
r
ce
s
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
ad
o
p
ted
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
h
elp
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
MP
P
at
all
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
A
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
h
ic
h
co
m
b
i
n
es
a
v
o
lta
g
e
–
h
o
ld
P
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
&
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
w
it
h
a
m
o
d
i
f
ied
P
W
M
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
lev
el
s
.
A
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
tes
t
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
o
n
th
e
s
et
u
p
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
s
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
2.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CO
NF
I
G
URAT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
w
o
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
tag
e
s
,
DC
-
DC
f
l
y
b
ac
k
c
o
n
v
er
ter
an
d
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tai
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
MP
P
T
an
d
it
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
elec
tr
ical
is
o
latio
n
.
An
o
t
h
er
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
th
a
t
it
u
s
e
s
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
co
n
v
er
ter
p
er
m
o
d
u
le
w
h
i
ch
in
t
u
r
n
h
elp
s
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
th
e
m
is
a
llia
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
an
el
s
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
in
v
er
ter
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
P
V
Mo
d
u
les;
ea
ch
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
o
n
e
DC
-
D
C
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
ea
ch
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
ca
s
ca
d
ed
to
a
m
p
li
f
y
th
e
to
tal
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
to
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
c
o
n
v
er
ter
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
h
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
is
o
lat
io
n
at
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
it
also
tr
ac
k
s
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
o
f
P
V
p
an
el
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
it
.
T
h
r
ee
P
V
p
an
els
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
i
s
to
p
o
lo
g
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
ev
e
n
le
v
el
in
v
er
ter
.
Fro
m
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
P
V1
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
o
n
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
wo
w
i
n
d
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
an
d
s
i
m
ilar
l
y
P
V2
to
s
ec
o
n
d
f
l
y
b
ac
k
D
C
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
an
d
P
V3
to
th
ir
d
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
y
b
a
ck
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
P
V1
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
MO
S
FET
SW
1
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
ea
ch
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
i
s
ca
s
c
ad
ed
an
d
th
e
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
o
n
e
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
t
h
en
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
th
i
n
g
s
t
h
at
ar
e
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
a.
Fl
y
b
ac
k
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
n
d
its
d
esig
n
b.
Vo
ltag
e
-
Ho
ld
P
er
tu
r
b
&
Ob
s
er
v
e
Me
th
o
d
c.
Mo
d
if
ied
P
V
alg
o
r
ith
m
2
.
1
.
F
ly
ba
ck
t
ra
ns
f
o
r
m
er
a
nd
it
s
des
ig
n
T
h
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
u
n
it
is
u
s
ed
as
an
is
o
lati
n
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
also
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
o
f
P
V
p
an
el
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
i
t
.
I
t
h
as
g
o
t
t
w
o
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
,
p
r
i
m
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
el
w
ill
b
e
g
iv
en
to
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
w
itc
h
in
g
d
ev
ice
an
d
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
w
i
ll
b
e
d
eli
v
er
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
.
T
h
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
u
tp
u
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
m
a
n
y
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
co
r
e
s
ize,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
tu
r
n
s
,
air
g
ap
etc
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lai
n
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
th
e
s
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
.
T
h
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
u
n
it
is
u
s
ed
as
an
is
o
lati
n
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
also
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
o
f
P
V
p
an
el
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
i
t
.
I
t
h
as
g
o
t
t
w
o
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
,
p
r
i
m
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
el
w
ill
b
e
g
iv
en
to
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
w
itc
h
in
g
d
ev
ice
an
d
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
w
i
ll
b
e
d
eli
v
er
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
.
T
h
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
u
tp
u
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
m
a
n
y
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
co
r
e
s
ize,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
tu
r
n
s
,
air
g
ap
etc
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lai
n
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
th
e
s
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
n
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
s
i
m
p
le
eq
u
at
io
n
s
lin
k
i
n
g
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
ize
an
d
p
o
w
er
r
atin
g
.
A
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
h
av
e
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
u
c
h
as
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
co
r
e
m
ater
ial,
s
h
ap
e
o
f
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
p
er
m
i
tt
ed
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
r
is
e
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
u
n
d
er
w
h
ich
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
w
ill o
p
er
a
te
.
Size
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
f
o
r
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
co
o
li
n
g
an
d
it’s
b
ased
o
n
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
an
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
e
.
Fer
r
ite
i
s
u
s
u
all
y
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
co
r
e
m
at
er
ial
w
h
ich
i
s
h
a
v
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
s
at
u
r
atio
n
f
lu
x
d
en
s
it
y
an
d
lo
w
r
esid
u
al
f
l
u
x
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
.
At
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
t
h
e
l
o
s
s
es
i
n
i
t
w
il
l
b
e
lo
w
.
T
h
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
w
ill
n
o
t
b
e
f
r
ee
air
an
d
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
r
is
e
w
il
l b
e
h
ig
h
er
f
o
r
r
estrict
ed
ar
ea
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
A
P
E
I
SS
N:
2252
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8792
I
n
terl
ea
ve
d
F
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a
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C
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r
ter w
ith
E
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d
ed
Gri
d
I
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tera
c
tin
g
P
V
C
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s
ca
d
ed
ML
I
(
Ja
ikri
s
h
n
a
V
.
)
279
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
m
u
lt
ilev
el
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n
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ter
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lt
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se
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n
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p
r
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e
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i
m
u
m
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u
m
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er
o
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p
r
i
m
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u
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m
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T
h
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er
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er
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o
m
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h
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o
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lated
b
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o
lt
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s
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eq
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atio
n
.
If
th
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
v
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g
e
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er
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e
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im
ar
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al
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m
e
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en
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tr
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t
t
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er
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e
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al
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m
e
to
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p
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t th
is
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er
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(
2
)
T
h
e
n
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m
b
er
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ec
o
n
d
ar
y
t
u
r
n
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e
(
3
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w
h
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;
Ns=
s
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d
ar
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t
u
r
n
s
Vs=s
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n
d
ar
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V/N=
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lt
s
/t
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r
n
Fo
r
th
e
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ap
p
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co
r
e
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h
a
v
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s
atu
r
atio
n
,
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e
m
a
g
n
etizi
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r
ce
(
H)
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al
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e
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er
.
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th
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t
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n
d
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v
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lar
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le
w
o
r
k
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n
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r
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f
o
r
co
r
e
f
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x
d
en
s
i
t
y
.
B
u
t
a
s
t
h
e
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
is
lo
w
er
,
th
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
p
er
tu
r
n
w
il
l b
e
s
m
al
ler
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T
o
tal
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g
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ap
w
ill b
e
ca
lcu
la
ted
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
(
)
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
;
∅
=T
o
tal
len
g
t
h
o
f
air
g
ap
,
m
m
μ
r
=4
πx
1
0
-
7
Np
=P
r
im
ar
y
t
u
r
n
s
A
r
=
A
r
ea
o
f
co
r
e,
m
m
2
L
p
=P
r
i
m
ar
y
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8792
IJ
A
P
E
Vo
l
.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
2
7
7
–
2
8
3
280
(
5
)
2
.
2
.
Vo
lt
a
g
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–
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ld
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et
ho
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P
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tu
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d
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er
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et
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m
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m
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h
e
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ai
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w
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tes
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r
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d
an
MP
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o
r
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g
er
ti
m
e
.
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u
r
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h
is
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m
e
i
f
th
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ir
r
ad
iatio
n
ch
a
n
g
e
s
th
e
MP
P
w
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also
ch
a
n
g
e
.
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h
is
s
u
d
d
en
ch
a
n
g
e
w
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n
’
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el
y
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ac
k
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t
h
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ex
is
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n
g
P
&
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m
et
h
o
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a
n
d
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lt
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co
r
r
ec
t
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s
.
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h
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if
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n
ca
lled
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lt
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h
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&
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m
e
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s
ed
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h
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g
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ted
m
eth
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d
o
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er
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o
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t
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ize
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o
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u
n
d
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.
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h
en
t
h
er
e
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s
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o
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h
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g
e
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n
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ad
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n
th
e
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k
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n
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s
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s
ize
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s
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l
y
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ed
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ce
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g
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r
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u
t
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h
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h
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g
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en
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h
e
tr
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k
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g
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s
ize
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estar
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th
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e
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l
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a
t
icall
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a
n
g
es
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itial
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alu
e
to
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ai
n
tain
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ast
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ac
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
ir
r
ad
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n
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
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h
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g
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h
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a
f
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ter
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o
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t
i
m
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an
d
b
y
li
g
h
t
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l
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en
t
.
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h
e
n
th
e
ir
r
ad
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n
ch
an
g
es
r
ap
id
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,
th
e
p
r
o
p
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s
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
to
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s
t
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e
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r
ch
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n
g
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
MP
P
.
T
h
e
VH
P
&
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m
e
th
o
d
m
i
g
h
t
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
o
lta
g
e
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
P
V
u
n
i
ts
as t
h
e
y
tr
ac
k
i
n
d
iv
id
u
all
y
th
eir
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
.
2
.
3
.
M
o
dified
P
V
a
lg
o
rit
hm
An
o
th
er
m
ai
n
th
in
g
i
n
th
is
s
y
s
te
m
is
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
P
W
M
s
i
g
n
a
ls
f
o
r
P
V
u
n
its
an
d
i
n
v
er
ter
.
T
o
ex
tr
ac
t
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
an
el,
th
e
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
P
V
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
al
m
o
s
t
eq
u
al
to
t
h
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
s
et
b
y
Vo
lt
ag
e
-
h
o
ld
P
&
O
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
As
t
h
e
P
V
u
n
its
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
te
d
as
i
n
a
ch
a
in
,
th
e
P
W
M
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
th
e
w
h
o
le
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
a
ll
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
.
T
h
e
P
V
p
er
m
u
tatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
w
itch
es
alter
n
ate
P
V
p
a
n
els
at
s
in
g
le
s
tag
e
.
B
u
t
h
er
e
in
m
o
d
i
f
ie
d
P
V
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
els
w
ill
n
o
t
b
e
alter
n
at
el
y
tu
r
n
ed
ON
at
a
ti
m
e
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
f
o
r
w
h
ic
h
a
p
an
el
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
ON
w
ill b
e
to
tall
y
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
d
if
ied
P
W
M
m
et
h
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
P
W
M
s
w
itc
h
in
g
c
y
cles
A
t
f
ir
s
t,
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
P
W
M
d
ict
ates
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
at
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
also
t
h
e
ti
m
e
in
t
er
v
als
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
v
o
lta
g
e
h
o
ld
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
as
̅
(
)
(
)
(
)
⁄
(
6
)
w
h
er
e
VL
eq
u
a
ls
v
o
lta
g
e
at
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
o
n
e
p
an
el
at
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
an
d
t
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
P
V
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
d
e
n
o
ted
b
y
n
(
)
̅
(
)
(
7
)
I
f
V
offset(j)
>
1
,
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
P
V
s
o
u
r
ce
w
i
ll
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
ON
in
th
at
ti
m
e
i
n
ter
v
al
b
y
t
u
r
n
i
n
g
O
N
th
e
s
w
itc
h
a
n
d
if
V
offset(j)
=
0
,
th
e
s
w
i
tch
o
f
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
o
u
r
ce
w
ill
b
e
in
o
f
f
s
tate
t
h
er
eb
y
allo
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i
n
g
t
h
e
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io
d
e
to
b
y
p
as
s
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
(
)
(
̅
(
)
(
)
)
(
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
A
P
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
I
n
terl
ea
ve
d
F
lyb
a
ck
C
o
n
ve
r
ter w
ith
E
mb
ed
d
ed
Gri
d
I
n
tera
c
tin
g
P
V
C
a
s
ca
d
ed
ML
I
(
Ja
ikri
s
h
n
a
V
.
)
281
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
f
m
u
lt
ilev
e
l
in
v
er
ter
w
i
th
i
n
ter
lea
v
ed
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
in
P
SIM
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
h
r
ee
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
t
h
en
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
f
l
y
b
ac
k
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n
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ter
.
T
h
e
f
l
y
b
ac
k
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n
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ter
s
ar
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
in
s
u
ch
a
w
a
y
t
h
a
t
o
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f
l
y
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ac
k
o
p
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ates
at
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ti
m
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
io
d
e
h
elp
s
to
b
y
p
a
s
s
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
lev
el
s
th
u
s
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
m
u
lt
ilev
e
l
.
T
h
e
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
P
V
p
a
r
am
eter
s
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
ied
P
W
M
m
et
h
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u
r
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.
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u
r
e
3
.
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P
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i
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r
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h
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ter
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Fi
g
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u
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t
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s
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I
n
terl
ea
ve
d
F
lyb
a
ck
C
o
n
ve
r
ter w
ith
E
mb
ed
d
ed
Gri
d
I
n
tera
c
tin
g
P
V
C
a
s
ca
d
ed
ML
I
(
Ja
ikri
s
h
n
a
V
.
)
283
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ca
n
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
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o
f
b
o
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f
l
y
b
ac
k
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n
v
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ter
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d
M
L
I
w
h
ic
h
c
an
n
o
t
g
i
v
e
b
y
an
o
r
d
in
ar
y
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
I
s
o
latio
n
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
et
h
o
d
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
i
n
m
u
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l
DC
lin
k
co
n
v
er
ter
.
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ltag
e
r
atio
s
ar
e
also
m
u
ltip
lied
d
u
e
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
Fl
y
b
ac
k
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y
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ed
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cin
g
th
e
p
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atin
g
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h
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ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
Fl
y
b
ac
k
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i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
.
S
w
itc
h
in
g
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
also
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
is
also
an
al
y
s
es
t
h
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
o
f
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
s
o
l
v
e
th
e
is
s
u
e
s
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
a
ti
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
is
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
o
s
cilla
tio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
MP
P
s
to
p
s
at
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ti
m
e
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
b
etter
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
g
r
id
i
n
ter
ac
ti
n
g
ca
s
ca
d
ed
ML
I
w
it
h
i
n
ter
leav
ed
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
t
er
f
o
r
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
f
l
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
o
r
b
o
o
s
tin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
a
n
d
also
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
is
o
latio
n
.
Dio
d
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
b
y
p
ass
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
t
h
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
.
T
h
is
w
i
ll
h
elp
s
i
n
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
ed
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
h
elp
s
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
MP
P
f
aster
an
d
ac
cu
r
atel
y
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
P
&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
I
t
k
ee
p
s
t
h
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
o
r
k
in
g
i
n
r
ap
id
l
y
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
i
c
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
n
d
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
es
ted
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
s
i
m
u
latio
n
an
d
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
r
esu
lt
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
.
A
p
o
sto
lo
v
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a
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d
I.
Š
k
o
k
lj
e
v
,
"
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
so
u
rc
e
s
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
in
so
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th
e
a
st
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s
a
n
d
it
s
f
u
tu
re
p
ro
sp
e
c
ts,
"
M
e
d
it
e
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a
n
e
a
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Po
we
r
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
,
Distrib
u
t
io
n
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
(
M
e
d
Po
we
r 2
0
1
6
)
,
B
e
lg
ra
d
e
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
5.
[2
]
B.
M
.
T
.
Ho
,
S
.
H.
C
h
u
n
g
a
n
d
S
.
Y.
R.
Hu
i,
"
A
n
in
teg
ra
ted
in
v
e
rter
w
it
h
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
tra
c
k
in
g
f
o
r
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
sy
ste
m
s,"
Nin
e
tee
n
th
An
n
u
a
l
IE
EE
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
x
p
o
siti
o
n
,
2
0
0
4
.
AP
EC
'
0
4
.
,
A
n
a
h
e
im
,
CA
,
US
A
,
2
0
0
4
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
9
-
1
5
6
5
Vo
l.
3
.
[3
]
R
S
rid
h
a
r
a
n
d
S
u
b
h
ra
n
su
S
e
k
h
a
r
Da
sh
e
t
.
a
l
“
Un
if
ied
M
P
P
T
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
f
o
r
P
a
rt
ially
S
h
a
d
e
d
P
a
n
e
ls
i
n
a
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
A
rra
y
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
u
t
o
ma
ti
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
in
g
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
3
6
-
5
4
2
,
Oc
t
o
b
e
r
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
A
.
S
a
n
g
w
o
n
g
w
a
n
ich
,
Y.
Ya
n
g
a
n
d
F
.
Blaa
b
jerg
,
"
Hi
g
h
-
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
Co
n
sta
n
t
P
o
w
e
r
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V S
y
ste
m
s,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
2
-
1
8
2
5
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
D.
A
.
B.
Za
m
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ra
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