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g
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
ea
r
th
in
g
is
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
l
o
w
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
p
ath
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
h
ic
h
f
a
u
lt
c
u
r
r
en
ts
a
n
d
lig
h
tn
i
n
g
s
tr
i
k
es
ar
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
an
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
a
g
ai
n
s
t tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
p
o
t
en
tial
s
[
3
,
7
]
.
T
o
d
esig
n
a
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
ea
r
t
h
g
r
id
,
ce
r
tain
s
ite
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
s
u
c
h
as,
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
I
g
,
f
au
lt
d
u
r
atio
n
t
t
,
s
h
o
c
k
d
u
r
atio
n
t
s
,
s
o
il
r
esis
ti
v
it
y
ρ
,
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
ater
ial
r
esis
t
iv
it
y
ρ
s
,
an
d
g
r
id
g
eo
m
etr
y
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
h
a
v
e
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
g
r
id
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
g
eo
m
e
tr
y
,
ar
ea
o
c
cu
p
ied
b
y
t
h
e
g
r
id
,
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
p
ac
in
g
,
d
ep
th
o
f
b
u
r
ial
o
f
g
r
id
an
d
th
ick
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
la
y
er
m
ater
ial
ar
e
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
t
h
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
m
esh
,
s
tep
a
n
d
to
u
ch
v
o
lta
g
es
a
n
d
ea
r
th
p
o
ten
tial
r
i
s
e
(
E
P
R
)
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
c
to
r
d
ia
m
eter
h
as
n
o
i
m
p
ac
t
a
t
all
o
n
t
h
e
s
a
f
et
y
cr
iter
ia
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
[
3
,
8
]
.
So
il
r
esis
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
a
r
ea
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
t
h
e
g
r
id
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
g
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
lo
w
er
th
e
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
o
f
a
s
u
b
s
ta
tio
n
ea
r
t
h
g
r
id
w
i
th
r
esp
ec
t
to
r
e
m
o
te
ea
r
th
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
it
is
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
b
as
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
s
u
b
s
ta
tio
n
ea
r
th
g
r
id
u
s
ed
w
o
r
ld
w
id
e.
I
n
s
o
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies,
a
n
ea
r
t
h
g
r
id
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
ad
eq
u
ate
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
R
g
s
ati
s
f
ie
s
t
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
v
al
u
es
b
y
ap
p
licab
le
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
.
W
h
ile
in
o
t
h
er
co
u
n
tr
ies,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
U.
S.
A
,
a
n
ea
r
th
g
r
id
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
af
e
w
h
e
n
s
t
ep
an
d
to
u
c
h
p
o
ten
tial
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
lo
w
er
t
h
an
th
e
p
er
m
i
s
s
ib
le
v
al
u
es.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
t
w
o
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
v
alid
a
s
th
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
to
ler
ab
le
cu
r
r
en
t f
lo
w
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
is
ta
k
e
n
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
[
1
0
]
.
I
E
E
E
Stan
d
ar
d
8
0
:2
0
0
0
w
h
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
t
h
e
ea
r
th
in
g
e
n
c
y
clo
p
ed
ia
w
o
r
l
d
w
id
e
h
as
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
eq
u
at
io
n
s
,
i.e
.
eq
u
at
io
n
s
(
5
0
)
to
(
5
2
)
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
v
alu
e
R
g
o
f
an
ea
r
th
g
r
id
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
eq
u
ati
o
n
s
(
1
)
to
(
3
)
in
th
is
p
ap
er
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
ese
n
ts
an
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
eq
u
at
io
n
s
to
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
v
al
u
es
o
f
R
g
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
len
g
t
h
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
g
r
id
r
esis
tan
ce
.
A
s
s
ta
ted
ea
r
lier
,
s
o
il
r
esis
tiv
i
t
y
,
ar
ea
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
th
e
g
r
id
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
n
f
lu
e
n
tial
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
r
esi
s
tan
ce
to
r
e
m
o
te
ea
r
th
o
f
an
ea
r
th
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
c
to
r
s
b
y
ad
d
it
io
n
o
f
v
er
tical
ea
r
t
h
r
o
d
s
to
t
h
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
g
r
id
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
to
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
g
h
en
ce
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
ter
m
s
i
n
I
E
E
E
eq
u
atio
n
s
(
5
1
)
an
d
(
5
2
)
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
w
h
ich
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
le
n
g
t
h
a
f
f
ec
t
s
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
R
g
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
av
ailab
le
liter
at
u
r
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
p
ap
er
ev
al
u
ate
s
t
h
e
I
E
E
E
eq
u
atio
n
s
(
5
1
)
an
d
(
5
2
)
b
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
len
g
t
h
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
g
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
to
as
s
es
s
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
w
h
ich
th
e
g
r
id
r
esis
ta
n
ce
co
u
ld
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
A
n
ea
r
th
g
r
id
w
ith
th
e
s
a
m
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
w
as
d
es
ig
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
SES
C
A
D
a
n
d
ex
ec
u
ted
in
M
AL
T
m
o
d
u
le
o
f
C
DE
GS
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
in
d
esi
g
n
i
n
g
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
ea
r
th
g
r
id
an
d
an
y
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
f
o
r
th
at
m
atter
is
to
co
n
d
u
c
t
a
p
r
eli
m
in
ar
y
s
u
r
v
e
y
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ite
to
in
s
p
ec
t
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
u
tili
t
y
in
s
ta
llatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
w
a
ter
o
r
g
a
s
p
ip
elin
e
s
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
s
o
il
r
esis
ti
v
it
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
s
o
il
m
o
d
el
w
h
ic
h
w
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
o
il
la
y
er
s
at
t
h
e
s
i
te,
th
ic
k
n
es
s
o
f
ea
ch
la
y
er
an
d
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
ep
th
at
w
h
ic
h
th
e
ea
r
t
h
g
r
id
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
b
u
r
ied
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
s
o
il
r
esis
ti
v
it
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
at
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
u
b
s
tat
io
n
s
ite
lo
ca
ted
i
n
f
r
o
n
t o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ay
er
r
o
o
m
,
C
o
lleg
e
1
2
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti
P
u
tr
a
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
Ser
d
an
g
,
Sela
n
g
o
r
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
u
s
i
n
g
W
e
n
n
er
m
et
h
o
d
w
it
h
a
4
-
P
o
le
Me
g
g
er
E
ar
th
T
ester
.
T
h
e
R
E
S
A
P
m
o
d
u
le
o
f
C
DE
GS
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
w
as
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
o
il
m
o
d
el
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
s
o
il
r
esis
ti
v
it
y
f
ield
d
ata.
T
ab
les
1
an
d
2
lis
t
th
e
s
o
il
r
e
s
is
t
iv
it
y
f
ield
d
ata
a
n
d
th
e
s
o
il
m
o
d
el,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
No
te
t
h
at,
I
E
E
E
Std
.
8
0
-
2
0
0
0
eq
u
atio
n
(
5
0
)
w
as
in
itia
ll
y
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
v
alu
e
s
o
f
R
g
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
s
o
il
r
esis
ti
v
it
y
a
n
d
ar
ea
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
eq
u
a
tio
n
s
(
5
1
)
an
d
(
5
2
)
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
g
b
y
ad
d
in
g
v
er
tical
ea
r
t
h
r
o
d
s
i
n
it
iall
y
a
t
t
h
e
g
r
id
p
er
ip
h
er
y
a
n
d
th
e
n
at
all
co
n
d
u
cto
r
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
co
m
m
e
n
ce
d
w
it
h
a
s
m
all
g
r
id
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
5
m
x
5
m
a
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
i
n
s
tep
s
o
f
1
0
m
u
n
til
a
g
r
id
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
o
f
7
0
m
x
7
0
m
w
h
ic
h
y
ield
ed
a
v
alu
e
o
f
R
g
lo
w
er
th
a
n
5
Ω
.
T
h
e
s
p
ac
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
g
r
id
co
n
d
u
cto
r
r
o
w
s
an
d
co
lu
m
n
s
w
a
s
v
ar
ied
b
et
w
ee
n
3
m
,
4
m
an
d
5
m
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
w
h
ic
h
g
r
i
d
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
w
as
ex
ac
tl
y
d
i
v
is
ib
le
b
y
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
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f
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IJ
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I
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m
as r
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ted
in
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2
.
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il st
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4
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1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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8792
IJ
A
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64
T
ab
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3
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ts
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ar
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t
h
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r
eq
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cr
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h
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n
5
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m
m
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ed
in
[
1
2
]
b
y
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E
E
Std
.
1
4
2
as
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
g
f
o
r
s
m
all
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
i
m
p
lie
s
t
h
at,
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
2
,
4
0
0
m
2
o
f
g
r
id
ar
ea
y
ield
ed
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
o
n
l
y
1
.
9
Ω
w
h
ic
h
is
n
o
t
e
co
n
o
m
ical
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
esig
n
p
o
in
t o
f
v
ie
w
.
T
ab
le
3
C
alcu
lated
v
al
u
es o
f
R
g
u
s
in
g
I
E
E
E
Std
.
8
0
-
2
0
0
0
e
q
u
atio
n
s
5
0
,
5
1
an
d
5
2
.
G
r
i
d
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
(
m)
A
r
e
a
(
m
2
)
N
o
.
o
f
r
o
w
s a
n
d
c
o
l
u
mn
s (m
)
L
T
(
m)
R
g
e
q
t
n
.
5
0
(
Ω
)
R
g
e
q
t
n
.
5
1
(
Ω
)
R
g
e
q
t
n
.
5
2
(
Ω
)
5
x
5
1
0
x
1
0
2
0
x
20
3
0
x
3
0
4
0
x
4
0
5
0
x
5
0
6
0
x
6
0
7
0
x
7
0
25
1
0
0
4
0
0
9
0
0
1
,
6
0
0
2
,
5
0
0
3
,
6
0
0
4
,
9
0
0
2
x
2
3
x
3
6
x
6
1
1
x
1
1
1
1
x
1
1
1
1
x
1
1
2
1
x
2
1
1
5
x
1
5
20
80
2
8
0
6
6
0
8
8
0
1
,
1
0
0
2
,
5
2
0
2
,
1
0
0
6
6
.
6
5
3
3
.
3
2
1
6
.
6
6
1
1
.
1
1
8
.
3
3
6
.
6
6
5
.
5
5
4
.
7
6
1
0
4
.
3
6
4
5
.
8
9
1
9
.
8
0
1
2
.
2
5
9
.
1
9
7
.
3
5
5
.
8
5
5
.
1
2
7
1
.
8
8
3
0
.
0
0
1
2
.
3
6
7
.
6
0
5
.
9
5
4
.
9
5
4
.
0
2
3
.
6
9
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
I
E
E
E
eq
u
atio
n
(
5
1
)
,
it
co
u
ld
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at,
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
R
g
w
a
s
i
n
itiall
y
co
m
p
u
ted
a
s
1
0
4
.
3
6
Ω
w
h
e
n
o
n
l
y
2
0
m
le
n
g
th
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
w
as
u
s
ed
.
A
s
t
h
e
len
g
t
h
,
g
r
id
ar
ea
an
d
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
w
er
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
g
d
r
asti
ca
ll
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
u
n
til
7
.
3
5
Ω
w
a
s
o
b
tain
ed
u
tili
zi
n
g
1
,
1
0
0
m
le
n
g
th
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
len
g
t
h
f
r
o
m
1
,
1
0
0
m
to
2
,
5
2
0
m
,
a
n
d
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
g
r
id
ar
ea
f
r
o
m
2
,
5
0
0
m
2
to
4
,
9
0
0
m
2
an
d
g
r
id
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
5
0
m
x
5
0
m
to
7
0
m
x
7
0
m
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
R
g
f
r
o
m
7
.
3
5
Ω
to
5
.
1
2
Ω
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Ag
ai
n
,
it
co
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at,
an
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
1
,
0
0
0
m
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
len
g
t
h
y
ield
ed
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
g
b
y
o
n
l
y
2
.
2
3
Ω
w
h
ich
is
al
s
o
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
u
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
in
g
r
id
d
esi
g
n
.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
,
u
s
i
n
g
I
E
E
E
eq
u
atio
n
(
5
2
)
,
it
co
u
ld
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at,
th
e
i
n
itia
l
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
g
w
as
7
1
.
8
8
Ω
w
it
h
2
0
m
len
g
t
h
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
.
As
t
h
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
w
as
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
d
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
a
n
d
ar
ea
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
th
e
g
r
id
,
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
R
g
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
to
4
.
9
5
Ω
u
tili
zi
n
g
1
,
1
0
0
m
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
len
g
t
h
.
No
te
th
at,
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
g
,
i.e
.
4
.
0
2
Ω
w
as
o
b
tain
ed
af
ter
th
e
len
g
t
h
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
w
a
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
1
,
1
0
0
m
to
2
,
5
2
0
m
i
n
d
icat
in
g
a
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
o
f
1
,
4
2
0
m
w
h
ic
h
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
u
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
f
o
r
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
less
t
h
a
n
1
Ω
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
I
E
E
E
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ca
lcu
la
tin
g
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
R
g
,
it
co
u
ld
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
eq
u
atio
n
(
5
0
)
u
tili
ze
d
m
o
r
e
g
r
id
ar
ea
,
i.e
.
4
,
9
0
0
m
2
to
y
ield
a
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
4
.
7
6
Ω
as
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
tai
n
an
y
L
T
ter
m
,
w
h
ile
eq
u
a
tio
n
(
5
1
)
w
h
i
ch
co
n
tai
n
s
b
o
th
th
e
g
r
id
ar
ea
an
d
L
T
ter
m
s
u
s
ed
th
e
s
a
m
e
g
r
id
ar
ea
an
d
2
,
1
0
0
m
len
g
th
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
b
u
t
co
u
ld
n
o
t
y
ield
a
r
esi
s
tan
ce
v
alu
e
les
s
th
a
n
5
Ω
w
h
ic
h
is
s
lig
h
tl
y
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
r
es
u
lt
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
eq
u
at
io
n
(
5
0
)
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
(
5
2
)
w
h
ic
h
also
co
n
tai
n
s
b
o
th
t
h
e
g
r
id
ar
ea
an
d
th
e
L
T
ter
m
s
,
i
t
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t,
a
g
r
id
ar
ea
o
f
4
,
9
0
0
m
2
an
d
2
,
1
0
0
m
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
l
en
g
t
h
r
es
u
lted
to
an
R
g
o
f
3
.
6
9
Ω
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
r
o
m
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
ie
w
,
I
E
E
E
eq
u
atio
n
s
(
5
0
)
an
d
(
5
2
)
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
f
o
r
esti
m
ati
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
itial
v
al
u
es
o
f
R
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
ea
r
t
h
g
r
id
d
esig
n
.
C
ar
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
e
x
er
cised
d
u
r
in
g
d
esi
g
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
av
o
id
u
n
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
r
ac
tice
as
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
g
g
ets
lo
w
er
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
lar
g
e
s
ize
o
f
co
n
d
u
cto
r
len
g
th
d
o
es n
o
t c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
R
g
.
T
ab
le
4
d
e
p
icts
th
e
s
i
m
u
lated
v
alu
e
s
o
f
R
g
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
i
n
g
C
DE
GS
f
o
r
g
r
id
s
A
,
B
an
d
C
c
o
n
tain
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
al
u
e
s
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
len
g
t
h
as
a
r
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lt
o
f
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
3
m
lo
n
g
ea
r
th
r
o
d
s
in
Gr
id
B
an
d
C
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
s
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
5
0
m
x
5
0
m
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
w
it
h
Gr
id
A
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t,
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
th
e
g
ir
d
w
a
s
2
,
5
0
0
m
2
,
an
d
t
h
e
to
tal
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
w
as
2
1
0
0
m
w
h
ic
h
y
ield
ed
an
R
g
o
f
6
.
5
4
Ω
.
I
n
Gr
id
B
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
w
i
th
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
a
n
d
ar
ea
,
th
e
to
tal
len
g
th
o
f
b
u
r
ied
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
w
a
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
2
,
3
4
0
m
as
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
3
m
lo
n
g
ea
r
th
r
o
d
s
in
s
ta
lled
at
t
h
e
g
r
id
p
er
ip
h
er
y
,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
R
g
m
er
el
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
to
6
.
2
0
Ω
in
d
icatin
g
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
o
n
l
y
0
.
3
4
Ω
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
v
ei
n
,
w
h
e
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
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r
th
r
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d
s
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in
s
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at
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g
r
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cr
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t
h
e
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t
h
o
f
b
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co
n
d
u
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r
s
s
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d
to
3
,
4
2
3
m
b
u
t
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
R
g
r
ed
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ce
d
b
y
o
n
l
y
0
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4
9
Ω
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.
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g
u
s
t
2
0
1
5
:
6
1
–
69
68
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Y.
L
iu
,
“
T
ra
n
sie
n
t
Re
sp
o
n
se
o
f
G
ro
u
n
d
i
n
g
S
y
ste
m
s
Ca
u
se
d
b
y
L
ig
h
tn
in
g
:
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
Ex
p
e
r
im
e
n
ts,
”
P
h
D
T
h
e
sis,
Up
p
sa
la Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
2
0
0
4
.
[2
]
J.
D.
M
c
Do
n
a
l
d
,
El
e
c
tri
c
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
b
sta
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
nd
Ed
it
i
o
n
,
CRC
P
re
ss
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
2
0
0
7
,
Ch
.
1
1
-
1.
[3
]
IEE
E
S
tan
d
a
r
d
8
0
-
2
0
0
0
,
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
G
u
id
e
f
o
r
S
a
f
e
t
y
in
A
C
S
u
b
sta
ti
o
n
G
ro
u
n
d
i
n
g
,
A
NSI,
2
0
0
0
.
[4
]
V
.
L
.
C
o
e
lh
o
,
A
.
P
ian
ti
n
i,
R
.
A
.
A
lt
a
f
i
m
,
H.
A
.
A
l
m
a
g
u
e
r,
R.
A
.
Co
e
lh
o
,
M
.
R.
d
e
L
ima
,
W
.
d
o
C.
Bo
a
v
e
n
tu
ra
,
J
.
O.
S
.
P
a
u
li
n
o
,
a
n
d
P
.
L
.
No
sa
k
i,
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
L
ig
h
t
n
in
g
P
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
(
X
II
S
I
P
DA
)
2
0
1
3
,
Criciú
m
a
-
Bra
z
il
.
[5
]
S
.
G
h
o
n
e
im
,
H.
Hirsc
h
,
A
.
El
m
o
rsh
e
d
y
,
a
n
d
R.
Am
e
r,
“
Imp
ro
v
e
d
De
sig
n
o
f
S
q
u
a
re
Gr
o
u
n
d
in
g
Gr
id
s,”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
(P
o
w
e
rCo
n
.
)
2
0
0
6
,
22
-
2
6
Oc
t.
2
0
0
6
,
C
h
o
n
g
q
in
g
,
C
h
in
a
.
[6
]
A
.
A
.
El
-
F
e
rg
a
n
y
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Op
ti
m
ize
S
u
b
sta
ti
o
n
G
ro
u
n
d
i
n
g
G
rid
Ba
se
d
o
n
IEE
E
S
t
d
.
8
0
-
2
0
0
0
Us
in
g
G
UI
A
n
d
M
AT
LAB
Co
d
e
s
,
”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
&
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
3
,
N
o
.
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[7
]
M
.
M
o
n
d
a
l,
D.
K.
Ja
rial,
S
.
Ra
m
,
a
n
d
G
.
S
in
g
h
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
S
u
b
sta
ti
o
n
G
ro
u
n
d
i
n
g
G
rid
w
it
h
a
n
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
Co
n
sid
e
ri
n
g
S
e
a
so
n
a
l
F
a
c
to
rs u
sin
g
EDS
A
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
.
”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
S
p
e
c
ial
Iss
u
e
,
ICA
ECE
,
2
0
1
3
.
[8
]
S
.
Ra
ju
a
n
d
P
.
U
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
O
p
ti
ma
l
Gr
o
u
n
d
in
g
M
a
t
s
fo
r
Hi
g
h
Vo
l
ta
g
e
S
u
b
st
a
ti
o
n
,
”
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
P
o
w
e
r
Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
(A
P
CET
)
2
0
1
2
,
2
-
4
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
2
,
M
y
la
v
a
ra
m
,
A
n
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
I
n
d
i
a
.
[9
]
A
.
A
c
k
e
r
m
a
n
,
P
.
K.
S
e
n
,
a
n
d
C.
Oe
rtl
i,
“
De
sig
n
in
g
S
a
f
e
a
n
d
Re
li
a
b
le
G
ro
u
n
d
i
n
g
in
A
C
S
u
b
sta
ti
o
n
s
W
it
h
P
o
o
r
S
o
il
Re
sistiv
it
y
:
A
n
In
terp
re
tatio
n
o
f
IEE
E
S
td
.
8
0
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stry
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
4
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
8
3
–
1
8
8
9
,
J
u
l.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
K.
D.
P
h
a
m
,
“
De
si
g
n
o
f
a
S
a
f
e
G
ro
u
n
d
i
n
g
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
Ru
ra
l
El
e
c
tri
c
P
o
w
e
r
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
S
u
b
sta
ti
o
n
s,”
P
re
se
n
ted
a
t
th
e
3
4
th
A
n
n
u
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
on
R
u
ra
l
El
e
c
tri
c
P
o
w
e
r,
(REP
C
ON
)
1
9
9
0
,
2
9
A
p
r
-
1
M
a
y
1
9
9
0
,
Orla
n
d
o
,
F
L
,
U.S
.
A
.
[1
1
]
De
sig
n
G
u
id
e
f
o
r
Ru
ra
l
S
u
b
sta
ti
o
n
s,
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
Ag
ricu
lt
u
re
,
Ru
ra
l
Util
it
ies
S
e
r
v
ice
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
1
7
2
4
E
-
3
0
0
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
1
.
[1
2
]
IEE
E
S
tan
d
a
rd
1
4
2
-
2
0
0
7
,
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
P
ra
c
ti
c
e
f
o
r
G
ro
u
n
d
in
g
In
d
u
strial
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
e
rc
i
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s,
A
NSI,
2
0
0
7
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
a
n
i
D.
Bu
b
a
o
b
tai
n
e
d
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Dip
lo
m
a
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
f
ro
m
th
e
F
e
d
e
ra
l
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
M
u
b
i
i
n
1
9
9
1
.
He
p
ro
c
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
id
u
g
u
ri,
Bo
r
n
o
S
tate
,
Nig
e
ria,
w
h
e
re
h
e
wa
s
a
w
a
rd
e
d
B.
En
g
.
(Ho
n
s)
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
2
0
0
2
.
He
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s
a
T
u
to
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
F
e
d
e
ra
l
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
M
u
b
i
f
ro
m
No
v
e
m
b
e
r,
2
0
0
2
u
n
ti
l
No
v
e
m
b
e
r,
2
0
0
9
.
He
e
n
ro
ll
e
d
f
o
r
M
S
c
P
r
o
g
ra
m
m
e
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rs
it
i
P
u
tra
M
a
la
y
sia
(UP
M
)
a
n
d
o
b
tain
e
d
a
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
De
g
r
e
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
1
2
.
M
r.
B
u
b
a
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
P
h
D
stu
d
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
U
P
M
.
He
is
a
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
tu
d
e
n
t
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
-
PE
S
,
P
EL
S
a
n
d
CI
S
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts in
c
lu
d
e
,
e
a
rth
i
n
g
s
y
ste
m
s,
S
o
lar P
V
sy
ste
m
s,
L
ig
h
tn
i
n
g
P
ro
tec
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s an
d
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
A
n
a
l
y
sis.
W
a
n
F
.
W
a
n
A
h
m
a
d
(S
’0
2
,
M
’0
5
)
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
Ke
lan
ta
n
,
M
a
l
a
y
sia
,
o
n
S
e
p
.
6
,
1
9
7
8
.
S
h
e
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
si
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
0
0
w
it
h
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
w
it
h
h
o
n
o
u
rs,
a
n
d
m
a
jo
rin
g
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
D
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
of
No
tt
in
g
h
a
m
,
No
tt
in
g
h
a
m
,
U.K
.
in
2
0
0
7
,
m
a
jo
rin
g
in
L
ig
h
tn
i
n
g
P
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Co
m
p
a
ti
b
il
it
y
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
it
h
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
si
a
w
h
ich
sh
e
jo
in
e
d
sin
c
e
2
0
0
0
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
trem
e
n
d
o
u
s
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s
in
tea
c
h
in
g
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
)
with
Ho
n
o
u
rs
stu
d
e
n
ts.
A
t
th
e
m
o
m
e
n
t
sh
e
is
De
p
u
ty
Dire
c
to
r
(Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Co
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
o
n
)
a
t
Ce
n
tre
o
f
Ex
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
o
n
L
ig
h
tn
in
g
P
ro
tec
ti
o
n
(C
EL
P
),
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsi
ti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
T
h
ro
u
g
h
h
e
r
c
a
re
e
r,
sh
e
h
a
s
w
o
n
3
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
w
a
rd
s
a
n
d
4
n
o
n
-
r
e
se
a
rc
h
a
w
a
rd
s.
He
r
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
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M
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teria
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f
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lay
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in
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g
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m
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la
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re
se
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y
ste
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a
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y
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tatic
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d
y
n
a
m
ics
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a
d
f
lo
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ly
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m
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h
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h
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s
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