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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
2252
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8792
A
F
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C
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
li
n
e
d
u
e
to
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
lev
el
a
n
d
u
n
-
u
n
iq
u
e
ap
p
licat
io
n
m
o
d
e
o
f
T
C
SC
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
a
u
lt
s
t
h
at
is
r
elat
ed
to
f
a
u
lt
c
u
r
r
en
t
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
i
m
p
o
s
es
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
y
to
d
is
ti
n
g
u
is
h
f
au
lts
f
r
o
m
p
o
w
e
r
s
w
in
g
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
av
ailab
le
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
d
etec
t
f
au
l
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
in
u
n
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
s
[
6
-
1
2
]
,
th
at
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
li
m
i
tatio
n
s
i
n
p
r
es
en
ce
o
f
s
er
ies
co
m
p
e
n
s
a
tio
n
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
er
ie
s
co
m
p
en
s
ato
r
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
[
1
3
-
1
4
]
.
A
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
t
h
e
b
asis
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
s
w
in
g
-
ce
n
ter
v
o
ltag
e
(
S
C
V)
an
d
i
ts
r
ate
is
p
r
esen
ted
to
d
etec
tio
n
f
au
l
ts
d
u
r
in
g
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
[
6
]
.
A
m
et
h
o
d
b
ased
o
n
v
o
lta
g
e
p
h
ase
‟
s
an
g
le
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
at
t
h
e
r
ela
y
lo
ca
tio
n
is
av
ai
lab
le
to
d
etec
tin
g
h
ig
h
-
r
esi
s
tan
ce
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
au
lts
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
[
7
]
.
A
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
b
ased
o
n
s
u
p
er
i
m
p
o
s
e
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
[
8
]
.
A
m
e
th
o
d
d
ep
en
d
ed
o
n
esti
m
ated
r
ate
o
f
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
r
e
s
is
ta
n
ce
a
t
th
e
r
ela
y
lo
ca
tio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
tio
n
f
a
u
lts
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
in
g
[
9
]
.
I
n
[
1
0
]
,
a
cr
o
s
s
-
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
b
ased
o
n
d
er
i
v
ati
v
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
is
p
r
esen
ted
to
d
is
tin
g
u
i
s
h
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
f
a
u
lts
f
r
o
m
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
.
A
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
to
r
s
ch
e
m
e
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
d
ec
a
y
i
n
g
d
c
p
r
ese
n
ce
in
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
in
g
[
1
1
]
.
A
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
in
g
a
d
ap
tiv
e
Neu
r
o
-
F
u
zz
y
I
n
f
er
en
c
e
S
y
s
te
m
(
NFI
S)
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
h
as
li
m
ited
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
to
d
etec
tio
n
f
a
u
lt
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
f
a
s
t
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
an
d
i
t
n
ee
d
s
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
ai
n
in
g
p
atter
n
s
.
I
n
[
1
3
]
,
th
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
d
etec
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
a
s
er
ies
-
co
m
p
e
n
s
a
ted
lin
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
t
u
d
ied
.
T
h
e
R
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
o
r
k
s
b
etter
f
o
r
th
e
s
er
ies
c
ap
ac
ito
r
co
m
p
en
s
ated
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
li
n
e.
I
n
[
1
4
]
,
a
m
et
h
o
d
b
ased
o
n
n
e
g
ati
v
e
s
e
q
u
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
d
etec
ti
n
g
f
au
lt
d
u
r
in
g
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
i
n
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
li
n
es
b
y
Ser
ies
C
ap
ac
ito
r
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
av
ailab
le
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
i
t
is
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
f
a
s
t i
n
d
etec
tin
g
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
af
o
r
esaid
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
ex
te
n
d
ed
to
b
e
a
p
p
licab
le
in
T
C
SC
-
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
e
th
o
d
is
test
ed
o
n
Si
n
g
le
M
ac
h
i
n
e
I
n
f
i
n
ite
B
u
s
(
S
MI
B
)
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
al
s
o
o
n
a
9
-
b
u
s
3
-
m
ac
h
i
n
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
.
Di
f
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
f
a
u
lts
o
cc
u
r
r
i
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
:
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
,
as
y
m
m
etr
ical,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
f
a
u
lt
s
ar
e
s
i
m
u
lated
b
y
M
A
T
L
A
B
/SIM
U
L
I
N
K
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
b
asic
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
T
C
S
C
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
cir
cu
it
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
ea
s
il
y
.
I
t
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
s
er
ie
s
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
h
u
n
ted
b
y
a
T
h
y
r
is
to
r
C
o
n
tr
o
lle
d
R
ea
cto
r
(
T
C
R
)
.
T
C
R
is
a
v
ar
iab
le
in
d
u
cti
v
e
r
ea
cto
r
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
f
ir
in
g
a
n
g
le
α
.
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
1)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
q
u
iv
ale
n
t c
ir
cu
it o
f
T
C
SC
Var
iatio
n
o
f
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t to
α
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
:
(
1
)
W
h
e
r
e
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8792
IJ
A
P
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
8
:
40
-
51
42
Fo
r
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
to
9
0
o
f
α
,
s
tar
t
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
ac
t
u
al
r
ea
ctan
ce
to
in
f
i
n
it
y
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
r
ea
cto
r
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
er
ies
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
r
ea
ctan
ce
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
T
C
SC
to
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
[
1
5
]
.
2
.
1
.
I
m
peda
nce
c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
cu
r
v
e
o
f
a
T
C
SC
d
ev
ice.
A
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
f
i
g
u
r
e,
t
h
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
T
C
SC
ca
n
b
e
i
n
b
o
th
ca
p
ac
iti
v
e
an
d
i
n
d
u
cti
v
e
r
eg
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
y
i
n
g
f
ir
i
n
g
an
g
le
(
α
)
[
1
6
]
.
2
.
2
.
Dif
f
er
ent
po
s
s
ibl
e
T
CSC
m
o
de
s
o
f
o
pera
t
io
n durin
g
a
f
a
ult
Dif
f
er
en
t p
o
s
s
ib
le
T
C
SC
m
o
d
es o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
a
f
a
u
lt c
an
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
C
ap
ac
itiv
e
-
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
w
i
th
o
u
t
MO
V
co
n
d
u
c
tio
n
:
Fo
r
a
lo
w
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
f
ar
e
n
d
o
r
h
i
g
h
r
esis
ta
n
ce
f
au
lts
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
tecti
o
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
T
C
SC
d
ev
ice
d
o
es
n
o
t
w
o
r
k
;
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
th
e
T
C
SC
r
e
m
a
in
s
co
n
s
tan
t
l
y
i
n
it
s
v
er
n
ier
m
o
d
e
o
f
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
.
C
ap
ac
itiv
e
-
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
w
it
h
MO
V
co
n
d
u
c
tio
n
:
Fo
r
a
h
ig
h
f
au
l
t
c
u
r
r
en
t,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
c
u
r
r
en
t
ex
ce
ed
s
MO
V
o
p
er
atio
n
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
an
d
it
is
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
T
C
SC
ch
a
n
g
e
m
o
d
e
o
p
er
atio
n
,
MO
V
o
p
er
ates
f
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
h
e
MO
V
is
f
ast
en
o
u
g
h
to
co
n
d
u
ct
an
d
r
eset
w
it
h
i
n
a
h
a
lf
c
y
cle.
T
h
e
MO
V
w
o
u
ld
n
o
t
s
h
o
r
t
ci
r
cu
it
o
u
t
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
as
th
e
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
w
o
u
ld
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
u
s
u
all
y
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t b
u
t
m
a
y
b
e
r
ep
ea
ted
s
ev
er
al
ti
m
e
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
au
l
t p
er
io
d
.
B
lo
ck
in
g
m
o
d
e:
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
t
h
y
r
is
to
r
s
ar
e
n
o
t
tr
i
g
g
er
ed
an
d
ar
e
k
ep
t
i
n
n
o
n
-
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
s
tate,
t
h
e
T
C
SC
is
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
m
o
d
e.
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
o
d
e,
th
e
T
C
SC
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
li
k
e
a
f
i
x
ed
s
er
i
es
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
T
C
SC
d
etec
ts
a
n
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
t
h
e
MO
V
c
u
r
r
en
t,
t
h
e
T
C
R
b
r
an
ch
s
to
p
s
its
f
ir
i
n
g
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
b
y
a
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
f
o
r
av
o
id
in
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
th
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
s
o
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ir
i
n
g
a
n
g
le
u
n
d
er
th
e
co
n
d
iti
o
n
th
a
t
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
p
h
ase
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ch
an
g
es
s
u
d
d
en
l
y
.
B
y
p
as
s
m
o
d
e:
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
t
h
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
s
ar
e
tr
ig
g
er
ed
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
a
n
d
th
e
T
C
R
b
r
an
ch
co
n
d
u
ct
s
in
t
h
e
w
h
o
le
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
li
m
it
s
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t o
f
s
o
l
id
an
d
n
ea
r
s
o
u
r
ce
f
au
lts
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
f
a
u
lt
‟
s
cu
r
r
en
t e
x
ce
ed
s
t
h
e
T
C
SC
c
h
an
g
e
m
o
d
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
o
d
e
th
e
T
C
SC
v
o
lta
g
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
e
x
tr
e
m
el
y
a
n
d
M
OV
o
p
er
atio
n
i
s
n
o
t
n
ee
d
f
u
l [
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
m
p
ed
an
ce
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
c
u
r
v
e
o
f
a
T
C
S
C
:
0
<
<
clim
=i
n
d
u
ct
iv
e
r
e
g
io
n
;
α
L
li
m
<
α
<
α
Cli
m
=
r
eso
n
an
ce
r
eg
io
n
an
d
α
cl
im
<
α
<
90=
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
r
eg
io
n
.
2
.
3
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
f
a
ult
det
ec
t
io
n t
ec
hn
iqu
e
P
o
w
er
s
w
in
g
i
s
a
b
alan
ce
d
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
,
b
u
t a
s
m
all
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
e
o
f
n
eg
at
iv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
(
)
is
f
o
u
n
d
d
u
e
to
s
i
g
n
al
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
elate
d
p
h
aso
r
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
Fo
r
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
f
au
lts
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
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n
e
g
ati
v
e
-
s
eq
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e
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ce
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r
r
en
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
a
th
r
ee
-
p
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ase
f
a
u
lt
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
,
n
e
g
ati
v
e
-
s
eq
u
en
c
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
th
e
in
itial
p
er
io
d
o
f
th
e
f
au
lt
d
u
e
to
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
s
in
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
i
g
n
als
a
n
d
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
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en
t
p
er
io
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
e
s
en
ce
o
f
m
o
d
u
lated
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
A
P
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
A
F
a
u
lt De
tectio
n
Tech
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
S
eries
-
co
mp
en
s
a
ted
Lin
es b
y
TC
S
C
d
u
r
in
g
P
o
w
er S
w
in
g
(
S
a
ee
d
R
eza
ei
)
43
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
b
y
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
[
1
4
]
.
I
t
is
e
v
id
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
d
i
s
cu
s
s
io
n
t
h
at
n
e
g
ati
v
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
i
s
a
v
aila
b
le
in
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
w
in
g
.
B
u
t
w
i
th
a
s
m
all
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
e
m
ain
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
w
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
,
a
ch
an
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
eg
ati
v
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
(
∆
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
u
its
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
W
i
th
a
s
u
itab
le
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
,
th
e
cu
m
u
l
ativ
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
–
b
ased
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
s
e
lecte
d
in
t
h
is
p
a
p
er
f
o
r
th
e
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
s
w
i
n
g
.
A
c
u
m
u
lat
iv
e
s
u
m
(
C
U
SUM)
is
a
v
er
s
atile
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ab
r
u
p
t
ch
an
g
e
d
etec
tio
n
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ie
ld
s
[
1
7
]
.
I
t
is
to
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
C
U
SUM
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ap
p
li
ed
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
-
lin
e
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
u
s
i
n
g
s
a
m
p
led
v
alu
e
s
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
a
l
[
1
8
]
an
d
h
as
li
m
ita
ti
o
n
s
d
u
e
to
u
n
e
v
en
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
s
a
m
p
le
-
to
-
s
a
m
p
le
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
,
C
USUM
is
ap
p
lied
to
o
b
tain
a
g
o
o
d
in
d
ex
f
o
r
f
au
l
t
d
etec
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
w
h
er
e
a
ch
an
g
e
in
n
eg
at
iv
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t i
s
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
as th
e
i
n
p
u
t si
g
n
al.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
tep
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
:
̅
̅
̅
̅
(2
)
W
h
er
e
is
t
h
e
n
e
g
ati
v
e
-
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t;
α
=
;
an
d
n
d
ar
e
th
e
p
h
a
s
e
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
.
A
d
er
iv
ed
s
ig
n
al
is
o
b
tain
ed
as:
=
Δ
|
̅
|
|
̅
|
|
̅
|
(3
)
Fo
r
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
USUM
te
s
t is e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as:
(4
)
w
h
er
e
th
e
i
n
d
ex
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
test
s
tati
s
tics
a
n
d
is
t
h
e
d
r
if
t
p
ar
am
eter
i
n
it.
A
f
a
u
lt i
s
r
eg
i
s
ter
ed
if
:
>
h
(5
)
W
h
er
e
h
i
s
a
co
n
s
tan
t
a
n
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
id
ea
ll
y
ze
r
o
.
I
n
(
4
)
,
ε
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
lo
w
-
p
as
s
f
ilter
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
an
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
d
etec
to
r
.
W
h
en
,
th
e
v
al
u
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
b
y
a
f
ac
to
r
o
f
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
an
d
ε.
W
ith
f
u
r
th
er
cu
r
r
en
t
s
a
m
p
les
a
v
ailab
le,
th
e
C
U
SUM
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ea
s
y
w
a
y
t
o
d
ec
id
e
o
n
th
e
f
a
u
lt si
t
u
atio
n
b
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
(
5
).
Af
ter
ea
ch
f
au
l
t
d
etec
tio
n
in
d
ex
,
is
r
eset
to
ze
r
o
.
Fo
r
o
n
l
y
th
e
s
w
i
n
g
s
it
u
atio
n
,
w
ill
b
e
ze
r
o
as
∆
.
T
h
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
an
d
h
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
I
t
is
alr
ea
d
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
a
t
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
n
g
is
a
b
al
an
ce
d
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
,
a
s
m
all
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
n
e
g
ati
v
e
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
t
h
e
p
h
aso
r
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
ich
in
cr
e
ases
s
lo
w
l
y
w
it
h
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
s
w
i
n
g
c
y
cle
s
l
ip
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
C
USUM
-
b
ased
f
au
l
t
d
etec
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
ε
is
s
et
to
m
ak
e
0
d
u
r
in
g
s
w
in
g
(
b
o
th
s
tab
le
a
n
d
u
n
s
tab
le)
w
h
ich
f
i
n
all
y
h
elp
s
t
o
m
ai
n
tai
n
t
h
e
f
au
l
t d
etec
to
r
in
d
ex
0.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
s
etti
n
g
o
f
ε
=0
.
2
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
h
i
s
s
et
s
u
ch
t
h
at
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
m
ain
tai
n
t
h
e
b
alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
v
er
s
u
s
s
ec
u
r
it
y
a
n
d
s
p
ee
d
v
er
s
u
s
ac
cu
r
ac
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
r
ela
y
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
h
i
s
s
et
at
0
.
3
5
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
all
f
o
r
ce
f
au
l
t
s
it
u
atio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
in
g
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
h
ig
h
r
esi
s
tan
ce
f
a
u
lt
s
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
at
th
e
f
ar
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
li
n
e
w
h
e
n
δ
i
s
clo
s
e
to
1
8
0
(
th
e
ch
an
g
e
i
n
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
i
s
lo
w
;
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
i
s
s
u
e)
as
w
el
l
as
n
o
n
f
au
l
t
s
it
u
atio
n
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
lo
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ch
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e
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
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s
w
itc
h
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g
(
s
ec
u
r
it
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s
u
e)
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
d
is
t
in
g
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