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it
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u
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s
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ra
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th
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it
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r
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k
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g
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ato
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f
u
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l c
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m
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g
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ltaic
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te
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r
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2
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In
stit
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te o
f
A
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rig
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C
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A
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:
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Ku
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ar
C
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Dep
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E
lectr
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Mo
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Natio
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ca
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b
y
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er
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b
ec
o
m
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p
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p
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lar
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
a
cl
u
s
ter
o
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Di
s
tr
ib
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ted
E
n
er
g
y
R
eso
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c
es
(
DE
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)
alo
n
g
w
it
h
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
o
p
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ate
eith
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in
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
te
d
m
o
d
e
o
r
in
is
la
n
d
ed
m
o
d
e.
I
n
a
m
icr
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r
id
(
MG
)
ea
ch
DE
R
s
h
ar
es
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
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p
o
w
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b
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m
ai
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tai
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
L
o
ad
s
h
ar
ed
am
o
n
g
v
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io
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s
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
Ge
n
er
ato
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s
(
DG)
also
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
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atio
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o
f
m
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g
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id
.
I
n
th
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g
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id
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
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atio
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it
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s
v
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i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
s
t
u
d
y
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
i
th
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
lo
ad
s
av
ailab
le
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
P
r
esen
ce
o
f
s
u
c
h
lo
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s
i
n
MG
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
v
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lta
g
e
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
s
at
t
h
e
P
o
in
t
o
f
C
o
m
m
o
n
C
o
u
p
li
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g
(
P
C
C
)
f
o
r
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
tin
g
ac
tio
n
i
s
to
b
e
tak
en
.
I
n
[
3
]
,
s
ev
er
al
co
n
tr
o
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
d
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
al
s
o
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
lo
ad
s
h
ar
i
n
g
.
I
n
[
4
]
,
a
lo
ca
l lo
ad
s
h
ar
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
co
m
p
en
s
ati
n
g
th
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
an
d
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
lo
a
d
s
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
th
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
v
ar
i
o
u
s
DG
s
an
d
lo
ad
s
i
m
p
ac
t
th
e
lo
ad
s
h
ar
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
[
5
-
6
]
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
an
d
r
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
s
h
ar
i
n
g
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
p
o
w
er
an
g
le
a
n
d
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
v
o
lta
g
e.
A
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
l
iter
atu
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
es
ted
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
lo
ad
s
h
ar
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
I
n
[
7
]
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
p
o
w
er
t
h
eo
r
y
i
s
d
escr
ib
ed
w
h
er
e,
b
y
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
eq
u
iv
a
len
t
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
f
r
o
m
f
il
ter
o
u
tp
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t
s
id
e,
lo
ad
s
h
ar
i
n
g
h
a
s
b
ee
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
.
I
n
[
8
]
au
t
h
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
lo
ad
s
h
ar
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
P
V
g
en
e
r
ato
r
an
d
w
i
n
d
tu
r
b
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n
e
co
n
tai
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in
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FIG
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w
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aliz
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
P
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N:
2252
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8792
Po
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r M
a
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a
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me
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t
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M
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:
An
a
lys
is
in
Gr
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d
Co
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e
c
ted
a
n
d
Isla
n
d
e
d
M
o
d
e
o
f
…
(
Nira
j
Ku
m
a
r Ch
o
u
d
h
a
ry
)
161
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
d
esire
d
o
b
j
ec
ti
v
e.
I
n
[
9
]
a
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
w
h
er
e
d
ec
en
tr
al
ize
d
p
o
w
er
s
h
ar
i
n
g
is
h
ap
p
en
in
g
w
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th
o
u
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
et
wee
n
DG
a
n
d
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
.
I
n
[
1
0
]
m
as
ter
an
d
s
lav
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
VSI
is
p
r
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ted
,
w
h
er
e
d
ata
r
eq
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ir
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
lo
ad
s
h
ar
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eq
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ir
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n
l
y
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m
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s
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r
ed
v
alu
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
I
n
[
1
1
]
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
DE
R
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
h
er
e
n
ar
r
o
w
b
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
u
t
it
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
cie
n
c
y
as
w
ell
as
i
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
to
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
ex
ten
t.
I
n
[
1
2
-
1
3
]
,
f
o
cu
s
is
g
iv
e
n
o
n
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
o
f
cir
cu
lati
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
ad
ap
tiv
e
d
r
o
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
u
s
i
n
g
it
cir
c
u
lati
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
r
e
d
u
ce
d
to
av
ail
t
h
e
b
alan
ce
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
h
ar
i
n
g
.
I
n
[
1
3
]
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
ci
r
cu
lati
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
e
v
elo
p
s
d
u
e
to
u
n
e
v
e
n
v
o
lta
g
e
o
n
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
v
er
ter
w
h
er
e
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
e
m
u
latio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
e
is
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
a
m
e.
I
n
[
1
4
-
1
5
]
,
e
m
p
h
a
s
is
is
g
i
v
en
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
d
e
m
an
d
r
atio
,
w
h
er
e
it
m
a
in
tai
n
s
th
e
s
a
m
e
b
y
r
eg
u
lat
in
g
t
h
e
u
tili
za
t
io
n
le
v
e
l
o
f
g
en
er
ato
r
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
d
i
s
tr
i
b
u
ted
s
u
b
g
r
ad
ien
t
b
ased
s
o
lu
tio
n
esp
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
DFI
G
b
ased
w
i
n
d
tu
r
b
in
e.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
to
in
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
lo
ad
s
h
ar
in
g
i
n
th
e
d
u
al
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
I
n
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
et
wo
r
k
ea
ch
DG
i
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
lo
ca
l
cr
itical
an
d
n
o
n
cr
itical
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
ea
ch
DG
i
s
to
co
m
p
en
s
ate
t
h
e
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
ese
cr
itical
/n
o
n
cr
itical
lo
ad
s
.
I
n
th
e
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
th
e
u
til
it
y
g
r
id
a
n
d
all
DG
s
s
h
ar
es
t
h
e
lo
ad
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
lo
ad
s
h
ar
in
g
to
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
ate
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
s
ir
ab
le
ef
f
ec
t o
f
th
e
s
e
lo
ad
s
.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
i
n
th
e
is
la
n
d
ed
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
th
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
lo
a
d
am
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
DGs i
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
r
o
o
p
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
2.
M
I
CRO
G
RID AR
CH
I
T
E
C
T
UR
E
No
w
a
d
a
y
’
s
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
w
i
d
ely
u
s
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
g
lo
b
e
b
o
th
in
r
ea
l
li
f
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
a
s
w
ell
a
s
in
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
es
en
ts
t
h
e
ar
ch
i
tectu
r
e
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
alo
n
g
w
it
h
s
o
m
e
e
x
i
s
ti
n
g
m
icr
o
g
r
id
test
b
ed
s
.
A
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
co
m
b
i
n
ed
to
f
o
r
m
an
e
f
f
icie
n
t
an
d
f
le
x
ib
le
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
On
e
m
aj
o
r
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
t
h
at
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
b
ec
o
m
es
b
id
ir
ec
t
io
n
al
an
d
in
ca
s
e
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
lo
ca
l
d
em
a
n
d
,
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
p
o
w
er
ca
n
b
e
f
ed
b
ac
k
to
th
e
u
tili
t
y
g
r
id
o
r
it
ca
n
b
e
s
to
r
ed
.
I
n
th
e
is
lan
d
ed
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
t
h
er
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
p
er
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
to
m
a
in
tain
b
o
th
s
tead
y
s
tate
an
d
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
s
tab
il
it
y
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
b
alan
ce
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
b
asicall
y
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
o
f
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
E
n
er
g
y
R
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
DE
R
)
:
(
a)
E
lectr
icall
y
co
u
p
led
DE
R
an
d
(
b
)
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
r
o
tatin
g
m
ac
h
in
e
b
ased
DE
R
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
DC
/
AC
o
r
A
C
/
DC
/
AC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
h
ich
co
u
p
le
s
th
e
DE
R
to
th
e
u
til
it
y
g
r
id
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
tai
n
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
o
tatin
g
m
ac
h
in
e
b
ased
DE
R
s
an
d
th
ese
ar
e
in
ter
f
ac
ed
to
g
r
id
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
a
s
c
h
e
m
atic,
w
h
er
e
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
DG
s
alo
n
g
w
i
th
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
ad
s
i
s
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
co
m
m
o
n
p
o
in
t
k
n
o
w
n
as
P
o
in
t
o
f
C
o
m
m
o
n
C
o
u
p
lin
g
(
P
C
C
)
.
T
h
e
P
C
C
ac
ts
as
a
p
o
w
er
ex
c
h
an
g
e
h
i
g
h
w
a
y
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
an
d
th
e
u
tili
t
y
g
r
id
.
I
n
ca
s
e
t
h
er
e
o
cc
u
r
s
an
y
f
a
u
lt
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
s
id
e,
t
h
e
e
n
t
ir
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
i
s
o
lated
an
d
ca
n
b
e
o
p
er
ated
in
is
o
latio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
tili
t
y
g
r
id
.
Dep
en
d
i
n
g
u
p
o
n
th
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
DE
R
s
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
p
er
ly
in
te
g
r
ated
w
it
h
th
e
u
tili
t
y
g
r
id
.
Fo
r
th
e
d
etail
s
,
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
i
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
f
u
el
ce
l
l
t
h
e
li
ter
atu
r
e
cite
d
in
t
h
e
p
ap
er
co
u
ld
b
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
,
it c
a
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
t
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
DGs a
m
o
n
g
w
h
ic
h
D
G1
an
d
DG2
ar
e
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
ce
ll b
ased
an
d
DG3
is
a
f
u
e
l c
ell
b
ased
DG.
A
ll
th
e
D
Gs
ar
e
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
ith
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
m
o
d
eli
n
g
a
n
d
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
b
ased
DG
is
e
x
p
lai
n
ed
in
[
1
6
]
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
-
c
u
r
r
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll
b
ased
DG
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
m
ath
e
m
at
icall
y
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
1
)
an
d
th
e
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
(
1
)
T
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
li
m
itat
io
n
s
o
f
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
ar
e
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
f
ac
ili
t
y
,
s
lo
w
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
,
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
in
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
co
ld
s
tar
t
[
1
7
-
1
9
]
.
Fo
r
av
o
id
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
a
n
d
co
ld
s
ta
r
t
an
u
ltra
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
w
h
ic
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
te
m
.
Sev
er
al
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
s
er
ie
s
a
n
d
p
ar
al
lel
to
f
o
r
m
a
P
V
ar
r
a
y
.
I
n
P
V
ar
r
a
y
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
is
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t,
a
m
b
ien
t
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
[
2
0
-
21]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
P
er
tu
r
b
&
Ob
s
er
v
e
(
P
&
O)
m
e
th
o
d
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
P
V
ar
r
ay
is
r
ea
lized
b
y
u
s
in
g
(
2
)
an
d
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
f
i
g
u
r
es (
F
ig
u
r
e
3
-
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8792
IJ
A
P
E
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
160
–
1
7
0
162
G
r
i
d
S
u
n
P
V
S
o
l
a
r
A
r
r
a
y
L
O
A
D
W
i
n
d
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ates
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r
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ato
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C
L
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QC
L
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n
d
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h
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m
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er
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itical
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d
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ee
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h
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n
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r
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h
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s
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h
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1
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d
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u
r
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6
g
iv
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h
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s
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e
m
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f
s
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m
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IJ
A
P
E
I
SS
N:
2252
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8792
Po
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o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
F
u
r
th
er
,
it
is
n
o
tab
le
f
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
&
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
,
t
h
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
w
h
ic
h
w
as
ea
r
lier
b
ein
g
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
g
r
id
,
is
n
o
w
s
h
ar
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
DG
s
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
DE
R
1
an
d
DE
R
3
.
T
h
e
in
ter
esti
n
g
f
ac
t,
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
class
ical
p
o
w
er
s
h
ar
in
g
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
o
f
eq
u
al
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atin
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
h
er
e
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
n
eit
h
er
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
e
n
o
r
t
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
is
b
ein
g
s
h
ar
ed
eq
u
all
y
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
D
Gs,
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
y
ar
e
o
f
s
a
m
e
r
atin
g
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0
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1
0
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2
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3
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4
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n
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M
o
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Fig
u
r
e
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.
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p
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ile
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tili
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g
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n
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e
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M
o
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e
Fig
u
r
e
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.
P
o
w
er
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
DE
R
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8792
IJ
A
P
E
Vo
l.
6
,
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3
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Dec
em
b
er
2
0
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:
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–
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0
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1
0
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2
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3
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4
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5
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Fig
u
r
e
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er
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
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R
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0
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1
2
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r
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o
f
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f
D
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R
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o
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r
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s
l
a
n
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e
d
M
o
d
e
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t
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v
e
P
o
w
e
r
R
e
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c
t
i
v
e
P
o
w
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r
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Po
w
er
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
D
E
R
3
T
o
in
v
est
ig
ate
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
h
ar
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
DG
s
,
w
h
e
n
n
o
n
-
cr
itical
lo
ad
s
ar
e
s
w
itch
ed
o
f
f
,
i.e
.
e
v
e
n
t
2
a
n
d
3
i
n
T
ab
le
2
,
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
No
w
,
w
h
en
f
ir
s
t
n
o
n
-
cr
itica
l
lo
ad
is
s
witch
ed
o
f
f
,
at
t
=
0
.
3
5
s
,
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
DE
R
2
,
g
o
es
d
o
w
n
f
r
o
m
3
8
0
k
W
to
1
8
0
k
W
,
an
d
th
e
r
ated
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
o
n
-
cr
itical
lo
ad
2
is
2
0
0
k
W
.
So
,
let
it
to
b
e
a
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
co
n
clu
s
io
n
t
h
at
s
y
s
te
m
p
o
w
er
b
alan
ce
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
s
till
h
o
ld
s
w
e
ll.
T
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
D
G
1
g
o
es
d
o
w
n
b
y
a
n
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
4
0
k
V
A
r
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
1
)
an
d
f
o
r
DG
2
it
g
o
es
d
o
w
n
b
y
a
n
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
5
0
k
V
A
r
(
F
ig
u
r
e
1
2
)
an
d
f
o
r
DG
3
it
g
o
es
d
o
w
n
b
y
a
n
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
2
0
k
V
A
r
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
)
.
So
,
to
tal
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
r
e
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
i
s
c
lo
s
e
t
o
1
1
0
k
V
A
r
.
T
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
th
e
n
o
n
cr
itical
lo
ad
is
1
0
0
k
V
A
r
,
s
o
al
m
o
s
t r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
also
r
e
m
ain
s
b
alan
ce
d
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
th
at
w
h
e
n
th
e
g
r
id
is
s
w
itc
h
ed
o
f
f
at
t
=
0
.
2
s
ec
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
DE
R
2
a
n
d
DE
R
3
r
e
m
ai
n
s
al
m
o
s
t
s
a
m
e.
No
w
,
w
h
e
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
n
o
n
-
cr
itical
lo
ad
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
at
t
=
0
.
4
2
s
,
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
DE
R
2
an
d
DE
R
3
,
r
e
m
ai
n
s
u
n
ch
a
n
g
ed
in
t
h
eir
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
e
w
h
er
ea
s
DE
R
1
g
o
es a
tr
an
s
it
io
n
f
r
o
m
3
5
0
k
W
to
2
5
0
k
W
,
i.e
.
a
r
ea
l p
o
w
er
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
1
0
0
k
W
w
h
ic
h
i
s
s
a
m
e
as
t
h
e
r
atin
g
o
f
n
o
n
-
cr
iti
ca
l
lo
ad
2
(
s
ee
T
ab
le
1
)
.
So
,
it
g
iv
e
s
an
i
m
p
lica
tio
n
t
h
at
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
DG
d
o
esn
’
t
d
ec
id
e
th
at
w
h
ic
h
DG
w
ill
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
its
r
ea
cti
v
e
a
n
d
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
e
r
p
r
o
f
ile
w
h
en
s
o
m
e
lo
ad
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
ea
r
est to
it is
s
w
itc
h
ed
o
f
f
.
4
.
2
.
Si
m
ula
t
io
n r
esu
lt
s
f
o
r
re
a
l P
V/f
uel c
ell
ba
s
ed
m
icro
g
rid
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
ea
ls
w
i
th
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
in
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
w
h
er
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
eq
u
iv
a
l
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
escr
ip
tio
n
,
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
eg
i
m
es
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
in
v
es
tig
a
te
t
h
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
b
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
DGs
alo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
lo
ad
s
ar
e
s
a
m
e
as i
t
w
as i
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
e
q
u
iv
ale
n
t so
u
r
ce
b
ased
DGs.
T
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
ac
t
u
all
y
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
y
n
a
m
ics
d
i
f
f
er
f
r
o
m
eq
u
iv
a
len
t
s
o
u
r
ce
m
icr
o
g
r
id
to
r
ea
l
s
o
u
r
ce
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
h
as b
ee
n
ta
k
en
s
a
m
e
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
P
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
Po
we
r M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
i
n
M
icr
o
g
ri
d
:
An
a
lys
is
in
Gr
i
d
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
a
n
d
Isla
n
d
e
d
M
o
d
e
o
f
…
(
Nira
j
Ku
m
a
r Ch
o
u
d
h
a
ry
)
167
o
f
th
e
e
ith
er
o
f
t
h
e
D
C
r
en
e
w
ab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
F
u
el/P
V)
is
2
2
0
V.
T
h
is
o
u
tp
u
t
is
b
o
o
s
ted
to
a
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
o
f
3
6
0
V.
T
h
e
DC
lin
k
Vo
lta
g
e
g
iv
en
to
i
n
v
er
ter
g
iv
e
s
an
ac
v
o
ltag
e
w
it
h
r
.
m
.
s
v
al
u
e
2
4
0
V.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
b
ased
DG
is
h
a
v
i
n
g
q
u
ite
f
ast
tr
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
class
ic
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
te
m
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
is
m
a
in
l
y
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
v
e
l
co
n
ce
p
t
“
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
a
D
C
u
ltra
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
o
f
s
ize
1
0
.
7
F"
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tic
in
t
h
is
ca
s
e
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
f
i
g
u
r
es (
F
ig
u
r
e
1
1
-
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
5
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
A
cti
v
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll b
ase
d
DG
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
3
3
.
5
4
4
.
5
5
5
.
5
6
x
1
0
4
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
3
x
1
0
5
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
3
0
.
1
0
.
2
0
.
3
0
.
4
0
.
5
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ased
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ased
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ir
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ical
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p
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to
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h
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ca
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p
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l
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m
m
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iate
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eq
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ep
en
d
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p
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co
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er
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ill
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s
m
u
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ti
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m
m
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iate
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ir
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n
t o
f
th
e
p
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n
b
e
f
u
l
f
illed
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
P
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
DGs
m
a
y
o
r
m
a
y
n
o
t
p
la
y
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
ac
tiv
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d
r
ea
ctiv
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m
an
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g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
a
m
icr
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g
r
id
.
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r
t
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er
as
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
is
c
u
s
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ed
w
it
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v
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a
n
al
y
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i
s
u
s
in
g
s
i
m
u
latio
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lt,
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at
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th
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u
g
h
all
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Gs
ar
e
o
f
eq
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al
ca
p
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it
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i
n
th
e
ir
g
e
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er
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b
u
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
lo
ad
is
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er
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n
cr
ea
s
ed
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r
d
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r
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s
ed
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is
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o
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t
e
s
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e
n
ti
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y
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
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n
a
m
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g
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th
at
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ll
eq
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al
l
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s
h
a
r
e
th
e
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ti
v
e
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d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
is
b
ec
o
m
es t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
o
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ab
le
t
o
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
cr
itical
an
d
n
o
n
-
cr
itical
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
l
lo
ad
s
ca
n
b
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
s
h
ar
ed
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
u
tili
t
y
g
r
id
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
ato
r
s
in
a
n
y
d
esire
d
r
atio
.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
P
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
Po
we
r M
a
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(
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r Ch
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)
169
n
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cr
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RE
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[1
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L
a
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Be
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[6
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[8
]
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ra
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ly
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0
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[1
3
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4
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Xu
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5
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s in
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rt Grid
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[1
6
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a
rh
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ra
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7
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v
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t,
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ig
h
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in
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d
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stria
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3
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[1
8
]
B.
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s,
CRC
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9
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G
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0
]
A
.
Ch
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rjee
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.
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.
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o
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[2
1
]
J
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ry
a
Ku
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ri,
Ch
.
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b
u
,
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ter
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26
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34
,
2
0
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.
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