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n
th
e
p
o
w
er
-
elec
tr
o
n
i
cs
p
o
r
tio
n
(
d
r
iv
e)
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
f
m
o
to
r
-
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
4
-
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ac
m
o
to
r
-
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
7
-
9
]
is
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
m
o
to
r
ter
m
i
n
al
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
r
eliab
le
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
to
r
q
u
e
a
n
d
s
p
ee
d
u
n
d
er
s
tab
le
o
p
e
r
ati
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
S
u
ch
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
s
p
ee
d
m
a
y
b
e
m
a
n
u
al
l
y
s
elec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
u
s
er
,
o
r
b
y
a
n
a
u
to
m
ated
s
y
s
te
m
in
ca
s
e
o
f
a
u
to
m
ate
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
S
u
ch
f
au
lts
in
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
m
o
to
r
-
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
te
m
m
a
y
h
ap
p
en
in
t
h
e
r
ec
tif
ier
b
r
id
g
e,
ca
b
les
,
o
r
in
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
f
u
s
e
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
b
r
id
g
e
to
t
h
e
r
ec
ti
f
ier
.
T
h
ese
f
a
u
lts
co
u
ld
co
n
s
tit
u
te
ca
ta
s
tr
o
p
h
ic
f
ail
u
r
e
in
s
u
ch
m
o
to
r
-
d
r
i
v
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
No
w
ad
a
y
s
,
t
h
e
w
id
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
ac
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
-
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
cr
itic
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
in
d
u
s
t
r
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
m
o
r
e
in
telli
g
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
it
h
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
r
eliab
i
lit
y
a
n
d
s
u
r
v
i
v
ab
ilit
y
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
u
tili
ze
t
h
e
m
u
n
d
er
s
e
v
er
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
e
v
er
e
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
u
n
d
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
m
in
e
s
,
d
ee
p
o
il
wells,
an
d
d
ee
p
-
s
ea
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
to
d
ev
elo
p
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
f
a
u
lt
m
it
ig
at
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
in
s
u
c
h
A
S
Ds
a
n
d
f
au
lt
to
ler
a
n
t
ASD
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
s
u
c
h
t
y
p
es
o
f
i
n
d
u
s
tr
i
al
m
o
t
o
r
-
d
r
iv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
0
-
11
]
an
d
t
h
u
s
r
ai
s
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
l
y
ac
cu
r
ate
m
o
d
elin
g
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
s
u
c
h
A
SD
m
o
to
r
-
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
n
d
er
h
ea
lt
h
y
an
d
f
au
lt
y
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
an
d
o
p
en
f
a
u
lt
m
iti
g
atio
n
w
it
h
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t c
ell
s
i
m
u
lated
f
o
r
f
iv
e
-
le
v
el
M
L
I
,
s
ev
e
n
-
lev
el
M
L
I
.
2.
M
UL
T
I
L
E
V
E
L
I
N
VE
R
T
E
R
F
O
R
E
L
E
CT
R
I
C
V
E
H
I
C
L
E
C
ascad
ed
h
-
B
r
id
g
e
f
i
v
e
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
d
r
iv
i
n
g
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
w
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
ap
p
licatio
n
,
b
atter
ies
ar
e
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
m
a
n
ag
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
.
Us
u
all
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
f
ed
to
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
lti
-
l
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
in
n
o
r
m
al
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
e
r
atio
n
.
I
f
r
eg
en
er
ati
v
e
b
r
ak
i
n
g
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
t
h
e
cir
cu
it,
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
lo
ad
to
s
o
u
r
ce
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
i
n
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
V
d
c
/
2
P
h
a
s
e
a
P
h
a
s
e
b
P
h
a
s
e
c
V
d
c
/
2
s
a
1
s
a
3
s
a
2
s
a
4
s
a
5
s
a
7
s
a
6
s
a
8
s
b
1
s
b
4
s
b
2
s
b
5
s
b
7
s
b
8
s
b
6
s
c
1
s
c
3
s
c
4
s
c
2
s
c
5
s
c
8
V
d
c
/
2
V
d
c
/
2
V
d
c
/
2
V
d
c
/
2
s
b
3
s
c
7
s
c
6
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
m
o
t
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
ascad
ed
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
f
iv
e
lev
e
l in
v
er
ter
b
ased
in
d
u
ct
io
n
m
o
to
r
Mu
lti
-
le
v
el
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
in
v
er
ter
s
co
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
s
tatic
s
w
it
ch
es
w
ith
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
D
C
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
m
u
lti
-
le
v
el
i
n
v
er
ter
i
s
in
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
tep
p
ed
w
av
e
h
a
v
in
g
s
tep
le
v
els
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
l
ev
el
o
f
M
L
I
.
Hi
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
M
L
I
w
i
th
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
lev
els
in
v
o
lta
g
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
t
h
u
s
o
b
tain
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
r
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
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8792
IJ
A
P
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
2
8
4
–
2
98
286
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
le
v
els
d
ec
id
es
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
lev
el
s
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
i
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
.
Hi
g
h
t
h
e
lev
e
ls
i
n
o
u
tp
u
t
lo
w
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
in
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
.
Stru
ct
u
r
e
o
f
m
u
l
ti
-
lev
e
l in
v
er
ter
is
f
u
r
n
is
h
ed
s
u
ch
t
h
at
v
o
ltag
e
s
h
ar
i
n
g
i
s
s
u
e
s
d
o
es n
o
t a
r
is
e
.
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
Q
1
Q
2
P
h
a
s
e
-
A
P
h
a
s
e
-
B
P
h
a
s
e
-
C
R
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
t
C
e
l
l
o
f
P
h
a
s
e
-
A
R
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
t
C
e
l
l
o
f
P
h
a
s
e
-
B
R
e
d
u
n
d
a
n
t
C
e
l
l
o
f
P
h
a
s
e
-
C
L
O
A
D
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Sev
en
-
le
v
el
M
L
I
w
it
h
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t c
ell
3.
F
AULT
A
NAL
YSI
S
Mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt
s
t
h
at
o
cc
u
r
in
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
o
f
f
ail
u
r
e
in
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
w
i
tch
es
u
s
ed
i
n
in
v
er
ter
cir
c
u
it
s
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
i
n
i
n
v
er
t
er
cir
cu
its
ar
e
I
GB
T
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
ir
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
h
a
n
d
lin
g
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ati
n
g
a
n
d
also
ca
n
w
i
th
s
ta
n
d
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
f
o
r
a
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e.
B
u
t
I
GB
T
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
o
f
h
i
g
h
t
h
er
m
al
s
tr
e
s
s
.
Failu
r
e
i
n
s
w
itc
h
in
g
d
ev
ice
ca
n
b
e
ter
m
ed
d
u
e
to
f
ailu
r
e
d
u
e
to
o
p
en
i
n
g
o
f
d
io
d
e,
d
i
o
d
e
s
h
o
r
t,
an
d
g
ate
o
p
e
n
an
d
s
h
o
r
t f
a
u
lt.
Ou
t o
f
s
ix
f
a
u
lts
,
m
aj
o
r
f
au
lts
th
at
o
cc
u
r
ar
e
a.
I
GB
T
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it f
a
u
lt.
b.
I
GB
T
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
i
t f
a
u
lt.
R
ed
u
n
d
an
t
ce
ll
lo
g
ic
w
a
s
ap
p
l
ied
f
o
r
th
e
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
o
f
f
a
u
lt
s
an
d
m
i
tig
a
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
a
s
e
x
p
lain
ed
in
th
e
n
e
x
t sec
tio
n
.
4.
RE
DUN
DANT C
E
L
L
W
I
T
H
L
O
G
I
C
R
ed
u
n
d
an
t
ce
ll
is
a
n
ex
tr
a
b
r
id
g
e
cir
cu
it
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
ce
l
l
ac
ts
an
d
d
ea
ctiv
ates
d
u
r
i
n
g
f
au
lt
a
n
d
wh
en
n
o
f
a
u
lt
co
n
d
it
io
n
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
n
in
e
-
le
v
el
M
L
I
w
it
h
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
ce
ll
f
o
r
f
a
u
lt
m
iti
g
atio
n
.
Du
r
i
n
g
f
a
u
lt
co
n
d
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