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o
r
/n
o
is
e
i
n
t
h
e
P
MU
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
.
P
ap
er
[
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
u
s
e
th
e
f
u
ll
T
L
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
ar
am
eter
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
i
f
t
h
e
li
n
e
is
n
o
t
f
u
ll
y
tr
an
s
p
o
s
ed
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
.
P
ap
er
[
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
et
h
o
d
b
y
tr
ea
tin
g
T
L
as
a
t
w
o
-
p
o
r
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
s
o
lv
e
f
o
r
its
A
B
C
D
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
ir
s
t
u
s
in
g
t
w
o
s
ets
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
tak
e
n
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
A
n
ex
ten
d
ed
Kal
m
an
Fil
ter
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
4
]
.
A
s
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
b
y
[
1
]
,
P
MU
-
b
ased
T
L
p
ar
am
eter
id
e
n
ti
f
icatio
n
i
s
v
er
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
q
u
ali
t
y
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
ev
en
s
m
all
er
r
o
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
h
a
s
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
ca
n
lead
to
h
u
g
e
er
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
e
s
ti
m
ated
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
R
ec
en
t
l
y
,
p
eo
p
le
s
tar
ted
to
p
a
y
atte
n
tio
n
to
t
h
e
P
MU
d
ata
q
u
alit
y
i
s
s
u
es
an
d
lo
t
s
o
f
ef
f
o
r
t
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
p
e
n
t
i
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
P
MU
ca
lib
r
atio
n
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
.
Gen
er
ally
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
t
h
e
b
ig
g
est
c
h
alle
n
g
e
in
t
h
i
s
f
ield
s
till
lies
i
n
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
T
L
p
ar
am
eter
id
e
n
ti
f
icatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
h
ig
h
l
y
ac
c
u
r
ate
P
MU
d
ata
wh
ile
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
P
MU
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
w
o
r
k
in
g
/
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
ca
n
b
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
th
at
e
x
is
ti
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
n
eg
lect
to
i
n
clu
d
e
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
s
in
to
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
D
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
T
P
I
S,
w
e
r
ea
lized
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
ca
n
b
e
v
er
y
h
elp
f
u
l
b
ased
o
n
w
h
ic
h
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
o
v
el
y
et
p
r
ac
tical
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
s
u
c
h
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
n
e
w
m
etr
ic
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
cr
ed
ib
ili
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
ca
lc
u
lated
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
m
is
s
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
li
ter
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
ch
a
llen
g
es,
as
w
ell
a
s
s
o
m
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
is
s
u
e
s
n
o
ticed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
T
P
I
S.
2.
T
L
P
A
R
A
MET
E
R
IDE
N
T
IFICA
T
IO
N
MET
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
2
.
1
.
M
e
a
s
ure
m
e
nt
E
q
ua
t
io
ns
A
g
en
er
al
P
I
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
T
L
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
.
1
,
w
h
er
e
V
S
,
I
S
V
R
,
an
d
I
R
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t p
h
a
s
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
at
b
o
th
en
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
lin
e
w
h
ile
Z
an
d
Y
ar
e
th
e
s
er
ie
s
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
an
d
s
h
u
n
t
ad
m
itta
n
ce
.
S
V
S
I
R
I
jX
R
Z
Y
2
1
c
B
j
Y
2
2
1
R
V
Fig
u
r
e
.
1
T
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
li
n
e
P
I
m
o
d
el
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
o
b
tain
a
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
h
aso
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
th
e
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
s
,
th
e
t
w
o
-
p
o
r
t
A
B
C
D
p
ar
a
m
e
t
er
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
A
B
C
D
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
to
b
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
an
d
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
:
R
R
S
I
B
V
A
V
(
1
)
R
R
S
I
D
V
C
I
(
1
)
Den
o
te
(
•
)
r
a
n
d
(
•
)
i
as t
h
e
r
ea
l p
ar
t a
n
d
i
m
ag
i
n
ar
y
p
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
ar
iab
le.
E
q
u
at
io
n
E
rr
o
r!
Ref
er
ence
s
o
urce
no
t
f
o
un
d.
-
(
1
)
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
an
d
ed
in
to
f
o
u
r
r
ea
l e
q
u
atio
n
s
a
s
s
h
o
wn
b
elo
w
:
R
i
i
R
r
r
R
i
i
R
r
r
S
r
I
B
I
B
V
A
V
A
V
(
2
)
R
r
i
R
i
r
R
r
i
R
i
r
S
i
I
B
I
B
V
A
V
A
V
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8792
IJ
A
P
E
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
3
,
D
ec
em
b
er
201
4
:
1
9
0
–
1
9
8
192
R
i
i
R
r
r
R
i
i
R
r
r
S
r
I
D
I
D
V
C
V
C
I
(
4
)
R
r
i
R
i
r
R
r
i
R
i
r
S
i
I
D
I
D
V
C
V
C
I
(
5
)
Ass
u
m
in
g
N
s
ets
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
o
b
tain
ed
,
w
e
ca
n
co
llect
iv
el
y
w
r
i
te
t
h
e
4
•
N
eq
u
at
io
n
s
in
to
m
atr
i
x
f
o
r
m
at
to
o
b
tain
:
i
r
i
r
i
r
i
r
n
R
r
n
R
i
n
R
r
n
R
i
n
R
i
n
R
r
n
R
i
n
R
r
n
R
r
n
R
i
n
R
r
n
R
i
n
R
i
n
R
r
n
R
i
n
R
r
n
S
i
n
S
r
n
S
i
n
S
r
D
D
C
C
B
B
A
A
I
I
V
V
I
I
V
V
I
I
V
V
I
I
V
V
I
I
V
V
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(
6
)
w
h
er
e
(
•
)
n
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
q
u
an
t
it
y
i
n
t
h
e
n
th
s
e
t o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
n
o
is
e
i
n
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t,
eq
u
atio
n
(
6
)
ca
n
b
e
s
i
m
p
l
y
w
r
i
tten
a
s
:
H
z
(
7
)
w
h
er
e
z
an
d
H
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
v
ec
to
r
a
n
d
m
a
tr
ix
,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
el
y
;
β
is
th
e
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
v
ec
to
r
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
A
B
C
D
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
;
ε
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t e
r
r
o
r
w
h
ic
h
is
as
s
u
m
ed
to
b
e
n
o
r
m
all
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
T
h
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
o
f
T
L
an
d
A
B
C
D
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
ar
e
r
elate
d
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
:
)
(
2
1
2
1
1
jX
R
B
j
Z
Y
D
A
c
(
8
)
jX
R
Z
B
(
9
)
jX
R
B
j
jB
Z
Y
Y
C
c
c
4
1
4
1
1
(
10
)
2
.
2
P
ro
blem
F
o
r
m
u
la
t
io
n
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
[
1
]
an
d
[
2
]
th
at
T
L
p
ar
am
eter
id
en
ti
f
ic
atio
n
is
v
er
y
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
to
th
e
n
o
is
e/er
r
o
r
in
th
e
P
MU
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
[
1
]
,
a
1
%
er
r
o
r
in
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
ca
n
lead
to
o
v
er
2
0
%
er
r
o
r
i
n
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
s
er
ies
r
esis
ta
n
ce
an
d
r
ea
ctan
ce
.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
j
ec
t,
ev
en
n
e
g
ati
v
e
s
er
ies r
esis
tan
ce
h
as b
ee
n
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
m
an
y
ti
m
es.
On
e
th
i
n
g
w
e
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
was
th
at
i
f
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
esti
m
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
g
r
ea
tl
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
.
First,
f
r
o
m
eq
u
atio
n
(
8
)
,
o
n
e
eq
u
alit
y
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t c
a
n
b
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
:
r
r
D
A
(
11
)
i
i
D
A
(
12
)
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
P
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
P
MU
-
B
a
s
ed
Tr
a
n
s
mis
s
io
n
Lin
e
P
a
r
a
mete
r
I
d
en
tifi
ca
tio
n
a
t
C
h
in
a
…
(
S
HI
Di
)
193
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
(
13
)
W
r
ite
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
ab
o
v
e
s
i
m
p
l
y
as:
0
eq
A
(
14
)
Seco
n
d
,
alth
o
u
g
h
h
a
n
d
-
ca
lc
u
lated
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
n
l
y
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
th
e
s
a
g
e
f
f
ec
t
an
d
n
eg
lect
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
,
it
is
b
eliev
ed
th
at
t
h
e
tr
u
e
li
n
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
t
ill
s
ta
y
w
it
h
i
n
ce
r
tain
er
r
o
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itio
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ter
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th
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ca
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e
u
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s
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e
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et
u
p
:
E
M
S
R
E
M
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R
R
R
R
1
1
0
(
15
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EM
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X
EM
S
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X
X
X
1
1
0
(
16
)
E
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c
Bc
c
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M
S
c
Bc
B
B
B
1
1
0
(
17
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X
R
(
18
)
w
h
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α
R
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α
X
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Bc
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q
u
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(
10
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ca
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p
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r
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1
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2
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i
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1
(
2
1
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R
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r
(
19
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X
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i
(
20
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c
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(
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(
22
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C
o
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15
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(
22
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,
it is
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ar
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t
h
at:
ub
lb
(
23
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2
2
5
2
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8792
IJ
A
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ased
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2
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3
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a
d Da
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De
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h
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class
ical
m
et
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o
d
d
escr
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in
[
8
]
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[
9
]
is
u
s
ed
f
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r
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at
a
d
etec
tio
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ter
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g
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ain
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a
d
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ata
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icatio
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ie
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ch
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k
i
n
g
th
e
n
o
r
m
alize
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r
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u
a
ls
o
f
ea
ch
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r
e
m
en
t,
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
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1
)
So
lv
e
th
e
c
u
r
v
e
-
f
itti
n
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
d
escr
ib
ed
in
(
25
)
an
d
o
b
tain
th
e
r
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u
al
f
o
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ch
m
ea
s
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r
e
m
e
n
t p
o
in
t
:
N
i
H
z
r
i
i
i
,
.
.
.
,
2
,
1
,
(
26
)
Step
2
)
C
o
m
p
u
te
th
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
r
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as:
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i
r
r
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r
m
i
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.
.
.
,
2
,
1
,
(
27
)
w
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is
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o
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m
e
n
t
o
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atr
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T
H
H
H
H
1
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(
(
28
)
Step
3
)
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d
th
e
lar
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e
s
t
n
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r
m
alize
d
r
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r
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m
a
x
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d
ch
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k
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e
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it
is
lar
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a
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en
ti
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icatio
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t
h
r
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ld
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f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
3
.
0
:
c
r
N
o
r
m
m
a
x
(
29
)
Step
4
)
I
f
eq
u
atio
n
(
3
1
)
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
o
ld
,
th
en
n
o
b
ad
d
ata
w
ill
b
e
s
u
s
p
ec
ted
;
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th
er
w
is
e,
t
h
e
d
at
a
s
a
m
p
le
co
r
r
esp
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n
d
in
g
to
th
e
l
ar
g
est
n
o
r
m
alize
d
r
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u
a
l
is
t
h
e
b
ad
d
ata
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d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
at
a
s
et.
Step
5
)
If
b
ad
d
ata
i
s
d
etec
ted
an
d
r
e
m
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
ata
s
e
t,
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
lo
w
m
u
s
t r
et
u
r
n
to
s
tep
1
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an
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ab
o
v
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
ep
ea
ted
.
Oth
er
w
i
s
e,
th
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
d
s
an
d
s
o
l
u
tio
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ar
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f
o
u
n
d
.
3.
O
NL
I
N
E
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
A
T
I
O
N
AND
CRED
I
B
I
L
I
T
Y
M
E
T
R
I
C
I
t
is
g
en
er
all
y
v
er
y
d
i
f
f
ic
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lt
t
o
d
eter
m
i
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e
th
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cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
o
f
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e
ca
lcu
lated
T
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p
ar
am
e
ter
s
,
m
ai
n
l
y
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ec
au
s
e
i
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lit
y
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co
r
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s
p
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u
n
k
n
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an
d
t
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e
i
s
n
o
w
a
y
to
m
a
k
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co
m
p
ar
i
s
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n
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
v
alid
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n
in
ex
i
s
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in
g
r
esear
ch
is
b
ased
s
i
m
u
la
ti
o
n
in
w
h
ich
th
e
tr
u
e
v
al
u
es
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
,
a
p
r
io
r
i,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
P
E
I
SS
N:
2252
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8792
P
MU
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a
s
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Tr
a
n
s
mis
s
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Lin
e
P
a
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mete
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d
en
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HI
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195
to
b
e
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e
s
an
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s
ed
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r
o
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t
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v
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ic
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at
ca
n
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an
ti
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e
cr
ed
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e
ca
lcu
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ter
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is
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f
cr
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m
p
o
r
tan
ce
i
n
p
r
ac
tice
f
o
r
ap
p
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s
lik
e
s
u
c
h
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o
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n
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f
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i
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en
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ated
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n
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MU
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ata
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t,
w
e
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h
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d
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id
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i
s
tr
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e
s
o
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
d
escr
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b
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b
y
eq
u
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(
25
)
f
o
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s
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p
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s
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f
th
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lc
u
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p
ar
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s
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o
f
t
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f
th
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p
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am
eter
s
to
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co
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esp
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d
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g
v
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ed
in
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a
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ase
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t
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cr
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f
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eter
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th
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p
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m
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co
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m
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th
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es
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l
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c
x
B
or
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x
x
,
,
)
(
(
30
)
w
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σ
(
x
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s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
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v
ar
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n
ce
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f
v
ar
iab
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x
.
(
a)
Statis
tics
f
o
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th
e
ca
lc
u
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ies r
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ta
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ce
(
b
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Statis
tics
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Fig
u
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2
.
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etr
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f
o
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lcu
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m
p
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eter
s
Du
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i
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m
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tatio
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m
eter
s
ar
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id
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ti
f
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t
o
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cr
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as d
is
cu
s
s
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elo
w
:
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m
b
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f
b
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ts
tr
ap
p
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s
a
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p
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t
h
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s
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I
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N
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2
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8792
IJ
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3
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3
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eter
s
a
s
w
ell.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
D.
S
h
i,
D.
J.
T
y
la
v
s
k
y
,
N.
L
o
g
ic,
a
n
d
K.
M
.
Ko
e
ll
n
e
r,
“
I
d
e
n
ti
fi
c
a
t
io
n
o
f
S
h
o
rt
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
-
li
n
e
P
a
ra
me
ter
s
fro
m
S
y
n
c
h
ro
p
h
a
so
r M
e
a
su
re
me
n
ts,
”
40
th
No
rth
Am
e
ric
a
n
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
,
Ca
lg
a
r
y
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
]
D.
S
h
i
,
D.
J.
T
y
la
v
s
k
y
,
K.
M
.
Ko
l
ln
e
r,
e
tc.,
―
T
ra
n
sm
is
sio
n
L
in
e
P
a
ra
m
e
ter
Id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
Us
in
g
P
M
U
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,
‖
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
4
-
1
5
8
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
1
.
[3
]
R.
E.
W
il
so
n
,
G
.
A
.
Ze
v
e
n
b
e
rg
e
n
,
e
tc.,
―
Ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
L
in
e
P
a
ra
m
e
ters
f
ro
m
S
y
n
c
h
ro
n
ize
d
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,
‖
El
e
c
tri
c
M
a
c
h
in
e
s &
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
9
-
1
2
7
8
,
1
9
9
9
.
[4
]
E.
Ja
n
e
c
e
k
,
P
.
He
rin
g
,
P
.
Ja
n
e
c
e
k
,
a
n
d
A
.
P
o
p
e
lk
a
,
“
T
ra
n
sm
i
ss
io
n
L
in
e
Id
e
n
t
if
ica
t
io
n
Us
in
g
PM
Us
,
”
10
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
E
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
(EE
EIC),
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
1
.
[5
]
D.
S
h
i
a
n
d
D.
J.
T
y
la
v
sk
y
,
―
A
n
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
De
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
o
f
Err
o
rs
in
P
M
U
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,
‖
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
5
-
1
5
8
3
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
Q.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
T
h
e
in
teg
ra
te
d
c
a
li
b
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
s
y
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IEE
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[7
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Zh
o
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l.
,
―
Ca
li
b
ra
ti
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w
it
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‖
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[8
]
D.
C.
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[9
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A.
A
b
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Esti
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m
p
le
m
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tatio
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Ne
w
Yo
rk
:
M
a
rc
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l
De
k
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r,
2
0
0
4
.
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