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o
r
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
p
lan
s
(
PEM
P)
to
m
an
ag
e
th
eir
e
n
er
g
y
with
an
ef
f
icien
t
way
aim
i
n
g
to
m
in
im
ize
th
eir
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
[
3
]
.
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
a
n
k
ed
s
ec
o
n
d
am
o
n
g
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
p
r
io
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ities
o
f
th
e
E
u
r
o
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ea
n
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
6
till
2
0
1
9
[
4
]
.
As
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
in
th
e
last
y
ea
r
,
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
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o
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ac
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er
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,
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tead
o
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e
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ir
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tan
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en
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e
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r
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ity
,
f
o
llo
win
g
air
q
u
ality
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d
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
[
4
]
.
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n
er
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lu
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clim
ate
ch
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ities
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ativ
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th
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th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
aim
in
g
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
en
er
g
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ef
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icien
cy
w
h
ile
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ec
r
ea
s
in
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e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
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f
ec
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
air
q
u
ality
.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
T
o
p
7
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
io
r
ities
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
r
t
s
ec
to
r
o
v
er
th
e
last
y
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r
s
[
4
]
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
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o
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g
an
izatio
n
(
I
SO)
ad
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r
ess
ed
a
u
s
ef
u
l
t
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cilitate
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-
er
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e
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ile
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p
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er
s
to
d
ec
r
e
ase
th
eir
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
I
SO
5
0
0
0
1
‘
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t’
[
6
]
,
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
2
0
1
1
,
is
b
ased
o
n
d
a
ta
-
d
r
iv
en
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
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er
f
o
r
-
m
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ce
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p
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co
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al
p
lan
-
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ch
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k
-
ac
t
(
PD
C
A)
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
c
y
cle
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
en
v
ir
o
n
-
m
en
tal
m
an
ag
em
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n
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(
E
MSs)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
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th
at
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
p
o
r
t
au
th
o
r
ities
ad
o
p
t
ar
e:
i)
T
h
e
p
o
r
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
e
v
iew
s
y
s
tem
(
PERS
)
ii)
th
e
I
SO
1
4
0
0
1
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
o
n
E
MS,
a
n
d
iii)
th
e
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o
-
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
au
d
it
s
ch
em
e
(
E
MA
S
)
[
5
]
.
All
th
ese
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
in
clu
d
e
en
er
g
y
m
an
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em
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t,
ca
r
b
o
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m
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g
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en
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an
d
m
ea
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r
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e
n
t,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
[
5
]
.
All
ab
o
v
e
leg
is
latio
n
,
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
an
d
p
r
io
r
ities
in
d
icate
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
en
e
r
g
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m
an
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m
en
t
aim
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g
at
m
in
i
m
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s
u
m
p
tio
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clim
atic
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f
ec
t.
Po
r
t
E
u
r
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p
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n
au
th
o
r
ities
h
av
e
to
im
p
r
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v
e
th
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ati
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n
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l
p
r
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ce
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ex
p
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o
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p
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u
r
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to
g
ain
an
im
p
r
o
v
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
-
tal
f
o
o
tp
r
i
n
t
wh
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
t
h
e
latest
en
er
g
y
-
r
elate
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
p
o
r
ts
t
o
r
ed
u
c
e
tr
ac
k
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
in
clu
d
e
tech
n
o
lo
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ies
lik
e
au
x
iliar
y
p
o
we
r
u
n
its
an
d
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
et
s
(
APU/
GS)
[
8
]
,
b
atter
y
a
ir
-
co
n
d
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
AC
)
,
elec
tr
if
ied
p
ar
k
in
g
s
p
ac
es
(
E
PS
)
o
r
tr
u
ck
s
to
p
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
s
tatio
n
s
(
T
SE
S)
[
9
]
,
an
d
m
an
o
eu
v
r
in
g
ec
o
-
d
r
i
v
in
g
[
1
0
]
.
An
o
th
er
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
i
cien
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
co
ld
ir
o
n
i
n
g
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
h
ip
em
is
s
io
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
b
er
t
h
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
2
:
62
-
90
64
T
h
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
e
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
t
o
a
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
p
r
o
v
en
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
f
u
el
ef
f
icien
t,
b
u
t
th
e
in
itial
c
o
s
t
is
ass
ess
ed
ex
tr
em
ely
h
ig
h
.
I
n
d
i
ca
tiv
ely
,
a
ty
p
ical
i
n
s
tallatio
n
co
s
t
f
o
r
a
T
SES
is
b
et
wee
n
1
5
.
0
0
0
$
p
er
s
p
ac
e
[
1
2
]
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
tr
u
ck
em
is
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io
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d
u
r
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g
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s
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g
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tech
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p
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at
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s
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7
5
.
0
0
0
$
is
n
ee
d
ed
(
i.e
.
,
5
s
p
ac
es).
L
ik
ewise,
to
d
esig
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
c
o
ld
ir
o
n
in
g
ter
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in
al
1
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5
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illi
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n
$
p
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e
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th
f
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th
e
s
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o
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-
s
id
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
[
1
1
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
p
o
r
t
au
th
o
r
ities
co
u
ld
b
e
r
elu
cta
n
t to
ad
ap
t su
ch
h
ig
h
-
co
s
t so
lu
tio
n
.
To
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
in
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ca
p
ital
p
r
o
b
lem
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
of
th
e
m
ain
p
o
r
t’
s
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
ar
e
e
n
er
g
y
r
elate
d
is
n
ec
ess
itated
.
Po
r
t
en
er
g
y
awa
r
en
ess
ca
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
b
u
ilt
a
f
o
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n
d
atio
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th
at
will
f
ac
ilit
ate
t
h
e
p
o
r
t
au
th
o
r
ities
to
u
s
e
n
ew
lo
w
-
co
s
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
p
r
a
ctice
s
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
co
s
ts
wh
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
a
r
e
d
ata
r
elat
ed
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lo
ite
d
to
m
an
ag
e
en
e
r
g
y
in
p
o
r
ts
.
Data
an
aly
tics
an
d
d
ata
-
d
r
iv
e
n
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
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ay
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e
ex
p
lo
ited
to
g
ai
n
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
p
o
r
t’
s
n
ec
ess
ities
.
W
ith
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
an
ad
ju
s
t
ab
le
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
n
o
n
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in
tr
u
s
iv
e
a
n
d
f
ea
s
ib
le
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
latf
o
r
m
is
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
.
T
h
is
p
la
tf
o
r
m
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
to
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
r
ed
u
ce
air
-
p
o
llu
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
p
o
r
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
d
ata,
wh
ile
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
p
o
r
t
o
v
er
v
iew
to
th
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
an
if
o
ld
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
p
o
r
t
b
u
s
in
ess
lo
g
ic.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
ea
p
o
r
t
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
p
latf
o
r
m
(
PERF
FE
C
T
)
is
to
h
elp
th
e
p
o
r
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
to
g
ain
in
s
ig
h
t
to
all
th
e
p
o
r
ts
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
at
one
g
lan
ce
wh
ile
s
en
d
in
g
n
o
tific
at
io
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
r
t
tr
af
f
ic,
clim
ate
m
itig
atio
n
an
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fin
ally
,
PERF
FECT
en
g
r
o
s
s
es
a
ll
leg
i
s
latio
n
an
d
r
u
les
tai
lo
r
ed
to
p
o
r
ts
to
its
e
s
tim
atio
n
s
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
To
th
is
en
d
,
th
e
r
est
of
th
e
p
ap
e
r
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2.
p
r
esen
ts
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
s
ea
p
o
r
t
s
.
Sectio
n
3.
an
aly
ze
s
all
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
PERF
F
E
C
T
p
latf
o
r
m
an
d
its
in
d
iv
id
u
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
d
r
awn
in
s
ec
tio
n
4.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
An
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
wis
ed
EMS
of
a
s
ea
p
o
r
t
m
ay
h
av
e
im
p
o
r
-
tan
t
ad
v
a
n
tag
es.
T
h
e
E
MS
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
m
eth
o
d
s
,
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
an
d
to
o
ls
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
,
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
,
an
d
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
a
p
o
r
ts
’
f
ac
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
p
o
r
t’
s
E
MS
m
an
ag
es
th
e
en
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
o
f
th
e
p
o
r
t
wh
ile
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
all
o
th
er
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
lik
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
tr
af
f
ic,
ca
r
g
o
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
s
h
ip
s
’
ar
r
iv
als/
d
ep
ar
tu
r
es,
to
war
d
s
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
E
n
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
p
o
r
ts
is
o
f
cr
u
cial
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
to
m
iti
g
ate
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
wh
ile
h
elp
in
g
th
e
p
o
r
t
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
o
r
t
-
tailo
r
ed
E
MSs,
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
will
be
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ma
r
tín
ez
-
L
ó
p
ez
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
,
a
s
h
ip
’
s
elec
tr
icit
y
co
s
t
co
u
ld
b
e
m
i
n
im
ized
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
d
is
p
atch
tak
in
g
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaics,
b
atter
y
,
d
iesel
an
d
co
ld
ir
o
n
in
g
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
s
u
g
g
ested
u
s
es
p
en
alty
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
th
at
esti
m
ate
ce
r
tain
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
lik
e
s
o
lar
o
u
tp
u
t,
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
,
th
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
,
an
d
s
p
ec
if
i
c
p
o
r
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
was
test
ed
tr
o
u
g
h
a
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
e
d
to
b
e
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
co
l
d
ir
o
n
in
g
th
at
ex
p
l
o
its
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
tech
n
iq
u
es is
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l to
o
l
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
5
]
.
As
s
tated
in
[
1
6
]
,
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
c
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
i
cien
cy
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
f
o
o
tp
r
i
n
t
e
x
is
t
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
r
esear
ch
g
ap
s
r
elate
d
to
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
th
a
t
co
u
ld
be
g
ain
ed
by
s
tu
d
y
in
g
a
n
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
p
o
r
t
o
p
er
atio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
id
lin
g
ti
m
e,
g
ate
t
r
af
f
ic)
th
at
co
u
ld
lead
to
less
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
of
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
lik
e
p
ea
k
s
h
a
v
i
n
g
,
c
o
l
d
-
i
r
o
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
u
t
o
m
a
t
e
d
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
m
a
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
t
o
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
s
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
o
t
h
e
r
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
i
d
l
i
n
g
a
t
t
h
e
p
o
r
t
g
a
te
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
p
r
e
d
i
ct
i
o
n
a
s
r
ep
o
r
t
e
d
i
n
[
1
7
]
.
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
[
1
8
]
,
g
r
ee
n
p
o
r
ts
ar
e
s
tu
d
ied
e
m
p
h
asizin
g
in
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
p
o
r
t
au
th
o
r
ities
ar
e
m
ai
n
ly
in
ter
ested
in
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
ei
r
em
is
s
io
n
s
as
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
th
e
lo
ca
l
leg
is
latio
n
.
As
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
co
n
cl
u
d
e,
th
eir
is
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
esear
ch
o
n
h
o
w
lan
d
-
s
id
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
lik
e
th
e
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
an
d
to
th
e
p
o
r
t
,
m
ay
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ef
f
ec
ts
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
p
o
r
ts
ar
e
r
esch
ed
u
lin
g
th
eir
f
ac
ilit
ies
b
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
p
o
r
ts
in
to
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
h
u
b
s
.
So
m
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
es
i
n
clu
d
e:
co
ld
ir
o
n
in
g
(
C
I
)
[
1
4
]
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
S)
[
1
9
]
,
s
m
ar
t
p
o
r
t
lig
h
tin
g
(
SP
L
)
[
1
7
]
,
ca
r
g
o
h
an
d
lin
g
c
r
an
es
(
C
HC
)
[
1
7
]
,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
SS
)
[
1
4
]
an
d
r
ee
f
er
s
m
ar
t
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
(
R
SP
S
)
[
1
4
]
.
In
th
e
w
o
r
k
of
[
2
0
]
,
it
is
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
th
at
p
o
r
ts
s
h
o
u
l
d
f
o
cu
s
on
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
as
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
a
tr
em
en
d
o
u
s
ef
f
ec
t
on
th
e
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
clim
ate.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
r
ef
er
r
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
to
m
itig
ate
p
o
r
t
p
o
llu
tio
n
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
asp
ec
ts
lik
e
p
o
wer
an
d
f
u
els,
p
o
r
t
p
lan
s
a
n
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
lan
d
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
s
ea
ac
tiv
ities
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
it
is
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
lo
w
-
co
s
t b
u
s
in
ess
-
o
r
ien
ted
s
ea
p
o
r
t e
n
erg
y
effec
tive
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t p
la
tfo
r
m
(
A
s
imin
a
Dima
r
a
)
65
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
to
o
ls
th
at
wo
u
ld
f
ac
ilit
ate
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
in
p
o
r
ts
.
Fin
ally
,
it
is
s
tated
th
at
E
MSs
th
at
ar
e
b
ased
on
p
o
r
t
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
wo
u
ld
b
en
ef
it
th
e
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t.
As
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
e
wo
r
k
of
[
2
1
]
,
it
is
m
en
tio
n
e
d
th
at
th
e
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
of
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
of
k
ey
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
as
p
o
r
ts
ar
e
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
en
er
g
y
u
s
er
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
p
o
r
t
au
th
o
r
ities
m
u
s
t
ex
p
lo
it
EMS
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
eir
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
wh
ile
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
u
g
g
est
a
s
m
ar
t
p
o
r
t
m
icr
o
g
r
id
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
en
er
g
y
u
s
ed
by
ad
a
p
tin
g
a
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
m
o
d
e
l.
T
h
eir
m
o
d
el
aim
s
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
p
o
r
ts
g
r
id
to
r
ed
u
ce
en
er
g
y
c
o
s
t
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
All,
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
is
s
u
m
m
ar
iz
ed
in
T
a
b
le
1.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es in
s
ea
p
o
r
ts
No
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
Ta
r
g
e
t
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
1
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
st
a
n
d
S
h
i
p
s
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
d
i
s
p
a
t
c
h
AI
f
o
r
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
3
]
2
Emi
ssi
o
n
mi
n
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
s
t
a
n
d
e
mi
ss
i
o
n
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
S
h
i
p
s
C
o
l
d
i
r
o
n
i
n
g
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
3
R
e
d
u
c
e
t
i
me
c
o
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
G
a
t
e
P
e
a
k
s
a
v
i
n
g
[
1
6
]
4
R
e
d
u
c
e
t
i
me
c
o
n
s
u
mi
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
G
a
t
e
Tr
a
f
f
i
c
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
[
1
7
]
5
G
r
e
e
n
p
o
r
t
P
o
r
t
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
o
u
r
c
e
s
(
R
ES)
,
En
e
r
g
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
st
e
ms
(
ESS
)
a
n
d
R
e
e
f
e
r
S
mar
t
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
(
R
S
P
S
)
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
1
]
6
En
e
r
g
y
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
P
o
r
t
P
o
r
t
S
mart
P
o
r
t
L
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
(
S
P
L)
,
[
1
7
]
7
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
at
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
s
y
st
e
ms P
o
r
t
P
o
r
t
C
a
r
g
o
H
a
n
d
l
i
n
g
C
r
a
n
e
s
(
C
H
C
)
,
[
2
0
]
3.
P
E
RF
F
E
C
T
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
PERF
FECT
is
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
b
asis
o
f
th
e
m
ain
p
o
r
t
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
lo
g
ic
is
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
to
d
is
co
v
er
wh
ich
ar
e
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
-
r
elate
d
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
All
of
th
ese
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ar
e
s
o
r
ted
out
to
th
o
s
e
th
at
PERF
FECT
can
in
ter
v
en
e
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
th
o
s
e
th
at
ar
e
ir
r
ele
v
an
t
a
n
d
p
er
p
le
x
in
g
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
as
PERF
F
E
C
T
in
ten
d
s
to
f
o
llo
w
a
m
o
r
e
wid
ely
-
ap
p
lica
b
le,
lo
w
-
lev
el
an
d
ea
s
y
to
m
a
n
ag
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
n
aly
s
is
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ac
tiv
ities
lik
e
ca
r
g
o
s
to
r
ag
e
wer
e
o
m
itted
at
th
e
in
itial
an
a
ly
s
is
p
h
ase.
Ho
wev
er
,
ca
r
g
o
c
o
u
ld
b
e
s
tated
as
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
in
th
e
n
ex
t
u
p
d
ated
an
aly
s
is
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
of
a
p
o
r
t
ar
e
not
in
clu
d
e
d
as
m
an
y
b
u
ild
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
MSs)
ex
is
t,
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
s
ec
to
r
of
a
p
o
r
t
co
u
ld
be
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
ty
p
ical
p
u
b
lic
b
u
ild
in
g
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
s
u
ch
a
ca
teg
o
r
y
m
ay
be
in
cl
u
d
ed
if
n
ee
d
ed
u
p
o
n
th
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
leg
is
latio
n
an
d
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
esti
m
ate
ce
r
tain
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
d
icato
r
s
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
-
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
m
ay
b
e
r
etr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
lo
ca
l
leg
is
latio
n
an
d
b
y
th
e
p
o
r
t
au
th
o
r
ities
its
elf
as
it
is
th
e
m
ain
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
.
B
ased
on
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
aly
s
is
o
u
tco
m
e,
th
e
av
a
ilab
le
d
ata
is
r
etr
iev
ed
an
d
f
ed
to
ar
tific
ial
m
o
d
els
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
r
e
co
m
m
e
n
d
ati
o
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
all
r
esu
lts
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
b
ased
on
s
elec
ted
en
er
g
y
or
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
k
ey
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
.
3
.
1
.
M
a
in
po
rt
o
pera
t
io
ns
a
nd
bu
s
ines
s
lo
g
ic
A
p
o
r
t
h
as
v
ar
io
u
s
r
o
les
lik
e
o
p
er
atin
g
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
a
n
d
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
o
r
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
clu
d
in
g
b
u
t
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
:
s
h
ip
s
’
b
er
th
in
g
,
s
h
ip
s
’
an
ch
o
r
in
g
an
d
d
e
p
ar
tu
r
e,
v
eh
icles
g
ate
co
n
tr
o
l,
ca
r
g
o
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
au
to
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
AS)
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
m
ain
en
er
g
y
-
r
elate
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
to
4
m
ai
n
ca
teg
o
r
ies
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
p
o
r
t
elem
en
ts
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
an
d
/o
r
c
o
n
tr
o
lle
d
:
−
Sh
ip
s
:
T
h
o
s
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
all
s
h
ip
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
s
u
b
-
p
r
o
c
ess
es
lik
e
s
h
ip
s
’
ar
r
iv
al
r
ate,
d
ep
ar
tu
r
e,
an
ch
o
r
in
g
,
s
h
ip
s
’
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
ca
r
g
o
/c
o
n
tain
er
/v
e
h
icles
lo
ad
in
g
an
d
u
n
lo
ad
i
n
g
.
All
th
ese
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
as
s
h
ip
s
−
No
,
wh
e
r
e
No
d
ef
in
es
a
d
is
tin
ct
n
u
m
b
er
f
o
r
each
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
h
ip
s
u
b
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
−
Veh
icles
:
T
h
o
s
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
all
v
eh
icle
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
s
u
b
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
lik
e
v
eh
icles’
ar
r
iv
al
r
ate,
v
eh
icles’
tr
af
f
ic,
v
eh
icles
g
at
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
v
eh
icles
id
lin
g
,
v
e
h
icles
em
is
s
io
n
,
v
eh
icles
o
n
b
o
ar
d
.
All
th
ese
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
as
V
eh
icles
−
No
,
wh
er
e
No
d
ef
in
es
a
d
is
tin
ct
n
u
m
b
er
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
e
h
icle
s
u
b
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
−
E
n
er
g
y
:
T
h
o
s
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
in
cl
u
d
e
all
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
g
en
er
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
a
n
d
s
u
b
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
All
th
ese
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
m
en
ti
o
n
ed
as
E
n
er
g
y
−
No
,
wh
er
e
No
d
ef
in
es
a
d
is
tin
ct
n
u
m
b
er
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
if
f
er
en
t
en
er
g
y
s
u
b
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
−
L
ig
h
ts
:
T
h
o
s
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
cl
u
d
e
all
lig
h
ts
’
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
lik
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lig
h
ts
,
lig
h
t’
s
ty
p
e,
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
lig
h
ts
’
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
.
All
th
ese
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
as
L
ig
h
t
s
No
,
wh
er
e
No
d
ef
in
es a
d
is
tin
ct
n
u
m
b
er
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
if
f
er
e
n
t lig
h
t su
b
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
b
ased
on
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
p
o
r
t’
s
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
,
an
d
n
ee
d
s
,
th
e
m
ain
PERF
-
FECT
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
6
m
ain
ca
teg
o
r
ies
th
at
co
n
s
is
t
of
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
of
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
4
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
o
s
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
wh
er
e
s
elec
ted
af
ter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
m
ain
o
p
er
atio
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
PERF
FEC
T
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
in
ter
v
en
e,
m
an
a
g
e,
s
im
u
late,
m
o
n
ito
r
,
an
d
e
v
alu
ate.
T
h
ese
ar
e
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
an
d
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
:
1)
Po
r
t’
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
o
s
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
p
o
r
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
es
,
an
d
ar
e:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
2
:
62
-
90
66
−
(
a)
Sh
ip
s
-
1
:
I
t r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
h
ip
s
ar
r
i
v
in
g
a
n
d
d
e
p
o
r
ti
n
g
at
th
e
p
o
r
t.
(
b
)
Sh
ip
s
-
2
: I
t r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
h
ip
s
th
at
ar
e
an
ch
o
r
ed
at
th
e
p
o
r
t.
(
c)
Veh
icles
-
1
:
I
t
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
v
eh
icles’
ar
r
iv
al
r
ate
to
th
e
p
o
r
t’
s
g
ate.
I
f
th
e
ar
r
iv
al
r
ate
is
h
ig
h
it
r
esu
lts
i
n
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
g
esti
o
n
at
th
e
g
at
e.
(
d
)
Veh
icles
-
2
:
I
t
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
tim
e
th
e
v
eh
icles
ar
e
id
lin
g
at
th
e
p
o
r
t
g
ate
d
u
e
to
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
g
esti
o
n
.
L
o
n
g
id
lin
g
tim
e
r
esu
lts
in
h
ig
h
er
v
eh
icle
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
(
e)
L
ig
h
t
-
1
:
I
t
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
o
f
th
e
lig
h
t
th
at
ar
e
s
itu
ated
in
th
e
p
ier
’
s
ar
ea
-
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
h
ip
an
d
p
o
r
t
f
ac
ilit
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
ar
ea
(
I
SP
S)
2)
Po
r
t’
s
en
er
g
y
:
T
h
o
s
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
r
ef
er
to
th
e
p
o
r
t’
s
ag
g
r
eg
at
e
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
th
at
m
ay
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
a
n
d
th
e
p
o
r
t’
s
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
en
er
g
y
p
o
we
r
.
(
a)
E
n
er
g
y
-
1
:
I
t r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
p
o
r
t’
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
(
b
)
E
n
er
g
y
-
2
: I
t r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
p
o
r
t’
s
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
f
r
o
m
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaics.
(
c)
E
n
er
g
y
-
3
: I
t r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
p
o
r
t’
s
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
f
r
o
m
win
d
-
p
o
wer
.
3)
Po
r
t
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
:
T
h
o
s
e
s
p
e
cif
icatio
n
s
r
ef
er
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
le
g
is
latio
n
an
d
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
of
th
e
p
o
r
t
ad
m
in
-
is
tr
atio
n
an
d
au
t
h
o
r
ities
.
(
a)
Veh
icles
-
8
:
I
t
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
lev
el
o
f
k
ilo
g
r
am
s
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
id
e
(
C
O
2
)
,
n
itro
g
en
o
x
id
e
(
NOx
)
an
d
p
ar
ticu
late
m
atter
(
PM)
co
n
f
o
r
m
in
g
eit
h
er
to
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
leg
is
latio
n
o
r
p
o
r
t’
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
tar
g
et.
(
b
)
E
n
er
g
y
-
7
:
I
t
r
e
f
er
s
to
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaics
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
co
n
f
o
r
m
in
g
eith
er
to
t
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
le
g
is
latio
n
o
r
p
o
r
t’
s
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
(
c)
E
n
er
g
y
-
8
:
I
t
r
ef
er
s
to
win
d
-
p
o
wer
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
co
n
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
eith
er
t
o
th
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
leg
i
s
latio
n
o
r
p
o
r
t’
s
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
(
d
)
L
ig
h
ts
-
5
:
I
t
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
lev
el
o
f
k
ilo
g
r
am
s
o
f
C
ar
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
(
C
O
2
)
co
n
f
o
r
m
in
g
eith
er
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
leg
is
latio
n
o
r
p
o
r
t
’
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
tar
g
et.
(
e)
L
ig
h
ts
-
6
:
I
t r
ef
e
r
s
to
lig
h
t sch
e
d
u
lin
g
b
ased
o
n
s
ea
s
o
n
ali
ty
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
4)
R
ea
l
tim
e
in
d
icato
r
s
:
T
h
o
s
e
in
d
icato
r
s
ar
e
th
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
is
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
,
esti
m
ated
an
d
s
im
u
lated
by
th
e
PERF
FECT
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
.
(
a)
Veh
icles
-
3
:
I
t r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
v
eh
icles id
lin
g
at
th
e
p
o
r
t g
ate.
(
b
)
Veh
icles
-
4
:
I
t
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
k
ilo
g
r
am
s
o
f
c
ar
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
id
e
(
C
O
2
)
,
n
itro
g
en
o
x
id
e
(
NOx
)
an
d
pa
r
ticu
late
m
atter
(
PM
)
d
u
r
in
g
v
eh
icle’
s
id
lin
g
.
(
c)
E
n
er
g
y
-
4
:
I
t r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
.
(
d
)
E
n
er
g
y
-
5
:
I
t r
e
f
er
s
to
to
tal
R
E
S p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
.
(
e)
L
ig
h
ts
-
2
:
I
t r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
lig
h
ts
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
.
(f)
L
ig
h
ts
-
3
:
I
t r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
k
ilo
g
r
am
s
o
f
c
ar
b
o
n
d
i
o
x
id
e
(
C
O
2
)
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
lig
h
ts
.
5)
Dec
is
io
n
s
/No
tific
atio
n
s
:
T
h
ey
r
ef
er
to
r
ea
l
tim
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
an
d
n
o
tific
atio
n
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
by
t
h
e
PERF
FEC
T
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
n
o
tific
atio
n
s
ad
d
r
ess
to
all
th
e
en
d
-
u
s
er
s
(
i.e
,
p
latf
o
r
m
u
s
er
,
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
tr
av
eller
s
an
d
p
o
r
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
)
.
(
a)
Veh
icles
-
5
:
No
tific
atio
n
s
to
t
h
e
en
d
-
u
s
er
to
o
p
en
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
g
ate
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
ar
r
iv
al
r
ate
(
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
ac
t th
at
all
g
ates a
r
e
n
o
t c
o
n
s
tan
tly
o
p
en
)
.
(
b
)
Veh
icles
-
6
:
No
tific
atio
n
s
to
th
e
tr
u
ck
s
an
d
b
u
s
es c
o
m
p
a
n
y
f
o
r
h
ig
h
tr
af
f
ic
a
n
d
d
elay
s
.
(
c)
Veh
icles
-
7
:
No
tific
ati
o
n
s
to
th
e
tr
av
eler
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
t
r
af
f
ic
an
d
d
elay
s
.
(
d
)
E
n
er
g
y
-
6
:
Dec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
m
an
ag
e
en
er
g
y
b
alan
c
e.
(
e)
L
ig
h
ts
-
4
:
No
tific
atio
n
s
to
th
e
en
d
-
u
s
er
f
o
r
lig
h
t
d
im
m
in
g
to
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
h
i
p
an
d
p
o
r
t
f
ac
ilit
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
d
e
(
I
SP
S)
ar
ea
.
6)
Key
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
(
KPI
s
)
(
a)
Veh
icles
-
9
:
Per
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
v
eh
icle
em
is
s
io
n
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
(
b
)
E
n
er
g
y
-
9
:
Per
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
g
r
ee
n
en
e
r
g
y
.
(
c)
L
ig
h
ts
-
7
:
Per
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
lig
h
ts
’
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
av
in
g
s
.
(
d
)
L
ig
h
ts
-
8
:
Per
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
lig
h
ts
em
is
s
io
n
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
3
.
2
.
P
er
f
f
ec
t
a
rc
hite
ct
ure
T
h
e
m
ain
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
PERF
FECT
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
to
co
llect,
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
an
aly
ze
a
ll
cr
itical
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
an
d
n
o
n
-
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
p
o
r
t
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
wh
ile
tu
r
n
in
g
th
em
in
to
a
s
et
o
f
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
elem
en
ts
th
at
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
/o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
d
ir
ec
t
o
r
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
PERF
FECT
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
5
b
asic
s
u
b
-
s
y
s
tem
s
(
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
th
at
ar
e
i)
PERF
FECT
s
af
e
clo
u
d
p
la
tf
o
r
m
,
ii)
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
UI
)
Sy
s
tem
,
iii)
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
iv
)
b
e
r
th
allo
ca
ti
o
n
/p
lan
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
(
B
E
R
T
H)
,
an
d
v
)
ap
p
licatio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
y
s
tem
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
y
s
t
em
s
r
u
n
s
s
m
o
o
th
ly
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
in
d
iv
id
u
al
o
p
er
a
tio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
PERF
FECT
p
latf
o
r
m
(
v
is
u
al
an
aly
tics
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
lo
w
-
co
s
t b
u
s
in
ess
-
o
r
ien
ted
s
ea
p
o
r
t e
n
erg
y
effec
tive
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t p
la
tfo
r
m
(
A
s
imin
a
Dima
r
a
)
67
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Po
r
t
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
lo
g
ic
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
r
elate
d
task
s
Fig
u
r
e
3.
Per
f
f
ec
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
iag
r
am
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
e
d
s
u
b
-
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
,
o
p
er
ate,
an
d
ex
ch
an
g
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
d
ata
in
an
e
f
f
icien
t
way
with
th
e
PERF
F
E
C
T
clo
u
d
p
latf
o
r
m
,
w
h
ich
also
o
p
er
ates
as
an
in
ter
m
ed
iate
s
y
s
tem
(
m
id
d
lew
ar
e)
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
s
u
b
-
s
y
s
tem
s
m
ay
in
clu
d
e
o
th
er
s
u
b
-
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
ese
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
(
s
u
ch
as
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
s
im
u
latio
n
)
,
wh
ile
o
th
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
r
s
u
b
-
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
th
e
“
r
eq
u
est”
(
o
n
d
em
a
n
d
)
o
f
a
n
o
th
er
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
r
ev
en
s
u
b
-
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
u
le
aler
t
en
g
i
n
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
u
b
-
s
y
s
tem
s
a
r
e
co
m
b
in
ed
in
t
o
a
s
in
g
le
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
ce
r
t
ain
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
lik
e
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
m
o
d
e
.
Dev
ices,
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
s
u
b
-
s
y
s
tem
s
in
ter
ac
t
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
a
r
io
u
s
in
ter
f
ac
es
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
PERF
F
E
C
T
m
id
d
lewa
r
e.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
PERF
FE
C
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
:
m
ess
ag
e
q
u
e
u
in
g
telem
etr
y
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
(
MQ
T
T
)
,
R
E
STf
u
l
API
(
R
E
ST
API
)
,
s
im
p
le
o
b
jects a
cc
ess
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
SOAP AP
I
)
,
an
d
f
ile
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
(
F
T
P)
[
2
2
]
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
PERF
FECT
s
y
s
t
em
r
etr
iev
es
all
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
(
e.
g
.
,
wea
th
er
d
ata,
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
at
a,
tr
af
f
ic
d
ata,
B
E
R
T
H
d
ata)
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
it e
s
tim
ates th
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
etr
iev
e
d
d
ata.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
n
o
tific
atio
n
s
ar
e
s
en
t
to
t
h
e
e
n
d
-
u
s
er
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
k
e
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
f
o
r
ec
asted
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
to
m
a
n
ag
e
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
in
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
way
.
All
r
etr
iev
e
d
,
e
s
tim
ated
,
s
im
u
lated
,
an
d
f
o
r
e
ca
s
ted
d
ata
ar
e
v
is
u
alize
d
in
th
e
UI
PERF
FECT
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
a
r
ch
i
tectu
r
e
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
2
:
62
-
90
68
Fig
u
r
e
4.
C
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
p
er
f
f
ec
t
p
latf
o
r
m
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
3
.
3
.
P
o
rt
’
s
o
pera
t
io
na
l
pro
c
ess
es
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
m
ain
p
o
r
t’
s
o
p
er
atio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
o
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
will
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
ex
p
ec
ted
s
h
ip
s
to
d
ep
ar
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
of
v
e
h
icles
an
d
p
ass
en
g
er
s
th
at
ar
r
iv
e
to
th
e
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
a
r
r
iv
al
r
ate
o
f
v
eh
icles
an
d
p
ass
en
g
er
s
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
v
o
lu
m
e
at
th
e
p
o
r
t
g
ate.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
at
t
h
e
p
o
r
t
g
ate
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
v
eh
icles
id
lin
g
.
PERF
FECT
p
latf
o
r
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
b
o
th
o
p
er
atio
n
-
r
elate
d
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
-
r
elate
d
d
ata
with
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
in
d
icato
r
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
etailed
o
v
er
v
iew
to
p
o
r
t
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
an
d
g
u
id
a
n
ce
t
o
war
d
s
s
p
ec
if
ied
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Po
r
ts
h
av
e
m
an
y
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
ep
lo
y
ed
to
m
an
a
g
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
k
ey
o
b
jecti
v
e
o
f
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
is
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
of
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
etter
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
of
th
e
p
o
r
t
s
itu
atio
n
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
f
o
r
f
r
eig
h
t
an
d
p
ass
en
g
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
is
th
e
b
er
th
allo
ca
tio
n
/
p
lan
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
r
o
ll
o
n
a
n
d
r
o
ll
o
f
f
p
ass
en
g
er
(
R
o
-
R
o
/R
o
-
Pa
x
)
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
m
an
ag
e
b
er
th
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
B
er
th
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t f
ea
s
ib
le
to
b
e
ex
p
lo
ited
,
b
u
t in
o
th
e
r
p
o
r
ts
,
m
o
r
e
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es c
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
en
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
if
n
ee
d
ed
.
3.
3
.
1
.
B
er
t
h
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
e
B
er
th
a
llo
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
an
in
teg
r
ated
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
en
tire
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
b
er
th
ass
ig
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
of
b
er
th
in
g
p
o
s
itio
n
s
is
a
cc
o
m
p
lis
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
v
is
u
al
d
iag
r
am
th
at
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
to
tal
s
p
ac
e
(
p
o
r
t
p
ier
)
r
elat
ed
to
tim
e.
T
h
is
allo
ws
tem
p
o
r
al
an
d
s
p
atial
p
lan
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
er
th
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
h
ip
an
d
th
e
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
s
s
et
b
y
t
h
e
p
o
r
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
b
er
th
in
g
p
lace
s
alo
n
g
with
th
e
p
lan
f
o
r
b
er
th
allo
ca
tio
n
.
In
th
is
way
,
th
e
en
d
-
u
s
er
(
p
lan
n
e
r
)
can
h
av
e
a
n
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
allo
c
ated
b
er
t
h
to
g
eth
er
with
th
e
p
er
io
d
t
h
at
th
e
b
er
t
h
will
b
e
o
c
cu
p
ied
b
y
a
ce
r
tain
v
ess
el.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
ed
f
o
r
b
e
r
th
allo
ca
tio
n
(
B
E
R
T
H)
,
was
s
elec
ted
in
th
e
PERF
FECT
o
v
e
r
all
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
r
t.
B
E
R
T
H
is
ca
lled
u
n
d
e
r
r
e
q
u
est
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
to
g
et
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
of
ex
p
ec
ted
v
ess
els
to
ar
r
iv
e
at
th
e
p
o
r
t,
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
q
u
ay
th
e
s
h
ip
will
an
ch
o
r
,
an
d
th
e
tim
e
th
e
s
h
ip
d
ep
ar
ts
.
3.
3
.
2
.
T
r
a
f
f
i
c
s
im
ula
t
io
n
T
r
af
f
ic
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
ar
e
o
f
p
r
im
a
r
y
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
as
co
n
g
esti
o
n
lead
s
to
d
ep
ar
tu
r
e
d
elay
s
an
d
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
.
T
r
af
f
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
p
o
r
t’
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
,
tr
av
eller
s
’
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
wh
ile
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
ec
o
lo
g
ical
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
en
tly
,
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
tr
af
f
ic
a
t
th
e
p
o
r
t’
s
g
ate
is
s
im
u
lated
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
a
b
ette
r
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
v
eh
icle
tr
af
f
ic
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
ar
r
iv
al
at
th
e
p
o
r
t.
A
n
in
s
ig
h
t
in
ad
v
an
ce
o
f
th
e
d
aily
v
eh
icle
v
o
lu
m
e
in
te
n
d
s
to
lead
th
e
p
o
r
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
to
tak
e
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
to
m
an
ag
e
tr
af
f
ic.
T
h
o
s
e
ac
tio
n
s
co
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
lik
e
t
o
o
p
en
an
a
d
d
itio
n
al
g
ates.
T
o
s
im
u
late
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
at
th
e
p
o
r
t
g
ate
a
g
r
ad
ien
t b
o
o
s
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
was
u
tili
ze
d
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
m
u
ltip
le
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
tak
en
in
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
at
io
n
to
class
if
y
tr
af
f
ic
in
to
t
h
r
ee
ca
teg
o
r
ies
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
v
o
lu
m
e.
T
h
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
v
ar
ia
b
les
ar
e
h
o
u
r
(
clu
s
ter
in
g
0
,
1
,
2
)
r
e
f
er
r
in
g
to
s
h
ip
d
e
p
ar
tu
r
es,
m
o
n
th
(
clu
s
ter
in
g
0
,
1
,
2
)
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
tr
af
f
ic
v
e
h
icles
g
en
er
ate,
p
u
b
lic
h
o
lid
a
y
s
(
B
o
o
lean
)
,
wee
k
e
n
d
s
(
B
o
o
lean
)
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
h
ip
s
d
ep
ar
tin
g
ab
r
o
a
d
(
0
,
1
,
.
.
.
,
k
1
)
an
d
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
h
ip
s
d
e
p
ar
tin
g
(
0
,
1
,
.
.
.
,
k
2
,
wh
er
e
k
2
k
1
)
.
T
h
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le,
tr
af
f
ic
d
en
s
ity
,
is
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
th
r
ee
s
tates
th
at
ca
n
b
e
illu
s
tr
ated
as
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
lo
w
-
co
s
t b
u
s
in
ess
-
o
r
ien
ted
s
ea
p
o
r
t e
n
erg
y
effec
tive
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t p
la
tfo
r
m
(
A
s
imin
a
Dima
r
a
)
69
=
{
0,
low tr
af
f
ic
d
ensity
1,
m
ed
iu
m
traf
f
ic
d
ens
ity
2
,
high
tr
a
ff
ic
de
n
s
ity
(
1
)
L
o
w
tr
af
f
i
c
(
y
=
0)
can
be
in
t
er
pr
et
e
d
as
al
m
o
s
t
no
w
ai
ti
n
g
ti
m
e
W
=
0
m
i
n
ut
e
s
f
or
v
e
h
ic
l
e
s
at
th
e
po
r
t
g
at
e
s
.
D
ur
i
n
g
m
e
di
u
m
vo
l
u
m
e
tr
af
f
i
c
(
y
=
1)
t
he
d
el
a
y
ti
m
e
i
s
e
x
pe
c
te
d
t
o
s
ur
p
a
s
s
W
=
2
0
m
i
nu
te
s
.
F
i
n
al
l
y,
the
w
a
it
i
n
g
ti
m
e
d
ur
in
g
hi
g
h
tr
af
f
ic
(
y
=
2)
ex
c
e
e
d
s
W
=
45
m
i
n
ut
e
s
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
al
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
of
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
s
i
m
ul
a
ti
on
de
s
cr
ib
e
d
ab
o
v
e
is
as
d
ep
i
ct
ed
in
F
ig
ur
e
5.
Fig
u
r
e
5.
T
r
a
f
f
ic
s
im
u
latio
n
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
[
1
8
]
3
.
4
.
P
o
rt
s
’
e
nerg
y
3
.
4
.
1
.
E
nerg
y
c
o
ns
um
ptio
n
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
ec
ast
in
g
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
o
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
lik
e
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
S)
an
d
d
em
an
d
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
t
r
ateg
ies.
Du
r
in
g
l
o
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
,
p
atter
n
s
f
r
o
m
h
is
to
r
ical
lo
a
d
d
ata
ar
e
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
to
p
r
ed
ict
f
u
tu
r
e
d
em
an
d
[
2
3
]
,
wh
er
e
th
e
tim
e
r
an
g
e
of
th
e
d
ata
th
at
is
f
ed
to
a
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
o
d
el
is
d
ec
id
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
tr
ial
an
d
er
r
o
r
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
m
ain
m
eth
o
d
s
(
s
in
g
le
-
s
tep
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
s
tep
)
f
o
r
lo
a
d
f
o
r
ec
ast
-
in
g
,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
th
e
av
ailab
le
d
ata,
th
e
s
c
o
p
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
,
an
d
th
e
tim
e
h
o
r
izo
n
[
2
3
]
.
W
ith
in
PERF
FECT
a
m
u
lti
-
s
tep
l
o
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
o
d
el
is
ap
p
li
ed
[
2
4
]
.
3
.
4
.
2
.
E
nerg
y
po
wer
g
ener
a
t
io
n
a
nd
m
o
dellin
g
R
E
S,
an
d
esp
ec
i
ally
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaics
(
PVs
)
an
d
win
d
p
o
wer
s
co
n
s
titu
te
th
e
g
en
er
ated
en
e
r
g
y
at
a
h
ar
b
o
r
.
Dis
tr
ict
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
r
ely
u
p
o
n
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
th
at
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
ac
c
u
r
ately
g
e
n
er
ated
en
er
g
y
s
im
-
u
latio
n
.
Fals
e
u
n
d
er
esti
m
atio
n
o
r
o
v
er
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
en
er
g
y
co
u
ld
lead
to
o
p
e
r
atio
n
co
s
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
p
r
icin
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
to
b
e
ap
p
lied
.
W
ith
th
o
s
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
,
an
ac
cu
r
ate
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
o
d
el
h
as
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
to
c
h
asti
c
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
wea
th
er
,
th
at
PV’
s
an
d
win
d
p
o
wer
s
ar
e
h
ea
v
ily
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t,
m
ak
es
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
a
th
o
r
n
y
tas
k
.
Var
io
u
s
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
c
an
be
class
if
ied
in
to
two
m
ain
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
Un
iv
ar
ia
te
–
d
ir
ec
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
2
5
]
an
d
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
-
in
d
ir
ec
t
[
2
6
]
.
Fo
r
d
ata
-
d
r
i
v
en
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
wh
en
th
er
e
ar
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
h
is
to
r
i
ca
l
d
ata,
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
-
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
/b
u
ild
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
e
r
atio
n
.
I
f
th
e
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata
co
n
tain
o
n
ly
p
ast
g
en
er
atio
n
d
ata,
th
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
u
n
iv
ar
iate,
wh
ile
wh
en
wea
th
er
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
in
-
clu
d
ed
,
th
e
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate.
Data
d
r
iv
en
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
u
s
ed
lately
,
b
u
t
th
ey
r
e
q
u
ir
e
ad
eq
u
ate
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata
th
at
ca
n
b
e
m
is
s
in
g
d
u
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ea
s
o
n
s
(
e.
g
n
e
wly
in
s
talled
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
y
s
tem
)
.
Fo
r
p
h
y
s
ical/an
aly
tical
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es,
th
e
en
tire
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
is
m
o
d
elled
with
t
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
-
r
ati
on
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
is
u
s
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
en
by
f
ee
d
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
with
f
u
tu
r
e
wea
th
er
v
ar
iab
les
r
etr
iev
ed
by
n
u
m
er
ic
al
wea
th
er
p
r
ed
ictio
n
(
NW
P)
m
o
d
els
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
c
an
be
ca
lcu
lated
as
in
[
2
7
]
.
PERF
FE
C
T
ex
p
lo
its
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
lib
r
ar
ies
lik
e
PVlib
an
d
win
d
p
o
wer
lib
th
at
can
s
i
m
u
late
th
e
in
s
talled
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
ca
lcu
late
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
wh
ile
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
wea
th
er
d
ata.
3
.
5
.
Rea
l
-
t
im
e
ind
ica
t
o
rs
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
in
d
icato
r
s
is
to
in
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
en
d
-
u
s
er
ab
o
u
t
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
p
o
r
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
d
ep
icted
in
th
e
m
ain
PERF
FE
C
T
p
o
r
t
o
v
er
v
iew
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
UI
)
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
n
ee
d
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
th
an
d
escr
ib
ed
ab
o
v
e
ar
e
p
r
esen
te
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
2
:
62
-
90
70
3
.
5
.
1
.
Vehicles e
m
is
s
io
ns
R
u
n
n
in
g
v
e
h
icle
en
g
in
es
an
d
id
lin
g
an
en
g
i
n
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
ev
e
r
al
p
o
llu
tan
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
t
o
tal
em
is
-
s
io
n
s
of
v
eh
icles
(
ET
)
f
r
o
m
id
lin
g
tim
e
(
EI
)
an
d
r
u
n
n
in
g
tim
e
(
ER
)
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
by
:
=
+
(
2
)
Fo
r
s
m
all
d
is
tan
ce
s
th
e
E
R
is
n
eg
lig
ib
le.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
ty
p
e
o
f
em
is
s
io
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
at
th
e
g
ate
b
ec
au
s
e
of
th
e
waitin
g
tim
e
is
esti
m
ated
by
[
2
8
]
:
,
=
,
=
∆
×
,
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
E
FV
I
i
s
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
k
g
/h
r
f
o
r
Veh
icles
I
d
lin
g
an
d
i
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
v
eh
icle
ty
p
e
(
lik
e
tr
u
ck
,
ca
r
)
an
d
j
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
(
lik
e
C
O
2
,
PM,
NOx
)
an
d
∆t
is
th
e
id
lin
g
tim
e
in
h
o
u
r
s
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
n
itro
g
en
o
x
id
e
(
NOx
)
an
d
p
ar
ticu
late
m
atter
(
PM)
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
was
r
etr
iev
ed
b
y
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
C
O
2
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
id
lin
g
tim
e
wer
e
esti
m
ated
as m
en
tio
n
ed
in
[
3
0
]
.
Veh
icle
em
is
s
io
n
s
ar
e
m
ain
l
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
id
lin
g
o
f
th
e
v
eh
icles
at
th
e
p
o
r
t
g
ate.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
v
e
h
icle
q
u
eu
i
n
g
is
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
waitin
g
tim
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
o
r
t’
s
g
ates.
R
ed
u
cin
g
th
is
waitin
g
tim
e
will
r
esu
lt
in
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
(
C
O
2
)
,
n
itro
g
e
n
o
x
id
e
(
NOx
)
an
d
p
ar
ticu
late
m
atter
(
PM)
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
u
e
or
waitin
g
lin
e
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
cr
ea
ted
wh
e
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
y
s
tem
’
s
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
a
s
er
v
ice
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
y
s
tem
’
s
s
er
v
ice
r
ate.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
f
o
r
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
g
esti
o
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
d
em
an
d
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles
waitin
g
in
th
e
q
u
eu
e
t
o
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
ates
an
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
s
er
v
ice
r
ate
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles
th
at
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
ates.
T
o
esti
m
ate
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles
th
at
ar
e
in
a
q
u
eu
e,
b
ased
on
L
ittl
e’
s
th
eo
r
y
[
3
1
]
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
v
eh
icles
V
n
th
a
t
s
tan
d
s
in
th
e
q
u
eu
e
is
:
=
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
W
i
s
th
e
av
er
ag
e
tim
e
a
v
eh
icle
s
tan
d
s
in
th
e
q
u
eu
e
an
d
λ
is
th
e
s
er
v
ice
r
ate.
T
h
e
v
e
h
icles
in
th
e
q
u
eu
e
m
ay
be
s
er
v
ed
by
a
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
g
ate,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
it
is
a
m
u
lti
-
s
er
v
ice
s
y
s
tem
as
d
ep
ic
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
v
eh
icles
waitin
g
to
be
s
er
v
ed
will
b
e:
=
(
5
)
W
h
er
e
Ng
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
t
h
e
o
p
en
g
ates
th
at
m
ay
s
er
v
e
th
e
tr
av
eler
s
an
d
s
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
tim
e
it
tak
es
f
o
r
each
v
eh
icle
to
be
s
er
v
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
6.
Po
r
t
g
ate
th
e
m
u
lti
-
s
er
v
ice
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
em
is
s
io
n
esti
m
atio
n
T
h
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
o
f
tr
u
ck
s
ar
e
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
em
is
s
io
n
f
ac
t
o
r
t
h
ey
ar
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
iz
ed
in
co
n
-
tr
ast
to
th
e
o
th
er
ty
p
es
o
f
v
e
h
icles.
Om
itti
n
g
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
est
ty
p
es
o
f
v
eh
icles
d
o
es
n
o
t
lead
to
a
n
o
ticea
b
le
d
iv
er
g
e
n
ce
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
r
ea
l
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
a
co
n
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id
er
ab
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m
b
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of
ca
r
s
en
ter
th
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p
o
r
t,
th
u
s
ca
r
em
is
s
io
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s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
clu
d
ed
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
v
eh
icles
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as:
=
+
+
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
V
c
,
V
t
ar
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
ca
r
s
an
d
tr
u
ck
s
waitin
g
to
p
ass
th
e
p
o
r
t
g
ate,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
ile
V
r
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
to
tal
v
eh
icles
of
th
e
r
est
v
eh
icle
ty
p
es
(
e.
g
.
,
m
o
to
r
cy
cle,
b
u
s
,
ca
m
b
er
)
.
To
esti
m
ate
ca
r
s
an
d
tr
u
ck
s
as
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
of
th
e
to
tal
v
eh
icles
(
V
n
),
a
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
DTR
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
of
v
e
h
icles
ar
e
f
o
r
e
ca
s
ted
m
o
n
th
ly
f
o
r
e
v
er
y
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
I
n
ess
en
ce
,
g
iv
en
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
o
n
th
as
in
p
u
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
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E
n
g
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
lo
w
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co
s
t b
u
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in
ess
-
o
r
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ted
s
ea
p
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r
t e
n
erg
y
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tive
ma
n
a
g
eme
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t p
la
tfo
r
m
(
A
s
imin
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Dima
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a
)
71
to
th
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ec
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ee
m
o
d
el,
a
d
u
al
-
o
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t
p
u
t
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r
etr
iev
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(
Pc
,
Pt
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each
o
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tp
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co
r
r
esp
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d
in
g
to
a
p
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tag
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e
to
tal
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icles.
Dec
is
io
n
tr
ee
r
eg
r
ess
o
r
(
DT
R
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is
a
tr
ee
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
wh
er
e
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
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e
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r
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th
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in
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n
.
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iv
id
e
th
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leav
es,
DT
R
u
s
es n
o
d
e
im
p
u
r
ity
t
o
cr
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te
th
e
s
p
lit p
o
in
ts
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
ar
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
(
)
:
(
)
=
∑
(
−
ˆ
m
∈
)
2
(
7
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W
h
er
e,
R
m
=
m
=
1
,
.
.
.
,
M
,
ar
e
th
e
p
o
s
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ib
le
r
eg
io
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s
th
e
d
a
ta
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d
iv
id
ed
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e
M
r
e
p
r
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en
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
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f
m
o
n
th
s
(
to
tal
leav
es),
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n
d
cˆ
m
is
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
o
r
a
ll
th
e
in
p
u
t
d
ata
x
i
t
h
at
b
elo
n
g
to
t
h
e
r
e
g
io
n
m
.
Fin
ally
,
g
iv
en
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
o
n
t
h
an
d
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
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r
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f
v
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h
e
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ate,
t
h
e
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est
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m
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th
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p
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nt
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g
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(
Pc
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a
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th
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p
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en
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ag
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of
tr
u
c
k
s
Pt
.
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a
r
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ul
t,
the
n
u
m
b
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r
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c
k
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ca
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id
li
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g
ar
e
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st
im
at
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a
s:
=
×
(
8
)
=
×
(
9
)
T
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
v
eh
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ca
teg
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r
ies
an
d
e
ac
h
ty
p
e
o
f
e
m
is
s
io
n
in
(
3
)
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
ex
ac
t
tim
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∆
t
f
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n
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b
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esti
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ated
with
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s
tan
d
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in
th
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q
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is
u
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in
s
tead
a
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d
(
3
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is
m
o
d
if
ied
as:
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(
1
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C
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in
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with
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p
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c
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d
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(
t
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esti
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ated
:
,
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×
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(
1
1
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(
1
2
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3
.
5
.
2
.
L
ig
hts e
m
is
s
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ns
As
it
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
tech
n
i
ca
l
d
ir
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2
0
7
0
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-
1
/2
0
1
7
,
a
r
ticle
5
o
f
‘
KE
NAK’
[
3
2
]
,
CO
2
em
is
s
io
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s
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
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u
m
a
b
le
elec
tr
icity
th
a
t c
an
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
in
(
1
3
)
:
2
=
×
,
2
(
1
3
)
W
h
er
e
E
F
e,
CO2
=
0
.
9
8
9
(
k
g
C
O
2
)
is
th
e
C
O
2
em
i
s
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
PEC)
in
u
n
its
o
f
k
W
h
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
a
b
le
elec
tr
i
city
C
in
(
k
W
h
)
:
=
×
2
.
9
(
1
4
)
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
lig
h
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
a
m
ain
s
o
u
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ce
o
f
elec
tr
icit
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co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
ca
n
b
e
e
asil
y
co
n
tr
o
lled
or
d
im
m
ed
it
is
ex
am
in
ed
s
ep
ar
at
ely
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
ab
o
v
e
eq
u
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f
o
r
lig
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ts
L
can
be
m
o
d
if
ied
as:
,
2
=
×
,
2
(
1
5
)
W
h
er
e
EF
e,CO
2
=
0
.
989
(
k
g
CO
2
/k
W
h
)
[
3
2
]
.
3
.
6
.
Dec
is
io
ns
a
nd
no
t
if
ica
t
io
ns
3
.
6
.
1
.
Dis
t
rict
o
ptim
iza
t
i
o
n
E
n
er
g
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
b
u
ild
i
n
g
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
wh
en
it
is
ap
p
lied
,
it
h
an
d
les
en
er
g
y
in
an
o
p
tim
u
m
m
an
n
er
to
m
ee
t
s
o
m
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
cr
iter
ia
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
itially
,
an
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
b
ala
n
ce
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
o
d
ellin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
ea
c
h
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
t
o
s
im
u
late
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
as
d
escr
ib
ed
a
b
o
v
e.
W
ith
in
th
is
wo
r
k
,
PV
an
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
but
also
o
th
er
s
c
o
u
ld
be
in
cl
u
d
ed
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
ec
asted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
u
ch
as
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
ar
e
tem
p
o
r
al
d
ep
en
d
en
t
an
d
ar
e
s
im
u
lat
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
p
er
i
o
d
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
wea
th
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
h
ich
d
ir
ec
tly
a
f
f
e
ct
th
em
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
cr
iter
io
n
,
t
h
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
in
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
wo
r
k
,
is
also
f
ee
d
-
in
-
tim
e
s
er
i
es.
Fin
ally
,
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
an
d
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
y
i
is
g
en
er
ate
d
,
en
c
o
d
ed
as
[
2
7
]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.