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S.V.
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s
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tad
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@
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co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
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to
d
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s
s
ce
n
ar
io
t
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cr
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m
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it
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in
cr
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p
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p
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latio
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d
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b
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m
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p
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t
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f
a
co
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tr
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d
d
i
m
i
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u
tio
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o
f
f
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s
s
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b
ased
f
u
e
ls
.
So
alter
n
ati
v
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y
s
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u
r
ce
s
i.e
.
r
en
e
w
ab
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en
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y
s
o
u
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ce
s
is
t
h
e
b
est
o
p
tio
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i
th
o
u
t
a
n
y
h
ar
m
to
t
h
e
n
a
tu
r
e.
[
1
,
2
,
3
]
W
ith
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
i
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
elec
tr
o
n
ics
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
p
ast
f
e
w
y
ea
r
s
an
d
r
is
in
g
cr
is
e
s
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
a
v
e
led
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
n
g
en
er
ati
n
g
p
o
w
er
u
s
i
n
g
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
P
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
(
P
V)
,
W
in
d
,
Fu
e
l
ce
ll
(
FC
)
b
ased
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Am
o
n
g
all
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
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g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
a
tio
n
is
th
e
f
aste
s
t
g
r
o
w
in
g
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
w
a
d
a
y
’
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
.
[
4
]
.
I
n
a
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
P
V
ar
r
ay
co
n
v
er
t
s
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
to
elec
tr
ic
al
p
o
w
er
an
d
a
g
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id
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
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er
ter
i
s
r
eq
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ir
ed
f
o
r
in
v
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tin
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
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ac
p
o
w
er
t
h
en
i
t
is
f
ed
b
ac
k
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
.
[
2
]
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ics
d
ev
ice
w
h
ich
co
n
v
er
ts
D
C
p
o
w
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r
to
A
C
p
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eq
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ir
ed
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tp
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t
v
o
ltag
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d
f
r
eq
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en
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k
n
o
w
n
as i
n
v
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ter
.
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t
p
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t
ti
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a
l
m
o
s
t
all
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s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
s
w
h
et
h
er
elec
tr
ical
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
r
eq
u
ir
e
p
o
w
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in
v
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ter
.
T
h
e
in
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tr
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m
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s
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asi
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n
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w
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ter
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tr
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s
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g
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n
p
o
w
er
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t
r
o
n
ics
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
p
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l
s
e
w
id
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
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SP
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tech
n
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e
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ee
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ed
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o
d
ay
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iq
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e
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s
ed
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ter
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e
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u
s
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al
w
av
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i
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th
e
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tp
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t.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
s
o
f
s
u
c
h
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et
ar
e
v
er
y
co
s
t
l
y
a
n
d
th
eir
o
u
tp
u
t
i
s
also
n
o
t
tr
u
e
s
i
n
e
w
av
e.
So
lo
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
t
h
i
s
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
A
co
m
m
an
d
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
SP
W
M
is
v
er
y
u
s
e
f
u
l
i
n
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
u
c
h
a
s
elec
tr
ical
d
r
iv
es,
UP
s
,
r
en
e
w
a
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
s
o
o
n
.
[
5
]
So
f
o
r
d
o
m
es
tic
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
P
V
i
n
v
er
ter
i
s
a
n
id
ea
l o
p
tio
n
.
S
o
th
er
e
is
a
lar
g
e
s
co
p
e
i
n
t
h
is
f
ield
w
i
th
a
g
r
ea
t
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
w
o
r
ld
an
d
lo
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
is
g
o
in
g
o
n
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
is
i
n
o
u
r
d
ay
to
d
a
y
li
f
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
2
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8792
IJ
A
P
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Vo
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5
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s
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I
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v
er
ter
I
m
p
ed
an
ce
i
s
v
er
y
h
ig
h
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
.
T
h
u
s
V
SI
at
its
i
n
p
u
t
h
as
a
s
tiff
D
C
Vo
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
C
SI
h
a
s
a
s
ti
f
f
D
C
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
th
eir
o
u
tp
u
t
is
co
n
s
ta
n
t
w
it
h
v
ar
iatio
n
in
lo
ad
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices
lin
k
ed
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
c
las
s
i
f
ied
as B
r
id
g
e
I
n
v
er
ter
s
,
Ser
ies I
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
P
ar
allel
I
n
v
er
ter
s
.
B
r
id
g
e
I
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
class
i
f
ied
as h
a
lf
b
r
id
g
e
a
n
d
Fu
ll b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
l
y
.
[
5
, 6
]
Vo
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
s
w
it
h
GT
Os,
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
,
p
o
w
er
MO
SF
E
T
s
o
r
I
G
B
T
s
,
ar
e
s
elf
co
m
m
u
tated
.
T
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
tu
r
n
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
s
i
g
n
als
at
th
eir
g
ate
ter
m
in
al
s
.
S
u
c
h
t
y
p
e
o
f
i
n
v
er
ter
s
h
a
v
e
ex
ten
s
i
v
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
s
m
all
s
w
itc
h
ed
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lies
to
lar
g
e
b
u
lk
p
o
w
er
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
t
in
f
ield
o
f
elec
tr
ical
d
r
iv
es,
i
n
d
u
c
t
io
n
h
e
atin
g
,
UP
S
(
u
n
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tib
le
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lies
)
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
HVDC
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
es,
etc
[
5
-
1
2
]
.
P
o
w
er
i
n
v
er
ter
s
o
u
tp
u
t
ar
e
eit
h
er
Sq
u
ar
e
W
av
e
,
Mo
d
if
ied
Sq
u
ar
e
W
av
e
(
Mo
d
if
ied
Si
n
e
W
av
e)
o
r
P
u
r
e
Sin
e
W
av
e
(
T
r
u
e
Sin
e
W
av
e)
.
Sq
u
ar
e
w
a
v
e
o
u
tp
u
t i
s
a
n
a
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
o
u
tp
u
t.
Hen
ce
f
o
r
m
o
s
t o
f
t
h
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
s
s
q
u
ar
e
w
av
e
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
.
He
n
ce
s
q
u
ar
e
w
a
v
e
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
n
o
t u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
p
r
ese
n
t ti
m
e.
Mo
d
if
ied
s
q
u
ar
e
w
a
v
e
(
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
e
w
a
v
e)
in
v
er
ter
s
h
a
v
e
th
eir
o
u
tp
u
t
co
n
s
ta
n
t,
s
tead
y
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
f
o
r
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
eq
u
ip
m
en
ts
s
m
o
o
th
l
y
a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
tl
y
.
Mo
d
if
ied
s
in
e
w
a
v
e
o
r
q
u
as
i
-
s
i
n
e
w
a
v
e
i
n
v
er
ter
s
al
s
o
c
alled
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
an
u
p
g
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
s
q
u
ar
e
w
a
v
e
in
v
er
ter
s
.
Su
c
h
i
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
i
n
v
er
ter
s
i
n
r
e
f
er
en
ce
to
th
eir
h
i
g
h
er
co
s
t a
n
d
lo
w
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
u
e
s
in
e
w
a
v
e
i
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
r
u
e
s
in
e
w
a
v
e
i
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
v
er
t
er
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
u
ch
t
y
p
e
o
f
i
n
v
er
ter
i
s
a
n
alo
g
o
u
s
to
u
tili
t
y
.
T
h
ese
in
v
er
ter
s
h
a
v
e
v
er
y
les
s
h
ar
m
o
n
ics a
n
d
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
ts
ca
n
b
e
o
p
er
ated
s
m
o
o
th
l
y
.
B
u
t th
e
s
e
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
co
s
tl
y
.
P
u
ls
e
w
id
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
P
W
M)
is
a
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
an
alo
g
cir
cu
it
s
w
it
h
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
'
s
d
ig
ital
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
I
t
is
a
v
er
y
u
s
ef
u
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
a
n
d
h
as
w
id
e
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
in
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
u
s
ed
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
T
o
tal
Har
m
o
n
ic
Di
s
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
o
f
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
o
r
T
HD,
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
o
f
all
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal.
I
n
t
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
es
o
f
i
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
th
e
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
P
W
M
o
u
tp
u
t,
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
ig
n
al
(
m
o
d
u
lat
in
g
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
s
i
g
n
a
l)
w
h
ich
is
u
s
u
all
y
a
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
a
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al
w
h
ich
is
a
tr
ian
g
u
lar
w
a
v
e
is
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
th
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
S
w
i
tch
i
n
g
m
a
y
b
e
u
n
ip
o
lar
o
r
b
ip
o
lar
t
y
p
e.
A
t
p
r
esen
t
lo
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
ar
ea
o
f
m
u
l
tile
v
el
i
n
v
er
ter
s
a
r
e
g
o
in
g
o
n
.
S
u
ch
in
v
er
ter
s
h
av
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
els
m
o
r
e
an
d
h
e
n
c
e
th
eir
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
n
ten
t
is
less
er
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
is
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
q
u
alit
y
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
s
u
ch
i
n
v
er
ter
s
i
s
v
er
y
co
m
p
lex
.
Mu
ltil
e
v
el
i
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
n
eu
tr
al
p
o
in
t c
la
m
p
ed
,
f
l
y
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
o
r
ca
s
ca
d
ed
H
b
r
id
g
e
t
y
p
e
in
v
er
ter
s
.
Of
all
C
ascad
ed
H
b
r
id
g
e
t
y
p
e
in
v
er
ter
is
th
e
b
est i
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
3.
H
B
RIDG
E
I
NV
E
RT
E
R
An
H
b
r
id
g
e
is
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
ir
cu
it.
I
t
en
ab
les
a
v
o
lta
g
e
to
b
e
ap
p
lied
ac
r
o
s
s
a
lo
ad
in
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
H
B
r
id
g
e
is
n
a
m
ed
f
r
o
m
its
d
i
s
t
in
cti
v
e
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
ese
n
tati
o
n
o
f
a
c
ir
cu
it.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
an
H
b
r
id
g
e
is
m
ad
e
u
s
i
n
g
a
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
s
w
itc
h
es.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
es
S1
an
d
S4
ar
e
clo
s
ed
(
an
d
S2
a
n
d
S3
ar
e
o
p
en
)
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
o
lta
g
e
w
ill
b
e
ap
p
lied
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
to
r
.
B
y
o
p
en
in
g
S1
an
d
S4
s
w
itc
h
e
s
an
d
clo
s
in
g
S2
an
d
S3
s
w
itc
h
es,
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
is
r
ev
er
s
ed
.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
es
S
1
an
d
S2
s
h
o
u
ld
n
ev
er
b
e
clo
s
ed
at
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
w
ill
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
cu
i
t o
n
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
S3
a
n
d
S4
s
a
m
e
co
n
d
itio
n
ex
is
t
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as sh
o
o
t
-
th
r
o
u
g
h
.
[
1
3
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
A
P
E
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
S
in
g
le
P
h
a
s
e
P
V
I
n
ve
r
ter A
p
p
l
yin
g
a
Du
a
l B
o
o
s
t
Tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
S
u
d
h
a
B
h
u
ta
d
a
)
97
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sh
o
w
s
t
h
e
F
u
ll H
-
B
r
id
g
e
C
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
at
io
n
.
Sin
g
le
H
-
B
r
id
g
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
3
v
o
lta
g
e
le
v
els
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
le
v
els
o
f
a
ca
s
ca
d
ed
Fu
ll
H
-
B
r
id
g
e
ar
e
g
i
v
en
b
y
2
n
+1
.
T
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tep
o
f
ea
c
h
lev
el
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
Vd
c/n
.
I
n
wh
ich
n
i
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
H
-
b
r
id
g
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
ca
s
ca
d
ed
.
Usu
all
y
Si
n
u
s
o
id
al
p
u
ls
e
w
id
th
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
(
SP
W
M)
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
o
lid
s
tate
s
w
i
tc
h
es
w
h
o
s
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
is
th
e
y
ar
e
h
a
v
in
g
co
n
s
ta
n
t
a
m
p
l
i
tu
d
e
p
u
l
s
es
w
it
h
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
f
o
r
ea
c
h
p
er
io
d
.
To
g
en
er
ate
th
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
a
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
w
i
th
a
tr
ia
n
g
u
lar
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
[
1
4
,
1
5
,
1
6
].
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tab
le
i
s
g
i
v
en
b
elo
w
S
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M
.
R.
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G
u
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102
[3
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H.
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tel
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V.
Ag
a
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w
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A
S
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tag
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ly
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ro
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rid
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terf
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2
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p
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[4
]
M
in
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Ch
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,
Xu
tao
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Yo
sh
ih
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ra
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su
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u
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it
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[5
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L
.
,
"
Histo
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y
[
o
rig
in
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f
th
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d
u
stry
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p
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/F
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[6
]
B.
Is
m
a
il
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s.taib
m
iee
e
,
a
.
R
m
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sa
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M
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Ha
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v
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F
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a
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[7
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M
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D.
Be
ll
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r,
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n
W
u
,
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risti
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[8
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Ed
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lm
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K.H.,
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F
.
A
.
,
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[9
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M
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sin
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0
3
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0
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Ba
h
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ru
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in
Bi
n
Ism
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De
si
g
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De
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Un
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lar S
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MS
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2
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1
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.
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h
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.
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u
),
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so
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Be
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lar
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n
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lar
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ted
In
v
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f
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V
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p
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s
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S
e
p
tem
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r
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0
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2
0
0
7
.
[1
2
]
B.
Ism
a
il
,
S
.
T
.
(No
v
e
m
b
e
r
28
-
2
9
,
2
0
0
6
),
“
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
S
in
g
le
P
h
a
se
S
PW
M
M
icr
o
c
o
n
tro
ler
-
B
a
se
d
In
v
e
rte
r
”,
F
irst
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
f
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re
n
c
e
P
EC
(p
.
4
3
7
).
P
u
tr
jay
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
:
IEE
E
[1
3
]
A
n
k
u
r
Na
m
d
e
o
,
M
a
n
o
j
S
h
a
rm
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,
A
b
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ish
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Dix
it
,
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Dig
it
a
l
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n
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f
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in
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h
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se
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d
g
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Co
n
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Us
in
g
M
a
tl
a
b
/Dsp
a
c
e
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Re
se
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rc
h
&
T
e
c
h
n
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g
y
(I
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),
V
o
l
.
3
Iss
u
e
8
,
A
u
g
u
st
–
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
S
.
M
Isla
m
,
G
.
M
sh
a
rif
,
"
mic
ro
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
b
a
se
d
sin
u
so
i
d
a
l
PW
M
in
v
e
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r
fo
r
p
h
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to
v
o
l
ta
i
c
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
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n
"
F
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In
tern
a
ti
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n
a
l
C
o
n
f
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n
c
e
d
e
v
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lo
p
m
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t
in
re
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e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
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y
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
1
-
4
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
9
,
IEE
E
.
[1
5
]
P
Zo
p
e
,
P
Bh
a
n
g
a
le,
P
S
o
n
a
re
,
S
S
u
ra
lk
a
r,
"
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
c
a
rrier
b
a
se
d
sin
u
so
id
a
l
P
W
M
i
n
v
e
rter"
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
re
se
a
rc
h
in
e
lec
tri
c
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l,
e
lec
tro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
i
n
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
V
o
l
1
,
p
p
.
230
-
2
3
6
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
2
.
[1
6
]
R
S
e
n
th
il
k
u
m
a
r,
M
S
in
g
a
a
ra
v
e
lu
,
“
d
e
sig
n
o
f
sin
g
le p
h
a
se
in
v
e
rter
u
sin
g
d
s
P
IC
3
0
F
4
0
1
3
"
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
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