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DOC
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Du
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R
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PO BOX 7
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f
f
a
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@
u
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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T
h
e
wo
r
l
d
wid
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d
em
an
d
f
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tr
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co
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tin
u
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g
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as
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g
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co
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s
er
v
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m
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asu
r
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an
d
ad
v
an
ce
s
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p
o
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co
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v
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s
io
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ce
th
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c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
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o
f
in
d
i
v
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u
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lo
ad
s
.
T
o
f
ee
d
th
e
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g
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ap
p
etite
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f
th
e
wo
r
l
d
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s
o
cial
a
n
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ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
[
1
]
.
T
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e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
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le
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g
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to
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k
h
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ta
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wev
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if
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in
ts
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u
n
d
er
f
au
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co
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itio
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.
T
h
e
im
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n
p
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co
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d
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o
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s
ize,
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
t
y
p
e
o
f
R
E
Ss
.
T
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er
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r
e
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ev
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o
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th
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(
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r
elay
co
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r
d
in
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p
r
o
b
lem
in
s
y
s
tem
s
with
DG
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
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o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
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is
to
d
eter
m
in
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th
e
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p
tim
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in
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o
f
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d
i
s
tr
ib
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s
y
s
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with
r
en
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p
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jec
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to
in
v
esti
g
ate
t
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au
lt
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s
tallin
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in
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d
d
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m
in
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th
e
n
e
w
s
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o
f
th
e
DOORs
.
Div
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s
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m
eth
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d
s
h
av
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b
ee
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r
e
v
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d
b
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an
d
FAC
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S
d
iv
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s
e
[
3
]
.
T
h
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au
th
o
r
s
in
[
4
,
5
]
in
v
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th
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p
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t
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T
C
SC
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th
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in
v
er
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d
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n
ite
m
in
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tim
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I
DM
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d
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ela
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I
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Ap
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I
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2252
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8
7
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2
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f ren
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in
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d
in
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…
(
La
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r
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ffa
)
251
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
p
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o
b
lem
o
f
d
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m
in
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latin
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p
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x
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tio
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en
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h
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2.
DIS
T
RI
B
U
T
I
O
N
SY
ST
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M
DE
SCR
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P
T
I
O
N
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
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g
y
s
o
u
r
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s
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p
o
wer
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y
s
tem
s
is
o
n
e
o
f
attr
ac
tiv
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p
h
en
o
m
en
a
i
n
p
o
wer
in
d
u
s
tr
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d
it
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o
d
is
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atch
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n
er
g
y
.
W
ith
t
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o
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in
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is
tr
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ly
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h
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.
On
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n
its
is
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
Sin
ce
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
DGR
u
n
its
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ca
n
b
e
v
ar
ied
b
u
t
also
h
as
a
g
r
ea
t
d
ea
l
o
f
wid
e
s
p
r
ea
d
,
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
tectiv
e
d
ev
ices
m
an
n
er
is
co
m
p
letely
ch
an
g
ed
with
th
e
pr
esen
ce
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
a
tio
n
.
R
E
S
u
n
its
ar
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wh
ich
ar
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
lar
g
e
s
c
ale
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
s
,
h
av
e
a
lo
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
also
h
av
e
a
lo
wer
s
tar
tin
g
co
s
t.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es
in
wh
ich
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
R
E
S
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
aid
atten
tio
n
s
u
ch
as:
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
i
n
p
o
wer
s
tatio
n
s
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
,
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
ese
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
f
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
o
f
lo
s
s
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
a
n
d
s
o
o
n
e
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
(
DGs)
ar
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ap
p
ly
to
th
e
n
o
tio
n
o
f
g
en
er
a
tin
g
p
o
wer
u
s
in
g
a
s
et
o
f
s
m
all
s
ized
g
en
er
ato
r
s
t
h
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
p
o
wer
at
l
o
w
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
an
d
u
s
u
ally
u
s
e
s
alter
n
ativ
e
f
u
el.
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
ato
r
s
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as:
−
Mic
r
o
(
-
1
W
<
5
k
W
)
,
−
Sm
all
(
5
kW
<5
MW),
−
Me
d
iu
m
(
5
MW
<5
0
MW),
−
L
ar
g
e
(
5
0
MW
<3
0
0
MW).
T
h
e
R
E
Ss
ar
e
m
ain
ly
d
esig
n
e
d
to
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
ir
ec
tly
to
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
n
ea
r
l
o
ad
ce
n
ter
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
ty
p
es
o
f
DGRs
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et.
So
m
e
ar
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
s
an
d
s
o
m
e
ar
e
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
th
e
m
icr
o
-
tu
r
b
i
n
es
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
DGR
alter
n
ativ
es
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
r
ie
f
ly
in
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
7
]
.
3.
O
P
T
I
M
A
L
C
O
O
R
D
I
N
A
T
I
O
N
O
F
D
I
R
E
C
T
I
O
N
A
L
O
V
E
R
-
C
U
R
R
E
N
T
R
E
L
A
Y
S
I
N
D
I
S
T
R
I
B
U
T
I
O
N
S
Y
S
T
E
M
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t/ti
m
e
tr
ip
p
i
n
g
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
I
DM
T
(
in
v
er
s
e
d
efin
ite
m
in
im
u
m
tim
e
)
r
elay
s
m
ay
n
ee
d
to
b
e
v
ar
ie
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
tr
ip
p
in
g
tim
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
an
d
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
o
th
er
p
r
o
te
ctio
n
d
ev
ices
u
s
ed
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Fo
r
th
ese
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
I
E
C
6
0
2
5
5
-
3
d
ef
in
e
s
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
to
f
in
d
th
e
o
v
er
-
cu
r
r
en
t
r
elay
s
o
p
e
r
a
tin
g
tim
es
wh
ich
i
s
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
(
5
)
an
d
ar
e
in
d
icate
d
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
y
p
ically
,
th
e
in
v
er
s
e
tim
e
o
v
er
-
cu
r
r
en
t
r
elay
(
OC
R
)
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
elem
en
ts
,
an
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
u
n
i
t
,
a
n
d
a
t
i
m
e
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
u
n
i
t
.
T
h
e
t
i
m
e
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
u
n
i
t
h
a
s
t
w
o
v
a
l
u
e
s
t
o
b
e
s
e
t
,
t
h
e
P
i
c
k
u
p
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
(
I
P
)
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
l
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
(
T
D
S
)
.
T
h
e
p
i
c
k
u
p
v
a
l
u
e
i
s
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
f
o
r
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
y
o
p
er
ates
an
d
th
e
tim
e
d
ial
s
ettin
g
d
ef
in
es
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e
(
T
)
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice
f
o
r
ea
c
h
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alu
e.
No
r
m
ally
,
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
o
v
er
-
cu
r
r
en
t
r
elay
ar
e
g
iv
en
as
a
cu
r
v
e
o
f
(
T
)
v
er
s
u
s
(
M)
,
wh
er
e
M
(
m
u
ltip
le
o
f
p
ick
u
p
cu
r
r
en
t)
is
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
r
ela
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
(
I
)
,
to
th
e
p
ick
u
p
cu
r
r
en
t v
alu
e
,
(
I
P)
[
8
,
9
]
.
T
=
T
D
S
×
M
-
1
a
n
d
,
P
I
I
M
=
(
1
)
w
h
er
e,
α
a
n
d
β ar
e
co
n
s
tan
ts
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
s
elec
t
ed
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
t ty
p
e
o
f
I
DM
T
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
cu
r
es
R
e
l
a
y
s c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
α
β
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
n
v
e
r
se
(
S
I
)
0
.
1
4
0
.
0
2
V
e
r
y
i
n
v
e
r
s
e
(
V
I
)
1
3
.
5
1
Ex
t
r
e
me
l
y
i
n
v
e
r
se
(
EI
)
80
2
Lo
n
g
t
i
me
i
n
v
e
r
se
(
L
TI
)
1
2
0
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
250
–
255
252
3
.
1
.
B
a
ck
up
-
prim
a
ry
co
ns
t
ra
int
E
ac
h
r
elay
’
s
p
ick
u
p
cu
r
r
en
t
h
as
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
es
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
3
)
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
to
b
e
1
.
2
a
n
d
2
tim
es
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
l
o
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
w
h
ich
is
s
ee
n
b
y
ea
ch
r
elay
in
a
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
s
et
tin
g
h
as
m
i
n
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
lim
i
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
e
lay
’
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
-
tim
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
T
DS
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
0
.
0
5
an
d
1
.
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
in
all
o
v
er
s
tu
d
ies [
1
0
]
.
≤
≤
(
2
)
≤
≤
(
3
)
T
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
i
c
k
u
p
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
e
t
ti
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
y
(
)
i
s
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
a
l
u
e
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
mum
av
ailab
le
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
ettin
g
an
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ax
(
,
)
.
I
n
s
im
ilar
,
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
ick
u
p
cu
r
r
en
t settin
g
(
)
is
ch
o
s
en
as th
e
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
av
ailab
le
cu
r
r
en
t settin
g
o
f
th
e
r
elay
a
n
d
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ax
(
,
)
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
co
o
r
d
in
ate
two
o
v
er
-
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
elay
s
,
o
n
e
as
m
a
in
(
p
r
im
ar
y
)
r
ela
y
(
i)
a
n
d
th
e
o
th
er
as
b
ac
k
u
p
r
ela
y
(
j)
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e
o
f
b
ac
k
u
p
r
elay
an
d
m
ain
r
elay
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
th
e
C
T
I
(
C
o
o
r
d
in
at
io
n
T
im
e
I
n
ter
v
al)
.
So
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
f
o
r
co
o
r
d
in
a
tio
n
o
f
o
v
er
-
c
u
r
r
e
n
t r
elay
s
i a
n
d
j w
ill b
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
in
e
q
u
ality
(
4
)
[
1
2
]
:
−
≥
(
4
)
T
j
K
an
d
T
i
K
:
ar
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
tim
e
o
f
b
ac
k
u
p
an
d
p
r
im
a
r
y
r
ela
y
f
o
r
a
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
in
k
.
C
T
I
is
th
e
tim
e
in
ter
v
al
f
o
r
co
o
r
d
in
a
tio
n
o
f
p
r
im
a
r
y
an
d
b
ac
k
u
p
r
elay
an
d
it
ca
n
tak
e
a
v
alu
e
b
etwe
en
0
.
2
an
d
0
.
5
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
i
t d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
r
elay
s
,
g
en
er
al
ly
ta
k
en
as
0
.
3
s
ec
[
1
3
.
1
4
]
.
4.
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
O
F
DUA
L
SI
M
P
L
E
X
M
E
T
H
O
D
L
in
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
I
t
r
ef
e
r
s
to
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
s
o
lv
in
g
a
p
r
o
b
lem
m
ath
e
m
atica
lly
th
at
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
lim
ited
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
b
y
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
c
o
u
r
s
e
o
f
ac
tio
n
a
m
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
alter
n
ativ
es
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
1
5
]
.
Du
al
s
im
p
lex
m
eth
o
d
is
a
v
ar
ian
t
o
f
r
eg
u
lar
s
im
p
lex
m
eth
o
d
,
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
L
em
k
e,
to
s
o
lv
e
a
L
PP
.
I
t
s
tar
ts
f
r
o
m
in
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
im
al.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
wo
r
k
s
in
a
n
iter
ativ
e
m
an
n
er
s
u
ch
th
at
it
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
b
ec
o
m
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
as we
ll a
s
o
p
tim
al
at
s
o
m
e
s
tag
e
[
1
6
]
.
4
.
1
.
P
ro
blem
f
o
r
m
ula
t
io
n
T
h
e
to
tal
tim
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
(
5
)
,
f
o
r
N
p
r
im
ar
y
r
elay
is
m
in
im
ized
,
s
u
b
ject
t
o
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
(
2
)
an
d
(
3
)
.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
ar
e
r
elay
s
ettin
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
b
ac
k
u
p
-
p
r
im
ar
y
r
elay
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
:
N
i
,
K
i
=
1
m
i
n
T
(
5
)
w
h
er
e
N
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ela
y
s
,
T
i,
k
is
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e
o
f
th
e
r
elay
R
i
,
f
o
r
f
au
lt in
zo
n
e
k
.
4
.
2
.
Rela
y
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
th
e
DOCR
’
s
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
t
o
h
av
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
I
DM
T
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
as
co
m
p
ly
with
th
e
I
E
C
6
0
2
5
5
-
3
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
DOCR
a
r
e
g
iv
en
as a
c
u
r
v
e
o
f
T
v
er
s
u
s
M,
wh
er
e,
i.e
.
P
I
M
I
=
(
6
)
w
h
er
e
M
is
a
m
u
ltip
le
o
f
th
e
p
ick
u
p
cu
r
r
en
t.
I
is
th
e
r
el
ay
cu
r
r
en
t
(
o
v
er
lo
a
d
o
r
f
a
u
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
t)
an
d
I
P
is
th
e
p
ick
u
p
cu
r
r
en
t.
Fro
m
(
1
)
o
n
e
ca
n
s
ee
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e
T
an
d
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
p
ick
u
p
cu
r
r
en
t
M,
is
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
.
Sin
ce
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
p
ick
u
p
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
elay
s
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
,
s
o
f
o
r
a
f
ix
ed
M,
(
1
)
b
ec
o
m
es lin
ea
r
as f
o
llo
ws:
=
∗
(
7
)
wh
er
e
;
=
0
.
14
(
)
0
.
02
−
1
(
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
E
ffect
o
f ren
ewa
b
le
en
erg
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
n
th
e
o
p
t
im
a
l c
o
o
r
d
in
a
tio
n
…
(
La
z
h
a
r
B
o
u
g
o
u
ffa
)
253
b
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
f
r
o
m
(
8
)
in
(
1
)
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
;
N
ii
i
=
1
m
in
a
T
D
S
(
9
)
Fo
r
m
u
la
(
9
)
is
o
p
tim
ized
u
s
in
g
L
P
-
d
u
al
s
im
p
lex
m
eth
o
d
[
1
6
]
s
u
b
ject
to
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
th
at
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
ac
k
u
p
r
elay
s
r
em
ain
s
p
r
o
p
er
ly
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
ted
.
5.
CASE
S
T
UD
I
E
S
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
I
E
E
E
3
3
-
b
u
s
r
ad
ia
l
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
e
s
t
f
e
e
d
er
i
s
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
f
o
r
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
r
el
ay
co
o
r
d
in
at
io
n
b
e
tw
ee
n
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
b
a
ck
u
p
d
ir
ec
t
io
n
al
o
v
er
-
cu
r
r
en
t
r
e
lay
s
in
p
r
e
s
en
ce
o
f
t
wo
em
p
lac
em
en
t
s
o
f
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
at
in
g
v
o
l
tag
e
i
s
1
2
.
6
6
k
V
.
Di
r
ec
t
io
n
a
l
o
v
er
-
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
el
ay
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
p
r
o
te
ct
t
h
e
f
ee
d
er
in
ca
s
e
o
f
th
r
ee
p
h
a
s
e
f
a
u
lt
s
.
T
h
e
s
in
g
l
e
lin
e
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
I
E
E
E
3
3
-
b
u
s
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
p
r
es
en
ted
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
[
1
7
,
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
s
i
m
u
la
ted
in
M
AT
L
A
B
s
o
f
t
wa
r
e
wi
th
o
u
t
an
d
wi
th
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
c
alcu
late
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
ettin
g
o
f
DOC
R
s
u
s
in
g
d
u
al
s
im
p
lex
m
eth
o
d
u
n
d
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
i
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
f
o
r
t
w
o
e
m
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
.
T
h
r
e
e
p
h
a
s
e
f
a
u
l
t
s
a
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
o
n
e
a
c
h
b
u
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Po
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
o
f
th
e
I
E
E
E
3
3
-
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
e
r
s
tu
d
y
6.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
m
ain
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
ar
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
f
i
n
d
o
p
tim
al
r
ela
y
s
ettin
g
s
(
T
DSs
)
,
s
o
lv
e
th
e
lin
e
ar
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
DOCR
s
with
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ch
an
g
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
s
tallin
g
R
E
S
s
lead
s
to
p
lacin
g
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
in
p
ar
a
llel
with
a
p
ar
t
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
s
ee
n
at
f
au
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
R
E
Ss
will
ch
an
g
e
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
as
well
a
s
th
e
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t,
wh
ich
ar
e
n
o
t
r
estricte
d
to
th
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
u
s
.
T
h
e
r
elay
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
atio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
is
s
o
lv
e
d
as
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
o
p
tim
is
ed
r
elay
s
ettin
g
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
tim
e
i
n
v
e
r
s
e
DOC
R
s
r
elay
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
in
im
ize
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
(
5
)
,
th
e
b
e
s
t
g
lo
b
al
p
o
s
itio
n
s
(
T
DS)
a
r
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
d
u
al
s
im
p
lex
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
,
th
e
p
ick
-
u
p
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
k
e
p
t
co
n
s
tan
t
(
I
p
=1
)
.
T
h
e
I
DM
T
s
tan
d
ar
d
in
v
er
s
e
(
SI)
cu
r
v
e
is
ass
u
m
ed
f
o
r
all
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
T
DS
v
alu
es f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t r
elay
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
b
ef
o
r
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
R
E
Ss
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
e
s
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
co
o
r
d
in
a
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
250
–
255
254
Ta
b
le
2
.
Op
tim
al
T
DSs
with
R
E
Ss
R
e
l
a
y
s
TD
S
s fo
r
(
I
p
=
1
)
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
R
ESs
W
i
t
h
R
ESs
R
_
1
0
.
6
7
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6
6
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4
5
3
4
1
9
0
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4
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3
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3
2
3
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2
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5
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5
6
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_
2
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0
.
2
6
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9
3
7
0
.
1
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9
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2
3
R
_
2
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1
6
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0
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
T
DSs
ca
lcu
lated
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
af
ter
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
R
E
Ss
at
b
u
s
2
6
a
n
d
at
b
u
s
1
0
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
T
DSs
g
o
t
in
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
R
E
Ss
an
d
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
T
DSs
g
o
t
af
t
er
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
R
E
Ss
u
s
in
g
ad
ap
tiv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
e,
it
was
s
ee
n
th
at
if
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e
o
f
th
e
r
elay
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
f
a
u
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ee
n
b
y
th
at
r
elay
,
its
T
DSs
v
alu
e
n
ee
d
to
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e
as
it
was
b
ef
o
r
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
R
E
Ss
.
Similar
ly
,
if
th
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tim
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
elay
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
u
e
to
d
ec
r
e
ase
in
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
wh
ich
s
ee
n
b
y
th
at
r
ela
y
,
its
T
DSs
v
alu
e
n
ee
d
to
b
e
d
ec
r
e
ased
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
ain
tain
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e
as
it
was
b
ef
o
r
e
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
R
E
Ss
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
th
er
e
is
r
em
ar
k
a
b
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
th
eir
T
DS
o
f
r
elay
s
in
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
R
E
Ss
in
th
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e
f
o
r
th
e
r
ela
y
s
lo
ca
ted
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
au
lted
b
u
s
a
n
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e
f
o
r
th
e
r
elay
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
an
d
R
E
Ss
.
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
d
u
al
s
im
p
lex
m
eth
o
d
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
c
o
o
r
d
in
atio
n
o
f
DOCR
’
s
r
elay
s
in
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
tly
s
h
o
w
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
o
p
tim
u
m
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
r
ad
i
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
in
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
u
s
in
g
DOCR
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e,
in
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
T
DS
an
d
I
p
f
o
r
DOCR
s
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
u
al
s
im
p
lex
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
s
ettin
g
s
o
f
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t r
ela
y
s
in
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
with
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
IEE
E
, "
S
m
a
rt
g
ri
d
:
Re
in
v
e
n
ti
n
g
t
h
e
e
lec
tri
c
p
o
we
r
sy
st
e
m
,
"
IE
EE
Po
we
r &
En
e
rg
y
S
o
c
iety
(PE
S
)
U
S
A,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
]
R.
M
.
Ch
a
b
a
n
lo
o
,
H.
A.
Ab
y
a
n
e
h
,
A.
Ag
h
e
li
,
a
n
d
H.
Ra
ste
g
a
r
,
"
Ov
e
rc
u
rre
n
t
re
lay
s
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
ti
o
n
c
o
n
si
d
e
rin
g
tran
sie
n
t
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
o
f
fa
u
lt
c
u
r
re
n
t
li
m
it
e
r
a
n
d
d
istr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
d
istri
b
u
t
io
n
p
o
we
r
n
e
two
rk
,
"
i
n
I
E
T
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
&
Dist
rib
u
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
9
0
3
-
9
1
1
,
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
E
ffect
o
f ren
ewa
b
le
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erg
y
s
o
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r
ce
s
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
n
th
e
o
p
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im
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l c
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o
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d
in
a
tio
n
…
(
La
z
h
a
r
B
o
u
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u
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)
255
[
3
]
S
.
V
.
K
h
o
n
d
a
nd
G
.
A
.
D
h
o
m
a
n
e
,
"
O
p
t
i
m
u
m
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
o
v
e
r
c
u
r
re
n
t
r
e
la
y
s
f
o
r
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
o
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
/
c
a
b
l
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
l
i
n
e
a
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
"
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
r
n
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
t
e
ms
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
L.
Bo
u
g
o
u
ffa
a
n
d
A.
C
h
a
g
h
i
,
"
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
d
istri
b
u
te
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
se
ries
F
ACTS
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
to
r
o
n
d
i
re
c
ti
o
n
a
l
o
v
e
r
-
c
u
rre
n
t
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
c
o
o
rd
i
n
a
ti
o
n
,
"
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
b
rid
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp.
2
9
9
-
308
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
L.
Bo
u
g
o
u
ffa
a
n
d
A.
Ch
a
g
h
i,
"
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
TCS
C
c
o
n
tro
l
ler
a
n
d
d
istri
b
u
te
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
e
ff
e
c
ts
o
n
IDMT
d
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
o
v
e
rc
u
rre
n
t
re
lay
in
d
i
strib
u
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
,
"
Pr
o
c
e
d
ia
S
o
c
.
a
n
d
Beh
a
v
.
S
c
i
.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
5
,
p
p
.
2
4
2
1
-
2
4
2
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[6
]
B.
Ab
d
i,
M
.
Ab
r
o
sh
a
n
,
M
.
H.
As
li
n
e
z
h
a
d
,
a
n
d
A.
Al
ima
rd
a
n
i
,
"
Co
o
rd
i
n
a
ti
o
n
re
tu
r
n
o
f
p
ro
tec
ti
v
e
d
e
v
ice
s
in
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s in
p
re
se
n
c
e
o
f
d
istri
b
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
"
E
n
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
6
3
-
2
7
0
,
2
0
1
1
.
[7
]
H.
Zay
a
n
d
e
h
r
o
o
d
i,
A.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
H.
S
h
a
re
e
f
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
Ja
fa
ri
,
"
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
d
istr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
o
n
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
"
In
t
e
rn
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
sic
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
p
p
.
3
9
9
9
-
4
0
0
7
,
Au
g
u
st
2
0
1
1
.
[8
]
"
Ne
two
rk
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
&
a
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
g
u
id
e
,
"
AR
EV
A
,
P
a
ris,
F
ra
n
c
e
,
T&D
Lt
d
,
2
0
0
2
.
[9
]
H.
H.
Zein
e
ld
i
n
,
E.
F.
El
-
S
a
a
d
a
n
y
,
a
n
d
M
.
M.
A
.
S
a
lam
a
,
"
Op
t
ima
l
c
o
o
rd
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
o
v
e
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
lay
s
u
sin
g
a
m
o
d
ifi
e
d
p
a
rti
c
le
sw
a
rm
o
p
ti
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
,
"
E
lec
tric P
o
we
r S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
7
6
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
9
8
8
-
9
9
5
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
0
]
H.
Ja
v
a
d
i,
S
.
M.
A
.
M
o
u
sa
v
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
Kh
e
d
e
rz
a
d
e
h
,
"
A
n
o
v
e
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
in
c
re
a
se
F
CL
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
in
p
re
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
o
f
o
v
e
r
-
c
u
rre
n
t
re
lay
s
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
ti
o
n
in
p
re
se
n
c
e
o
f
a
sy
n
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
DG
s,"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
Po
we
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
44,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
1
0
-
8
1
5
,
2
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