I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
3
7
3
~
3
8
2
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e.
v
1
0
.
i
4
.
p
p
373
-
382
373
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
p
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Techno
-
econ
o
mic
study o
f
a
hy
brid
power g
ene
ra
tion sy
stem at
the
Leba
nese
coa
sta
l high
wa
y
s
M
o
ha
m
m
a
d H
a
mm
o
ud
1
,
J
a
a
f
a
r
H
a
lla
l
2
,
T
a
la
M
o
us
s
a
3
,
H
us
s
ei
n K
a
s
s
em
4
1
,
2,
4
S
DM
Re
se
a
rc
h
G
ro
u
p
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Be
iru
t
(
BIU
)
,
Be
iru
t,
Le
b
a
n
o
n
1,
4
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Leb
a
n
e
se
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
(
LIU
)
,
Be
k
a
a
,
Le
b
a
n
o
n
2
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Leb
a
n
e
se
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Be
iru
t
,
Leb
a
n
o
n
3
M
Até
riau
x
e
t
I
n
g
é
n
ierie
M
é
c
a
n
i
q
u
e
(
M
ATI
M
)
,
Un
iv
e
rsité d
e
Re
i
m
s Ch
a
m
p
a
g
n
e
-
Ard
e
n
n
e
(
URCA
)
,
Re
ims
,
F
ra
n
c
e
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
10
,
2
0
21
R
ev
is
ed
Sep
30
,
2
0
21
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
3
,
2
0
21
De
sp
it
e
it
s
g
re
a
t
imp
o
rtan
c
e
i
n
d
a
il
y
li
fe
,
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
re
m
a
in
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
st
c
rit
ica
l
issu
e
s
in
Leb
a
n
o
n
wh
e
re
th
e
p
o
we
r
su
p
p
l
y
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
e
rra
ti
c
fo
r
y
e
a
rs
a
n
d
th
e
g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
fa
c
e
s
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
b
u
y
i
n
g
f
o
re
ig
n
c
u
rre
n
c
y
fo
r
fu
e
l
imp
o
rt
fr
o
m
p
e
tro
leu
m
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s.
Th
e
re
fo
re
,
th
e
re
is
a
n
u
rg
e
n
t
n
e
e
d
fo
r
e
fficie
n
t
so
lu
t
io
n
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
l
o
c
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
i
n
a
m
o
re
su
sta
i
n
a
b
le
w
a
y
,
lea
d
in
g
to
a
n
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tally
frien
d
l
y
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
,
fa
r
a
wa
y
fro
m
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
so
u
rc
e
s.
I
n
th
is
wo
rk
,
u
n
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
re
u
se
d
f
o
r
th
e
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
c
lea
n
e
n
e
rg
y
fro
m
a
sy
ste
m
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
(P
V)
p
a
n
e
ls
a
n
d
wi
n
d
t
u
rb
i
n
e
s.
T
h
e
n
o
v
e
lt
y
li
e
s
i
n
th
e
fa
c
t
th
a
t
t
h
e
c
o
st
o
f
t
h
e
la
n
d
re
q
u
ired
fo
r
th
e
i
n
sta
ll
a
ti
o
n
is
a
l
m
o
st
z
e
ro
.
T
h
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
wa
y
s
is
u
su
a
ll
y
l
e
ft
u
n
o
c
c
u
p
ie
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
re
fo
re
su
it
a
b
le
fo
r
th
e
p
ro
jec
t
.
An
o
t
h
e
r
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
fe
a
tu
re
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
sy
ste
m
is
it
s
a
b
il
it
y
t
o
b
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
to
th
e
p
u
b
li
c
u
ti
li
t
y
with
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
b
a
tt
e
ry
st
o
ra
g
e
,
wh
ich
re
d
u
c
e
s
th
e
to
tal
c
o
st
o
f
th
e
sy
ste
m
.
Th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
d
e
s
ig
n
c
o
n
sists
o
f
8
7
,
7
5
0
P
Vs
a
rra
n
g
e
d
in
p
a
irs
o
n
a
ste
e
l
fra
m
e
fo
r
a
c
o
a
sta
l
d
istan
c
e
o
f
1
1
7
,
0
0
0
m
e
ters
(h
i
g
h
wa
y
d
istan
c
e
b
e
twe
e
n
Ty
re
a
n
d
Tri
p
o
li
)
wi
th
a
wid
th
o
f
2
m
e
ters
a
n
d
2
9
,
2
5
0
v
e
rti
c
a
l
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
s
p
lac
e
d
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
c
h
a
ss
is.
Us
in
g
RET
S
c
re
e
n
so
ftwa
re
,
th
e
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
re
su
l
ti
n
g
s
y
ste
m
is
e
stim
a
ted
a
t
3
9
.
9
G
W/
y
e
a
r.
T
h
e
sy
ste
m
wo
u
l
d
lea
d
t
o
a
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
i
n
CO
2
a
n
d
G
HG
e
m
issio
n
s
o
f
a
p
p
ro
x
ima
tely
2
8
,
2
1
1
tCO
2
/y
e
a
r.
Th
e
p
a
y
b
a
c
k
p
e
ri
o
d
o
f
t
h
is
p
ro
jec
t
is
e
stim
a
ted
a
t
9
y
e
a
rs wit
h
a
li
fe
ti
m
e
o
f
2
5
y
e
a
rs.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
astal h
ig
h
way
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
Gr
ee
n
en
er
g
y
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
W
in
d
en
er
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
h
am
m
ad
Ham
m
o
u
d
SDM
R
esear
ch
Gr
o
u
p
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
B
e
ir
u
t
(
B
I
U
)
B
eir
u
t,
L
eb
an
o
n
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Me
ch
an
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
L
eb
an
ese
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
LIU
)
B
ek
aa
,
L
eb
an
o
n
E
m
ail: m
o
h
am
ad
.
h
am
m
o
u
d
@
liu
.
ed
u
.
lb
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Hig
h
-
q
u
ality
,
lo
w
-
co
s
t
en
er
g
y
h
as
r
ec
en
tly
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
ce
r
n
o
f
n
atio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
l
d
an
d
th
e
k
e
y
to
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
d
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
all
s
ec
t
o
r
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
.
Fo
r
ce
n
tu
r
ies,
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
b
ased
o
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
(
FF
)
an
d
co
al.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
p
u
latio
n
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
,
atten
tio
n
is
n
o
w
tu
r
n
in
g
to
n
ew
g
r
ee
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
h
av
e
a
lo
w
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
r
elea
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l
Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
3
7
3
–
382
374
to
x
ic
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
in
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
af
f
ec
t
b
o
th
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
h
ea
lth
an
d
s
af
ety
o
f
p
e
o
p
le.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
L
eb
a
n
o
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
f
ac
in
g
m
ajo
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
,
esp
ec
ially
with
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
v
er
lo
a
d
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
b
ig
wa
v
e
o
f
m
ig
r
atio
n
o
f
Sy
r
ian
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
o
liti
c
cr
is
is
in
2
0
1
1
as
well
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
cr
is
is
th
at
is
d
ev
astatin
g
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
af
ter
th
e
r
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
Octo
b
er
1
7
,
2
0
1
9
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ex
p
l
o
s
io
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
af
f
ec
ted
B
eir
u
t.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
n
ee
d
to
in
v
est
in
n
ew
g
r
ee
n
p
o
wer
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
p
an
els
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es.
PV p
an
els ar
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
-
b
ased
m
ater
ials
with
a
v
er
y
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
ly
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
s
p
ac
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
E
lect
r
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
p
r
o
jects
ar
e
b
ein
g
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
in
m
an
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
lack
in
g
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
r
eser
v
es.
I
n
M
o
r
o
cc
o
,
th
e
latest
p
r
o
ject
was
lau
n
ch
ed
in
2
0
1
8
with
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
an
d
a
co
n
ce
n
tr
atin
g
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
(
C
S
P)
s
y
s
tem
to
ad
d
two
4
0
0
MW
o
f
co
m
b
in
e
d
s
y
s
tem
s
to
th
e
n
atio
n
al
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
[
1
]
.
PV
p
a
n
els
in
clu
d
e
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
u
s
u
al
ly
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
f
lat
p
late,
wh
ich
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
clo
u
d
in
ess
,
th
e
s
u
n
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t;
th
e
m
o
r
e
n
o
r
m
al
t
h
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
b
ec
o
m
es,
th
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
it
is
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
e
n
er
atio
n
is
a
th
i
n
-
la
y
er
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
an
d
n
o
n
-
s
ilico
n
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
f
in
ally
,
th
er
e
is
th
e
th
ir
d
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
ilico
n
waf
er
s
an
d
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
m
ater
ials
.
A
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
L
eb
an
o
n
h
as
g
o
o
d
a
v
er
ag
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
h
ig
h
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
Ma
y
to
Au
g
u
s
t
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
av
o
r
a
b
le,
with
a
p
ea
k
in
J
u
l
y
at
m
o
r
e
th
an
3
0
0
k
W
h
/m
2
p
er
m
o
n
th
[
2
]
.
W
ith
s
u
ch
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
d
ata,
th
e
t
h
ir
d
ty
p
e
o
f
PV seem
s
to
b
e
s
u
itab
l
e
f
o
r
u
s
e.
Similar
ly
,
win
d
p
o
wer
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
is
tech
n
ically
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ess
en
tial
in
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
g
r
ee
n
en
er
g
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
C
an
ad
a,
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
e
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
a
1
0
G
W
p
ac
k
ag
e
o
f
win
d
p
o
wer
h
a
s
b
ee
n
in
s
talled
in
C
an
ad
a
s
in
ce
2
0
0
0
,
with
1
3
7
MW
o
f
in
s
talled
ca
p
ac
ity
r
e
m
ain
in
g
in
s
er
v
ice
wo
r
ld
wid
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
C
an
ad
a
ca
n
ev
en
tu
ally
p
r
o
d
u
ce
10
0
% o
f
elec
tr
icity
f
r
o
m
ze
r
o
em
is
s
io
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
3
]
.
Hy
b
r
id
PV
s
o
lar
/win
d
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
b
e
en
wid
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
s
u
p
p
ly
in
is
o
lated
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
f
ar
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
elia
b
le
s
er
v
ice
an
d
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
f
o
r
lo
n
g
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
ti
m
e
[
4
]
–
[
8
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
Du
r
s
u
n
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
a
s
tu
d
y
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
P
V
-
win
d
s
y
s
tem
in
wh
ich
th
ey
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
elec
tr
icity
to
a
r
em
o
te
l
o
ca
tio
n
with
o
u
t
a
n
y
elec
tr
ical
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
in
th
e
ci
ty
o
f
E
d
ir
n
e,
T
u
r
k
e
y
.
T
h
e
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
PV/win
d
/d
iesel
s
y
s
tem
with
b
atter
y
ca
n
b
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
lace
o
r
u
p
g
r
ad
e
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
d
iesel
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
ad
d
it
io
n
,
a
2
5
%
s
av
in
g
was
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
d
iesel
s
y
s
tem
.
R
eh
m
an
an
d
Sah
in
[
1
0
]
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
a
s
tu
d
y
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
u
s
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
PV/win
d
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
wate
r
p
u
m
p
in
g
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
y
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
ch
a
s
y
s
tem
b
y
p
u
m
p
in
g
wate
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
y
ea
r
at
a
r
ea
s
o
n
a
b
le
co
s
t.
On
th
e
o
th
er
s
id
e,
a
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
s
tu
d
y
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
win
d
/s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
PGS)
is
b
ein
g
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
C
h
o
n
g
et
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
co
v
er
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ar
t
o
f
a
b
u
ild
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
its
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
r
b
an
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
is
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
K
o
u
h
estan
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
at
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
L
eth
b
r
i
d
g
e
in
C
an
ad
a.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
v
er
5
y
ea
r
s
with
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
’
s
elec
tr
ical
d
em
an
d
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
an
d
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
to
g
eth
er
co
u
ld
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
th
an
3
.
6
tim
es
o
f
th
e
an
n
u
al
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
n
av
er
a
g
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
Nijh
awa
n
an
d
J
ian
u
[
1
3
]
p
r
o
v
ed
in
a
v
er
y
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
No
r
th
er
n
On
tar
i
o
,
C
an
ad
a,
t
h
at
th
e
PV/
w
in
d
/
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
P
GS
ca
n
r
ep
lace
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
u
el
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
clea
n
en
e
r
g
y
u
s
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
will
r
ep
lace
th
e
an
tiq
u
ate
d
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
th
at
p
o
llu
te
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
d
e
p
lete
th
e
p
lan
et
o
f
its
n
atu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
A
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
y
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
B
ah
r
ain
b
y
Haji
et
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
wh
er
e
th
ey
in
a
u
g
u
r
ate
d
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
f
ir
s
t
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
(
HR
E
S)
as a
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
io
n
p
r
o
ject
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
H
R
E
S su
p
p
lied
5
0
%
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
with
a
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
4
8
% o
f
C
O
2
g
ases
em
is
s
io
n
.
I
n
L
eb
a
n
o
n
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
el
ec
tr
icity
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
ee
t
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
en
er
g
y
is
eith
er
p
u
r
ch
ased
f
r
o
m
Sy
r
i
a
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
u
r
k
is
h
p
o
wer
s
h
ip
an
d
m
o
r
e
r
ec
en
tly
,
Diesel
g
en
er
ato
r
s
in
ea
ch
v
illag
e.
All
th
ese
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
m
ea
n
th
at
L
eb
an
o
n
s
u
f
f
e
r
s
as
m
u
ch
as
an
y
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
y
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
an
d
C
O
2
em
i
s
s
io
n
r
ate.
W
ith
o
u
t
f
o
r
g
et
tin
g
th
e
s
ev
er
e
en
er
g
y
cr
is
is
,
ag
ein
g
p
o
wer
in
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e
an
d
t
h
e
v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
to
ex
tr
em
e
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
g
l
o
b
al
war
m
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
f
ac
e
th
is
cr
is
is
,
an
d
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
in
L
e
b
an
o
n
,
a
s
o
lar
/win
d
h
y
b
r
id
PGS is
b
ein
g
d
esig
n
ed
to
b
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
at
th
e
c
o
astal h
ig
h
way
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
is
to
tally
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
l
y
as it is d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
g
r
ee
n
en
e
r
g
y
with
o
u
t a
n
y
to
x
ic
g
ases
em
is
s
io
n
s
u
ch
as
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
an
d
n
itro
g
en
m
o
n
o
x
i
d
e
[
1
6
]
.
As
well,
th
er
e
is
n
o
n
ee
d
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
b
atter
i
es,
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
p
o
llu
tio
n
s
in
ce
th
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
will
b
e
s
u
p
p
lied
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
g
r
id
u
tili
ties
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
s
y
s
tem
will
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
at
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
mic
s
tu
d
y
o
f
a
h
yb
r
id
p
o
w
er g
en
era
tio
n
s
ystem
a
t th
e
Leb
a
n
ese
.
.
.
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
Ha
mmo
u
d
)
375
h
ig
h
way
s
,
a
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
p
er
ty
,
w
h
ich
elim
in
ates
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
c
o
s
t
o
f
lan
d
.
T
h
ese
two
p
o
in
ts
ar
e
th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
as th
ey
will sav
e
o
n
t
h
e
ex
h
a
u
s
tiv
e
co
s
ts
o
f
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
lan
d
.
T
h
e
r
em
ai
n
d
er
o
f
th
e
p
ap
e
r
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as:
s
ec
tio
n
2
d
ea
ls
with
t
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
llo
w
ed
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
PGS.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
PGS
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
d
etails
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
co
astal
win
d
s
p
ee
d
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
ir
s
t a
s
it is
a
cr
u
cial
elem
en
t o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t p
o
wer
is
also
ca
lcu
lated
in
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
Sectio
n
4
is
d
ev
o
te
d
t
o
an
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
ject
u
s
in
g
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ject
p
ay
b
ac
k
,
th
e
GHG
an
d
C
O
2
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
as
well
th
e
an
n
u
al
in
co
m
e
o
v
er
th
e
p
r
o
ject
life
tim
e
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
d
r
aws th
e
m
ain
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
an
d
tac
k
les th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
L
a
nd
u
s
e
B
u
ild
in
g
a
ca
r
b
o
n
-
f
r
ee
f
u
tu
r
e
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ch
allen
g
in
g
an
d
cr
u
cial
to
p
ic
f
ac
in
g
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
to
d
ay
.
T
h
at’
s
wh
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
t
u
r
n
in
g
t
o
g
r
ee
n
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
es,
wh
er
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
–
r
elativ
ely
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
an
d
wid
ely
av
ailab
le
–
is
s
ee
s
a
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
attr
ac
tiv
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
alter
n
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
to
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
s
ev
er
al
o
b
s
tacle
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
as
o
n
e
m
ig
h
t
im
ag
in
e.
On
e
o
f
th
ese
o
b
s
tacle
s
is
th
e
s
p
ac
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
s
tallatio
n
o
f
a
lar
g
e
s
tatio
n
.
Sin
ce
2
0
0
6
,
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
lan
d
in
L
eb
a
n
o
n
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tially
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
u
r
g
e
s
f
o
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
u
n
u
s
ed
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
lan
d
wh
er
e
t
h
e
d
esig
n
ca
n
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
id
ea
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
way
s
wh
er
e
a
s
n
ak
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
PV
p
an
els
with
a
v
er
tical
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
ca
n
b
e
i
n
s
talled
at
th
e
m
id
d
le.
T
h
ese
ca
n
b
e
in
s
talled
alo
n
g
th
e
co
n
cr
ete
b
l
o
ck
s
s
ep
ar
atin
g
th
e
h
ig
h
way
s
in
to
2
-
way
s
.
T
h
e
id
ea
ca
n
b
e
im
itated
al
o
n
g
an
y
h
ig
h
way
in
L
eb
an
o
n
o
r
elsewh
er
e
in
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
ject,
th
e
d
esig
n
to
o
k
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
e
h
ig
h
way
s
b
etwe
en
T
y
r
e
an
d
T
r
ip
o
li
(
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
wh
er
e
t
h
e
to
tal
d
is
tan
ce
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
to
b
e
1
1
7
0
0
0
m
eter
s
with
o
u
t
an
y
ty
p
e
o
f
o
b
s
tacle
s
in
ter
ce
p
tin
g
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
u
ch
as
b
r
id
g
es
an
d
p
u
b
licity
p
an
els.
T
h
is
d
is
tan
ce
is
2
m
wid
e
allo
win
g
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
tw
o
r
o
ws o
f
PV p
a
n
els.
On
e
ac
r
e
o
f
lan
d
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
ab
o
u
t
4
,
0
4
6
.
8
5
6
m
2
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PGS
h
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ar
ea
o
f
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
2
3
4
,
0
0
0
m
2
,
wh
ich
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
to
5
8
ac
r
es
o
f
lan
d
.
On
a
v
er
ag
e,
t
h
e
p
r
ice
o
f
an
ac
r
e
i
n
th
e
co
astal
r
eg
io
n
a
t
L
eb
an
o
n
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
0
0
k
$
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
lan
d
co
s
t
wo
u
ld
b
e
2
3
M$
.
T
h
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
th
e
PGS
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
h
i
g
h
way
s
will
e
li
m
in
ate
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
lan
d
.
T
h
is
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
th
e
co
s
t o
f
s
y
s
tem
s
in
g
en
er
al.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ma
p
o
f
t
h
e
r
eg
io
n
w
h
er
e
th
e
PGS will b
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
(
r
e
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
)
2
.
2
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
s
t
o
ra
g
e
Ov
er
th
e
p
ast
two
d
ec
ad
es,
b
a
tter
ies
h
av
e
m
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
th
e
m
ain
ca
taly
s
t
f
o
r
s
o
lar
PV
to
b
e
a
m
ar
g
in
al
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
B
atter
y
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
o
n
l
y
1
%
o
f
an
n
u
al
PV
in
s
tallatio
n
s
in
th
e
U.
S.
a
n
d
wo
r
ld
wid
e
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
is
s
im
p
le.
Gr
id
-
co
n
n
e
cted
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
p
r
ac
tically
h
i
g
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l
Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
3
7
3
–
382
376
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
alm
o
s
t
u
n
lim
ited
ca
p
ac
ity
a
n
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
lo
w
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
v
er
th
eir
life
tim
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
o
ff
-
g
r
id
(
b
atter
y
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
PV
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
)
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
3
0
%
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
ch
ar
g
e/r
elea
s
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
o
f
f
g
r
id
r
ejec
ts
all
ex
ce
s
s
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
o
n
ce
th
e
b
atter
ies
ar
e
f
u
lly
ch
ar
g
ed
o
n
a
g
o
o
d
s
u
m
m
er
d
ay
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
ex
c
ess
s
u
m
m
er
en
er
g
y
will
b
e
wasted
.
W
i
th
a
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
,
th
er
e
is
s
im
p
ly
n
o
way
to
s
av
e
ex
ce
s
s
s
u
m
m
er
en
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
win
ter
u
s
e.
T
y
p
ically
,
a
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
is
s
ized
to
co
n
s
er
v
e
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
f
ew
d
ay
s
o
n
th
e
wo
r
s
t
s
o
lar
d
ay
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
in
L
eb
an
o
n
(
Dec
em
b
er
)
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
ar
p
o
wer
av
ailab
le
at
th
at
tim
e
is
ab
o
u
t
h
alf
o
f
wh
at
we
g
et
in
th
e
s
u
m
m
er
p
er
d
ay
[
1
8
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
(
a
)
B
atter
y
b
ac
k
-
u
p
vs
(
b
)
Gr
id
-
t
ie
PV sy
s
tem
s
[
1
7
]
On
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
i
n
cip
les
s
ellin
g
p
o
in
ts
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
was
p
o
wer
s
av
in
g
.
T
h
is
d
im
in
is
h
es
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
co
al
f
u
eled
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
u
ti
lized
wo
u
ld
b
e
'
g
r
ee
n
'
.
B
atter
y
p
e
r
m
its
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
ab
u
n
d
a
n
ce
o
f
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
ay
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
u
tili
ze
d
d
u
r
in
g
to
p
p
er
io
d
s
an
d
d
u
r
in
g
n
ig
h
t.
T
h
is
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
an
y
r
ea
s
o
n
s
th
at
b
atter
y
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
well
k
n
o
wn
o
v
er
th
e
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
.
B
atter
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
a
s
o
lar
p
lan
t,
ca
n
s
er
v
e
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
p
o
wer
r
etu
r
n
f
r
o
m
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
d
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
d
u
r
in
g
n
o
n
-
s
u
n
n
y
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
is
r
en
d
er
s
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
r
e
s
ta
b
le
an
d
r
eliab
le.
I
n
m
an
y
r
ec
en
t
p
ap
er
s
,
it
was
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
at
B
atter
ies
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
a
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
less
en
o
s
cillatio
n
s
in
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
tie
-
lin
e
p
o
we
r
p
r
o
f
iles
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
s
m
all
lo
ad
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
,
i.e
.
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
1
9
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
all
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
en
e
f
its
,
a
m
ajo
r
d
r
awb
ac
k
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
is
s
till
th
e
in
itial
co
s
t,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
s
to
p
a
p
r
o
ject
b
ef
o
r
e
it
s
tar
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
t
h
is
,
th
e
p
r
o
ject
aim
s
to
f
u
lf
ill s
o
m
e
d
em
a
n
d
i
n
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ay
,
an
d
r
ely
in
g
o
n
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
es to
c
o
m
p
lem
en
t th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
u
r
in
g
win
d
y
d
ay
s
(
n
o
n
-
s
u
n
n
y
)
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
to
th
e
n
atio
n
al
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
th
r
o
u
g
h
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
v
er
ter
s
,
an
d
to
av
o
id
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
atter
ies,
is
an
o
th
e
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
t
h
e
ex
h
au
s
tiv
e
co
s
t
o
f
b
atter
ies
an
d
th
eir
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
is
elim
in
ated
,
with
a
g
o
o
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
im
p
ac
t
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
elim
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
em
ical
s
o
u
r
ce
in
s
id
e
th
e
b
atter
ies.
3.
DE
S
I
G
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
ject
d
esig
n
in
v
o
lv
es
s
ev
er
al
s
tep
s
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
ac
tu
a
l
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
o
f
av
er
ag
e
wi
n
d
s
p
ee
d
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
at
th
e
o
u
ts
et.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
n
th
e
L
eb
an
ese
m
ar
k
et,
t
h
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
will
b
e
s
elec
ted
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
all
th
e
d
etails
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
PV
p
an
els
t
o
b
e
u
s
ed
,
th
e
s
teel
f
r
am
e
th
at
will
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
s
to
b
e
in
s
talled
to
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
d
ir
e
ct
cu
r
r
en
t D
C
in
to
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t A
C
will b
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
.
3
.
1
.
Wind
v
elo
cit
y
W
in
d
s
p
ee
d
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
n
th
e
co
astal
h
ig
h
way
u
s
in
g
a
f
lo
wm
eter
lo
ca
ted
o
n
e
m
eter
ab
o
v
e
th
e
r
o
ad
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
ar
ia
tio
n
in
win
d
s
p
ee
d
(
in
m
/s
)
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
io
d
f
r
o
m
2
9
Ma
r
ch
to
2
4
Ap
r
il
2
0
2
0
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
co
llected
d
ata
s
h
o
wed
an
av
er
ag
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
4
.
1
m
/s
.
T
h
is
v
alu
e
is
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
v
er
t
ical
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e.
No
te
t
h
at
th
is
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
is
b
ac
k
ed
u
p
b
y
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
s
o
f
t
war
e
[
19]
wh
e
r
e
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
e
o
v
er
th
e
1
2
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
at
th
e
co
astal
r
eg
io
n
s
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
4
m
/s
an
d
4
.
5
m
/s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
mic
s
tu
d
y
o
f
a
h
yb
r
id
p
o
w
er g
en
era
tio
n
s
ystem
a
t th
e
Leb
a
n
ese
.
.
.
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
Ha
mmo
u
d
)
377
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
W
in
d
s
p
ee
d
at
th
e
co
astal h
ig
h
way
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
v
er
o
n
e
m
o
n
th
3
.
2
.
P
V
pa
nels
a
nd
wi
nd
t
urbi
ne
s
A
3
0
0
-
watt
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tallin
e
p
a
n
els
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
.
T
h
ese
p
an
els
h
av
e
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
p
o
wer
r
ate
am
o
n
g
th
e
o
th
er
PV
p
an
el
s
o
n
t
h
e
L
e
b
an
ese
m
a
r
k
et.
Du
r
in
g
in
s
tallatio
n
,
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
les
will
b
e
tilt
ed
b
y
2
4
° u
s
in
g
a
s
teel
f
r
am
e
an
d
d
ir
ec
ted
s
o
u
th
war
d
,
w
h
ich
is
th
e
ca
s
e
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
co
astal
ar
ea
as
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
b
ase
o
f
th
e
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
s
o
f
twar
e
[
2
0
]
wh
er
e
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
r
a
n
g
ed
b
etwe
en
4
an
d
7
k
W
h
/m
2
/d
ay
o
v
er
t
h
e
y
ea
r
.
As
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
th
e
PV
f
ar
m
will
co
v
er
1
1
7
0
0
0
m
eter
s
f
r
o
m
T
y
r
e
to
T
r
i
p
o
li,
with
a
wid
th
o
f
2
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
8
7
7
5
0
PV
p
an
els
d
iv
id
ed
in
t
o
two
p
ar
allel
lin
e
s
o
f
4
3
8
7
5
p
an
els.
T
h
ese
lin
e
s
ar
e
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
way
.
T
h
e
s
h
a
d
o
w
ef
f
ec
t
b
etwe
en
c
o
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
P
V
p
an
els,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
e
d
u
ce
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
wh
o
le
s
y
s
tem
,
was
tak
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
l
em
was
av
o
id
ed
b
y
tak
in
g
a
s
h
ad
o
w
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
0
.
9
m
b
etwe
en
2
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
PVs
[
1
5
]
.
As
f
ar
as
th
e
tu
r
b
in
es
ar
e
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
,
th
e
ty
p
e
to
b
e
u
s
ed
is
th
e
Sav
o
n
iu
s
ty
p
e,
with
1
-
m
eter
h
eig
h
t
an
d
1
-
m
eter
d
iam
eter
,
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
f
r
o
m
m
ater
ials
with
a
h
ig
h
s
tr
en
g
th
-
to
-
weig
h
t
r
atio
.
No
t
e
th
at
th
e
Sav
o
n
i
u
s
v
er
tical
-
ax
is
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
(
VAWT)
is
a
s
lo
w
r
o
tatin
g
,
h
ig
h
to
r
q
u
e
m
ac
h
in
e
with
at
least
two
b
lad
es
an
d
is
u
s
ed
in
lo
w
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
p
o
wer
tu
r
b
in
es.
T
h
e
ty
p
e
to
b
e
u
s
ed
h
as
m
u
ltip
le
s
em
icir
cu
lar
s
h
ap
e
d
b
lad
es
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ar
o
u
n
d
a
v
e
r
tical
p
o
le.
I
t
h
as
a
s
im
p
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
g
r
ea
t
s
tar
tin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
,
g
en
er
ally
lo
w
o
p
er
atin
g
s
p
ee
d
s
an
d
th
e
ca
p
a
city
to
ca
tch
win
d
f
r
o
m
an
y
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
tu
r
b
in
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
lace
d
u
n
d
er
th
e
f
r
am
e
with
a
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
4
m
eter
s
to
av
o
id
tu
r
b
u
len
ce
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
o
v
e
r
a
len
g
th
o
f
1
1
7
0
0
0
m
len
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
PGS,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
VAWTs wo
u
ld
b
e
2
9
2
5
0
.
3
.
3
.
Ste
el
f
ra
m
e
a
nd
s
t
ruct
ura
l a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
e
d
s
y
s
tem
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
an
d
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
es
will
b
e
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
a
s
teel
f
r
am
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
ed
b
ased
o
n
n
u
m
e
r
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
s
to
s
u
s
tain
ex
tr
em
e
lo
ad
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
PV
p
an
els,
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e,
will h
av
e
8
7
7
5
0
PVs
p
lace
d
o
n
th
e
s
teel
f
r
am
e
o
v
er
t
h
e
en
tire
co
s
tal
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
1
1
7
0
0
0
m
an
d
a
wid
th
o
f
2
m
eter
s
.
An
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
C
AD
s
o
f
twar
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
teel
f
r
am
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
an
y
g
eo
m
etr
ies,
s
t
ar
tin
g
with
h
o
llo
w
s
q
u
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
f
ix
tu
r
e
an
d
an
L
-
s
h
ap
ed
co
r
n
er
b
a
r
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
well
g
alv
an
ized
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
r
esis
t b
en
d
in
g
,
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
,
o
r
an
y
ty
p
e
o
f
d
ef
ec
t
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
An
in
s
ig
h
t o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
m
b
in
in
g
PV p
an
els an
d
w
in
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l
Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
3
7
3
–
382
378
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
was
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
f
in
ite
e
lem
en
t
s
o
f
twar
e
t
o
test
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
teel
f
r
am
e.
T
h
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
was
ass
u
m
ed
at
a
h
ig
h
v
alu
e
o
f
1
2
0
k
m
/h
.
R
esu
lts
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
tr
ess
is
5
.
1
1
MPa,
a
v
alu
e
m
u
ch
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
y
ield
ten
s
ile
o
f
th
e
s
teel.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
c
o
m
p
letely
s
af
e
ag
ain
s
t e
last
ic
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
r
in
cip
al
s
tr
ess
at
1
2
0
k
m
/h
(
e
x
tr
em
e
w
in
d
s
p
ee
d
d
u
r
in
g
win
ter
s
ea
s
o
n
)
3
.
4
.
I
nv
er
t
er
s
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
e
r
al
ty
p
es
o
f
in
v
er
ter
s
,
s
u
ch
as:
ce
n
tr
al,
s
tr
in
g
,
an
d
m
icr
o
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
in
v
er
ter
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
ed
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
eliab
l
e.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
wh
ich
it
is
u
s
ed
.
I
n
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
s
n
ak
e
-
s
y
s
tem
,
c
en
tr
al
in
v
er
t
e
r
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
a
n
d
t
h
at’
s
d
u
e
to
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
a
lar
g
e
PV
ar
r
ay
wh
ich
will
lead
to
a
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
in
th
e
wir
es.
T
h
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
leav
es
two
in
v
er
ter
o
p
ti
o
n
s
:
s
tr
in
g
o
r
m
icr
o
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
esig
n
,
th
e
m
icr
o
in
v
er
te
r
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
l
icab
le
y
et
n
o
t
th
e
ch
ea
p
est.
All
p
a
n
els
will
h
av
e
th
e
m
icr
o
-
in
v
er
ter
b
ac
k
e
d
u
p
.
T
h
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
h
er
e,
co
m
es
in
m
o
r
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
f
o
r
ea
c
h
p
a
n
el
(
a
b
o
u
t
5
-
2
5
%),
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
in
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
ce
lls
(
s
h
ad
in
g
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le)
will
n
o
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
wh
o
le
s
y
s
tem
as
in
o
t
h
er
ty
p
e
s
o
f
in
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
is
d
o
esn
’
t
ad
d
s
im
p
licity
to
th
e
d
esig
n
in
a
d
d
itio
n
to
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
co
s
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
in
th
e
f
am
ily
,
y
et,
lo
o
k
in
g
at
th
e
lo
n
g
er
life
s
p
an
f
o
r
m
icr
o
-
in
v
er
ter
s
(
1
5
-
2
5
y
e
ar
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
5
-
1
0
y
ea
r
s
f
o
r
o
th
er
t
y
p
es),
th
is
c
o
m
es
to
b
e
an
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
n
lo
n
g
t
er
m
th
an
b
ein
g
a
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e.
3
.
5
.
P
V
p
o
wer
o
utput
Her
ea
f
ter
,
th
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
th
at
ca
n
b
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
esig
n
is
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
h
e
n
o
m
in
al
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
th
at
ca
n
b
e
g
en
er
ated
with
th
e
s
elec
ted
PV
p
an
el
is
3
0
0
W
,
wh
ich
is
,
a
to
t
al
o
f
8
7
,
7
5
0
×3
0
0
=
2
6
.
3
2
5
MWh
n
o
m
in
al
PV
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
.
I
n
a
r
ec
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
L
eb
an
o
n
[
2
2
]
,
th
e
an
n
u
al
a
v
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
at
ed
b
y
a
PV
p
an
el
is
3
8
7
k
W
h
/y
ea
r
,
wh
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
th
at
f
o
r
8
7
,
7
5
0
p
an
els,
a
to
tal
o
f
3
4
GW
p
er
y
ea
r
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
VAWT,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
ea
c
h
t
u
r
b
in
e
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
.
=
1
2
3
(
1
)
wh
er
e
ρ
is
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
air
,
A
is
th
e
s
wep
t
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e
p
e
r
p
en
d
icu
lar
to
th
e
f
lo
w
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
V
is
th
e
win
d
v
elo
city
,
an
d
is
th
e
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
air
d
en
s
ity
a
t
th
e
co
ast
is
=
1
.
225
/
3
,
is
tak
en
at
its
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
=
16
27
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
4
.
1
m
/s
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
wep
t a
r
ea
is
th
e
h
eig
h
t o
f
th
e
b
lad
es tim
es
th
e
r
o
tatio
n
d
iam
eter
w
h
ich
e
q
u
als
1
m
2
.
R
ep
lacin
g
th
ese
v
alu
es
in
to
(
1
)
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
VAWT
i
s
2
5
W
h
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
f
u
ll
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
2
9
,
2
5
0
VAWT
is
eq
u
al
to
=
25
×
29
,
250
=
0
.
732
ℎ
.
T
ak
in
g
in
t
o
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
at
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
esti
m
ated
to
9
%,
th
e
VAWTs
ca
n
g
en
er
ate
an
an
n
u
al
en
e
r
g
y
o
f
=
5
.
88
p
er
y
ea
r
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
g
lo
b
al
d
esig
n
,
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
ca
p
ac
i
ty
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
/win
d
PGS is
esti
m
ate
d
to
3
9
.
9
GW
p
er
y
ea
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
mic
s
tu
d
y
o
f
a
h
yb
r
id
p
o
w
er g
en
era
tio
n
s
ystem
a
t th
e
Leb
a
n
ese
.
.
.
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
Ha
mmo
u
d
)
379
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
o
o
ls
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
to
g
u
id
e
en
er
g
y
ch
o
ices
in
clu
d
e
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
elec
tr
icity
,
h
y
b
r
id
d
esig
n
er
,
a
n
d
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
ex
p
er
t.
T
h
e
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
ex
p
er
t
s
o
f
twar
e
is
r
ec
en
tly
u
s
ed
in
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
f
twar
e
is
a
p
ac
k
ag
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
th
e
Go
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
o
f
C
an
ad
a.
I
t
was
r
elea
s
ed
to
th
e
p
u
b
lic
o
n
Sep
tem
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
.
I
t
allo
ws
to
id
en
tify
,
e
v
alu
ate
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
tec
h
n
ical
an
d
f
i
n
an
cial
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
,
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
co
g
e
n
er
atio
n
p
r
o
jects.
Se
v
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
tec
h
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
PV
an
d
w
in
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Usi
n
g
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
ex
p
er
t
s
o
f
twar
e,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
i
d
PGS
h
as
an
esti
m
ated
in
itial
co
s
t
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
1
.
4
M
$
,
a
n
d
with
2
5
-
y
ea
r
s
life
tim
e,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
elec
tr
icity
at
a
co
s
t
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
8
0
.
6
M$
wh
ich
is
r
o
u
g
h
ly
2
.
6
tim
es
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
y
s
tem
c
o
s
t.
T
h
e
in
itial
co
s
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
(
PV
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
w
in
d
tu
r
b
in
es)
as
well
as
in
v
er
ter
in
s
tal
latio
n
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
e
lectr
ic
ex
p
o
r
t r
ev
e
n
u
e
(
$
)
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Pro
ject
c
o
s
t a
n
d
elec
tr
icity
ex
p
o
r
t
r
ev
en
u
e
f
r
o
m
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
ex
p
e
r
t
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Fig
u
r
e
7
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
in
a
n
cial
v
iab
ilit
y
w
h
er
e
th
e
in
ter
n
al
r
ate
o
f
r
et
u
r
n
(
I
R
R
)
is
th
e
an
n
u
al
r
ate
o
f
g
r
o
wth
an
in
v
estme
n
t
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
g
en
e
r
a
te.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
e
r
an
I
R
R
is
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
d
esira
b
le
a
n
in
v
estme
n
t is to
u
n
d
er
ta
k
e.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
n
et
p
r
e
s
en
t v
alu
e
(
NPV)
is
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
esen
t
v
alu
e
o
f
ca
s
h
in
f
lo
ws
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
esen
t
v
alu
e
o
f
ca
s
h
o
u
tf
lo
ws
o
v
er
a
p
er
io
d
.
I
f
th
e
NPV
o
f
a
p
r
o
j
ec
t
o
r
in
v
estme
n
t
is
p
o
s
itiv
e,
th
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
d
is
co
u
n
ted
p
r
esen
t
v
alu
e
o
f
all
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
s
h
f
lo
ws
r
ela
te
d
to
th
at
p
r
o
ject
o
r
in
v
estme
n
t w
ill b
e
p
o
s
itiv
e,
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
m
o
r
e
attr
ac
tiv
e
wh
ich
is
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
ject.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Fin
an
cial
v
iab
ilit
y
f
r
o
m
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l
Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
3
7
3
–
382
380
Fig
u
r
e
8
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
th
e
p
a
y
b
ac
k
p
er
io
d
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
ject
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
wo
u
ld
r
esu
lt in
a
n
et
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
C
O
2
an
d
GHG
f
lo
ws o
f
~2
8
,
2
1
1
tC
O2
/y
ea
r
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
an
d
~7
0
5
,
2
7
tC
O
2
o
v
er
life
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ca
s
e
an
d
th
e
b
ase
o
n
e
(
f
u
el
-
b
ased
)
s
h
o
ws
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
9
3
% o
f
GHG
em
i
s
s
io
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
is
p
r
o
ject
wo
u
ld
h
el
p
s
u
r
ely
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
g
lo
b
al
war
m
in
g
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
b
u
r
n
in
g
t
h
e
f
u
el
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
s
am
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
in
th
is
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
GHG
em
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
~2
8
,
2
1
1
tC
O
2
/y
ea
r
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
2
,
5
9
4
ha
o
f
f
o
r
est
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
ca
r
b
o
n
n
o
t
c
u
t
d
o
wn
o
v
e
r
1
y
ea
r
o
f
th
e
en
tire
life
s
p
an
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ject
if
in
s
talled
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Pay
b
ac
k
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
PGS ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Gr
o
s
s
an
n
u
al
GHG
e
m
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
wo
r
k
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
p
a
p
er
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
tep
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
g
r
ee
n
en
er
g
y
an
d
it
is
in
th
e
h
an
d
s
o
f
th
e
L
eb
an
ese
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
it
is
in
s
talled
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
co
astal
h
ig
h
way
to
lig
h
ten
th
e
r
o
ad
s
an
d
to
c
o
v
e
r
o
th
er
n
ee
d
s
f
r
o
m
T
y
r
e
t
o
T
r
ip
o
li
o
n
1
1
7
,
0
0
0
m
eter
s
at
ze
r
o
co
s
t
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ject
g
r
i
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
f
ee
d
s
elec
tr
icity
d
ir
ec
tly
in
to
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
,
s
av
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
c
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
lan
d
co
s
t
is
ze
r
o
,
s
in
ce
it
is
in
s
talled
o
n
p
u
b
lic
lan
d
,
wh
ich
will
co
s
t
n
ea
r
ly
2
3
M
$
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
v
er
al
l
in
itial
p
r
o
ject
co
s
t
is
n
o
m
o
r
e
th
an
3
1
.
4
M$
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
a
n
n
u
al
en
e
r
g
y
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
3
9
.
9
GW
/y
ea
r
.
W
ith
an
an
n
u
al
to
tal
o
f
3
4
GW
/y
ea
r
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
p
an
els
an
d
5
.
9
GW
/y
ea
r
b
y
th
e
tu
r
b
i
n
es
at
an
av
er
ag
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
4
.
1
m
/s
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
is
with
in
th
e
s
af
ety
r
an
g
e
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
f
ailu
r
es
o
f
an
y
ty
p
e
o
r
y
ield
in
g
it
is
m
ad
e
o
f
h
ig
h
-
s
tr
en
g
th
m
ater
ials
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
it
is
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
p
r
o
ject,
with
o
u
t
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
,
with
o
u
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
h
u
m
an
s
,
an
im
als
an
d
p
lan
ts
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
je
ct
p
r
o
v
id
es,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
d
ata,
a
n
et
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
C
O
2
an
d
GHG
em
is
s
io
n
s
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
2
8
,
2
1
1
tC
O
2
/y
ea
r
.
T
h
e
p
ay
b
ac
k
p
er
io
d
is
esti
m
ated
to
9
y
ea
r
s
o
v
er
a
2
5
-
y
ea
r
s
life
s
p
an
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
co
u
ld
b
e
r
e
p
licated
o
n
all
h
ig
h
way
s
in
L
eb
an
o
n
o
th
e
r
th
an
th
e
co
as
tal
r
eg
io
n
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
esear
ch
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
co
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
m
o
s
t
L
eb
an
ese
ar
ea
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
u
s
e
o
f
u
n
u
s
ed
lan
d
f
o
r
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
te
d
elec
tr
icity
g
en
e
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
mic
s
tu
d
y
o
f
a
h
yb
r
id
p
o
w
er g
en
era
tio
n
s
ystem
a
t th
e
Leb
a
n
ese
.
.
.
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
Ha
mmo
u
d
)
381
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
G
.
F
risa
ri
a
n
d
M
.
S
tad
e
lma
n
n
,
“
De
-
risk
in
g
c
o
n
c
e
n
trate
d
s
o
lar
p
o
we
r
in
e
m
e
rg
in
g
m
a
rk
e
ts:
Th
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
p
o
li
c
ies
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
fi
n
a
n
c
e
in
st
it
u
t
io
n
s,”
En
e
rg
y
P
o
li
c
y
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
–
2
2
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
e
n
p
o
l.
2
0
1
5
.
0
2
.
0
1
1
.
[2
]
G
.
Ha
s
sa
n
,
“
Th
e
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
wi
n
d
a
tl
a
s o
f
Leb
a
n
o
n
,
”
U
n
it
e
d
Na
ti
o
n
s
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
P
r
o
g
ra
m
(UN
DP),
2
0
1
1
.
[3
]
“
Wi
n
d
m
a
rk
e
t,
”
T
h
e
Ca
n
a
d
ia
n
W
in
d
E
n
e
rg
y
Asso
c
ia
ti
o
n
(Ca
n
W
EA
)
.
Ac
c
e
ss
e
d
:
Ju
l.
1
7
,
2
0
2
1
.
[On
l
in
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/ca
n
we
a
.
c
a
/win
d
-
e
n
e
rg
y
/n
a
ti
o
n
a
l/
.
[4
]
F
.
Be
n
M
’
,
h
a
m
e
d
C
h
e
l
lali,
A.
Re
c
io
u
i,
M
.
R.
Ya
ich
e
,
a
n
d
H.
Be
n
tarz
i,
“
A
h
y
b
rid
wi
n
d
/so
lar/d
ies
e
l
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
sy
ste
m
o
p
ti
m
isa
ti
o
n
fo
r
re
m
o
te
a
re
a
s
in
Alg
e
ria,”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ren
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
2
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
5
0
4
/
ij
re
t.
2
0
1
4
.
0
5
9
6
5
8
.
[5
]
A.
Re
c
io
u
i
a
n
d
K.
Da
ss
a
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
m
icro
-
g
r
id
s
y
ste
m
s
u
sin
g
tea
c
h
i
n
g
lea
rn
in
g
b
a
se
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
”
Al
g
e
ria
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
i
g
n
a
ls a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
5
–
8
5
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
5
1
4
8
5
/ajss
.
v
2
i
2
.
3
4
.
[6
]
R.
Qo
n
a
in
,
M
.
Ra
fi,
I.
Kh
a
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
a
g
e
e
r,
“
Eco
l
o
g
ica
l
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
ica
l
frien
d
l
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
h
y
b
rid
so
lar
-
g
rid
-
d
ies
e
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
P
o
we
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
AP
E)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
,
A
p
r.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
ja
p
e
.
v
7
.
i
1
.
p
p
1
-
9.
[7
]
Q.
W.
Ali,
M
.
Aa
m
ir,
A.
Na
wa
z
,
Z.
Ud
i
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ullah
,
“
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
h
y
b
ri
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
in
P
a
k
istan
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
o
we
r E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
5
–
8
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
Q.
W.
Ali
,
M
.
Aa
m
ir,
A.
Na
wa
z
,
Z.
Ud
i
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ullah
,
“
H
y
b
ri
d
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
fo
r
Do
m
e
stic
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
P
o
we
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
2
–
8
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[9
]
B.
Du
rsu
n
,
C.
G
o
k
c
o
l,
I.
Um
u
t,
E.
Uc
a
r,
a
n
d
S
.
K
o
c
a
b
e
y
,
“
Tec
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
h
y
b
rid
P
V
-
Wi
n
d
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Gr
e
e
n
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
7
–
1
3
6
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
4
3
5
0
7
5
.
2
0
1
1
.
6
4
1
1
9
2
.
[1
0
]
S
.
Re
h
m
a
n
a
n
d
A.
Z.
S
a
h
in
,
“
A
win
d
-
so
lar
P
V
h
y
b
rid
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
with
b
a
tt
e
ry
b
a
c
k
u
p
fo
r
wa
ter
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
i
n
re
m
o
te
lo
c
a
li
ti
e
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Gr
e
e
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
5
–
1
0
8
3
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
4
3
5
0
7
5
.
2
0
1
2
.
7
2
9
1
6
9
.
[1
1
]
W.
T.
Ch
o
n
g
,
M
.
S
.
Na
g
h
a
v
i,
S
.
C.
P
o
h
,
T.
M
.
I
.
M
a
h
li
a
,
a
n
d
K.
C.
P
a
n
,
“
Tec
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
a
wi
n
d
-
so
lar
h
y
b
ri
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
with
ra
i
n
wa
ter
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
fe
a
tu
re
fo
r
u
rb
a
n
h
ig
h
-
rise
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
A
p
p
l
ied
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
8
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
4
0
6
7
–
4
0
7
7
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
a
p
e
n
e
rg
y
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
4
.
0
4
2
.
[1
2
]
F
.
M
a
n
so
u
r
i
K
o
u
h
e
sta
n
i,
J.
By
r
n
e
,
L.
S
p
e
n
c
e
r,
P
.
Ha
z
e
n
d
o
n
k
,
B.
Bro
w
n
,
a
n
d
D.
J
o
h
n
so
n
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
si
v
e
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
so
lar
a
n
d
win
d
e
n
e
rg
y
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
a
t
t
h
e
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Let
h
b
ri
d
g
e
c
a
m
p
u
s,
a
m
e
d
i
u
m
-
siz
e
d
we
ste
rn
Ca
n
a
d
ian
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Gr
e
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
6
–
1
2
6
3
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
10
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
4
3
5
0
7
5
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
6
7
1
4
0
0
.
[1
3
]
M
.
Nijh
a
wa
n
a
n
d
O.
A.
Jia
n
u
,
“
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
su
sta
in
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
s
fo
r
p
o
we
rin
g
re
m
o
te
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
in
n
o
rth
e
r
n
On
tari
o
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Gr
e
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
4
6
7
–
4
7
5
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
4
3
5
0
7
5
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
7
6
3
3
5
4
.
[1
4
]
S
.
Ha
ji
,
M
.
Bin
S
h
a
m
s,
A.
S
.
Ak
b
a
r,
H.
Ab
d
a
li
,
a
n
d
A.
Alsa
ffa
r,
“
En
e
rg
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Ba
h
ra
i
n
’s
first
h
y
b
ri
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Gr
e
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
7
3
3
–
7
4
8
,
Au
g
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
4
3
5
0
7
5
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
6
1
9
5
6
7
.
[1
5
]
M.
Ha
m
m
o
u
d
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
o
we
r
fro
m
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
i
n
sta
ll
e
d
in
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
t
h
e
Leb
a
n
e
se
h
i
g
h
-
wa
y
s:
P
V
sy
ste
m
in
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
h
i
g
h
-
wa
y
s,”
in
2
0
1
6
3
rd
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
ies
fo
r
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
C
o
u
n
tries
,
RE
DEC
2
0
1
6
,
Ju
l.
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/RE
DEC.
2
0
1
6
.
7
5
7
7
5
5
2
.
[1
6
]
H.
F
a
rz
a
n
e
h
,
B.
M
c
Lellan
,
a
n
d
K.
N.
Ish
ih
a
ra
,
“
To
wa
rd
a
CO2
z
e
ro
e
m
issio
n
s
e
n
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m
in
th
e
M
id
d
le
Eas
t
re
g
io
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Gr
e
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
6
8
2
–
6
9
4
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
4
3
5
0
7
5
.
2
0
1
4
.
8
8
9
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
B.
Bru
n
in
g
a
,
“
S
o
lar
-
g
ri
d
-
ti
e
o
r
o
ff
-
g
ri
d
?
”
Ac
c
e
ss
e
d
:
Ju
l.
1
7
,
2
0
2
1
.
[On
l
in
e
].
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/ww
w.ap
rs.o
rg
/o
ff
-
g
rid
-
m
a
y
b
e
.
h
tml.
[1
8
]
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
so
lar
p
a
n
e
ls
-
w
h
ich
t
y
p
e
?
”
Ac
c
e
ss
e
d
:
Ju
l.
1
7
,
2
0
2
1
.
[On
l
in
e
].
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
ww
w.so
lar
-
fa
c
ts.co
m
/p
a
n
e
ls/p
a
n
e
l
-
ty
p
e
s.p
h
p
.
[1
9
]
U.
Da
tt
a
,
A.
Ka
lam
,
a
n
d
J.
S
h
i,
“
Ba
tt
e
ry
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
sy
ste
m
fo
r
tran
sie
n
t
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
sta
b
il
it
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
larg
e
-
sc
a
le
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
,
”
in
2
0
1
7
Au
str
a
la
si
a
n
Un
ive
rs
it
ies
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
AUP
EC
2
0
1
7
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
8
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
7
-
No
v
e
m
,
p
p
.
1
–
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/AUPE
C.
2
0
1
7
.
8
2
8
2
4
6
5
.
[2
0
]
A.
B.
Ow
o
lab
i,
B.
E.
K
.
Ns
a
fo
n
,
a
n
d
J.
S
.
Hu
h
,
“
Va
li
d
a
t
in
g
t
h
e
te
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
su
sta
in
a
b
i
li
ty
o
f
so
lar
P
V
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
Ni
g
e
ria
u
sin
g
R
ET
S
c
re
e
n
Ex
p
e
rt
s
to
a
ss
e
ss
it
s
v
iab
il
it
y
,
”
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
a
n
d
Asse
ss
me
n
ts
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
p
.
1
0
0
5
4
2
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
se
ta.2
0
1
9
.
1
0
0
5
4
2
.
[2
1
]
C.
M
.
Ja
n
g
,
Y.
G
.
Kim
,
S
.
K.
K
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
J.
H.
Lee
,
“
An
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
t
fo
r
th
e
e
ffe
c
ts
o
f
th
e
d
istan
c
e
a
n
d
r
o
tatio
n
a
l
d
irec
ti
o
n
o
f
two
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
in
g
v
e
rt
ica
l
S
a
v
o
n
i
u
s
b
lad
e
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
e
rg
y
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
6
3
2
–
6
3
8
,
A
p
r.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/er.3
4
5
4
.
[2
2
]
“
S
o
lar
in
s
o
latio
n
irrad
ian
c
e
Leb
a
n
o
n
,
”
S
CRIB
D
.
Ac
c
e
ss
e
d
:
Ju
l.
1
7
,
2
0
2
1
.
[O
n
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/fr.
sc
rib
d
.
c
o
m
/d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t/
3
2
5
1
1
6
3
9
9
/S
o
lar
-
In
so
lati
o
n
-
Irra
d
ia
n
c
e
-
Leb
a
n
o
n
.
[2
3
]
Y.
Him
ri,
M
.
M
e
rz
o
u
k
,
N.
Ka
sb
a
d
ji
M
e
rz
o
u
k
,
a
n
d
S
.
Him
ri,
“
P
o
te
n
ti
a
l
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
fe
a
sib
il
it
y
o
f
win
d
e
n
e
rg
y
in
so
u
th
Wes
t
re
g
i
o
n
o
f
Al
g
e
ria,”
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
Asse
ss
me
n
ts
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
p
.
1
0
0
6
4
3
,
Ap
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
se
ta.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
0
6
4
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l
Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
3
7
3
–
382
382
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Mo
h
a
m
m
a
d
H
a
m
m
o
u
d
is
a
n
A
ss
o
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
th
e
Leb
a
n
e
se
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Be
iru
t,
Leb
a
n
o
n
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
D
in
S
o
l
i
d
M
e
c
h
a
n
ics
a
n
d
M
a
teria
ls
fro
m
E
c
o
le
Na
ti
o
n
a
le
d
e
P
o
n
ts
e
t
C
h
a
u
s
sé
e
s
(ENP
C)
in
2
0
0
9
,
P
a
ris,
F
ra
n
c
e
.
M
a
ste
rs
in
M
a
teria
ls
a
n
d
M
a
n
u
fa
c
tu
ri
n
g
P
ro
c
e
ss
fro
m
th
e
Eco
le
Na
ti
o
n
a
le
S
u
p
é
rieu
r
e
d
’Arts
e
t
M
é
ti
e
rs
(ENS
AM)
in
2
0
0
6
,
P
a
ris,
F
ra
n
c
e
.
Di
p
lo
m
a
i
n
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
Leb
a
n
e
se
Un
i
v
e
rsity
i
n
2
0
0
5
,
Be
ir
u
t,
Leb
a
n
o
n
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts:
v
i
b
ra
ti
o
n
c
o
n
tro
l
,
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
e
v
ice
s
a
n
d
P
V m
o
d
u
les
,
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
.
J
a
a
fa
r
H
a
l
la
l
is
a
n
As
sista
n
t
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
o
f
S
o
li
d
M
e
c
h
a
n
ics
i
n
t
h
e
Leb
a
n
e
se
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
th
e
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Be
iru
t.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
i
n
El
e
c
tro
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
i
n
2
0
1
4
a
n
d
h
is
M
a
ste
r
in
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
S
y
ste
m
s
in
2
0
1
1
fro
m
th
e
S
o
r
b
o
n
n
e
Un
i
v
e
rsités
,
Un
i
v
e
rsité
d
e
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ie
d
e
Co
m
p
ièg
n
e
,
F
ra
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
h
is
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
d
ip
l
o
m
a
in
2
0
1
1
fro
m
t
h
e
Leb
a
n
e
se
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Leb
a
n
o
n
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts:
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
v
i
b
ro
-
a
c
o
u
stic
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
m
a
c
h
in
e
c
o
n
sid
e
rin
g
th
e
u
n
c
e
rtain
ti
e
s
o
rig
i
n
a
ted
fro
m
th
e
m
a
teria
l
a
n
d
g
e
o
m
e
tri
c
a
l
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s,
a
n
d
n
e
w
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts t
e
c
h
n
ics
.
Ta
la
M
o
u
ss
a
is
a
n
As
sista
n
t
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Re
ims
Ch
a
m
p
a
g
n
e
Ard
e
n
n
e
s,
F
ra
n
c
e
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
:
M
a
ti
m
G
ro
u
p
,
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Re
ims
Ch
a
m
p
a
g
n
e
Ard
e
n
n
e
s,
F
ra
n
c
e
.
(Bu
il
d
i
n
g
P
h
y
sic
s,
Ag
ro
m
a
teria
l
s,
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
,
He
a
t
Tran
sfe
r)
.
Tea
c
h
in
g
:
E
S
IRe
ims
,
th
e
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
S
c
h
o
o
l
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Re
ims
.
H
u
ss
e
in
K
a
ss
e
m
is
a
n
As
so
c
iat
e
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
t
h
e
Leb
a
n
e
se
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
a
t
t
h
e
d
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Be
iru
t
,
Leb
a
n
o
n
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
in
2
0
0
3
fro
m
t
h
e
Le
b
a
n
e
se
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
s,
Be
iru
t,
Leb
a
n
o
n
,
h
is
M.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
d
e
v
ice
s
fo
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
in
2
0
0
5
fro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Bre
tag
n
e
Oc
c
id
e
n
tal,
Bre
st,
F
ra
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
in
2
0
0
9
fr
o
m
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Bo
r
d
e
a
u
x
,
Bo
r
d
e
a
u
x
,
F
ra
n
c
e
.
S
in
c
e
2
0
0
5
,
Hu
ss
e
in
k
a
s
se
m
wo
rk
e
d
i
n
m
a
n
y
re
late
d
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fiel
d
s.
Re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts:
m
icro
wa
v
e
d
e
v
ice
s,
d
iele
c
tri
c
m
a
teria
l,
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
iele
c
tri
c
c
o
n
sta
n
t
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,
n
o
n
-
d
e
str
u
c
ti
v
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,
a
n
d
t
h
in
fil
m
s ferro
e
lec
tri
c
m
a
teria
ls.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.