I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
w
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
6
8
~
79
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
ap
e.
v
1
0
.
i1
.
p
p
6
8
-
79
68
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
p
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Sing
le sw
itch
Z
-
s
o
urce/qua
si
Z
-
so
u
rce
DC
-
DC
conv
e
rter
s
V.
Sa
ra
v
a
na
n
1
,
M
.
Sa
bitha
2
,
V.
B
ind
u
3
,
Ven
k
a
t
a
cha
la
m
K
M
4
,
M
.
Aru
m
ug
a
m
5
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
A
ru
n
a
i
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
A
n
n
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
T
a
m
il
Na
d
u
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
A
p
r
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
u
n
7
,
2
0
2
0
A
cc
ep
ted
Oct
1
6
,
2
0
2
0
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
a
n
a
ly
z
e
s
a
fa
m
il
y
o
f
h
ig
h
ste
p
u
p
si
n
g
le
sw
it
c
h
s
w
it
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rters
a
n
d
Z
-
so
u
rc
e
/q
u
a
si
Z
-
so
u
rc
e
d
c
-
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rters
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
o
u
tp
u
t
d
c
v
o
lt
a
g
e
g
a
in
w
it
h
sin
g
le
sta
g
e
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
h
a
v
in
g
lo
w
v
o
lt
a
g
e
stre
ss
o
n
a
c
ti
v
e
s
w
it
c
h
e
s,
c
a
p
a
c
i
to
rs,
a
n
d
d
i
o
d
e
s.
T
h
e
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
p
rin
c
i
p
les
,
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
d
e
sig
n
g
u
id
e
li
n
e
o
f
th
e
se
c
o
n
v
e
rters
a
re
p
re
se
n
ted
a
lo
n
g
w
it
h
sim
u
latio
n
re
su
lt
s.
T
h
e
d
isc
u
ss
e
d
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
a
re
a
ime
d
to
in
c
re
a
se
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
sy
ste
m
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
w
it
h
d
e
c
re
a
se
d
c
o
st,
v
o
lu
m
e
,
a
n
d
w
e
ig
h
t.
T
h
e
se
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
rter
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
a
re
u
se
d
f
o
r
v
a
rio
u
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s su
c
h
a
s p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic (P
V
)
sy
ste
m
s,
w
in
d
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
,
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
s,
u
n
in
terru
p
ti
b
le
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
m
s,
m
o
to
r
d
riv
e
s,
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
s
y
ste
m
s,
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
.
S
im
u
latio
n
s
a
re
c
a
rried
o
u
t
in
M
AT
LAB/S
im
u
li
n
k
e
n
vi
ro
n
m
e
n
t
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
DC
-
DC
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
Vo
ltag
e
b
o
o
s
tin
g
ab
ilit
y
Vo
ltag
e
g
ai
n
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
T
h
is
is
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
V.
Sar
av
an
a
n
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
A
r
u
n
ai
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
C
o
lle
g
e,
An
n
a
Un
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
T
ir
u
v
an
n
a
m
ala
i 6
0
6
6
0
3
,
T
am
il Na
d
u
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
v
s
ar
a
n
ae
c@
y
a
h
o
o
.
co
.
i
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
e
DC
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
v
er
ter
s
,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
les,
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
d
esire
d
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
eit
h
er
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
u
p
li
n
g
o
r
at
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
s
,
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
co
n
s
tan
t
o
r
r
eg
u
lated
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
in
r
ea
lit
y
,
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
v
o
lta
g
es
d
er
iv
ed
o
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
ese
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
c
h
as
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
n
o
t
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
d
u
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ea
s
o
n
s
lik
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
in
ter
m
itte
n
c
y
an
d
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
o
w
e
r
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
T
o
av
o
id
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
v
ar
io
u
s
D
C
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
h
a
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
r
e
g
u
lated
v
o
ltag
e
w
it
h
ad
eq
u
ate
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ai
n
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
as
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
i
n
[
1
-
7
]
.
T
h
ey
h
ad
r
ea
lized
t
h
ese
n
ec
es
s
i
ties
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
i
s
o
lated
/
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
,
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t/b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t,
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
in
g
h
i
g
h
s
tep
u
p
DC
g
a
in
s
,
w
h
en
o
p
er
ated
at
ce
r
tain
d
u
t
y
r
atio
.
Ho
w
ev
er
it
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
lar
g
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
i
p
p
le
in
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
lead
in
g
t
o
h
ig
h
er
co
n
d
u
c
tio
n
an
d
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
lo
s
s
.
D
C
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
h
a
v
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
s
tep
u
p
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
v
ar
ie
t
y
o
f
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
lik
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
es
s
,
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
e
s
d
u
e
to
in
ter
f
ac
i
n
g
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
S
w
itc
h
in
g
lo
s
s
es
i
n
t
h
e
d
io
d
e
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
o
n
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
w
it
h
lo
w
e
f
f
i
cien
c
y
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
ev
er
s
e
r
ec
o
v
er
y
/
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
et
ic
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
8
-
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
s
w
itc
h
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
Z
SI
an
d
QZ
SI
co
n
v
er
ter
f
a
m
il
y
b
ase
d
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
d
elib
er
ated
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ati
v
e
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
en
cin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e:
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
g
a
in
,
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
lo
ad
at
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
o
in
t,
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tr
ess
a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
q
u
an
t
it
y
o
f
d
io
d
e
an
d
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
d
ev
ice
s.
By
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
a
s
in
g
le
ac
ti
v
e
s
w
itc
h
(
MO
SF
E
T
o
r
I
GB
T
)
,
th
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ca
n
r
ea
li
ze
b
etter
DC
-
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
at
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
v
al
u
e
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
1
to
0
.
9
.
A
l
s
o
th
e
b
u
c
k
an
d
b
o
o
s
t f
ea
t
u
r
es o
f
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
s
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
d
u
t
y
r
atio
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
S
in
g
le
s
w
itch
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
/q
u
a
s
i Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
te
r
s
(
V
.
S
a
r
a
va
n
a
n
)
69
2.
B
ASI
C
SW
I
T
CH
E
D
CAP
A
CIT
O
R
B
O
O
ST
CO
NV
E
RT
E
R
T
O
P
O
L
O
G
I
E
S
A
t
h
ir
d
o
r
d
e
r
b
o
o
s
t
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
,
w
h
ich
co
n
tai
n
s
o
f
s
in
g
le
s
w
itc
h
S
W
,
d
io
d
es
(
D
1
an
d
D
2
)
,
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
s
(
C
1
an
d
C
2
)
,
a
n
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
an
d
r
esis
ti
v
e
lo
ad
R
L
.
F
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
a
tio
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
te
r
ar
e
b
r
ief
ed
in
[
1
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
ir
d
o
r
d
er
b
o
o
s
t D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
,
M
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
:
2
(
1
)
1
D
M
D
(
1
)
Vo
ltag
e
s
tr
es
s
o
n
ac
ti
v
e
s
w
i
tc
h
,
s
V
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
:
(
2
)
1
V
i
n
Vs
D
(
2
)
Vo
ltag
e
s
tr
es
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
io
d
es,
d
V
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
:
(
3
)
1
in
d
V
V
D
(
3
)
Fig
u
r
e
s
2
an
d
3
ar
e
ex
a
m
p
les
o
f
s
w
itc
h
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
T
o
o
b
ta
in
a
b
etter
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
,
s
w
i
tch
ed
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
s
(
C
1
an
d
C
2
)
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ie
s
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
th
e
lo
ad
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
S
W
is
t
u
r
n
ed
o
n
,
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
C
1
in
s
er
ies
an
d
lo
ad
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
C
2
lo
ad
.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
a
s
s
o
ci
ated
w
ith
s
w
i
tch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
b
r
ief
ed
[
1
9
,
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
,
M
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
:
2
(
4
)
1
M
D
(
4
)
Vo
ltag
e
s
tr
es
s
o
n
ac
ti
v
e
s
w
i
tc
h
,
s
V
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tr
es
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
io
d
es,
d
V
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
=
(
5
)
2
V
o
u
t
V
s
V
d
(
5
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
S
w
i
tch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
(
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
1
)
[
1
6
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8792
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
1
:
6
8
–
79
70
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
S
w
i
tch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
(
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
2
)
3.
Z
-
SO
URC
E
DC
-
DC
CO
NV
E
RT
E
R
T
O
P
O
L
O
G
I
ES
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
is
o
p
er
atin
g
a
s
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
o
p
er
atio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
d
io
d
e
D
1
,
t
w
o
id
en
tical
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
(L
1
a
n
d
L
2
)
an
d
(
C
1
an
d
C
2
)
ar
e
co
u
p
led
to
attain
th
e
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
o
p
er
atio
n
.
S
w
itc
h
(
S
W
)
is
ac
t
iv
e
s
w
itch
a
n
d
L
f
an
d
C
f
ar
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
l
o
w
p
ass
f
ilter
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
w
er
to
t
h
e
r
esi
s
ti
v
e
lo
ad
(
R
L
)
.
B
y
t
h
e
s
y
m
m
etr
y
o
f
Z
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
in
d
u
cto
r
L
1
an
d
L
2
r
a
n
g
e
s
ar
e
s
e
lecte
d
eq
u
al
to
L
; c
ap
ac
ito
r
C
1
a
n
d
C
2
r
an
g
es a
r
e
s
elec
ted
eq
u
al
to
C
,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
i
L1
= i
L
2
=
i
L
,
V
L
1
= V
L
2
=
V
L
a
n
d
V
C1
=
V
C2
=
V
C
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
h
as
a
h
i
g
h
er
i
n
p
u
t
to
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
an
d
is
o
l
ates
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
lo
ad
in
ca
s
e
o
f
a
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
c
u
it a
t th
e
lo
ad
s
id
e.
MO
S
FET
is
s
w
itc
h
ed
a
t a
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
1
/
f
s
T
s
an
d
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
D
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
/
,
D
T
o
n
T
s
w
h
er
e
T
on
is
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
a
n
d
Ts
is
th
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
p
er
io
d
o
f
P
W
M
(
p
u
ls
e
w
id
th
m
o
d
u
l
atio
n
)
s
i
g
n
a
l.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
a
tio
n
s
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
b
r
ief
ed
[
2
1
,
2
2
].
Fig
u
re
4
.
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
(
to
p
o
lo
g
y
1
)
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
,
M
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
:
1
f
o
r
D
<
0
.5
(
6
)
12
D
M
D
(
6
)
Vo
ltag
e
s
tr
es
s
o
n
ac
ti
v
e
s
w
i
tc
h
,
s
V
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
:
(
7
)
12
V
i
n
Vs
D
(
7
)
Vo
ltag
e
s
tr
es
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
io
d
es,
d
V
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
:
(
8
)
12
V
i
n
Vd
D
(
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
S
in
g
le
s
w
itch
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
/q
u
a
s
i Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
te
r
s
(
V
.
S
a
r
a
va
n
a
n
)
71
Vo
ltag
e
s
tr
es
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
io
d
es,
d
V
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
:
1
(
9
)
12
D
V
c
V
i
n
D
(
9
)
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
ied
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
Z
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
5
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
L
1
,
L
2
,
C
1
,
an
d
C
2
)
,
a
s
w
itc
h
S
W
,
t
w
o
d
io
d
es
D
1
a
n
d
D
2
,
a
f
ilter
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
f
an
d
a
lo
a
d
r
esis
tan
ce
R
L
[
2
3
]
.
B
o
th
f
r
o
m
F
ig
u
r
e
s
5
an
d
6
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
lo
ad
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
o
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
i
d
e
o
f
th
e
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
w
h
ich
s
h
ar
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
ag
e
g
ai
n
w
it
h
n
o
ad
d
itio
n
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
an
d
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
es
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
an
d
d
io
d
es
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
m
o
d
if
ied
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
w
it
h
ad
d
iti
o
n
al
d
io
d
es
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
T
h
e
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
is
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
“
D
1
,
L
1
,
L
2
,
C
1
,
C
2
”
an
d
th
e
s
w
itc
h
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
co
n
s
is
t o
f
C
3
,
C
4
,
C
5
,
D
2
, D
3
,
an
d
D
4
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
,
M
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
:
2
(
1
)
f
o
r
D
<
0
.5
(
1
0
)
12
D
M
D
(
1
0
)
Vo
ltag
e
s
tr
es
s
o
n
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
Vc
o
f
C
1
,
C
2
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
es
s
ed
as:
1
(
1
1
)
12
D
V
c
V
in
D
(
1
1
)
Ou
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
out
V
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
2
(
1
)
(
1
2)
12
D
V
o
u
t
V
i
n
D
(
1
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
(
to
p
o
lo
g
y
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
(
to
p
o
lo
g
y
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8792
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
1
:
6
8
–
79
72
Fig
u
r
e
7.
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
(
to
p
o
lo
g
y
4
)
4.
Q
UA
SI
Z
-
SO
U
RCE
DC
-
DC
CO
NVER
T
E
R
T
O
P
O
L
O
G
I
E
S
T
h
e
q
u
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
v
er
ter
is
a
n
e
x
cl
u
s
i
v
e
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
t
is
co
n
n
e
cted
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
cir
cu
it
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
D
C
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
b
y
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
th
e
s
h
o
o
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
(
ST
)
d
u
ty
r
atio
as
il
lu
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
[
2
5
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
o
p
er
atio
n
s
tate,
o
n
l
y
DC
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
o
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
.
Du
r
i
n
g
s
h
o
o
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
(
ST
)
m
o
d
e
an
d
n
o
n
-
s
h
o
o
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
d
e,
i
n
d
u
cto
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
a
n
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
m
o
d
i
f
ied
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
f
q
u
a
s
i
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies a
r
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
9
an
d
1
0
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Qu
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
(
to
p
o
lo
g
y
1
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Qu
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
(
to
p
o
lo
g
y
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
S
in
g
le
s
w
itch
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
/q
u
a
s
i Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
te
r
s
(
V
.
S
a
r
a
va
n
a
n
)
73
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Qu
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
(
to
p
o
lo
g
y
3
)
B
y
th
e
s
y
m
m
e
tr
y
o
f
Z
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
1
an
d
L
2
r
a
n
g
es
ar
e
s
elec
ted
eq
u
al
to
L
;
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
C
1
an
d
C2
r
an
g
e
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
eq
u
al
t
o
C
.
T
h
en
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
i
L
1
an
d
i
L
2
ar
e
eq
u
al
to
i
L
,
V
L
1
an
d
V
L
2
ar
e
eq
u
al
to
V
L,
V
C1
an
d
V
C2
ar
e
eq
u
al
to
V
C
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
ta
te
eq
u
atio
n
i
s
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
2
(
1
)
1
2
2
(
1
2
)
1
(
1
2
)
1
2
(
1
3
)
(
1
2
)
(
1
)
(
1
2
)
1
(
1
2
)
D
I
L
I
L
V
in
D
R
L
D
V
C
V
in
D
D
V
C
V
in
D
D
I
L
V
in
D
R
L
V
d
c
V
in
D
(1
3
)
I
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t (
I
L
)
is
P
(
1
4
)
V
i
n
IL
(1
4
)
w
h
e
n
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
o
p
er
atin
g
a
t
s
h
o
o
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ta
te
m
o
d
e,
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
l
e
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
cu
r
r
e
n
t r
ip
p
le
(
δ)
is
ca
lcu
lated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
(
1
5
)
:
I
2
δ
%
I
(
1
5
)
LL
(1
5
)
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
is
ca
lcu
lated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
(
1
6
)
:
L
(
1
6
)
V
L
D
T
S
IL
(1
6
)
w
h
er
e
D
an
d
T
s
ar
e
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
at
s
h
o
o
t th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tate
an
d
to
tal
s
w
itch
in
g
ti
m
e
d
u
r
atio
n
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
n
s
h
o
o
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tate
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e,
th
e
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
I
L
)
an
d
ca
p
a
cito
r
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
C
)
b
ec
o
m
e
eq
u
al.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
is
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
VcδV
%,
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
ca
lcu
la
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
(
1
7
)
.
Qu
as
i
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
w
it
h
s
w
itc
h
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
T
h
e
q
u
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
“
L
1
,
D
1,
L
2,
C
1
an
d
C
2
”
a
n
d
th
e
s
w
i
tch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
C
3
,
D
4
,
C
4
,
D
5
,
C
5
an
d
D
3
[
2
6
,
2
7
]
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
v
er
y
in
ter
e
s
ti
n
g
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
,
b
etter
f
ea
tu
r
es
w
it
h
s
ca
led
d
o
w
n
v
er
if
icatio
n
s
ar
e
also
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
2
8
-
3
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8792
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
1
:
6
8
–
79
74
(
1
7
)
%
I
L
D
T
S
C
V
C
V
(1
7
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Qu
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
(
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
4
)
Fig
u
r
e.
1
2
.
Qu
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
(
to
p
o
lo
g
y
5
)
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
,
M
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
:
2
f
o
r
D
<
0
.5
(
1
8
)
12
M
D
(
1
8
)
Vo
ltag
e
s
tr
es
s
o
n
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
Vc
of
C
1
to
C
5
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
1
1
2
2
(
1
9
)
2
3
4
5
2
D
V
c
V
o
u
t
D
V
c
V
o
u
t
V
o
u
t
V
c
V
c
V
c
(
1
9
)
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
(
2
0
)
,
∆
I
L
is
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t r
ip
p
le.
(
1
)
1
2
(
2
0
)
(
1
2
)
D
D
V
i
n
LL
D
I
L
f
(
20
)
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
(
2
1
)
,
∆
I
C
is
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
S
in
g
le
s
w
itch
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
/q
u
a
s
i Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
te
r
s
(
V
.
S
a
r
a
va
n
a
n
)
75
2
1
(
1
2
)
2
2
2
(
1
2
)
2
3
(
2
1
)
4
4
2
(
1
2
)
(
1
+
D
)
5
D
I
o
u
t
C
D
V
C
f
D
I
o
u
t
C
D
V
C
f
Iout
C
V
C
f
D
I
o
u
t
C
D
V
C
f
Iout
C
V
C
f
(
2
1
)
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
as
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
1
)
Dio
d
e
an
d
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
d
ev
ic
es
ar
e
o
p
er
atin
g
at
id
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
2
)
T
h
e
r
esis
to
r
,
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
an
d
in
d
u
cto
r
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
as
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t,
t
i
m
e
i
n
v
ar
ian
t
li
n
ea
r
elem
en
ts
.
3
)
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
ass
u
m
ed
lar
g
e
w
it
h
co
n
s
ta
n
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
o
n
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
ti
m
e
d
u
r
ati
o
n
.
4
)
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
ch
o
s
en
s
i
m
u
latio
n
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
all
t
h
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e:
V
in
=
1
2
V,
s
o
u
r
ce
s
id
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
L
1
an
d
L
2
v
a
lu
e
s
ar
e
3
3
0
μ
H
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
a
n
d
C
2
v
alu
e
s
ar
e
4
7
0
μ
F,
f
ilter
v
al
u
es
L
f
a
n
d
C
f
v
al
u
es
ar
e
3
3
0
μ
H
an
d
4
7
0
μ
F
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
f
s
=
4
0
k
Hz,
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
=
0
.
1
to
0
.
9
9
f
o
r
s
w
itc
h
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
=
0
.
1
to
0
.
6
f
o
r
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
/q
u
a
s
i
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
R
esis
ti
v
e
lo
ad
R
L
o
f
v
alu
e
5
0
Ω
is
c
h
o
s
e
n
f
o
r
all
t
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies.
Si
m
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
f
o
r
th
ese
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
u
t
y
r
at
io
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
ted
r
an
g
e
i
n
s
t
ep
s
o
f
0
.
0
5
an
d
th
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
s
ar
e
n
o
ted
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
t
p
u
t
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
u
t
y
r
atio
i
s
p
r
ese
n
t
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
tab
les an
d
th
e
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
th
ese
r
an
g
e
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
f
ig
u
r
es.
It
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
s
w
i
tch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
e
x
h
ib
it
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
lta
g
e
g
ai
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
u
t
y
r
atio
ab
o
v
e
0
.
9
an
d
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
/q
u
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
d
o
es
th
e
s
a
m
e
at
a
d
u
t
y
r
atio
v
alu
e
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
4
4
to
0
.
4
8
.
T
ab
le
1
g
iv
es
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
w
i
tch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
w
h
er
e
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
b
tain
ed
is
tab
u
lated
w
it
h
its
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
u
t
y
r
atio
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
p
lo
ts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t D
C
v
o
l
tag
e
o
f
th
e
s
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies as a
r
o
le
o
f
D.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
w
i
tc
h
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
t
er
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
S
w
i
t
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
DC
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
t
p
u
t
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
o
l
t
s)
C
o
r
r
e
sp
o
n
d
i
n
g
d
u
t
y
r
a
t
i
o
T
h
i
r
d
o
r
d
e
r
b
o
o
st
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
1
3
5
.
4
0
.
9
5
S
w
i
t
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
DC
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
1
)
1
3
2
.
1
0
.
9
2
S
w
i
t
c
h
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
DC
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
(
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
2
)
2
1
3
.
2
0
.
9
3
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Ou
tp
u
t D
C
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
s
w
itc
h
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies as a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8792
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
1
:
6
8
–
79
76
T
ab
le
2
g
iv
es t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
w
h
er
e
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
o
b
tain
ed
is
tab
u
lat
ed
w
it
h
its
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
u
t
y
r
atio
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
p
lo
ts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
D
C
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
ese
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ie
s
as
a
r
o
le
o
f
D.
T
ab
le
3
g
i
v
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
q
u
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
o
b
tain
ed
i
s
tab
u
la
ted
w
it
h
it
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
d
u
t
y
r
atio
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
p
lo
ts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
ese
q
u
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
as
a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
D.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
s
w
itc
h
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
h
ig
h
at
h
ig
h
e
r
d
u
t
y
r
atio
,
w
h
er
ea
s
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
/q
u
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
ex
h
ib
it b
etter
D
C
v
o
lta
g
e
b
o
o
s
tin
g
at
a
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
4
w
h
ic
h
r
esu
lt
s
i
n
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
tr
ess
to
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
.
T
ab
le
2
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
Z
so
u
r
c
e
DC
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
t
p
u
t
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
o
l
t
s)
C
o
r
r
e
sp
o
n
d
i
n
g
d
u
t
y
r
a
t
i
o
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
1
8
7
.
3
9
0
.
4
8
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
2
8
8
.
2
3
0
.
4
7
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
3
8
7
.
5
6
0
.
4
7
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
4
8
5
.
5
6
0
.
4
4
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
4
.
Ou
tp
u
t D
C
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies as a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
D
T
ab
le
3
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
q
u
as
i
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
Q
u
a
si
Z
so
u
r
c
e
DC
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
t
p
u
t
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
o
l
t
s)
C
o
r
r
e
sp
o
n
d
i
n
g
d
u
t
y
r
a
t
i
o
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
1
8
7
.
3
9
0
.
4
8
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
2
1
3
4
.
3
0
.
4
8
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
3
8
8
.
2
3
0
.
4
7
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
4
7
9
.
2
7
0
.
4
4
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
5
8
5
.
5
6
0
.
4
4
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
Ou
tp
u
t D
C
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
q
u
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies as a
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
S
in
g
le
s
w
itch
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
/q
u
a
s
i Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
DC
co
n
ve
r
te
r
s
(
V
.
S
a
r
a
va
n
a
n
)
77
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
f
a
m
il
y
o
f
s
w
itch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
/q
u
asi
Z
-
s
o
u
r
ce
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
w
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
w
o
r
k
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
.
Stead
y
s
tate
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
ese
to
p
o
lo
g
ie
s
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
w
it
h
d
etailed
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
l
ts
to
v
er
if
y
it
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
.
O
u
tp
u
t
DC
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
all
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
v
e
m
a
n
n
er
to
m
ee
t
t
h
e
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
s
u
c
h
as
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
i
n
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
r
ed
u
ce
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
e
s
s
,
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
es
s
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
d
io
d
e
an
d
p
o
w
er
s
w
itc
h
e
s
.
A
ls
o
,
t
h
es
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
h
er
e
a
v
ar
y
i
n
g
lo
w
DC
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
a
h
ig
h
s
tab
ilized
DC
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lt
ag
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
I
n
d
o
-
Sri
L
a
n
k
a
J
o
in
t
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
P
r
o
g
r
am
,
Dep
ar
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
Sci
en
ce
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
Scie
n
ce
&
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
n
d
ia
(
I
C
D
-
3
4
2
5
.
6
0
.
7
9
8
.
1
4
.
0
0
.
3
1
&
3
5
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
W
.
L
i
a
n
d
X
.
He
,
"
Re
v
iew
o
f
No
n
iso
late
d
Hig
h
-
S
tep
-
U
p
DC/
DC
Co
n
v
e
rters
in
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
io
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
9
-
1
2
5
0
,
Ap
ril
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
IE.
2
0
1
0
.
2
0
4
9
7
1
5
.
[2
]
B.
G
u
,
J.
Do
m
in
ic,
J.
L
a
i,
Z.
Z
h
a
o
a
n
d
C.
L
iu
,
"
Hig
h
Bo
o
st
Ra
ti
o
H
y
b
rid
T
ra
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
DC
-
D
C
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
M
o
d
u
le
A
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
0
4
8
-
2
0
5
8
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
P
EL
.
2
0
1
2
.
2
1
9
8
8
3
4
.
[3
]
Y.
Hs
ieh
,
J.
Ch
e
n
,
T
.
L
ian
g
a
n
d
L
.
Ya
n
g
,
"
No
v
e
l
Hig
h
S
tep
-
Up
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
Distrib
u
ted
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
6
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
3
-
1
4
8
2
,
A
p
r
il
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
IE.
2
0
1
1
.
2
1
0
7
7
2
1
.
[4
]
K.
P
a
rk
a
n
d
Z.
Ch
e
n
,
"
A
Do
u
b
l
e
Un
e
v
e
n
P
o
w
e
r
Co
n
v
e
rter
-
B
a
se
d
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
Hig
h
-
P
o
w
e
r
DC
G
rid
S
y
st
e
m
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
7
5
9
9
-
7
6
0
8
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
IE
.
2
0
1
5
.
2
4
5
8
3
0
1
.
[5
]
W
.
Ch
e
n
,
X
.
W
u
,
L
.
Ya
o
,
W
.
Ji
a
n
g
a
n
d
R.
Hu
,
"
A
S
tep
-
u
p
Re
s
o
n
a
n
t
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
0
1
7
-
3
0
2
9
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
P
EL
.
2
0
1
4
.
2
3
3
6
8
9
3
.
[6
]
A
.
Ch
u
b
,
D.
V
in
n
ik
o
v
,
E.
L
ii
v
ik
a
n
d
T
.
Ja
lak
a
s
,
"
M
u
lt
ip
h
a
se
Qu
a
si
-
Z
-
S
o
u
rc
e
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rters
f
o
r
Re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
Distrib
u
te
d
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
ria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
6
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
8
3
6
1
-
8
3
7
1
,
Oc
t.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
IE.
2
0
1
8
.
2
8
0
1
8
6
0
.
[7
]
G
.
R.
W
a
lk
e
r
a
n
d
P
.
C.
S
e
rn
ia,
"
Ca
sc
a
d
e
d
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
M
o
d
u
les
,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
0
-
1
1
3
9
,
Ju
ly
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
P
EL
.
2
0
0
4
.
8
3
0
0
9
0
.
[8
]
E.
H.
Is
m
a
il
,
M
.
A
.
A
l
-
S
a
ff
a
r,
A
.
J.
S
a
b
z
a
li
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
F
a
rd
o
u
n
,
"
A
F
a
m
il
y
o
f
S
in
g
le
-
S
w
it
c
h
P
W
M
Co
n
v
e
rters
w
it
h
Hig
h
S
tep
-
Up
Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
Ra
ti
o
,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
I:
Reg
u
la
r
Pa
p
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
9
-
1
1
7
1
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
CS
I.
2
0
0
8
.
9
1
6
4
2
7
.
[9
]
L
.
Ya
n
g
,
T
.
L
ian
g
a
n
d
J.
Ch
e
n
,
"
T
r
a
n
sf
o
r
m
e
rl
e
ss
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
r
ters
w
it
h
Hig
h
S
tep
-
Up
V
o
lt
a
g
e
G
a
in
,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
5
6
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
3
1
4
4
-
3
1
5
2
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
IE.
2
0
0
9
.
2
0
2
2
5
1
2
.
[1
0
]
A
.
S
h
a
h
in
,
M
.
Hin
a
je,
J.
M
a
rti
n
,
S
.
P
ierf
e
d
e
rici,
S
.
Ra
e
l
a
n
d
B
.
Da
v
a
t,
"
Hig
h
V
o
lt
a
g
e
Ra
ti
o
DC
-
D
C
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
F
u
e
l
-
Ce
ll
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
3
9
4
4
-
3
9
5
5
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
IE.
2
0
1
0
.
2
0
4
5
9
9
6
.
[1
1
]
C.
P
a
n
a
n
d
C.
L
a
i,
"
A
Hig
h
-
Eff
icie
n
c
y
Hig
h
S
tep
-
Up
Co
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
L
o
w
S
w
it
c
h
V
o
lt
a
g
e
S
tres
s
f
o
r
F
u
e
l
-
Ce
ll
S
y
st
e
m
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
i
n
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
8
-
2
0
0
6
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
IE.
2
0
0
9
.
2
0
2
4
1
0
0
.
[1
2
]
Y.
T
a
n
g
,
D.
F
u
,
T
.
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
Z.
X
u
,
"
Hy
b
rid
S
w
it
c
h
e
d
-
In
d
u
c
to
r
Co
n
v
e
rters
f
o
r
Hig
h
S
tep
-
Up
Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
,
"
i
n
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
6
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
0
-
1
4
9
0
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
IE.
2
0
1
4
.
2
3
6
4
7
9
7
.
[1
3
]
B.
P
o
o
ra
li
,
A
.
T
o
rk
a
n
a
n
d
E.
A
d
ib
,
"
Hig
h
S
tep
-
Up
Z
-
S
o
u
rc
e
DC
-
DC
C
o
n
v
e
rter
w
it
h
Co
u
p
led
In
d
u
c
to
rs
a
n
d
S
w
it
c
h
e
d
Ca
p
a
c
it
o
r
Ce
ll
,
"
in
IE
T
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
4
-
1
4
0
2
,
8
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/i
e
t
-
p
e
l.
2
0
1
4
.
0
2
0
0
.
[1
4
]
K.
V
ij
a
y
a
la
k
sh
m
i
a
n
d
C.
R.
Ba
la
m
u
ru
g
a
n
,
"
Z
-
S
o
u
rc
e
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
In
v
e
rter
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
,
"
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
A
p
ril
20
1
7
.
[1
5
]
De
e
p
a
S
a
n
k
a
r
a
n
d
C
.
A
.
B
a
b
u
,
"
De
si
g
n
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
No
v
e
l
Qu
a
si
Z
S
o
u
rc
e
b
a
se
d
As
y
m
m
e
tri
c
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
In
v
e
rter
f
o
r
P
V
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
6
8
-
1
3
7
8
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
6
]
S.
Ba
la
Ku
m
a
r,
S
a
m
u
e
l
Ke
fa
le,
a
n
d
A
z
a
th
M
.
,
"
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
Z
-
S
o
u
rc
e
EZ
-
S
o
u
rc
e
a
n
d
T
Z
-
S
o
u
rc
e
In
v
e
rter
S
y
st
e
m
s
f
o
r
W
in
d
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
r
sio
n
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
6
9
3
-
1
7
0
1
,
D
ec
.
2
0
1
8
.
[1
7
]
M
.
V
e
e
ra
c
h
a
r
y
,
"
T
h
ird
-
o
rd
e
r
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter,"
in
IE
T
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
6
6
-
5
7
5
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
iet
-
p
e
l.
2
0
1
7
.
0
1
8
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.