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I
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p
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h
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s
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p
ab
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th
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l
in
k
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n
lik
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co
n
v
en
tio
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al
HV
DC
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
th
e
m
s
elv
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s
h
av
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o
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p
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m
a
n
d
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d
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n
ac
tu
all
y
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n
tr
o
l t
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o
w
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to
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eg
u
la
te
AC
s
y
s
t
e
m
v
o
lta
g
e.
2
.
2
.
DC
-
ca
pa
ci
t
o
rs
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
t
w
o
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
ted
DC
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
o
f
s
a
m
e
s
ize
ar
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
D
C
ter
m
i
n
als
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
DC
v
o
lta
g
e
le
v
el
a
n
d
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
D
C
r
ip
p
le
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
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p
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r
d
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id
ed
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r
th
e
g
en
er
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n
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s
o
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al
v
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ag
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o
n
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s
id
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f
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h
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co
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v
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r
ter
th
e
DC
v
o
lta
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s
h
o
u
ld
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e
ad
eq
u
ate.
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h
e
P
W
M
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
w
itc
h
es
g
e
n
er
ates
t
h
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics
i
n
t
h
e
D
C
cu
r
r
en
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f
lo
w
in
g
in
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
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li
n
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w
h
ich
g
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er
ate
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th
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h
a
r
m
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in
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h
e
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o
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g
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w
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ich
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s
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
co
n
v
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ter
AC
v
o
ltag
e.
B
y
ca
lc
u
lati
n
g
th
e
m
a
g
n
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tu
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e
o
f
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en
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th
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e
m
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n
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r
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h
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h
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id
e
ca
p
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i
n
alize
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2
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3
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un
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r
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t
th
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ase
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o
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n
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ated
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h
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P
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s
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itc
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g
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r
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o
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i
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in
p
ath
s
w
h
ich
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av
i
n
g
lo
w
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m
p
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an
ce
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A
t
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
h
ar
m
o
n
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f
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ar
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esig
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ir
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p
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ess
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
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h
e
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tiv
e
p
o
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er
at
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en
d
i
n
g
en
d
an
d
r
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eiv
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n
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e
n
d
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
(
1
)
(
2
)
(
3
)
(
4
)
Her
e,
P
1
–
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1
s
id
e
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
,
P
2
-
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2
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tiv
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p
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1
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id
e
r
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ct
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e
p
o
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2
s
id
e
r
ea
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p
o
w
e
r
,
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,
VC
1
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s
id
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e,
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,
V
C
2
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C
2
s
id
e
b
u
s
v
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ltag
e,
XT
-
T
r
an
s
f
o
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m
er
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ctan
ce
,
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-
L
o
ad
an
g
le
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n
VS
C
1
s
id
e,
δ2
-
L
o
ad
an
g
le
i
n
VS
C
2
s
id
e.
T
h
e
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e,
p
h
ase
an
g
le
an
d
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
o
f
f
u
n
d
a
m
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n
t
al
co
m
p
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n
e
n
t
o
f
co
n
v
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ter
o
u
tp
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t
AC
v
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ltag
e
V
C
1
an
d
V
C
2
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
SP
W
M
tech
n
iq
u
e.
I
f
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
t
h
e
DC
s
id
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
VDC
w
h
ic
h
is
as
s
u
m
ed
to
b
e
co
n
s
tan
t
th
e
n
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
f
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en
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y
co
m
p
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en
t
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v
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ter
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tp
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t
AC
v
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lta
g
e
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
ati
o
n
.
(
5
)
Her
e,
VDC
-
v
o
lta
g
e
o
n
D
C
s
i
d
e,
ω
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an
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
Mi
-
m
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d
u
latio
n
in
d
e
x
an
d
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ase
an
g
l
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et
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th
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ter
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tp
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t A
C
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
t
h
e
A
C
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e.
4.
CO
NT
RO
L
SCH
E
M
E
O
F
VSC
H
VDC
SYS
T
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M
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
ac
tiv
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p
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er
,
r
ea
ctiv
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p
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w
er
an
d
DC
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li
n
k
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
c
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n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
h
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n
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er
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n
tr
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th
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ter
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tr
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ter
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tr
o
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g
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tr
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p
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tr
o
ller
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th
e
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p
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tr
o
ller
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e,
v
ec
to
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tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
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e
tter
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n
tr
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l
o
f
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
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v
e
p
o
w
er
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d
r
ea
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p
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tr
o
lled
q
u
an
titi
e
s
o
f
V
SC
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HV
DC
ar
e
c
o
u
p
led
to
ea
ch
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th
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n
s
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ch
a
m
a
n
n
er
t
h
at
a
n
y
ch
an
g
e
i
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
an
t
it
y
af
f
ec
ts
t
h
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n
d
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y
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th
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t
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l
m
et
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th
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u
p
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g
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n
th
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q
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a
n
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s
ca
n
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r
e
m
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s
o
th
a
t
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h
a
v
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n
in
d
ep
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d
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t
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n
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l
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c
h
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it
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.
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h
e
v
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to
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tr
o
l
s
tr
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n
s
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t
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l
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n
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T
h
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v
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co
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f
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in
n
er
co
n
tr
o
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.
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h
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o
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ter
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in
cl
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p
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,
AC
v
o
lt
ag
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tr
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DC
v
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ltag
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co
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.
1
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62
5.
M
O
DE
L
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G
O
F
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C
SYST
E
M
T
h
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p
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t
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c
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tr
an
s
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m
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s
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f
ilter
s
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VSC
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DC
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
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d
DC
o
v
er
h
ea
d
ca
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r
ated
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m
o
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5
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o
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g
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f
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net
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ks
T
w
o
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2
3
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k
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ase
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2
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s
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d
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y
s
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m
s
.
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h
e
tr
an
s
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r
m
er
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f
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s
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3
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g
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e,
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t,
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d
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t
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m
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n
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n
d
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lin
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m
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m
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ted
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en
t
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l
b
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s
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f
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v
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ltag
e
to
t
h
e
o
u
ter
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tr
o
l b
lo
ck
s
.
5
.
3
.
1
.
Act
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e
po
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ntr
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T
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ac
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e
p
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t
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ter
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n
d
in
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er
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r
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en
t
co
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tr
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l
lo
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s
.
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c
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w
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ce
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m
p
ar
ed
w
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h
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s
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a
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r
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t
(
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d
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)
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t
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h
e
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t
o
f
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en
t c
o
n
tr
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l lo
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e
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p
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n
t V
d
*
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R
as s
h
o
w
n
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n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
5
.
3
.
2
.
Rea
ct
iv
e
po
w
er
co
ntr
o
l
T
h
e
r
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ctiv
e
p
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n
tr
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ller
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n
s
is
ts
o
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o
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ter
a
n
d
in
n
er
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
s
.
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h
e
q
-
co
m
p
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n
en
t
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
th
e
o
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ter
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r
r
e
n
t
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tr
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l
lo
o
p
,
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er
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ce
i
s
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m
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ith
th
e
m
ea
s
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p
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er
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ter
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.
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G
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2
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8
IEE
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P
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.
[9
]
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DC,"
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Asia
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if
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r a
n
d
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e
rg
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5.
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0
]
G
e
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in
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IEE
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Po
we
r
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g
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n
e
e
rin
g
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c
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.
,
2
0
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6
,
p
p
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p
p
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-
.
B
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RAP
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RS
P
ra
b
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d
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Ku
m
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r
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u
n
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ish
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r
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&
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c
tro
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in
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0
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.
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is
w
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rk
in
g
a
s
c
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tr
a
c
tu
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f
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g
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d
T
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c
h
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g
y
;
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u
b
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n
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sw
a
r.
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re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
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c
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n
v
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rters
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
.
Dr.
Ka
n
h
u
Ch
a
ra
n
Bh
u
y
a
n
re
c
e
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v
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d
th
e
M
.
T
e
c
h
d
e
g
re
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f
ro
m
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,
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lh
i,
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d
ia
a
n
d
th
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h
.
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d
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g
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f
ro
m
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,
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u
rk
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la.
He
i
s
w
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rk
in
g
a
s
a
n
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sista
n
t
P
ro
f
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ss
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r
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t
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ll
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f
En
g
in
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g
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d
T
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c
h
n
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y
;
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u
b
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sw
a
r
.
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re
se
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rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
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n
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m
,
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u
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ll
,
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lar
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ll
,
w
in
d
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e
rg
y
,
g
rid
in
terf
a
c
in
g
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
He
h
a
s
a
lso
in
te
re
st
in
c
o
n
tro
l
sc
h
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
DC
-
DC c
o
n
v
e
rter an
d
DC
-
A
C
in
v
e
rter.
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