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s
th
e
110
°
C
r
ated
ca
b
les
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
h
ig
h
e
r
am
p
ac
ity
l
o
ad
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
Vo
lt
ag
e
d
r
o
p
i
s
v
er
y
ess
en
tial
in
ca
b
le
s
izin
g
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
AS/NZS3
0
0
8
.
1
.
1
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
gu
id
elin
es
in
ca
b
le
s
elec
tio
n
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
atin
g
o
f
in
s
u
latio
n
an
d
ca
b
le.
T
h
is
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
p
ec
if
ies
th
e
am
p
ac
ity
r
a
tin
g
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
C
o
p
p
e
r
an
d
alu
m
in
u
m
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
n
o
a
v
ailab
le
am
p
ac
ity
r
atin
g
tab
les
f
o
r
a
lu
m
in
u
m
ca
b
les
at
1
1
0
°
C
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
am
p
ac
ity
r
atin
g
s
f
o
r
alu
m
i
n
u
m
ca
b
le
at
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
lim
its
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
t
o
f
u
r
th
er
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
ca
b
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
th
is
p
ap
er
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
ca
lc
u
latio
n
,
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
a
m
p
ac
ity
o
f
cla
s
s
5
f
lex
ib
le
alu
m
i
n
u
m
ca
b
le
s
at
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
am
p
ac
ity
v
alu
es
ca
n
t
h
en
b
e
u
tlized
b
y
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
e
r
s
as
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
g
u
id
e
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
ca
b
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
wh
ile
s
till
m
ain
tai
n
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
i
s
an
o
n
-
g
o
in
g
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
alu
m
in
u
m
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
er
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
er
m
al
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
al
u
m
in
u
m
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
C
o
p
p
er
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
c
o
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
r
elia
b
ilit
y
o
f
alu
m
in
u
m
ca
b
le
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
[8
]
-
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
th
er
m
al
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
class
5
f
lex
ib
le
alu
m
in
u
m
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
an
d
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
h
ea
r
b
o
lt
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
a
r
e
also
in
v
esti
g
ated
an
d
ev
alu
ate
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
h
ea
t
d
is
s
ip
ated
o
n
in
s
u
latio
n
,
s
h
ea
th
,
an
d
ca
b
le
ter
m
i
n
atio
n
p
o
i
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
aim
s
t
o
i
d
en
tify
th
e
s
u
itab
le
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
f
o
r
class
5
f
lex
ib
le
alu
m
in
u
m
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
2.
T
H
E
R
M
O
M
E
CH
AN
I
CA
L
CO
NSI
D
E
RA
T
I
O
N
C
ab
les
ar
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
cy
clic
lo
ad
s
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
e
r
ato
n
h
en
ce
,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
ia
tio
n
s
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
wh
ich
d
e
p
en
d
o
n
m
a
n
n
er
o
f
in
s
tallatio
n
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
two
ex
t
r
em
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ca
s
es;
co
m
p
letely
u
n
r
estricte
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d
f
u
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estra
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ed
.
Fo
r
th
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co
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p
letely
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th
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ex
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s
ex
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len
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p
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if
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c
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f
icien
t
o
f
th
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r
m
al
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
[1
5
]
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
.
ℓ
=
ℓ
0
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1
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w
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ℓ
is
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h
,
T
is
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t
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p
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α
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co
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f
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f
th
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m
al
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x
p
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s
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(
o
C)
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α
=2
5
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1
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6
(
°
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fo
r
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min
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x
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6
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°
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fo
r
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p
p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
-
8
7
9
2
C
a
lcu
la
tio
n
a
n
d
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
t o
f
a
mp
a
city
fo
r
cla
s
s
5
flexib
l
e
a
lu
min
u
m
ca
b
le
a
t 1
1
0
°
C
(
F
ern
a
n
d
o
A
g
u
s
tin
)
185
Hen
ce
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
len
g
th
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
,
th
e
th
er
m
al
d
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
al
u
m
in
u
m
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
C
o
p
p
er
b
y
a
b
o
u
t
4
7
%.
Fo
r
th
e
f
u
lly
r
estra
in
ed
ca
s
e,
th
e
ca
b
le
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
er
m
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
f
o
r
ce
in
t
h
e
lo
n
g
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d
in
al
d
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r
ec
tio
n
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
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s
in
g
(
2
)
.
=
(
2
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W
h
er
e
F
is
th
e
th
er
m
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
f
o
r
ce
in
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
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r
,
E
is
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e
m
o
d
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s
elasticity
o
f
co
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d
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r
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an
d
A
is
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
cr
o
s
s
-
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tio
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ea
.
J
o
in
tly
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
ese
th
r
ee
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
tem
p
er
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r
e
v
ar
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n
,
Alu
m
i
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m
ex
p
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ce
s
3
0
t
o
7
0
%
m
o
r
e
th
e
r
m
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
f
o
r
ce
th
a
n
C
o
p
p
e
r
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
s
im
ilar
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
m
etallic
ter
m
in
a
tio
n
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
th
e
r
eliab
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y
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
C
ab
les
ar
e
s
u
b
je
cted
to
cy
clic
lo
ad
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
its
s
er
v
ice
life
an
d
p
o
o
r
co
n
tact
d
u
e
to
s
tr
ess
r
elax
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n
wh
ic
h
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
at
th
e
ter
m
in
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n
p
o
i
n
t
co
u
l
d
led
to
f
ailu
r
e
an
d
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
o
f
ter
m
in
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n
.
T
h
er
m
o
m
ec
h
an
ic
al
d
esig
n
wh
en
u
s
ed
t
o
lim
it
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
m
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
also
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
n
eg
li
g
ib
le
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
at
th
e
ter
m
in
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n
p
o
in
t
[
1
6
]
.
3.
DE
T
E
R
M
I
N
AT
I
O
N
O
F
AM
P
ACI
T
Y
R
A
T
I
NG
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
lae,
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
s
t
an
d
ar
d
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
e
r
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ca
b
le
a
m
p
ac
ities
o
f
class
5
f
lex
ib
le
alu
m
in
u
m
ca
b
les
at
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
I
E
C
6
0
2
8
7
an
d
clau
s
e
4
.
4
o
f
AS/NZS3
0
0
8
.
1
.
1
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
lae
g
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e
n
in
I
E
C
6
0
2
8
7
co
n
s
id
er
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
ct
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r
s
,
th
er
m
al
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
in
s
u
latin
g
m
ater
i
al
an
d
th
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
tr
ef
o
il
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
f
r
ee
air
wh
er
e
as
AS/NZ
S3
0
0
8
.
1
.
1
is
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
d
er
iv
atio
n
wh
e
n
th
e
in
itial
r
ated
am
p
ac
ities
a
r
e
k
n
o
wn
.
3
.
1
.
Co
nd
uct
o
r
re
s
is
t
a
nce
o
f
cla
s
s
5
f
lex
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e
a
lum
inu
m
T
h
e
DC
an
d
AC
r
es
is
tan
ce
p
er
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n
it
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
at
v
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u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
e
r
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r
e
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
.
T
ab
le
s
2
an
d
3
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
ct
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
r
esu
lt
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
=
′
(
1
+
+
)
(
3
)
′
=
0
[
1
+
20
(
−
20
)
(
4
)
wh
er
e
R
is
th
e
AC
r
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tan
ce
o
f
co
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at
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ax
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p
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tem
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r
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(
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/m
)
,
R’
is
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f
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n
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at
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ax
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m
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(
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r
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0
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2
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C
(
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,
α
20
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th
e
co
n
s
tan
t m
ass
tem
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e
co
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f
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t
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d
θ
is
th
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m
a
x
im
u
m
o
p
er
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tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
[
1
7
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
alcu
lated
AC
r
esis
ta
n
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o
f
c
o
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C
S
A
(
mm
2
)
AC
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e
s
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st
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n
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e
(
Ω
/
k
m)
2
0
°
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2
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4
0
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5
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6
0
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C
7
0
°
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1
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1
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C
16
1
.
91
0
1
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4
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2
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
8
3
–
192
186
T
ab
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3
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Ca
lcula
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n o
f
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T
h
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th
er
m
al
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tiv
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o
f
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u
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ater
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d
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in
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l
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en
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e
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t
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is
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ated
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h
is
en
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y
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s
s
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ll
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ielec
tr
ic
lo
s
s
an
d
ca
n
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e
ca
lcu
lat
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u
s
in
g
(
5
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d
(
6
)
.
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ab
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4
s
u
m
m
ar
izes t
h
e
ca
lcu
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d
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lectr
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=
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(
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(
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[
1
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]
.
T
ab
le
4
.
C
alcu
lated
d
ielec
tr
ic
lo
s
s
C
S
A
(
mm
2
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d
(
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m)
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3
.
Ca
lcula
t
i
o
n o
f
t
her
m
a
l
re
s
is
t
a
nce
T
1
,
T
4
a
nd
ra
t
ed
a
m
pa
cit
ies
T
h
e
th
er
m
al
r
esis
tan
ce
T
1
b
et
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n
o
n
e
co
n
d
u
ct
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r
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d
s
h
ea
th
,
an
d
t
h
e
ex
ter
n
al
t
h
er
m
al
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
T
4
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
7
)
a
n
d
(
8
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
ab
le
5
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
v
alu
es
o
f
T
1
an
d
T
4
.
C
ab
le
s
am
p
les
ar
e
L
V
s
in
g
le
-
co
r
e
d
o
u
b
le
in
s
u
lated
(
SDI
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with
o
u
t
m
e
tallic
co
v
er
in
g
s
a
n
d
th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
T
2
a
n
d
T
3
a
r
e
b
ein
g
n
e
g
lecte
d
.
1
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2
ln
[
1
+
2
1
]
(
7
)
4
=
1
ℎ
(
)
1
/
4
(
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
C
a
lcu
la
tio
n
a
n
d
mea
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r
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n
t o
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s
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(
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n
d
o
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g
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tin
)
187
ℎ
=
(
∗
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+
(
9)
wh
er
e
ρ
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is
th
e
th
er
m
al
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
X
-
HF
-
1
1
0
in
s
u
latio
n
(
K.
m
/W
)
;
t
1
is
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
in
s
u
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b
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d
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r
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d
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m
m
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c
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d
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f
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(
m
m
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;
h
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Z
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D
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er
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m
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a
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s
s
ca
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le
tem
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er
at
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ab
o
v
e
a
m
b
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t
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
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.
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ab
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5
.
C
alcu
lated
th
er
m
al
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is
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1
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I
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N
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2252
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8
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I
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tem
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id
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h
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test
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r
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th
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er
if
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d
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s
in
g
th
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4
3
5
p
o
wer
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aly
z
e
r
as seen
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
C
a
lcu
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1
0
°
C
(
F
ern
a
n
d
o
A
g
u
s
tin
)
189
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
d
u
ce
d
cu
r
r
en
t is m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
Flu
k
e
4
3
5
p
o
we
r
an
aly
z
er
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
es
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
n
all
t
h
er
m
o
c
o
u
p
le
l
ea
d
s
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
o
n
Pico
s
y
s
tem
d
ata
lo
g
g
er
.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
is
th
a
t
th
e
eq
u
ilib
r
i
u
m
s
h
all
r
ea
c
h
t
h
e
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
a
tim
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
e
to
r
ea
ch
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
alu
e.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
a
ch
iev
e
d
w
h
en
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
at
all
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
o
in
ts
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
1
K/h
[
1
9
].
T
h
e
jo
i
n
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
d
u
c
to
r
an
d
co
n
n
ec
to
r
alwa
y
s
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
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o
o
ler
t
h
an
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
as
tem
p
er
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r
e
r
is
e
o
n
th
e
jo
in
ts
co
u
ld
p
o
ten
tially
ca
u
s
e
d
a
p
r
em
atu
r
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
n
th
e
f
ield
.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
DI
SCUS
SI
O
N
5
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
ed
curr
ent
a
nd
co
nd
uct
o
r
t
em
pera
t
ure
T
h
er
e
is
a
h
ea
t
g
en
er
ate
d
to
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
wh
e
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
is
ca
lled
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
lo
s
s
[
20
]
an
d
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
12
)
.
=
2
(
1
2
)
w
h
er
e
P
c
is
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
lo
s
s
(
W
)
,
I
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t f
lo
win
g
t
o
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
(
A)
a
n
d
R
is
t
h
e
DC
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
(
Ω
/k
m
)
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
test
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
ate
d
f
r
o
m
h
ea
t c
y
clin
g
u
n
it a
r
e
v
er
if
ied
u
s
in
g
Flu
k
e
4
3
5
Po
wer
An
aly
z
e
r
attac
h
ed
to
ea
ch
co
n
d
u
cto
r
o
f
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
y
s
tem
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
is
tu
n
ed
f
o
r
ev
er
y
r
is
e
o
f
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
h
ea
t
d
is
s
ip
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
n
it
u
n
d
er
test
.
T
u
n
in
g
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
ar
e
co
m
p
leted
wh
e
n
th
e
u
n
it
u
n
d
e
r
test
r
ea
ch
e
d
i
ts
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
s
tag
e
as
d
ef
in
ed
in
[
2
1
]
w
h
er
e
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
an
d
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
d
o
n
o
t c
h
an
g
e
b
y
±
2
°
C
f
o
r
1
5
m
in
u
tes.
T
ab
le
8
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
av
e
r
ag
e
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
tem
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
o
f
5
0
to
6
3
0
m
m
2
ca
b
les
a
cr
o
s
s
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
d
u
e
to
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
l
o
s
s
e
s
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
a
m
p
ac
i
ty
r
atin
g
d
er
i
v
ed
i
n
(
1
1
)
.
T
ab
le
7
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
th
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
ar
e
b
e
lo
w
th
e
1
1
0
°
C
lim
it
as
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
r
ated
am
p
ac
i
ty
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
th
e
v
alu
es p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
s
im
u
latio
n
test
wh
en
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
r
ea
c
h
ed
th
ei
r
s
tate
o
f
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
.
T
ab
le
7
.
Me
asu
r
e
d
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
w
h
en
th
e
ca
lc
u
lated
am
p
ac
ity
is
ap
p
lie
d
to
co
n
d
u
cto
r
C
S
A
A
mb
i
e
n
t
t
e
m
pe
ra
t
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r
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d
u
r
i
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g
t
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t
i
n
g
R
a
t
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d
cu
rr
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n
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a
t
a
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i
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t
t
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u
r
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M
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8
7
9
2
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10
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3
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Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
8
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–
192
190
5
.
2
.
T
em
p
er
a
t
ure
a
t
co
nn
ec
t
io
n po
int
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
at
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
p
o
in
ts
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ca
b
le
s
izes
f
r
o
m
s
ix
th
er
m
o
co
u
p
les
ar
e
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etwe
en
6
2
to
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2
°
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wh
e
n
th
e
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ated
am
p
ac
ity
is
ap
p
lie
d
to
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
s
.
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h
is
is
a
n
ev
id
e
n
ce
t
h
at
th
e
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h
ea
r
b
o
lt
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n
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ec
to
r
s
ar
e
av
e
r
ag
in
g
3
9
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o
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an
th
e
p
h
ase
co
n
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u
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r
s
an
d
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ac
r
o
s
s
all
ca
b
le
s
am
p
les
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
co
n
n
ec
t
o
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
was
7
2
°
C
o
n
2
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d
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3
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a
n
d
wer
e
lo
w
o
n
5
0
,
7
0
,
9
5
,
1
2
0
an
d
1
5
0
m
m
2
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
r
atio
o
f
co
n
n
ec
to
r
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
8
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
th
e
co
o
ler
te
r
m
i
n
atio
n
p
o
in
t
.
T
ab
le
8
.
C
o
n
d
u
cto
r
:
C
o
n
n
ec
to
r
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
r
atio
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
r
o
ss
-
sec
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
r
ea
C
onn
e
c
t
o
r
b
a
r
r
e
l
c
r
o
ss
-
sec
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
r
ea
C
S
A
R
a
t
i
o
mm
2
mm
2
50
3
2
4
6
70
4
1
9
6
95
4
1
9
4
12
0
5
4
1
5
1
5
0
5
4
1
4
1
8
5
5
7
5
3
2
4
0
5
7
5
2
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
4
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
1
3
9
1
3
6
3
0
1
6
5
6
3
5
.
3
.
T
em
pera
t
ure
o
f
ins
ula
t
io
n a
nd
s
hea
t
h
T
h
er
m
al
r
esis
tiv
ity
o
f
p
o
ly
m
er
ic
m
ater
ial
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
co
n
d
u
cto
r
to
air
.
C
ab
les
ar
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
elec
tr
ical
lo
s
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
its
s
er
v
ice
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
an
d
th
ese
lo
s
s
es
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
to
h
ea
t
th
at
d
is
s
ip
ate
f
r
o
m
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
to
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
,
s
h
ea
th
,
an
d
m
etallic
lay
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltan
t
h
ea
t
d
is
s
ip
ated
f
r
o
m
ca
b
les
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
am
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
m
ed
iu
m
wh
ic
h
th
e
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
am
p
ac
ity
r
atin
g
o
f
ca
b
le
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
d
er
ati
n
g
f
a
cto
r
[
2
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
h
ea
t
d
is
s
ip
ated
to
e
v
er
y
la
y
er
o
f
ca
b
le
s
am
p
les u
n
d
er
test
tak
en
f
r
o
m
Pico
d
ata
lo
g
g
er
f
o
r
th
e
d
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
test
s
.
T
h
e
h
ea
t d
is
s
ip
ated
f
r
o
m
s
h
ea
th
o
f
all
ca
b
le
s
am
p
les
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
th
r
ee
th
e
r
m
o
co
u
p
les
wer
e
less
th
an
9
0
°
C
wh
ich
is
b
e
lo
w
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
PVC
m
ater
ial
at
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
d
it
io
n
[
2
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Gr
a
p
h
o
f
h
ea
t
d
is
s
ip
ated
to
ter
m
in
atio
n
,
co
n
d
u
cto
r
,
in
s
u
latio
n
,
an
d
s
h
ea
th
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
co
n
d
u
cto
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
r
ated
am
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
m
ee
t th
e
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
1
1
0
°
C
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
test
s
ar
e
v
er
y
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
an
d
g
av
e
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
a
co
n
f
id
en
t
lev
el
th
at
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
am
p
ac
ities
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
(
1
0
)
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
el
ec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
th
at
o
p
er
at
es
at
1
1
0
°
C
m
ax
im
u
m
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
am
p
ac
ities
wh
en
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
t
h
e
a
m
p
ac
ities
d
e
r
iv
e
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191
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-
6
wh
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ig
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p
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lo
w
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s
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a
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2
-
3
.
M
ain
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ec
tio
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Au
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ACK
NO
WL
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DG
E
M
E
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T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
l
d
lik
e
t
o
ex
p
r
ess
th
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g
r
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e
to
Victo
r
ia
Un
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er
s
ity
f
o
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g
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an
tin
g
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
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h
ip
f
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r
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
W
.
A.
T
h
u
e
,
Ele
c
trica
l
P
o
we
r Ca
b
le
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
3
rd
e
d
,
B
o
c
a
Ra
to
n
,
F
L,
U
S
A
:
CRC P
re
ss
,
p
p
.
2
3
-
5
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
]
T.
Yi,
J.
Li
a
o
,
B
.
Ch
e
n
,
Z.
Zh
u
,
S
.
Lu
a
n
d
B.
G
a
o
,
"
Li
fe
Cy
c
le
C
o
st
b
a
se
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
1
0
k
V
a
lu
m
in
u
m
a
ll
o
y
p
o
we
r
c
a
b
le
s,"
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Cy
b
e
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
Au
to
ma
ti
o
n
,
Co
n
tro
l,
a
n
d
In
telli
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
ms
(
CY
BE
R)
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
-
1
6
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/CYBER
.
2
0
1
6
.
7
5
7
4
8
1
5
.
[3
]
Co
n
d
u
c
to
rs
i
n
I
n
s
u
l
a
ted
e
lec
tric
c
a
b
les
a
n
d
fl
e
x
ib
le
c
o
r
ds
,
A
S
/NZS
1
1
2
5
,
Au
stra
li
a
n
S
tan
d
a
rd
/Ne
w
Zea
lan
d
S
tan
d
a
rd
,
2
0
0
1
.
[4
]
Co
n
d
u
c
to
rs
o
f
i
n
su
l
a
ted
c
a
b
les
,
I
EC
6
0
2
2
8
,
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
El
e
c
tro
te
c
h
ica
l
Co
m
m
issio
n
,
G
e
n
e
v
a
,
S
wit
z
e
rlan
d
,
2
0
0
4
.
[5
]
A.
Ka
lam
,
H.
Al
-
Kh
a
li
d
i
a
n
d
D.
Wi
ll
e
n
,
"
HT
S
c
a
b
le
a
n
d
it
s
a
n
ti
c
i
p
a
te
d
e
ffe
c
ts
o
n
p
o
we
r
tran
sm
issio
n
n
e
two
rk
s,
"
T
h
e
8
t
h
I
EE
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
AC
a
n
d
DC
Po
we
r
T
r
a
n
sm
issio
n
,
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
5
0
-
5
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/c
p
:2
0
0
6
0
0
1
1
.
[6
]
H.
Al
-
Kh
a
li
d
i,
A.
Ha
d
b
a
h
a
n
d
A.
Ka
lam
,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
HTS
c
a
b
les
with
v
a
riab
le
l
o
a
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
,
"
2
0
1
1
IEE
E
PE
S
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
S
ma
rt
Gr
id
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ie
s
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/I
S
G
T
-
As
ia.2
0
1
1
.
6
1
6
7
0
8
3
.
[7
]
El
e
c
trica
l
In
st
a
ll
a
ti
o
n
s
Pa
rt
1
.
1
:
Ca
b
les
f
o
r
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
n
g
v
o
lt
a
g
e
s
u
p
to
a
n
d
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
0
.
6
/1
k
V
-
T
y
p
ica
l
A
u
s
tra
li
a
n
in
sta
ll
a
ti
o
n
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
,
A
S
/NZS
3
0
0
8
.
1
.
1
,
Au
stra
li
a
n
S
tan
d
a
rd
/Ne
w Z
e
a
lan
d
S
tan
d
a
rd
,
2
0
1
7
.
[8
]
S
.
C
u
rre
li
e
t
a
l.
,
"
E
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
C
y
c
les
o
n
B
o
n
d
in
g
o
f
Al
-
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
Ca
b
le
i
n
Hig
h
-
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
S
tab
il
ize
d
Nb
Ti
Co
n
d
u
c
to
r
,
"
i
n
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
u
p
e
rc
o
n
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
,
v
o
l.
2
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
7
,
Art
n
o
.
4
8
0
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TAS
C.
2
0
1
6
.
2
6
4
6
0
6
7
.
[9
]
M
.
G
u
th
rie,
G
.
M
a
rti
n
jak
a
n
d
H.
B.
Va
n
S
ick
le,
"
IEC
6
2
5
6
1
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
US
c
o
n
n
e
c
to
rs
a
n
d
stra
n
d
e
d
c
a
b
le,
"
2
0
1
6
3
3
rd
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
L
ig
h
t
n
in
g
Pro
tec
ti
o
n
(
ICL
P)
,
Esto
ri
l,
P
o
rtu
g
a
l,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IC
LP
.
2
0
1
6
.
7
7
9
1
4
0
4
.
[1
0
]
A.
Ra
m
o
n
a
t,
S
.
S
c
h
leg
e
l,
S
.
G
ro
ß
m
a
n
n
a
n
d
M
.
K
u
d
o
k
e
,
"
Ba
sic
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
s
o
n
jo
i
n
ts
wit
h
c
y
l
in
d
rica
l
a
lu
m
in
u
m
c
o
n
d
u
c
to
rs
m
a
d
e
b
y
p
re
ss
-
a
n
d
sh
rin
k
-
fi
t
fo
r
h
ig
h
-
c
u
rre
n
t
d
e
v
ice
s,"
2
0
1
5
IE
EE
6
1
st
Ho
lm
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
Co
n
t
a
c
ts (
Ho
lm)
,
S
a
n
Die
g
o
,
CA,
USA
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
3
0
9
-
3
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/HOL
M
.
2
0
1
5
.
7
3
5
5
1
1
4
.
[1
1
]
K
.
-
D
.
Ha
im
,
D
.
Cisil
in
o
a
n
d
K
.
-
U
.
Be
n
tk
o
ws
k
i
,
"
Th
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
o
f
sh
e
a
r
b
o
lt
c
o
n
n
e
c
to
rs
i
n
M
V
-
Ca
b
le
a
c
c
e
ss
o
ries
in
c
a
se
o
f
c
rit
ica
l
l
o
a
d
a
n
d
o
v
e
rlo
a
d
,
"
i
n
CIRE
D 2
0
0
9
-
2
0
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Exh
ib
it
io
n
o
n
El
e
c
tricity
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
-
Pa
rt
1
,
n
o
.
0
2
8
5
,
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/cp
.
2
0
0
9
.
0
6
6
0
.
[1
2
]
K
.
-
D
.
Ha
im
,
R
.
Bä
rsc
h
,
J
.
P
il
li
n
g
a
nd
J
.
Ho
fm
a
n
n
,
"
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
c
t
j
o
in
t
wit
h
in
teg
ra
ted
sh
e
a
r
b
o
lt
c
o
n
n
e
c
to
r:
A
n
e
w
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
i
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
in
m
e
d
i
u
m
v
o
l
tag
e
jo
i
n
ts,"
i
n
CIRE
D
2
0
0
5
-
1
8
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Exh
ib
it
io
n
o
n
El
e
c
tricity Distrib
u
ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
5
,
pp
. 1
-
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
c
p
:2
0
0
5
0
9
4
5
.
[1
3
]
M
.
Ru
n
d
e
,
H.
Je
n
s
v
o
l
d
a
n
d
M
.
Jo
c
h
im,
"
C
o
m
p
re
ss
io
n
c
o
n
n
e
c
to
r
s
fo
r
S
tran
d
e
d
a
lu
m
i
n
u
m
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
d
u
c
to
rs,
"
i
n
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r De
l
ive
ry
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
3
3
-
9
4
2
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TP
WRD.
2
0
0
4
.
8
2
9
9
4
6
.
[1
4
]
W.
B.
Ha
v
e
rk
a
m
p
,
T.
M
c
Ko
o
n
a
n
d
M
.
Wi
lc
k
,
"
B
o
lt
e
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
to
rs
fo
r
h
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