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er
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.
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I
SS
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ttp
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a
p
e.
ia
esco
r
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co
m
A comp
rehe
nsiv
e
study
on ene
rg
y
mete
rs
a
nd
po
wer
t
a
mpering
a
tt
empts
M
a
no
j
Sa
ini
,
Sh
a
g
uft
a
K
ha
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c
h
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tri
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a
l,
El
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tro
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ics
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m
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g
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a
lg
o
ti
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s Un
iv
e
rsity
,
G
re
a
ter No
id
a
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In
d
ia
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icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
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y:
R
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ed
J
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n
30
,
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0
21
R
ev
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ed
A
ug
9
,
2
0
21
Acc
ep
ted
Au
g
20
,
2
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21
El
e
c
tri
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it
y
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t
h
e
b
a
sic
n
e
e
d
o
f
to
d
a
y
’s
sc
e
n
a
rio
.
In
th
e
21
st
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
g
ro
wt
h
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
is
to
tally
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
o
n
e
lec
tri
c
i
ty
.
T
h
u
s,
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
n
su
m
p
t
io
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
tri
c
it
y
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
m
u
c
h
m
o
re
imp
o
rtan
t.
En
e
rg
y
m
e
ter
u
se
d
to
m
e
a
su
re
c
o
n
su
m
e
d
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
b
y
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
o
r
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
o
f
v
a
ri
o
u
s
e
n
d
u
se
rs.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
f
o
c
u
se
s
o
n
re
v
iew
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
m
e
ters
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
tam
p
e
rin
g
a
tt
e
m
p
ts.
It
will
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
t
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
e
ters
fro
m
e
lec
tro
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
m
e
ters
to
sm
a
rt
m
e
ters
.
Th
e
n
e
e
d
o
f
a
n
e
ra
is
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
m
o
re
re
li
a
b
le
a
n
d
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
sm
a
rt
e
n
e
rg
y
m
e
ters
.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
a
lso
d
isc
u
ss
e
d
ty
p
e
o
f
p
o
we
r
ta
m
p
e
rin
g
e
ffo
r
ts
in
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
e
ters
fo
r
p
o
we
r
th
e
ft.
Th
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
sm
a
rt
m
e
ters
fo
r
re
m
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
o
we
r
tam
p
e
rin
g
e
ffo
rts
is also
d
isc
u
ss
e
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
AT
&
C
lo
s
s
es
E
lectr
icity
E
n
er
g
y
m
eter
s
MD
MS
P
o
wer
tam
p
er
in
g
Sm
ar
t m
eter
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ma
n
o
j Sain
i
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
lectr
ical,
E
lectr
o
n
i
cs
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
Galg
o
tias
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Plo
t N
o
.
2
,
Yam
u
n
a
E
x
p
y
,
Op
p
o
s
ite
B
u
d
d
h
a
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
C
ir
cu
it
Secto
r
1
7
A,
Gr
ea
ter
N
o
id
a,
Ut
tar
Par
d
esh
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: e
n
g
g
.
m
a
n
o
js
ain
i@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
lectr
icity
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
s
o
u
l
n
ee
d
o
f
d
ay
t
o
d
ay
life
t
h
u
s
its
p
r
o
p
er
u
tili
za
tio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
o
f
p
o
wer
in
I
n
d
ia
is
esti
m
ated
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
ab
o
u
t
3
0
0
GW
f
r
o
m
1
2
0
GW
b
y
2
0
2
1
-
2
2
.
E
n
er
g
y
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
lar
g
est
c
o
s
t
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
a
b
u
ild
in
g
in
I
n
d
ia.
W
e
n
ee
d
a
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
l
e,
in
tellig
en
t,
u
s
er
f
r
ien
d
ly
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t m
eter
in
g
s
y
s
tem
to
f
u
lf
ill th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
n
ee
d
ed
p
o
wer
.
B
u
t p
o
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
icity
is
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
ag
g
r
eg
ate
tec
h
n
ical
an
d
c
o
m
m
er
cial
lo
s
s
es
(
AT
&
C
lo
s
s
es
)
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
In
2
0
1
4
-
1
5
AT
&
C
lo
s
s
es
wer
e
ab
o
u
t
2
4
.
6
5
%.
I
n
s
o
m
e
I
n
d
i
an
s
tates
AT
&
C
lo
s
s
e
s
ar
e
h
i
g
h
d
u
e
to
lo
w
co
llectin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
th
ef
t
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
tam
p
er
in
g
with
th
e
m
eter
is
d
u
e
t
o
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
en
er
g
y
au
d
it
an
d
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
r
ec
o
r
d
s
o
f
an
en
d
u
s
er
.
T
h
ese
lo
s
s
es
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
.
C
o
llectio
n
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
p
ar
t
o
f
b
illi
n
g
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
h
as
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
d
u
e
to
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
o
f
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
tim
e
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
an
d
tiri
n
g
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
it
in
v
o
lv
es
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
an
em
p
lo
y
wh
o
v
is
its
th
e
co
s
tu
m
er
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
llectio
n
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
s
o
n
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
b
asis
.
T
h
is
m
ay
also
lead
to
co
r
r
u
p
tio
n
.
Fo
r
a
p
r
o
p
er
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
we
wan
t
co
r
r
ec
t
m
eter
in
g
,
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
illeg
al
co
llectio
n
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
ac
cu
r
ate
ta
r
if
f
an
d
b
illi
n
g
s
y
s
tem
.
L
o
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
an
d
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
u
e
t
o
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
.
All
th
ese
lo
s
s
es
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
to
an
e
x
ten
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
a
d
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
m
e
ter
in
g
,
th
at
is
,
s
m
ar
t
an
d
p
r
e
p
aid
en
er
g
y
m
eter
s
.
Sm
ar
t
m
eter
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
f
ea
t
u
r
es
lik
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
th
e
f
t,
r
em
o
te
f
au
lt
d
et
ec
tio
n
,
to
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
wer
q
u
al
ity
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
also
g
iv
e
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
will
co
v
er
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
asp
ec
t
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
to
s
m
ar
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l
Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
3
15
–
3
25
316
m
ete
r
s
.
New
f
ea
tu
r
es,
n
ew
in
d
icato
r
s
,
n
ew
ap
p
licatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
in
s
er
ted
in
t
h
ese
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
in
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
m
eter
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
w
h
o
le
wo
r
ld
is
s
till
s
t
r
u
g
g
lin
g
with
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
itie
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
/b
illi
n
g
s
y
s
tem
[
4
]
.
A
n
ew
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
h
as
b
e
en
s
tated
f
o
r
esti
m
atin
g
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
u
s
in
g
m
eter
im
ag
e
u
s
in
g
Ho
G
an
d
SVM
[
5
]
.
A
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
m
etr
ic
o
f
co
llec
tin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
eter
b
y
im
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
m
eth
o
d
was
also
r
ev
ea
led
[
6
]
.
I
n
t
o
d
ay
'
s
er
a,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as a
d
v
an
ce
d
a
lo
t i
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
elec
tr
ical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
u
tili
za
tio
n
;
s
till
we
ar
e
f
ac
in
g
lo
t
o
f
ch
alle
n
g
es.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
c
h
allen
g
es,
we
n
ee
d
p
r
ec
is
e
wea
p
o
n
s
lik
e
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
an
alo
g
s
y
s
tem
to
d
ig
ital
s
y
s
te
m
b
ec
au
s
e
d
ig
ital
s
y
s
tem
h
as
m
an
y
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
[
7
]
.
A
ne
w
en
er
g
y
m
eter
wh
ich
au
to
m
atica
lly
s
en
d
s
its
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ec
o
r
d
s
to
th
e
u
t
ilit
y
.
GSM
an
d
I
o
T
ar
e
two
b
o
o
n
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
th
at
h
av
e
g
ain
e
d
a
lo
t
o
f
h
elp
in
wi
r
eless
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
/w
en
er
g
y
m
eter
u
s
er
o
r
u
tili
ty
[
8
]
.
Po
wer
co
m
p
an
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
with
d
i
r
ec
t
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
with
th
eir
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
f
o
r
a
l
o
n
g
tim
e.
B
u
t
r
ig
h
t
n
o
w,
h
e
h
as
g
o
t
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
e
last
d
ec
ad
e
.
T
h
e
I
n
d
ian
p
o
wer
s
ec
to
r
is
f
ac
in
g
lo
t
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
d
u
e
to
p
o
wer
th
ef
t
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
lo
s
s
es.
Prim
e
is
o
u
r
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
b
illi
n
g
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
i
s
i
n
ac
cu
r
ate,
lack
o
f
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
n
o
t
r
eliab
le.
Du
e
t
o
th
ese
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
e
f
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
o
n
to
m
a
k
e
th
e
b
illi
n
g
s
y
s
tem
au
to
m
atic
d
ay
an
d
n
ig
h
t
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
o
m
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
,
b
u
t
alo
n
g
with
th
is
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
b
ill
p
ay
m
en
t is also
g
o
in
g
o
n
o
u
r
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
way
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
lo
t o
f
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t in
t
h
at
to
o
.
T
h
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
es a
n
ag
e
n
t
co
m
e
to
cu
s
to
m
er
p
lace
to
p
a
y
atten
tio
n
to
m
eter
r
ea
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
ak
e
a
r
e
p
o
r
t
b
ased
o
n
it.
Af
ter
th
e
r
ep
o
r
t
tells
y
o
u
h
o
w
m
u
ch
y
o
u
h
a
v
e
to
p
a
y
,
it is
a
lo
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
t
h
e
l
o
n
g
er
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
ch
an
ce
s
o
f
m
ak
in
g
m
is
tak
es.
I
n
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
at
ar
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
we
ar
e
f
ac
in
g
an
d
h
o
w
d
o
we
g
et
th
e
b
en
ef
it o
u
t o
f
th
eir
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
r
th
is
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
p
ap
er
[
1
0
]
.
So
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
tr
ad
itio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
h
as
b
ee
n
s
o
l
v
e
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
p
r
ep
aid
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
is
ex
p
lain
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
[
1
1
]
.
Dem
an
d
s
id
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
(
DSM)
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
,
wit
h
in
d
ir
ec
t
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
em
an
d
b
ased
s
m
ar
t
m
e
ter
in
g
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
r
is
es
two
s
ep
ar
ate
m
o
d
u
les,
a
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
at
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
e
n
d
an
d
a
s
er
v
er
c
o
m
p
u
ter
at
th
e
u
tili
ty
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
id
e.
A
n
ew
co
n
ce
p
t
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
ef
t
an
d
wir
eless
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
s
m
ar
t
d
ig
ital
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
u
s
in
g
GSM
with
GUI
is
f
o
u
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
r
ac
tic
e
[
1
3
]
.
2.
E
AR
L
Y
E
N
E
RG
Y
M
E
T
E
R
S
An
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
W
illi
am
E
d
war
d
Ay
r
to
n
a
n
d
J
o
h
n
Per
r
y
in
1
8
8
1
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
o
s
cillatio
n
/m
o
tio
n
o
f
p
en
d
u
l
u
m
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
a
p
p
lied
lo
ad
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
,
c
alled
Pen
d
u
lu
m
en
e
r
g
y
m
eter
.
A
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
en
d
u
l
u
m
m
eter
was
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
b
y
Her
m
an
Ar
o
n
in
1
8
8
4
,
with
o
u
t
k
n
o
win
g
a
b
o
u
t
ea
r
lier
in
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
e
wer
e
two
p
en
d
u
lu
m
s
wo
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
il
in
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
ec
tio
n
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
was
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
v
o
ltag
e.
On
e
p
en
d
u
lu
m
d
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
th
er
f
aster
.
Pen
d
u
lu
m
s
wer
e
in
ter
ch
an
g
e
d
ev
er
y
m
in
u
te
s
o
th
at
in
itial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
en
s
ated
.
T
h
ese
ty
p
es we
r
e
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
a
n
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t o
f
DC
cu
r
r
en
t
o
n
ly
.
T
h
is
p
en
d
u
l
u
m
m
eter
s
wer
e
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
T
h
o
m
s
o
n
W
attm
eter
,
u
s
in
g
m
o
to
r
i
n
p
lace
o
f
p
en
d
u
l
u
m
.
I
r
o
n
less
m
o
to
r
m
eter
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
y
E
lih
u
T
h
o
m
s
o
n
in
1
8
8
9
.
R
o
to
r
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
is
e
x
cited
b
y
v
o
ltag
e
co
il
a
n
d
a
r
esis
to
r
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
m
u
tater
.
Dr
iv
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
was
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
to
lo
ad
an
d
b
r
a
k
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
was
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et.
C
o
m
m
u
tat
er
ca
u
s
in
g
h
i
g
h
l
o
s
s
es
an
d
it
was
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
DC
.
T
h
e
b
a
s
ic
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
DC
s
y
s
tem
wa
s
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
,
th
u
s
n
o
t u
s
ed
f
o
r
lar
g
e
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
1
8
8
9
,
Otto
T
itu
zz
B
lath
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
etallic
r
o
tatin
g
b
o
d
y
lik
e
cy
lin
d
er
/d
is
k
ac
ted
b
y
2
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
d
is
p
lace
d
in
p
h
ase
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
an
o
th
e
r
elec
tr
ical
m
ete
r
f
o
r
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
I
n
1
8
9
4
,
Sh
allen
B
er
g
e
r
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
in
d
u
ctio
n
ty
p
e
m
eter
s
.
I
t
h
a
d
a
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
co
il
s
itu
ated
o
n
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
is
c’
s
s
id
e.
I
t
h
ad
n
o
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
f
o
r
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
.
B
y
th
e
en
d
o
f
1
9
th
ce
n
t
u
r
y
,
th
e
weig
h
t
an
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
m
eter
was
r
ed
u
ce
d
,
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
lo
ad
r
an
g
e,
p
o
we
r
f
ac
to
r
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t,
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
f
r
ictio
n
u
s
in
g
a
p
iv
o
t
b
ea
r
in
g
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
b
y
u
s
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
r
ak
e
m
a
g
n
et.
T
ill
n
o
w,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
eter
s
s
tar
ted
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t sy
s
tem
u
s
in
g
o
n
e
to
th
r
ee
d
is
k
s
.
B
y
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
o
f
2
0
th
ce
n
t
u
r
y
,
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
elec
tr
icity
i
n
cr
e
ased
an
d
n
ew
m
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
m
u
lti
tar
if
f
m
eter
u
s
in
g
s
witch
es,
th
e
p
r
e
p
ay
m
en
t
m
eter
was
in
v
en
ted
b
y
m
ax
ig
r
ap
h
.
I
n
1
9
3
4
,
th
e
T
r
iv
ec
to
r
m
e
ter
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
L
a
n
d
is
an
d
Gy
r
wh
ich
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
en
er
g
y
.
Stan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
m
eter
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
1
9
1
0
,
f
ir
s
t
m
eter
in
g
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ANSI
C
1
2
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
I
ts
Pre
f
ac
e
s
ay
s
:
“
W
h
ile
th
e
C
o
d
e
is
n
atu
r
ally
b
ased
u
p
o
n
s
cien
tific
an
d
tech
n
ical
p
r
in
c
ip
les,
th
e
co
m
m
er
ci
al
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
m
eter
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
s
tan
tly
k
ep
t
in
m
in
d
as o
f
v
er
y
g
r
ea
t im
p
o
r
tan
ce
”.
3.
E
RA
O
F
E
N
E
RG
Y
M
E
T
E
R
S
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
attem
p
t
f
o
r
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
was
d
o
n
e
b
y
Sam
u
el
Gar
d
i
n
er
[
USA]
u
s
in
g
lam
p
h
o
u
r
m
ete
r
s
in
1
8
7
2
.
I
t
h
ad
a
clo
c
k
with
s
tar
t
s
to
p
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
I
t
c
alcu
lates
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
lied
to
lam
p
h
o
u
r
alo
n
g
with
tim
e.
I
n
1
8
8
1
,
T
h
o
m
as
A
lv
a
E
d
is
o
n
in
v
en
ted
an
elec
tr
icity
m
eter
wh
ich
u
s
ed
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
s
tu
d
y
o
n
en
e
r
g
y
mete
r
s
a
n
d
p
o
w
er ta
mp
erin
g
a
ttemp
ts
(
Ma
n
o
j
S
a
in
i
)
317
elec
tr
o
ly
tic
ce
ll.
At
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
er
i
o
d
,
a
co
p
p
er
s
tr
ip
was
u
s
ed
w
h
ic
h
was
weig
h
ted
ac
cu
r
ately
.
W
h
en
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ass
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
elec
tr
o
ly
te,
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
C
u
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
.
E
n
d
o
f
th
e
d
a
y
,
t
h
e
b
ill
was
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
/w
th
e
weig
h
t
o
f
C
u
p
late.
T
h
is
m
eter
was
n
o
t
wid
ely
ac
ce
p
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
n
o
t
b
ein
g
u
s
er
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
f
o
r
th
e
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
an
d
was
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
f
o
r
cu
s
to
m
e
r
t
o
r
ea
d
.
T
h
ey
c
o
u
ld
m
ea
s
u
r
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
am
p
er
e
-
h
o
u
r
a
n
d
wer
e
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e.
L
ater
o
n
E
d
is
o
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
co
u
n
tin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
in
it.
T
h
e
er
a
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
s
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
4.
ASSOR
T
M
E
N
T
O
F
E
L
E
CT
I
CI
T
Y
M
E
T
E
R
S
E
n
er
g
y
m
eter
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
wo
r
k
s
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
s
p
ee
d
y
V
an
d
I
to
ca
lcu
late
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Fo
r
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
2
0
0
am
p
e
r
es
o
f
lo
ad
th
at
is
h
ig
h
e
r
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
Me
ter
s
ca
n
b
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
class
if
ied
in
to
v
ar
io
u
s
ca
teg
o
r
ies
.
4
.
1
.
E
lect
ro
m
ec
ha
nica
l m
et
e
rs
T
h
o
m
s
o
n
elec
tr
ic
m
eter
m
o
s
t
r
eg
u
lar
elec
tr
ic
m
eter
in
v
e
n
te
d
b
y
E
lih
u
T
h
o
m
s
o
n
in
1
8
8
8
,
wh
ich
f
alls
u
n
d
er
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
r
o
tatin
g
d
is
c
is
co
u
n
ted
in
th
is
m
eter
.
I
t
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
t
y
p
es
o
f
m
ag
n
ets h
av
in
g
two
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
ets,
o
n
e
s
er
ies ele
ctr
o
m
ag
n
et
an
d
o
th
er
s
h
u
n
t e
lectr
o
m
ag
n
et.
On
th
e
s
er
ies
m
ag
n
et
(U
-
s
h
a
p
ed
)
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
il
is
m
o
u
n
ted
wh
er
ea
s
o
n
s
h
u
n
t
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
et
(M
-
s
h
ap
e
d
)
p
r
ess
u
r
e
c
o
il
is
m
o
u
n
ted
.
Pre
s
s
u
r
e
co
il
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
.
C
o
p
p
er
s
h
u
n
t
b
an
d
s
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
o
n
s
h
u
n
t
m
ag
n
et
s
o
th
at
p
h
ase
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
9
0
wh
er
ea
s
f
lu
x
s
et
u
p
b
y
s
h
u
n
t
an
d
s
er
ies
m
ag
n
et.
C
C
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
with
lo
ad
.
I
n
th
e
m
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
,
s
p
in
d
le
with
p
iv
o
ted
b
ea
r
in
g
s
cr
ew
at
b
o
tto
m
,
ca
r
r
y
r
o
tatin
g
d
is
c.
R
ec
o
r
d
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
to
p
o
f
th
e
s
p
in
d
le.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
e
ac
tio
n
b
/w
th
e
f
lu
x
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
ed
d
y
cu
r
r
en
t
d
u
e
to
s
h
u
n
t
an
d
s
er
ies
m
ag
n
et.
A
lig
h
t
lo
ad
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
o
n
s
p
in
d
le
to
ov
er
co
m
e
f
r
ictio
n
lo
s
s
es.
A,
C
s
h
ap
ed
p
e
r
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
r
ak
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
b
r
ak
in
g
m
ag
n
et
is
s
o
p
lace
d
th
at
th
e
d
is
c
p
lace
d
r
e
v
o
lv
es
in
th
e
air
g
ap
o
f
two
p
o
les
o
f
m
ag
n
et.
T
h
is
m
ag
n
e
tic
f
ield
in
d
u
ce
s
an
ed
d
y
cu
r
r
en
t
in
d
is
c,
wh
ich
r
e
ac
ts
with
m
ain
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
an
d
cr
ea
tes
b
r
ak
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
t.
B
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
b
r
ak
in
g
m
a
g
n
et,
s
p
ee
d
o
f
r
o
tatio
n
o
f
d
is
c
is
a
d
ju
s
ted
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
m
o
v
in
g
d
is
k
ty
p
e
en
er
g
y
m
eter
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
er
a
o
f
en
er
g
y
m
e
ter
s
S.
No
Y
e
a
r
N
a
me
D
i
sco
v
e
r
e
d
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
1
1
8
8
1
El
e
c
t
r
o
l
y
t
i
c
M
e
t
e
r
Th
o
mas
A
l
v
a
Ed
i
so
n
El
e
c
t
r
o
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
S
y
st
e
m,
M
e
t
e
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
w
a
s
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
u
t
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
i
mp
o
ss
i
b
l
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
u
st
o
mer.
2
1
8
8
4
P
e
n
d
u
l
u
m
M
e
t
e
r
H
e
r
man
n
A
r
o
n
V
e
r
y
E
x
p
e
n
si
v
e
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
y
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
e
d
t
w
o
c
l
o
c
k
s
.
M
e
a
su
r
e
a
mp
e
r
e
-
h
o
u
r
s,
b
u
t
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
u
se
d
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
d
i
r
e
c
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
.
3
1
8
8
9
R
e
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
W
a
t
t
m
e
t
e
r
El
i
h
u
T
h
o
mso
n
U
sed
m
a
i
n
l
y
f
o
r
D
C
4
1
8
9
4
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
M
e
t
e
r
O
l
i
v
e
r
B
l
a
c
k
b
u
r
n
S
h
a
l
l
e
n
b
e
r
g
e
r
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
i
l
s
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
o
n
o
p
p
o
si
t
e
s
i
d
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
s
c
a
n
d
t
w
o
p
e
r
m
a
n
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
e
t
s
d
a
mp
i
n
g
t
h
e
sam
e
d
i
s
c
,
I
t
w
a
s
a
l
s
o
l
a
r
g
e
a
n
d
h
e
a
v
y
,
w
e
i
g
h
t
4
1
p
o
u
n
d
s.
I
t
h
a
d
a
d
r
u
m
-
t
y
p
e
r
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
.
5
1
8
9
9
A
C
W
a
t
t
h
o
u
r
Lu
d
w
i
g
G
u
t
ma
n
n
N
o
P
o
w
e
r
F
a
c
t
o
r
a
d
j
u
s
t
me
n
t
.
6
1
9
1
4
M
e
t
e
r
B
l
a
t
h
y
O
t
t
o
T
i
t
u
sz
B
l
a
t
h
y
Lo
w
p
r
i
c
e
a
n
d
e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
7
1
9
3
4
M
e
t
e
r
Tr
i
v
e
c
t
o
r
La
n
d
i
s
a
n
d
G
y
r
M
e
a
su
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mo
v
in
g
d
is
k
en
er
g
y
m
eter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l
Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
3
15
–
3
25
318
T
h
is
r
eg
is
ter
in
g
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
t
tr
ain
o
f
g
ea
r
s
,
d
r
iv
en
p
in
io
n
s
o
r
wo
r
m
g
ea
r
s
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
o
n
d
ials
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
tim
es
th
e
d
is
c
h
as
tu
r
n
ed
.
Ad
d
to
g
eth
er
o
r
in
t
eg
r
ate
all
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
wer
v
alu
es
in
th
is
way
to
tal
en
er
g
y
o
v
e
r
a
tim
e
p
er
io
d
is
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
h
e
r
ig
h
t
-
h
an
d
d
ial
p
o
in
ter
in
th
e
r
eg
is
t
er
o
n
1
KW
h
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
ial
f
r
o
m
r
ig
h
t
is
1
0
KW
h
,
th
ir
d
is
1
0
0
KW
h
an
d
f
o
u
r
t
h
is
1
0
0
0
KW
h
.
So
m
eti
m
es
1
/1
0
0
an
d
1
/1
0
KW
h
ar
e
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
.
T
h
is
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t is k
n
o
wn
as c
y
clo
m
eter
r
eg
is
ter
.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
m
o
v
in
g
d
is
c
th
at
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
wea
r
an
d
tear
with
tim
e.
T
h
e
m
o
v
in
g
d
is
c
also
co
n
s
u
m
es
s
o
m
e
elec
tr
icity
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
.
T
h
e
d
u
s
t,
h
u
m
id
ity
an
d
d
ir
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
m
eter
.
Su
d
d
e
n
s
h
o
ck
m
ay
ca
u
s
e
also
ca
u
s
e
m
is
-
ca
lib
r
atio
n
o
f
m
eter
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
m
eter
s
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
o
v
e
r
th
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
er
v
ices.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Me
ter
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
Ser
v
i
ce
T
h
e
ef
f
o
r
t
m
ad
e
to
s
to
p
th
e
p
o
wer
tam
p
e
r
in
g
i
n
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
m
eter
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
th
e
p
o
l
y
ca
r
b
o
n
ate
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
ea
ls
an
d
tem
p
er
r
esis
tan
t
h
ar
d
war
e
o
n
th
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
th
e
m
eter
.
B
u
t
ev
e
n
all
t
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
ab
le
to
s
to
p
th
e
th
ef
t.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
is
d
u
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
ea
ls
an
d
tem
p
er
s
r
esis
tan
t
h
ar
d
war
e.
No
t
o
n
ly
t
h
is
,
to
o
ls
o
f
th
is
k
in
d
ar
e
b
ein
g
p
r
ep
ar
ed
i
n
th
e
m
ar
k
e
t.
T
o
o
ls
w
h
o
s
e
h
elp
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
ales
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
o
p
en
ed
with
o
u
t
tem
p
er
i
n
g
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
e
v
ice
an
d
tam
p
er
i
n
g
ar
e
d
o
n
e
wit
h
th
e
en
er
g
y
m
eter
in
an
y
way
.
Few
co
m
m
o
n
p
o
wer
th
e
f
t
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
h
er
e;
w
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
th
ese
a
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
teals
p
o
wer
with
o
u
t
tam
p
er
in
g
th
e
m
eter
.
Po
wer
th
ef
t
in
v
o
ltag
e
cir
cu
it,
b
y
-
p
ass
in
g
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
m
eter
o
u
ts
id
e
s
ty
le,
in
s
id
e
s
ty
le
o
f
b
y
-
p
ass
in
g
m
et
er
,
p
o
wer
th
ef
t
b
y
d
r
illi
n
g
h
o
l
es
o
n
m
eter
,
th
e
f
t
b
y
in
s
er
tio
n
o
f
f
ilm
in
t
o
m
eter
,
d
ir
ec
t
tap
p
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
in
c
o
m
in
g
wir
es.
Alo
n
g
with
th
is
,
p
o
wer
th
ef
t
is
also
b
ein
g
d
o
n
e
b
y
b
r
ib
in
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
o
f
p
o
wer
co
m
p
an
ies.
E
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
t
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
ea
ls
to
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
o
r
tell
th
em
h
o
w
to
o
p
en
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
ea
ls
o
r
s
o
m
e
tim
e
th
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e
to
o
ls
to
o
p
en
th
e
s
e
cu
r
ity
s
ea
ls
an
d
tem
p
er
r
esis
tan
t h
ar
d
war
e.
I
n
th
is
m
an
n
er
an
en
d
u
s
er
co
m
m
its
a
th
ef
t
in
cid
en
t,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
it
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
ca
tch
b
y
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ics
m
eter
s
,
th
er
e
is
o
n
ly
o
n
e
m
eth
o
d
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
is
k
in
d
o
f
p
o
wer
p
ilfe
r
ag
e
b
y
u
s
e
o
f
s
m
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
eter
.
4.
2
.
E
lect
ro
nic
m
e
t
er
s
W
h
en
th
e
en
er
g
y
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
n
L
E
D
o
r
L
C
D
d
is
p
lay
is
c
alled
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
eter
.
E
lectr
o
n
ic
m
eter
s
r
ec
o
r
d
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
en
er
g
y
,
o
th
er
p
a
r
am
eter
s
lik
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
an
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
r
ate
o
f
u
s
ag
e
d
em
an
d
s
,
v
o
ltag
e
,
co
s
ɸ
an
d
Q
u
s
ed
.
E
lectr
o
n
ic
m
eter
s
ar
e
b
etter
th
an
o
th
er
ty
p
e
o
f
m
eter
as
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
co
s
is
ts
o
f
m
o
v
in
g
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
y
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
eter
s
co
n
s
u
m
e
less
elec
tr
icity
an
d
g
iv
e
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
y
ca
n
b
e
cl
ass
if
ied
in
to
an
alo
g
a
n
d
d
ig
it
al
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
eter
.
NYSE
R
D
A
an
d
DHCR
New
Yo
r
k
State
a
g
en
cies
f
ir
s
t
e
v
alu
ated
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
e
lectr
o
n
ics
m
eter
is
a
b
it
g
o
o
d
as
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
ele
ctr
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
m
eter
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
b
lo
c
k
s
attem
p
ts
to
s
teal
w
h
at
was
in
th
e
d
is
c
with
th
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
m
eter
.
B
u
t
s
till
th
e
p
o
wer
is
b
ein
g
s
to
len
in
th
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
i
cs
en
er
g
y
m
eter
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
way
lik
e
p
ar
tial
ea
r
t
h
f
a
u
lt
tam
p
er
i
n
g
,
th
ef
t
b
y
m
is
s
in
g
n
eu
tr
al
m
eth
o
d
,
cr
o
s
s
p
o
ten
tial
m
eth
o
d
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
p
o
wer
th
e
f
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
s
tu
d
y
o
n
en
e
r
g
y
mete
r
s
a
n
d
p
o
w
er ta
mp
erin
g
a
ttemp
ts
(
Ma
n
o
j
S
a
in
i
)
319
4.
3
.
Ana
lo
g
ener
g
y
m
et
er
s
Usi
n
g
V
d
iv
id
er
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
an
al
o
g
m
eter
ca
lcu
l
ate
th
e
V,
I
o
f
ea
ch
p
h
a
se
.
T
h
e
s
e
an
alo
g
v
alu
es
ar
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ted
in
to
d
ig
i
ts
u
s
in
g
an
alo
g
to
d
ig
ital
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ic
h
in
tu
r
n
ar
e
co
n
v
er
ted
to
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
ig
n
al
u
s
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
v
e
r
ter
.
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
in
teg
r
ate
d
th
ese
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
ig
n
als
o
v
er
a
tim
e
p
er
io
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
alo
n
g
with
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
lin
e
o
r
all
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
an
alo
g
en
er
g
y
m
e
ter
s
.
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
-
t
o
-
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
X
k
W
-
H
C
o
u
n
t
e
r
0
0
9
8
7
A
D
7
7
5
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
.
.
.
1
1
1
0
0
1
.
.
A
D
C
1
P
G
A
A
D
C
2
R
e
v
e
r
s
e
P
o
l
a
r
i
t
y
L
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C
a
l
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
L
E
D
L
o
a
d
S
i
d
e
R
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
O
u
t
l
e
t
A
C
-
t
o
-
D
C
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
+
5
V
P
h
a
s
e
I
n
p
u
t
S
i
d
e
G
a
i
n
C
a
l
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
L
i
n
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
t
e
p
d
o
w
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
ir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
n
alo
g
en
e
r
g
y
m
eter
Po
wer
is
s
to
len
b
y
m
an
y
w
ay
s
in
th
e
an
al
o
g
en
er
g
y
m
eter
b
y
tam
p
e
r
in
g
th
e
m
eter
co
u
n
ter
,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
cir
cu
it,
a
n
d
p
r
in
te
d
cir
cu
it
b
o
a
r
d
.
So
m
etim
e
t
h
e
v
alu
ab
le
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
alu
e
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
an
o
t
h
er
v
alu
e,
f
a
k
e
L
E
D
in
d
icatio
n
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
b
y
p
ass
in
g
th
e
m
ain
L
E
D.
T
h
e
th
ef
t
is
d
o
n
e
s
o
clea
n
ly
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
at
tem
p
er
in
g
h
as o
cc
u
r
r
ed
with
th
e
m
eter
.
4.
4
.
Dig
it
a
l
ener
g
y
m
et
er
s
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
d
ig
ital
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
s
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Hig
h
s
p
ee
d
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
d
ig
ital
en
e
r
g
y
m
eter
s
.
Hig
h
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
alo
g
to
d
ig
ita
l
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
with
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
d
u
ce
r
.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
an
g
le
b
/w
I
an
d
V
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
s
to
r
ed
in
non
-
v
o
latile
m
em
o
r
y
E
E
PR
OM
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
ca
n
b
e
v
er
if
ie
d
u
s
in
g
ANSI
-
C
1
2
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
th
u
s
r
ed
u
ce
r
ea
d
i
n
g
an
d
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
er
r
o
r
.
As
th
er
e
is
n
o
m
o
v
in
g
p
ar
t
h
en
ce
th
ey
a
r
e
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
wea
r
an
d
s
h
o
ck
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
p
o
r
tab
le
in
s
ize.
T
h
ey
h
av
e
h
ig
h
in
p
u
t im
p
ed
a
n
ce
.
Me
ter
lo
ad
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
is
also
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
L
C
D
d
is
p
lay
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
b
atter
y
,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
r
ea
d
as
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ar
e
d
im
wh
en
th
e
b
atter
y
is
lo
w.
T
h
er
e
ca
n
b
e
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
e
r
r
o
r
s
.
I
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
lim
i
t,
th
e
m
eter
will
b
e
d
am
ag
ed
.
T
h
e
h
ea
tin
g
o
f
m
eter
ca
n
alter
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
u
s
r
esu
ltin
g
in
er
r
o
r
in
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
alu
e.
A
q
u
an
tizatio
n
er
r
o
r
ca
n
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
d
u
e
t
o
wo
r
d
len
g
th
,
th
u
s
n
o
is
e
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
B
l
o
c
k
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
S
e
n
s
o
r
s
4
-
Q
u
a
d
r
a
n
t
M
e
t
r
o
l
o
g
y
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
r
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
e
n
s
o
r
s
S
y
s
t
e
m
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
R
S
-
4
8
5
M
e
m
o
r
y
0
8
1
5
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dig
ital e
n
e
r
g
y
m
eter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l
Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
3
15
–
3
25
320
4.
5
.
S
m
a
rt
elec
t
ricit
y
m
e
t
er
T
h
ey
ar
e
n
ew
g
e
n
er
atio
n
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
s
.
T
h
ey
s
en
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
to
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
lier
.
I
t
is
a
two
way
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
d
e
v
ice.
T
h
ey
u
s
es
a
m
u
ch
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
t
o
s
en
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
au
to
m
atica
lly
a
n
d
wir
eless
ly
th
u
s
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
an
u
al
h
an
d
lin
g
o
f
m
eter
co
m
es
to
an
en
d
.
So
f
twar
e’
s
u
p
g
r
ad
i
n
g
an
d
o
t
h
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
ess
ag
es
ca
n
also
b
e
s
en
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
p
p
lier
s
s
id
e.
Mo
d
em
s
ar
e
in
s
talled
in
th
ese
en
e
r
g
y
m
eter
s
wh
ich
h
el
p
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
icity
is
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
h
o
u
r
in
ter
v
al
o
r
less
,
an
d
is
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
d
aily
f
o
r
b
illi
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
r
o
m
m
eter
to
n
etwo
r
k
ca
n
b
e
b
o
th
v
ia
wir
e
o
r
wir
eless
.
I
n
1
9
7
2
,
T
h
eo
d
o
r
e
Geo
r
g
e
Par
ask
ev
ak
o
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
d
ig
ita
l
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
en
s
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
f
ir
e
ala
r
m
s
y
s
tem
.
Me
tr
etek
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
1
st
f
u
lly
au
to
m
ated
r
e
m
o
te
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
in
1
9
7
7
.
I
t g
iv
es m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
b
illi
n
g
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t m
ak
es u
s
to
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
o
u
r
u
s
ag
e.
On
e
ca
n
m
o
n
ito
r
t
h
eir
b
ills
b
y
h
av
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
lete
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
ag
e.
W
h
en
w
e
wer
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
is
wasted
,
we
ca
n
s
av
e
en
er
g
y
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
m
ar
t
en
e
r
g
y
m
eter
s
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
is
s
u
es
s
u
c
h
as
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
p
er
io
d
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
b
etter
s
u
p
p
ly
.
M
o
r
e
co
m
p
etitiv
e
tim
e
o
f
u
s
e
tar
if
f
s
ca
n
b
e
c
r
ea
ted
b
y
s
u
p
p
lier
s
with
ch
ea
p
er
r
ates
at
o
f
f
p
ea
k
tim
es.
W
ith
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
,
m
eter
s
ar
e
n
o
w
e
x
p
o
s
ed
t
o
cy
b
er
th
r
ea
ts
.
So
m
e
ca
s
es
ar
e
r
eg
is
ter
ed
o
f
r
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
g
o
f
d
ev
ice
to
s
h
o
w
wr
o
n
g
r
ea
d
in
g
s
.
W
ir
eless
m
eter
em
its
p
u
ls
ed
r
ad
i
o
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Sm
ar
t
m
eter
s
h
a
d
also
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
o
f
ca
u
s
in
g
f
i
r
es.
T
h
ey
co
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
co
s
tly
th
an
th
e
s
av
in
g
s
th
ey
ar
e
g
iv
in
g
to
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
also
ca
u
s
in
g
u
n
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
b
y
ca
u
s
in
g
p
eo
p
le
o
u
t
o
f
w
o
r
k
.
Priv
ac
y
t
h
r
ea
t
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
ata
is
also
a
p
r
o
b
lem
.
B
y
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
f
ea
tu
r
es
is
av
ailab
le,
th
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
h
elp
in
v
ar
io
u
s
k
in
d
o
f
l
o
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
an
aly
s
is
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
ta
m
p
er
in
g
attem
p
t
b
y
p
o
wer
s
teale
r
s
with
co
m
p
ete
av
o
id
an
ce
.
Switch
in
g
ea
s
y
an
d
f
aster
ju
s
t
with
in
an
h
o
u
r
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
ast
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ata
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
.
I
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
en
e
r
g
y
m
eter
s
,
tem
p
er
in
g
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
-
2
m
a
n
n
er
.
T
h
e
m
eter
d
is
p
lay
,
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
it
ca
n
b
e
tam
p
er
ed
.
T
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
a
c
r
y
s
tal
o
s
cillato
r
ca
n
b
e
c
h
an
g
e
d
b
y
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
o
s
cillato
r
,
in
a
d
d
itio
n
to
th
is
te
m
p
er
in
g
in
d
icato
r
LE
D
ca
n
al
s
o
b
e
r
ep
lace
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
b
y
l
o
o
k
i
n
g
at
th
e
m
eter
,
we
ca
n
n
o
t
tell
with
o
u
r
n
a
k
ed
ey
es
wh
eth
er
th
e
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
an
y
tam
p
er
i
n
g
with
th
e
m
eter
o
r
n
o
t.
I
n
th
is
way
,
with
o
u
t
tak
in
g
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
m
et
er
to
th
e
lab
,
to
f
in
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
s
o
m
e
k
in
d
o
f
tem
p
er
in
g
with
it
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
r
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt.
T
ak
in
g
ac
tio
n
in
th
is
m
an
n
er
is
a
tim
e
tak
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
b
y
th
en
a
cu
s
to
m
er
h
as
co
m
m
itted
a
lo
t
o
f
t
h
ef
t.
Ma
g
n
if
y
in
g
g
la
s
s
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
tch
th
e
th
ef
t,
b
u
t
s
o
m
etim
es
th
e
u
s
er
s
o
clev
er
ly
er
ases
all
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
,
th
at
e
v
en
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
m
ag
n
if
y
in
g
g
lass
we
c
an
n
o
t
f
in
d
o
u
t
wh
eth
er
th
e
r
e
i
s
a
tem
p
er
i
n
g
with
th
e
m
eter
o
r
n
o
t.
4.
6
.
P
re
pa
id
ener
g
y
m
et
e
r
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
en
er
g
y
m
eter
s
ar
e
in
s
talled
in
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
’
s
p
r
em
is
es
in
I
n
d
ia.
I
n
I
n
d
ia
c
u
s
to
m
er
is
s
tealin
g
p
o
wer
b
y
tam
p
e
r
in
g
with
th
ese
e
lectr
o
m
ec
h
an
ically
en
er
g
y
m
e
ter
s
,
th
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
ar
e
g
r
ad
u
ally
b
ei
n
g
u
p
d
ated
.
No
w
a
d
ay
’
s
th
ese
ty
p
es
o
f
m
eter
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
r
ep
lace
d
with
th
e
p
r
ep
aid
en
er
g
y
m
eter
s
alo
n
g
with
d
ig
ital
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
s
o
th
at
a
co
n
s
u
m
er
d
o
es
n
o
t
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
s
u
ch
in
cid
en
ts
in
f
u
tu
r
e.
No
n
-
tim
ely
r
elea
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
icity
b
ills
,
in
c
o
r
r
ec
t
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
s
,
p
o
wer
t
h
ef
t
b
y
en
d
u
s
er
s
o
r
en
d
u
s
er
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t
in
ter
ested
in
p
ay
in
g
th
eir
ele
ctr
icity
b
ills
,
elec
tr
icity
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
is
lo
s
in
g
a
lo
t
o
f
in
c
o
m
e.
Sm
ar
t,
Pre
p
aid
en
er
g
y
m
eter
s
ca
n
elim
in
ate
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
aid
lo
s
s
es.
I
n
th
is
w
ay
p
r
o
f
it
o
f
th
e
u
tili
ty
co
m
p
an
y
ca
n
b
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
eter
s
h
elp
s
elec
tr
icity
u
tili
ty
to
co
llect
all
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
ills
tim
ely
.
Ab
o
v
e
s
aid
m
eter
m
ea
n
we
ar
e
u
s
in
g
a
m
eter
as
lik
e
s
m
ar
t/p
r
ep
aid
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e.
E
n
er
g
y
m
ete
r
h
as
a
p
r
ep
aid
c
ar
d
ju
s
t
lik
e
a
SIM
ca
r
d
o
f
a
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e.
T
h
is
ca
r
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
g
et
h
er
with
its
tech
n
ical
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
elp
in
its
p
r
o
g
r
am
with
u
tili
ty
.
W
h
en
ca
r
d
b
alan
ce
co
m
p
letes,
th
en
co
n
s
u
m
er
'
s
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
au
to
m
atica
lly
c
u
t
o
f
f
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
Po
wer
c
o
m
p
an
ies
ca
n
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
th
eir
co
n
s
u
m
er
’
s
p
r
ep
aid
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
ca
r
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
cu
s
to
m
er
'
s
r
eq
u
est.
Prio
r
b
illi
n
g
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
u
n
p
aid
b
ills
an
d
also
co
r
r
ec
t
m
is
tak
es
th
at
wer
e
m
ad
e
in
th
e
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ete
r
r
ea
d
er
an
d
th
is
en
s
u
r
es a
n
ass
u
r
ed
f
i
x
ju
s
tifie
d
r
ev
e
n
u
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
u
tili
ty
.
Au
to
m
atic
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
s
y
s
t
em
s
an
d
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
’
s
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
s
ar
e
tak
in
g
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
b
o
o
s
ter
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
c
h
ip
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
t
o
d
esig
n
n
ew
m
eter
s
an
d
d
ev
ice
s
.
So
th
at
it
ca
n
s
to
p
th
e
p
o
wer
th
ef
t.
Netwo
r
k
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
ar
e
b
ein
g
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
ter
u
s
er
s
all
o
v
e
r
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
AM
R
an
d
p
o
wer
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
th
ese
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
th
e
g
r
ea
tly
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Pre
p
ai
d
en
er
g
y
m
ete
r
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
eir
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
lo
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
lik
e
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
wh
en
d
id
co
n
s
u
m
er
r
ec
h
ar
g
e?
Ho
w
m
u
c
h
h
a
s
h
e
u
s
ed
an
d
h
o
w
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
h
as
h
ap
p
en
ed
?
I
t
h
o
ld
s
all
k
in
d
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
d
etails with
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
x
ch
an
g
e
with
u
tili
ty
.
Pre
p
aid
en
er
g
y
m
eter
will
h
el
p
a
lo
t
in
m
ak
in
g
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
an
d
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
v
er
y
s
m
ar
ter
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
id
ea
will
b
e
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
n
ew
r
esear
ch
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
h
av
e
d
o
n
e
a
v
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
w
o
r
k
in
th
is
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
as
p
r
o
v
ed
m
o
r
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
in
th
e
UK
w
h
o
h
av
e
h
ad
p
o
o
r
p
ay
m
en
t
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
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wer
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n
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8
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ey
o
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tim
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1
9
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.
T
h
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esig
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Kwa
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Ut
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g
h
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p
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A
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ased
co
n
tr
o
ller
alo
n
g
with
en
e
r
g
y
m
eter
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
o
n
lin
e
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
ed
.
4.
7
.
P
re
pa
id
ener
g
y
m
et
er
des
ig
ing
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
id
ea
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
ch
an
g
es
th
e
m
eter
s
,
b
u
t
also
tells
u
s
th
at
we
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
tan
tl
y
u
p
g
r
ad
e
o
u
r
p
r
ep
aid
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
s
.
Al
l
th
e
d
esig
n
s
th
at
co
m
e
in
th
i
s
way
will
h
av
e
an
en
er
g
y
m
eter
,
a
p
r
e
p
aid
ca
r
d
an
d
an
L
C
D
d
is
p
lay
a
n
d
a
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
ed
iu
m
t
o
m
ak
e
p
r
ep
aid
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
s
.
4.
7
.
1
.
E
nerg
y
m
e
t
er
B
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
lo
ad
,
th
e
d
is
k
/r
o
to
r
o
f
r
o
tate
an
d
ele
ctr
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
en
er
g
y
m
eter
ca
lcu
lates
to
tal
co
n
s
u
m
ed
en
er
g
y
.
E
lec
tr
o
n
ics
m
eter
h
av
e
all
th
ese
in
ter
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
a
m
icr
o
-
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Pro
g
r
a
m
m
ed
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
lc
u
late
h
o
w
m
u
ch
en
er
g
y
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
u
s
er
co
n
s
u
m
ed
;
b
alan
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
ep
a
id
ca
r
d
is
ad
ju
s
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
4.
7
.
1
.
Co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n
mo
du
le
a
nd
prepa
id
Utilit
y
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
o
th
co
n
s
tan
tly
g
et
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
p
r
e
p
aid
ca
r
d
b
alan
ce
a
n
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
u
s
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
m
o
d
u
le.
Pre
p
ai
d
ca
r
d
d
e
s
ig
n
is
v
er
y
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ad
d
it
io
n
p
ar
t
in
s
id
e
th
e
m
eter
.
Pro
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
is
d
o
n
e
i
n
ad
v
an
ce
in
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
y
f
ix
in
g
th
e
tar
if
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
As
s
o
o
n
as
a
lo
ad
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
th
e
m
eter
p
r
e
p
aid
ca
r
d
k
ee
p
s
co
n
v
er
tin
g
t
h
ese
it
em
s
in
to
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
e
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
m
ea
n
am
o
u
n
t
.
Pre
p
aid
ca
r
d
am
o
u
n
t
g
r
ad
u
ally
b
ec
o
m
es
ze
r
o
with
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
ca
n
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
th
eir
ca
r
d
o
f
m
eter
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
i
n
ter
n
et.
T
h
e
u
tili
ty
co
m
p
an
y
r
ec
h
ar
g
es
th
e
p
r
ep
aid
ca
r
d
o
f
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
en
e
r
g
y
m
eter
o
n
r
ec
eip
t
o
f
th
e
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
am
o
u
n
t.
C
a
r
d
g
en
er
ates
a
s
ig
n
al
to
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
an
d
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
'
s
s
u
p
p
ly
b
ec
o
m
es h
e
alth
y
.
4
.
7
.
2
.
Co
nta
ct
o
r
A
lo
ca
l
co
n
tacto
r
ac
ts
as
a
li
n
k
b
/w
th
e
u
tili
ty
s
u
p
p
l
y
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
lo
a
d
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
ac
t
o
r
o
p
en
in
g
an
d
clo
s
in
g
o
f
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
h
o
w
m
u
ch
b
alan
ce
is
th
e
r
e
o
n
c
a
r
d
.
As
lo
n
g
as
th
e
b
alan
ce
is
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
ze
r
o
in
th
e
ca
r
d
,
it
will
r
em
ain
in
a
clo
s
e
d
s
tate
an
d
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
will
co
n
tin
u
e
to
g
et
u
n
in
te
r
r
u
p
te
d
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
W
h
en
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
e
co
m
es
ze
r
o
in
t
h
e
ca
r
d
,
it
will
o
p
en
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
will
also
b
e
d
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
.
Hen
ce
,
elec
tr
icity
co
m
in
g
to
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
m
ete
r
b
u
t th
ey
d
o
n
o
t r
ea
c
h
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
b
alan
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
ep
aid
ca
r
d
h
as
b
ee
n
b
ec
o
m
e
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
co
n
tacto
r
r
em
ain
s
o
p
en
an
d
th
e
lo
a
d
ca
n
n
o
t
co
n
n
ec
t
to
th
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
th
e
co
n
tacto
r
co
n
tin
u
es t
o
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
s
o
m
e
p
o
wer
,
w
h
ich
is
n
o
t in
clu
d
ed
in
b
ill/
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
.
4
.
7
.
3
.
Wo
rk
ing
Fig
u
r
e
5
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
e
x
p
lai
n
th
e
w
o
r
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
u
tili
ty
f
ed
s
u
p
p
ly
to
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
,
a
p
r
e
p
aid
ca
r
d
em
b
ed
d
e
d
o
n
m
eter
.
C
ar
d
g
i
v
es
h
ig
h
/lo
w
s
ig
n
al
i.e
.
clo
s
e
/o
p
en
s
ig
n
al
to
co
n
tacto
r
b
as
ed
o
n
b
alan
ce
in
it.
Pre
p
aid
en
er
g
y
m
eter
s
wer
e
ab
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
we
r
th
ef
t
f
o
r
a
v
er
y
lo
n
g
tim
e.
B
u
t
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
d
ata
m
an
ag
em
en
t
d
ata
h
an
d
lin
g
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
we
ar
e
s
till
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
.
M
i
c
r
o
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
A
T
8
9
C
5
1
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
M
a
x
2
3
2
D
B
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
o
r
S
m
a
r
t
C
a
r
d
R
e
a
d
e
r
O
P
T
O
C
O
U
P
L
E
R
R
e
l
a
y
L
C
D
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
M
e
t
e
r
L
O
A
D
S
M
a
i
n
s
S
u
p
p
l
y
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Dig
ital
en
e
r
g
y
m
eter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l
Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
3
15
–
3
25
322
4
.
8
.
De
m
a
nd
ba
s
ed
s
m
a
rt
met
er
ing
s
y
s
t
em
a
rc
hite
ct
ure
“De
m
an
d
b
ased
Sm
ar
t
Me
ter
i
n
g
”
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
h
o
u
r
s
s
ep
ar
ately
an
d
to
s
en
d
th
ese
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ata
p
er
io
d
ically
to
th
e
u
tili
ty
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
e
d
ata
ar
e
ac
q
u
ir
e
d
at
u
tili
ty
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
er
v
e
r
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
u
s
ed
f
o
r
b
illi
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
in
g
is
ca
p
ab
le
to
a
ler
t
th
e
u
tili
ty
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
if
th
e
f
t
is
d
etec
ted
an
d
au
to
m
atica
lly
ca
n
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
to
s
u
ch
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
.
Desig
n
ed
s
y
s
tem
h
as
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
r
em
o
te
tu
r
n
o
n
/o
f
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
.
I
n
I
n
d
ia,
th
e
tim
e
s
lo
ts
f
r
o
m
1
2
:0
0
AM
-
0
6
:0
0
AM
,
0
9
:0
0
-
0
6
:0
0
PM
a
n
d
0
9
:0
0
PM
-
1
2
:0
0
AM
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
n
o
r
m
al
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
tim
e
s
lo
ts
f
r
o
m
0
6
:0
0
AM
-
0
9
:0
0
AM
a
n
d
0
6
:0
0
-
0
9
:0
0
PM
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
as
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
tim
e
s
lo
ts
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
n
o
r
m
al
h
o
u
r
I
,
n
o
r
m
al
h
o
u
r
I
I
,
n
o
r
m
al
h
o
u
r
I
I
I
,
an
d
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
I
a
n
d
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
I
I
.
Sep
ar
ate
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
ese
n
o
r
m
al
a
n
d
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
ap
p
ly
in
g
h
ig
h
er
tar
if
f
f
o
r
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
wo
u
ld
r
e
d
u
ce
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
s
ep
ar
ately
f
o
r
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
f
o
r
two
o
f
t
h
e
p
ea
k
p
er
io
d
s
.
A
lim
it
f
o
r
th
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
ca
n
b
e
s
et
an
d
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
ca
n
b
e
im
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
wh
o
cr
o
s
s
th
e
lim
it.
T
h
is
f
e
atu
r
e
f
o
r
ce
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
th
er
eb
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
SM.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
s
m
ar
t m
eter
: (
a)
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
id
e,
(
b
)
Utilit
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
id
e
Dig
ital
en
er
g
y
m
eter
s
ar
e
in
s
talled
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
it
h
elp
s
th
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
a
n
y
t
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
en
tire
cu
s
to
m
er
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
its
p
o
wer
f
lo
w.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e,
u
s
e
GSM
n
etwo
r
k
with
two
-
way
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
alo
n
g
with
g
r
ap
h
ical
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
GUI
)
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
with
u
tili
ty
an
d
u
s
er
v
ia
SMS.
E
v
er
y
SM
in
s
talled
at
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
en
d
h
as
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
m
eter
I
D.
I
n
I
n
d
ia,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
lo
w
c
o
s
t
b
asic
Sm
ar
t
Me
ter
s
b
y
u
p
g
r
a
d
in
g
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
o
n
e
is
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
T
h
at
is
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
to
b
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
u
ch
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
c
o
s
t,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
f
r
ee
wh
ile
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
,
a
p
r
o
p
er
ly
d
esig
n
ed
o
p
tical
p
ick
-
u
p
cir
cu
it
is
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
p
u
ls
es
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
L
E
D
b
lin
k
/d
ar
k
m
ar
k
in
g
o
f
th
e
r
o
tatin
g
d
is
k
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
en
er
g
y
m
ete
r
.
AT
8
9
S
5
2
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
to
co
u
n
t t
h
e
p
u
ls
es.
DS1
3
0
7
R
ea
l
tim
e
c
lo
ck
(
R
T
C
)
i
s
u
s
e
d
alo
n
g
with
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
t
r
o
l
ler
to
co
u
n
t
th
e
p
u
ls
es
s
ep
ar
ately
f
o
r
th
e
p
ea
k
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
h
o
u
r
s
lo
ts
.
A
s
in
g
le
p
o
le
d
o
u
b
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
lay
is
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
ly
en
d
u
s
er
.
R
elay
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
to
cu
t
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
p
o
wer
s
teale
r
s
an
d
th
o
s
e
wh
o
s
e
p
ea
k
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
lim
it
is
also
m
ee
t.
A
s
er
v
er
co
m
p
u
te
r
with
GUI
o
r
f
r
o
n
t
en
d
,
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
L
ab
VI
E
W
,
r
ec
eiv
es
th
is
d
ata
an
d
s
to
r
e
in
a
d
atab
ase
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
eter
I
D.
At
th
e
en
d
o
f
ev
er
y
m
o
n
t
h
,
elec
tr
icity
b
ill
i
s
g
en
er
ated
au
to
m
atica
lly
an
d
m
ain
tain
ed
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
m
em
o
r
y
o
f
th
e
s
er
v
er
.
Dis
p
la
y
o
f
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
th
e
last
b
ill,
b
i
ll
d
u
e
d
ates,
aler
t
f
o
r
th
ef
t d
etec
t,
p
u
s
h
s
witch
es f
o
r
r
em
o
te
tu
r
n
ON/OFF a
r
e
av
ailab
le
at
th
e
GUI
f
ea
tu
r
e
.
4
.
9
.
S
m
a
rt
m
et
er
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
Utilit
ie
s
u
s
e
Sm
ar
t
Me
ter
s
to
s
m
o
o
th
r
u
n
n
in
g
o
f
elec
tr
ic
s
y
s
tem
;
v
ar
io
u
s
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
in
m
eter
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
two
-
way
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
f
ea
tu
r
e
b
/w
co
n
s
u
m
er
an
d
u
tili
ties
f
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
s
tu
d
y
o
n
en
e
r
g
y
mete
r
s
a
n
d
p
o
w
er ta
mp
erin
g
a
ttemp
ts
(
Ma
n
o
j
S
a
in
i
)
323
b
illi
n
g
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
o
r
m
a
n
y
o
th
er
f
ea
tu
r
es
lik
e
AM
I
,
AM
R
.
E
ar
lier
we
u
s
ed
to
u
s
e
o
n
e
way
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
h
ad
m
a
n
y
s
h
o
r
tc
o
m
in
g
s
.
T
h
ese
d
ef
icien
cies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
v
er
co
m
e
b
y
th
e
two
-
way
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Sm
ar
t
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
is
th
e
o
n
ly
e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
with
th
is
we
ca
n
co
n
tr
o
l
ev
e
r
y
ty
p
e
o
f
p
o
wer
te
m
p
er
in
g
a
ttem
p
t
an
d
th
er
e
is
n
o
r
is
k
o
f
e
r
asin
g
an
y
ty
p
e
o
f
d
ata
o
r
ev
id
e
n
ce
s
in
it.
Sm
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
eter
is
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
a
d
v
an
ce
d
f
ast
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
e
v
ices.
I
t
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
r
ec
o
r
d
s
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
en
d
u
s
er
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
tim
e.
Sm
ar
t
m
eter
s
m
ain
tain
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ec
o
r
d
s
an
d
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
o
p
e
r
ate
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
b
illi
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
S
m
ar
t
Me
ter
r
ec
o
r
d
s
th
e
ty
p
ic
ally
p
o
wer
u
s
e
o
f
a
co
n
s
u
m
er
p
e
r
m
in
u
te
o
f
ev
e
r
y
h
o
u
r
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
s
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
two
-
way
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
u
s
er
a
n
d
u
tili
ty
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
is
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
is
wir
eless
an
d
alo
n
g
with
f
ast
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ate
with
lo
w
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Sm
a
r
t
m
eter
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
Fra
m
ewo
r
k
:
A
r
ev
iew
p
a
p
er
s
tates
th
at
SG
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
with
o
u
t a
s
m
ar
t m
eter
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
o
f
ad
d
in
g
s
o
m
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
o
u
r
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
to
m
ak
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
t,
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
wastag
e,
to
r
em
o
v
e
th
e
lo
s
s
es.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
o
n
ly
wh
en
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
n
ew
ad
v
an
ce
d
f
ea
tu
r
es
lik
e
GI
S,
OM
S,
E
AI
,
AM
I
,
AM
R
,
MD
MS
will
b
e
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
,
t
h
ese
f
ea
tu
r
es
ar
e
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
with
o
u
t
a
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
[
16
]
.
Sm
ar
t
m
eter
p
r
o
v
id
es
l
o
n
g
ter
m
b
en
ef
its
to
u
tili
ty
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
s
.
Data
s
to
r
ag
e,
awa
r
en
ess
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
aly
s
is
,
tam
p
er
i
n
g
attem
p
t,
E
n
e
r
g
y
th
ef
t
d
etec
tio
n
,
p
o
wer
q
u
al
ity
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
all
th
is
is
d
o
n
e
wi
th
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
h
elp
o
f
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
[
17
]
.
T
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
s
m
ar
t
in
tellig
en
t
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
an
d
s
m
ar
t
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
we
c
an
r
ed
u
ce
o
u
r
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
g
et
v
er
y
co
s
t
b
e
n
ef
it
an
aly
s
is
.
[
18
]
-
[
20
]
.
W
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
lifts
u
p
in
s
id
e
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
[
21
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t o
f
s
m
a
r
t e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
.
M
e
t
e
r
i
n
g
S
o
C
(
A
D
C
/
C
P
U
/
D
S
P
)
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
o
r
y
D
a
t
a
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
T
a
m
p
e
r
D
e
t
e
c
t
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
D
r
i
v
e
r
F
o
r
R
S
-
2
3
2
/
R
s
-
4
8
5
S
m
a
r
t
M
e
t
e
r
P
o
w
e
r
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
O
p
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
x
t
r
e
m
e
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
A
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
R
T
C
M
e
m
o
r
y
U
s
e
r
I
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
R
e
l
a
y
D
r
i
v
e
r
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
/
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
S
e
n
s
o
r
s
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
s
m
ar
t e
n
er
g
y
m
eter
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
eter
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
elec
tr
icity
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
e
s
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
cu
r
r
en
t
ly
f
ac
ed
ch
allen
g
es
lik
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
u
s
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
ted
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
lo
s
s
es
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
th
ef
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
d
ata
h
an
d
lin
g
[
2
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
o
f
m
ater
d
ata
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
MD
MS)
.
W
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
MD
MS,
we
ca
n
id
en
tify
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
o
u
r
u
s
er
s
.
W
e
ca
n
f
in
d
o
u
t
ea
s
ily
wh
ich
u
s
er
s
ar
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
ef
t
ac
tiv
ity
.
Sy
s
tem
also
h
elp
s
u
s
in
co
llectin
g
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
ef
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
th
e
d
ef
au
lt
er
.
Af
ter
th
is
,
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
n
ee
d
o
f
a
p
h
y
s
ically
p
r
o
o
f
s
.
I
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RE
F
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S
[1
]
R.
S
.
K
u
m
a
r,
T.
Ra
g
h
u
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a
t
h
a
a
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d
R.
A.
De
sh
p
a
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e
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3
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.
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]
R.
S
.
Ku
m
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d
M
.
M
.
B
.
Na
ra
y
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,
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to
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in
Ke
ra
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,"
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nd
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a
ti
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Co
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c
trica
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En
g
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,
Ko
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h
i,
2
0
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.
[3
]
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.
D.
G
a
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ia,
F
.
P
.
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o
,
W.
A.
d
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d
a
S
il
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,
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we
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:
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tren
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s,"
2
0
1
7
Ni
n
t
h
An
n
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a
l
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.
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0
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1
0
.
[4
]
G
.
P
latt,
S
.
Wes
t
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T.
M
o
o
re
,
"
Th
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2
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.
2
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5
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.
[5
]
D.
B.
P
.
Qu
i
n
tan
i
lh
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
A
u
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Ame
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7
.
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6
.
[6
]
Y.
Tan
g
,
C
.
-
W
.
Te
n
,
C.
Wan
g
a
n
d
G
.
P
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"
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trac
ti
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in
f
o
rm
a
ti
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o
m
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sin
g
ima
g
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p
ro
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e
ss
in
g
,
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in
IEE
E
T
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n
sa
c
ti
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S
m
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rt
Gr
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d
,
v
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l
.
6
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9
/
TS
G
.
2
0
1
5
.
2
3
8
8
5
8
6
.
[7
]
R.
M
o
h
a
ss
e
l,
A.
F
u
n
g
,
F
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
i
a
n
d
K.
Ra
a
h
e
m
ifar,
"
A
su
rv
e
y
o
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
m
e
terin
g
in
fra
stru
c
tu
re
,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r
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d
E
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y
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ste
ms
,
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l.
6
3
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p
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4
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ij
e
p
e
s.
2
0
1
4
.
0
6
.
0
2
5
.
[8
]
F
.
R.
Clen
it
iaa
,
E.
Ilak
y
a
,
G
.
S
.
P
re
e
th
a
a
n
d
B.
M
e
e
n
a
k
sh
i
,
"
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
d
i
g
it
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
m
e
ter,"
2
0
1
7
I
n
ter
n
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t
io
n
a
l
Co
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fer
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Po
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r,
E
n
e
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n
fo
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ti
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Co
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(
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0
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p
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9
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.
2
0
1
7
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8
2
9
0
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3
2
.
[9
]
A
.
Ja
in
a
n
d
M
.
Ba
g
re
e
,
"
A
p
re
p
a
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ter
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n
g
m
o
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o
m
m
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,
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ter
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o
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ra
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E
n
g
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T
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v
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3
,
no.
3
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p
p
.
1
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6
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0
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o
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0
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4
3
1
4
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jes
t.
v
3
i3
.
6
8
4
3
2
.
[1
0
]
Y
.
Ka
b
a
lci,
"
A
su
rv
e
y
o
n
sm
a
rt
m
e
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g
a
n
d
sm
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Ren
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a
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d
S
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l.
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p
.
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0
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6
,
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0
.
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6
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.
rse
r.
2
0
1
5
.
1
2
.
1
1
4
.
[1
1
]
T.
Ak
a
n
d
,
Z
.
Ha
q
a
n
d
A.
A.
M
e
j
b
a
h
,
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An
a
l
y
ti
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l
st
u
d
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