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Vs
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s
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ar
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id
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as
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1
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2
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.
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th
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eq
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d
ev
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[
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On
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atten
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s
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ter
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I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
9
:
6
1
–
68
62
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
ast
p
u
b
licatio
n
ab
o
u
t
u
ti
lizi
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'
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s
ch
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p
o
w
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s
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m
s
d
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s
cu
s
s
ed
o
n
l
y
th
eir
b
en
ef
it
s
o
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
e
g
u
lat
io
n
is
s
u
e
[
4
-
7
]
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
V2
G
ca
p
ac
ity
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
f
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eq
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en
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y
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
er
v
ice
is
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
[
4
]
.
V2
G
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
as
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
e
g
u
la
to
r
in
[
5
]
.
I
n
[
6
]
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e,
th
e
ce
n
tr
alize
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FC
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m
a
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r
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atin
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E
th
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et
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o
m
m
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n
icatio
n
.
Als
o
i
n
[
7
]
,
A
ce
n
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alize
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co
n
tr
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l
s
ch
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m
e
allo
ca
ti
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F
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d
E
Vs
h
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v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
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I
n
[
8
]
,
an
atte
m
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t
to
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
t
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tr
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.
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p
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to
v
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ltaic
P
V
s
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te
m
s
[
1
2
-
1
3
]
,
V2
G
h
as
b
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ap
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e
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Vs.
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s
y
s
te
m
p
o
w
er
u
n
d
er
s
tep
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
.
A
t
w
o
-
ar
ea
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
cl
u
d
es
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
V2
G
s
c
h
e
m
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
tes
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
tep
lo
a
d
ch
an
g
es
an
d
th
e
f
au
lt
o
f
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
u
s
in
g
co
m
p
u
ter
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
Ma
tlab
/Si
m
u
li
n
k
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
i
m
u
latio
n
tes
ts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
to
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
e
f
f
e
ct
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
V2
G
s
c
h
e
m
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
t
h
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
te
m
(
i
n
ca
s
es o
f
s
tep
lo
ad
ch
an
g
e
s
an
d
f
au
l
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
)
o
n
:
a.
S
y
s
te
m
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
b.
T
er
m
in
al
v
o
lta
g
es o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
c.
A
cti
v
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Sect
io
n
2
d
escr
ib
es
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
w
it
h
E
Vs
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
V2
G
s
y
s
te
m
,
Si
m
p
li
f
ied
b
atter
y
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
4
an
d
s
ec
ti
o
n
5
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
.
Sectio
n
6
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
d
etailed
p
ar
am
e
te
r
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
u
n
d
er
s
t
u
d
y
.
Se
v
e
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
an
al
y
ze
s
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
s
i
m
u
lat
ed
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
r
ee
p
h
a
s
e
r
esis
t
iv
e
lo
ad
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
a
n
d
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
in
th
e
s
t
u
d
ied
s
y
s
te
m
.
An
d
f
i
n
all
y
,
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
ar
e
d
r
a
w
n
in
Sectio
n
8
.
2.
SM
ART G
RID
WI
T
H
E
Vs
T
o
g
et
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e,
f
le
x
i
b
le
an
d
lo
w
er
co
s
t
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
S
m
ar
t
Gr
id
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
to
u
s
e
t
h
e
I
C
T
s
(
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
)
f
o
r
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
P
latf
o
r
m
[
9
]
d
ef
i
n
es
th
e
S
m
ar
t
Gr
id
as:
“A
S
m
ar
t
Gr
id
is
an
e
lec
tr
icit
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
ca
n
in
te
lli
g
en
tl
y
i
n
teg
r
ate
t
h
e
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
all
u
s
e
r
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
it
–
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
an
d
th
o
s
e
th
at
d
o
b
o
th
–
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
ef
f
icien
tl
y
d
eliv
er
s
u
s
tai
n
a
b
le,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
elec
tr
icit
y
s
u
p
p
lies
.
”
Ma
n
y
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
ar
e
m
o
v
i
n
g
to
w
ar
d
s
ch
a
n
g
in
g
t
h
eir
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
to
s
m
ar
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
in
J
ap
an
,
Sin
ce
th
e
T
o
h
o
k
u
ea
r
th
q
u
a
k
e
o
n
2
0
1
1
,
th
e
lig
h
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
h
ed
o
n
S
m
ar
t
Gr
id
as
a
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
b
o
th
o
f
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
a
m
a
g
ed
d
is
tr
icts
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
a
lo
w
-
ca
r
b
o
n
s
o
ciet
y.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
E
Vs
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
attr
ac
ted
m
u
ch
atte
n
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
C
O2
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
i
n
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
W
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
B
L
UE
Ma
p
p
la
n
,
th
e
w
o
r
ld
w
id
e
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
icit
y
to
ch
ar
g
e
E
Vs
w
ill r
ea
ch
2
5
0
0
T
W
h
in
2
0
5
0
[
1
0
]
.
L
ar
g
e
-
ca
p
ac
it
y
b
atter
ies
u
s
ed
in
E
V
s
,
lead
in
g
t
h
e
m
to
b
e
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e.
P
lu
g
-
in
E
Vs
ar
e
th
o
s
e
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
ch
ar
g
ed
i
n
t
h
e
h
o
m
e,
t
h
ese
p
l
u
g
-
i
n
E
V
's ca
n
b
e
h
elp
f
u
l
in
c
ase
o
f
lo
ad
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
tw
o
-
w
a
y
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
to
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
E
Vs
i
n
to
th
e
elec
tr
icit
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
th
is
w
h
at
ca
n
b
e
ca
lle
d
“
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
g
r
id
”
(
V2
G)
[
1
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
V2
G
s
ch
e
m
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
a
s
m
ar
t i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
S
m
ar
t
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
te
d
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
V2
G
sc
h
e
m
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
Ter
min
a
l v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
p
o
w
er reg
u
la
tio
n
u
s
in
g
ve
h
icle
-
to
-
g
r
id
(
V
2
G)
…
(
Ta
r
ek
Ha
s
s
a
n
Mo
h
a
med
)
63
3.
V2
G
SM
ART SCH
E
M
E
T
h
e
id
ea
o
f
th
e
V2
G
s
m
ar
t
s
ch
e
m
e
i
s
to
g
et
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
ical
v
eh
icle
s
E
Vs
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
l
u
g
i
n
p
er
io
d
,
th
is
p
er
io
d
is
p
r
e
-
s
ch
e
d
u
led
b
y
ca
r
u
s
er
s
to
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
eir
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
ai
m
o
f
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
V2
G
in
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
to
d
e
al
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
lo
ad
ch
an
g
es
a
n
d
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
r
en
e
w
ab
l
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
w
h
ic
h
lead
to
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
ev
ia
tio
n
s
,
ter
m
in
al
v
o
lta
g
e
v
ar
iatio
n
an
d
c
h
a
n
g
es
in
tr
an
s
m
itted
p
o
w
er
,
s
o
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
V
2
G
s
ch
e
m
e
w
ill
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
to
tal
s
y
s
te
m
r
esp
o
n
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
lo
ad
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
an
d
o
r
f
lu
ct
u
ati
o
n
s
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
b
atter
y
in
V2
G
s
ch
e
m
e
ca
n
b
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
(
d
is
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
)
o
r
n
e
g
ati
v
e
(
ch
ar
g
in
g
)
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
e
v
iati
o
n
(
)
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
(
7
)
:
{
(
)
(
|
|
)
(
1
)
a
n
d
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
a
b
alan
ce
b
att
er
y
(
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
/d
is
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
)
co
n
tr
o
l,
V2
G
g
ain
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
l
ated
f
r
o
m
{
(
(
)
(
)
(
)
)
}
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
all
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
i
n
(
1
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
esi
g
n
ed
as t
h
e
s
tat
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
i
s
b
alan
ce
d
ar
o
u
n
d
5
0
%,
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
u
r
v
e
o
f
V2
G
p
o
w
e
r
/
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
ev
ia
tio
n
: (
a)
I
n
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
to
V2
G
an
d
(
b
)
Ou
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
V2
G
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
alan
ce
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
b
atter
y
SO
C
4.
SI
M
P
L
I
F
I
E
D
B
A
T
T
E
RY
M
O
DE
L
A
s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
b
atter
y
m
o
d
el
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
is
m
o
d
el
i
s
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
a
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
O
C
V
a
n
d
in
ter
n
a
l r
esi
s
tan
ce
R
in
t [
7
]
,
th
e
V2
G
p
o
w
e
r
(
P
V2
G
)
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
o
m
:
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
I
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
/d
is
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
Ner
n
s
t e
q
u
atio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
O
C
V
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8792
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
9
:
6
1
–
68
64
(
)
(
4
)
an
d
SOC
ca
n
b
e
u
p
d
ated
f
r
o
m
:
(
5
)
Su
b
s
ti
tu
t
in
g
3
in
5
y
ield
s
:
(
√
⁄
)
(
6
)
also
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
(
E
)
n
ee
d
ed
to
ch
ar
g
e
t
h
e
b
atter
y
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
S
OC
(
SO
C
d
)
f
r
o
m
S
O
C
i a
t a
n
y
in
s
ta
n
t (
i)
ca
n
b
e
g
et
f
r
o
m
:
∫
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
7
)
5.
UNDER
ST
UD
Y
SYS
T
E
M
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
u
n
d
er
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
w
o
ar
ea
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
,
ea
c
h
ar
ea
h
as
o
n
e
d
iesel
g
e
n
er
ato
r
an
d
lo
ad
s
,
V2
G
s
c
h
e
m
e
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
it
h
ar
ea
1
at
b
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
2
(
“
lo
ad
1
1
”
p
lu
s
th
e
V2
G
s
y
s
te
m
)
,
ar
ea
2
h
as
t
w
o
lo
ad
s
a
t
b
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
4
(
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
lo
ad
“L
o
ad
2
2
”,
w
h
ile
“L
o
ad
2
1
”
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
y
a
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
s
w
itc
h
)
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
ar
ea
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
y
t
w
o
s
er
i
es
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
li
n
e,
ea
ch
li
n
e
h
as
2
0
k
m
len
g
t
h
,
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ea
c
h
ar
ea
h
a
s
o
n
e
s
tep
d
o
w
n
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
w
h
ic
h
u
s
ed
to
co
n
n
ec
t
t
h
e
ar
ea
lo
ad
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Si
m
p
le
T
w
o
-
A
r
ea
P
o
w
er
S
y
s
te
m
6.
SYST
E
M
CO
NF
I
G
URA
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
u
s
ed
a
t
w
o
-
ar
ea
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
,
th
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
is
r
ep
r
ese
n
ted
u
s
i
n
g
Ma
tlab
/Si
m
u
l
in
k
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
Ar
ea
1
h
as
a
1
5
MW
d
iesel
g
e
n
er
ato
r
,
4
MW
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icl
es
(
f
o
u
r
ag
g
r
eg
a
ted
V2
G
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
w
i
th
d
etailed
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
l
is
ted
i
n
ta
b
le
1
a
n
d
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
ill
u
s
tr
ated
i
n
tab
les
2
,
3
)
an
d
1
0
M
W
r
esid
en
tial
lo
ad
(
w
it
h
0
.
1
6
p
f
)
.
A
r
ea
2
h
as
4
MW
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
lo
ad
(
“
L
o
ad
2
2
”)
an
d
4
MW
co
n
tr
o
lled
lo
ad
(
“
L
o
ad
2
1
”)
.
E
ac
h
ar
ea
h
as 2
5
k
v
/6
0
0
v
s
tep
d
o
w
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
ar
am
e
ter
s
o
f
t
h
e
V2
G
s
ch
e
m
es
Un
it
n
u
m
b
er
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
ca
r
s
*
I
n
itial st
a
te
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
[
%]
C
h
ar
g
in
g
/
R
e
g
u
la
tio
n
m
o
d
e
1
35
90%
R
eg
u
latio
n
2
25
90%
R
eg
u
latio
n
3
10
90%
R
eg
u
latio
n
4
20
90%
R
eg
u
latio
n
5
10
0%
R
eg
u
latio
n
*
T
h
e
r
ated
p
o
w
er
o
f
ea
ch
ca
r
is
4
0
k
W
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
Ter
min
a
l v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
p
o
w
er reg
u
la
tio
n
u
s
in
g
ve
h
icle
-
to
-
g
r
id
(
V
2
G)
…
(
Ta
r
ek
Ha
s
s
a
n
Mo
h
a
med
)
65
T
ab
le
2
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
V2
G
c
o
n
tr
o
l
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
V2
G
p
o
w
er
(
P
m
a
x
)
[
k
w
]
40*
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
V2
G
g
ain
(
K
m
a
x
)
[
k
w
/Hz]
200
n
,
SOC
m
i
n
,
SO
C
lo
w
,
SO
C
h
ig
h
,
SOC
m
a
x
[
%]
2
,
1
0
,
2
0
,
8
0
,
9
0
(
)
[
Hz]
-
0
.
1
*
(
8
b
atter
ies ,
5
k
w
/b
atter
y
)
T
ab
le
3
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
b
atte
r
y
m
o
d
el
No
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
(
V
no
m
)
[
V]
3
4
5
.
6
No
m
i
n
al
ca
p
ac
it
y
(
C
no
m
)
[
Ah
]
15
E
n
er
g
y
C
ap
ac
it
y
[
k
w
h
]
5
.
2
I
n
ter
n
al
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
(
R
i
n
t)
[
Ω
]
0
.
4
Sen
s
iti
v
it
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
o
f
OC
V
-
SO
C
(
α
)
15
C
u
r
r
en
t e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
(
η
)
1
.
0
7.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
T
h
e
test
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
is
Ma
t
lab
/Si
m
u
l
in
k
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
p
ac
k
a
g
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
all
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
p
er
io
d
s
at
th
e
p
l
u
g
in
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
th
e
e
lectr
ic
v
e
h
icle
s
h
o
u
r
s
(
u
s
u
al
l
y
b
et
w
ee
n
1
0
P
M
to
6
A
M)
.
T
w
o
ca
s
es
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
to
test
t
h
e
ef
f
ici
e
n
tl
y
o
f
p
r
esen
ce
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
V2
G
s
ch
e
m
e.
I
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
s
e
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
c
h
ec
k
ed
u
n
d
er
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
a
s
tep
lo
ad
ch
a
n
g
e
at
A
r
ea
2
(
4
MW
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
r
esis
ti
v
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
lo
ad
w
ill
b
e
s
w
itc
h
ed
o
n
at
t
=
4
0
s
ec
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
an
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
V2
G
s
ch
e
m
es.
Fo
r
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
to
p
to
th
e
b
o
tto
m
ar
e
th
e
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
ltag
e,
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t,
to
tal
p
o
w
er
,
ac
ti
v
e
an
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
(
all
o
f
th
e
r
esid
en
tial
lo
ad
,
“lo
ad
1
1
”)
.
I
t
is
clea
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
t
h
at
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
V2
G
s
ch
e
m
e
s
,
th
e
t
er
m
in
a
l
v
o
lta
g
e
g
o
e
s
s
tead
y
s
tate
m
o
r
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
an
d
w
ith
a
s
m
al
l
v
al
u
e
o
f
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t.
I
t
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
also
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
in
b
o
th
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
an
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
ca
s
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
lo
ad
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ct
iv
e
p
o
w
er
s
h
av
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
V2
G
s
ch
e
m
e
s
.
(
w
ith
o
u
t
V2
G,
th
e
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
an
d
r
is
e
ti
m
e
ar
e
b
ig
g
er
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
o
f
V2
G
s
c
h
e
m
es
f
o
r
all
th
r
ee
s
i
g
n
als).
A
l
s
o
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
,
th
e
r
o
to
r
s
p
e
ed
s
o
f
G1
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
a
an
d
G2
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
b
ar
e
m
o
r
e
d
a
m
p
ed
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
V2
G
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
(
b
o
th
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
s
h
o
o
t
an
d
th
e
r
is
e
ti
m
e
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
a
m
p
ed
to
ab
o
u
t
5
0
%).
I
n
b
r
ief
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
n
o
ted
th
a
t
t
h
e
V2
G
s
ch
e
m
es
s
u
cc
ee
d
ed
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
m
o
r
eo
v
er
,
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
a
g
g
r
e
g
ate
d
g
r
o
u
p
n
u
m
b
er
3
(
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
T
ab
le
1
)
.
W
h
ile
th
e
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
o
f
V2
G
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
(
th
e
g
ain
is
k
ep
t
at
co
n
s
ta
n
t
v
a
lu
e
=
2
0
0
,
th
is
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
i
n
itial
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
SOC
o
f
V2
G
u
n
it
1
,
u
n
it
2
,
u
n
i
t
3
,
u
n
i
t
4
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ch
o
s
en
as
9
0
%,
w
h
i
le
SO
C
o
f
u
n
it
5
eq
u
al
to
0
%
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
2
an
d
T
ab
le
3
).
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
S
y
s
te
m
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
s
tep
lo
ad
ch
an
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8792
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
9
:
6
1
–
68
66
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6.
R
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
s
tep
lo
ad
ch
an
g
e:
a)
R
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
o
f
G1
,
b
)
R
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
o
f
G2
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
State
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
a
g
g
r
e
g
ated
g
r
o
u
p
n
u
m
b
er
3
Fig
u
r
e
8.
T
h
e
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
e
r
o
f
V
2
G
s
ch
e
m
es
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
s
e
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
te
s
ted
in
ca
s
e
o
f
a
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
b
et
w
ee
n
all
o
f
th
e
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
es
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
at
th
e
m
id
d
le
o
f
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
a
r
ea
s
(
at
b
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
6
)
f
o
r
a
s
h
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y
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
D.
C.
Da
s,
A
.
Ro
y
a
n
d
N.
S
i
n
h
a
,
"
GA
b
a
se
d
f
re
q
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e
n
c
y
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o
n
tro
ll
e
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f
o
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lar
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rm
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y
ste
m
,
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In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
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e
rg
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y
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m
s,
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l
.
4
3
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o
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1
,
p
p
.
262
–
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9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
]
H.
R.
Na
jaf
ia
a
n
d
F
.
Da
sty
a
rb
,
"
D
y
n
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m
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c
m
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ter
n
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ti
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Jo
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tri
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&
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4
7
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
–
1
5
6
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
3
.
[3
]
S
.
V
a
c
h
iras
ricirik
u
la
a
n
d
I.
Ng
a
m
ro
o
,
"
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b
u
st
c
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tro
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ler
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sig
n
o
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t
p
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m
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n
d
p
lu
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in
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y
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rid
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lec
tri
c
v
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h
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f
o
r
f
re
q
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e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
i
n
a
sm
a
rt
m
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g
rid
b
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p
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if
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stru
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tu
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m
ix
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d
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/H∞
c
o
n
tr
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tec
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n
iq
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e
,
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p
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En
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rg
y
,
v
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l.
8
8
,
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o
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1
1
,
p
p
.
3
8
6
0
–
3
8
6
8
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
]
A
.
Y.
S
.
L
a
m
,
K.
L
e
u
n
g
a
n
d
V
.
O.
K.
L
i,
"
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p
a
c
it
y
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
V
e
h
icle
-
to
-
G
rid
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Re
g
u
latio
n
S
e
rv
ice
s
W
it
h
S
m
a
rt
Ch
a
rg
in
g
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
ma
rt
Gr
id
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
6
-
1
6
6
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
S
.
Ha
n
,
S
.
Ha
n
a
n
d
K.
S
e
z
a
k
i,
"
E
stim
a
ti
o
n
o
f
A
c
h
iev
a
b
le
P
o
w
e
r
C
a
p
a
c
it
y
F
ro
m
P
lu
g
-
in
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s
f
o
r
V
2
G
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Re
g
u
latio
n
:
Ca
se
S
tu
d
ies
f
o
r
M
a
r
k
e
t
P
a
rti
c
ip
a
ti
o
n
,
"
in
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
ma
rt
Gr
id
,
v
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l.
2
,
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
3
2
-
6
4
1
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
Y.
Ota
,
H.
T
a
n
ig
u
c
h
i,
J.
Ba
b
a
,
A
.
Yo
k
o
y
a
m
a
"
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
d
istr
ib
u
ted
V2
G
to
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
a
n
d
DC c
h
a
rg
in
g
sy
ste
m
,
"
El
e
c
tr
ic P
o
we
r S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
.
p
1
7
7
–
1
8
3
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
Y.
Ota
,
H.
T
a
n
ig
u
c
h
i
,
T
.
Na
k
a
ji
m
a
,
K.
M
.
L
i
y
a
n
a
g
e
,
J.
Ba
b
a
a
n
d
A
.
Yo
k
o
y
a
m
a
,
"
A
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
Distrib
u
te
d
V
2
G
(V
e
h
icle
-
to
-
G
rid
)
S
a
ti
sfy
in
g
S
c
h
e
d
u
led
C
h
a
rg
in
g
,
"
in
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
m
a
rt
Gr
id
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
5
9
-
5
6
4
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
T
a
re
k
H
a
ss
a
n
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
a
n
d
Ab
d
e
l
-
M
o
a
m
e
n
M
.
A
.
"
S
in
g
le
A
r
e
a
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
m
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
u
sin
g
V
2
G
sc
h
e
m
e
,
"
19
th
M
id
d
le
Ea
st
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
M
EP
CON'
2
0
1
7
,
He
lw
a
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
C
a
iro
,
Eg
y
p
t,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
C
o
m
m
issio
n
,
"
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
S
m
a
rtG
rid
s
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
P
latf
o
r
m
:
V
isio
n
a
n
d
S
trate
g
y
f
o
r
Eu
ro
p
e
’s
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
,
"
2
0
0
6
.
[1
0
]
In
a
g
e
,
S
.
,
"
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
L
o
a
d
S
h
if
ti
n
g
Us
in
g
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s
in
a
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t"
,
IEA
En
e
rg
y
P
a
p
e
rs,
OECD P
u
b
l
ish
i
n
g
,
P
a
ris,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
J.
T
a
n
a
n
d
L
.
W
a
n
g
,
"
A
Ga
m
e
-
Th
e
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re
ti
c
F
ra
m
e
w
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rk
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