TE
LKOM
NI
KA
Te
le
c
om
munica
tion,
C
omp
u
tin
g,
El
e
ctroni
cs and
Contr
ol
Vo
l.
18
,
No.
1
,
Febr
uar
y
2020
, pp.
365
~
375
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6930, acc
red
it
ed
First G
ra
de by
Kem
enr
ist
ekd
i
kti, D
ec
ree
N
o: 21/E/
KP
T/
2018
DOI: 10.
12
928/
TELK
OMN
I
KA.v1
8i1
.
14108
365
Journ
a
l h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
jo
ur
nal.
uad.ac
.id
/i
nd
ex.
php/TE
LKOMNIKA
Buck c
on
verter contr
olled
with Z
AD and
FPIC fo
r
DC
-
DC
signal r
egulati
on
Fredy
E. H
oy
os
Velasc
o
1
,
Yei
so
n
Albert
o Garcés
G
omé
z
2
, a
nd J
oh
n
E. Candel
o
-
B
ecer
ra
3
1
Univer
sidad
Na
ci
ona
l
de
Colom
bia
,
Sede
Mede
llín,
Fa
cul
t
ad
d
e Cie
ncias,
Escuel
a
de
Fís
ica, Med
el
l
ín
,
Co
lombi
a
2
Unidad
Aca
d
é
m
ic
a
de
Form
ac
i
ón
en
C
ie
n
ci
as
Natur
ales
y
Ma
t
emáti
c
as,
Univ
er
sidad
Ca
tól
i
ca d
e
Mani
za
l
es,
Col
om
bia
3
Uni
ver
sidad
Na
ci
ona
l
de
Colom
bia
,
Sede
Mede
llín,
Fa
cul
t
ad
d
e M
ina
s,
Depa
rta
m
ent
o
d
e
En
erg
í
a
E
léctr
i
ca
y
Autom
át
i
ca,
Colom
bia
Ar
ticl
e In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
15
, 201
9
Re
vised
N
ov 14
,
2019
Accepte
d
Dec
24
, 201
9
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
s
ent
s
the
p
erf
or
m
anc
e
of
a
fix
ed
-
point
induc
t
i
on
cont
rol
(FP
IC)
te
chni
q
ue
working
in
conj
unc
ti
on
with
the
non
-
linear
con
trol
te
chn
ique
c
alled
ze
ro
ave
r
age
d
y
nami
cs
(ZAD)
to
con
trol
cha
o
s
in
a
bu
ck
conve
rt
er.
The
cont
rol
techniq
ue
consists
of
a
slidi
ng
surfac
e
in
whi
ch
the
err
or
te
nds
t
o
ze
ro
at
each
sam
pli
ng
per
iod.
A
sw
it
ch
is
cont
roll
ed
b
y
using
ce
n
te
r
ed
pulse
wid
th
m
odula
ti
on
(CPW
M)
co
ntrol
signa
l.
The
conv
erter
c
ontrol
le
d
with
Z
AD
-
FP
IC
has
be
en
sim
ula
te
d
in
Matl
ab
and
implemente
d
us
ing
rap
id
cont
r
ol
prototy
p
ing
(RCP
)
in
a
DS
P
to
m
ake
compari
sons
bet
wee
n
sim
ula
ti
o
n
and
expe
rime
nta
l
t
ests.
To
p
erf
orm
thi
s
compari
son,
so
m
e
var
iations
i
n
the
cont
ro
l
par
amete
r
and
the
vol
ta
g
e
ref
ere
n
ce
are
m
ade
in
orde
r
to
eva
lu
ate
th
e
p
erf
orm
anc
e
of
t
he
s
y
st
em.
Result
s
are
obt
ained
with
err
ors
l
ower
tha
n
1
%
w
hic
h
demons
trat
es
the
good
per
form
anc
e
of t
he
con
trol techni
ques.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Buck
con
ver
te
r
DC
-
DC
co
nver
te
r
Fixed
-
po
i
nt in
du
ct
io
n
c
ontr
ol
Sign
al
re
gu
la
ti
on
Zero ave
ra
ge d
ynam
ic
s
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Fr
e
dy E. H
oyos Vela
sc
o
Faculta
d de Ci
encias,
Un
i
ver
si
dad Na
ci
on
al
de
C
olo
m
bia,
Sede
Me
dellí
n, Escuela
de Fí
s
ic
a, Medell
ín, C
olo
m
bia
.
Em
a
il
:
feh
oyosve@
unal
.edu.c
o
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
va
riable
s
tructu
re
syst
e
m
s
switc
hed
via
ce
ntere
d
pulse
width
m
od
ulati
on
(CP
WM)
prese
nt
a
gr
eat
nu
m
ber
of
dynam
ic
beh
avi
or
s
wh
e
n
the
co
ntr
ol
par
a
m
et
ers
are
chan
ge
d.
S
om
e
st
ud
ie
s
of
the
D
C
-
DC
bu
c
k
c
onver
te
r
[1
,
2]
are
obta
ined
with
anal
yt
ic
al
[3
,
4]
num
erical
[5]
and
ex
per
im
ental
resu
lt
s
[
6,
7]
a
ll
that
f
or
certai
n
val
ues
of
the
para
m
et
ers
wh
ere
instabil
it
y,
st
range
phen
ome
na,
cha
os
[
8]
per
io
d
ba
nd
s
,
and
su
bha
rm
on
ic
s
are
pr
ese
nted
.
Be
sides,
one
-
pe
rio
d
orbits
an
d
a
bove
we
re
stud
ie
d
in
[
9]
,
by
us
in
g
num
erical
si
m
ulati
on
al
gorithm
s.
D
ue
t
o
the
disc
on
ti
nuous
a
ct
io
ns
of
t
he
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
in
c
onju
nction
with
t
he
gl
ob
al
syst
e
m
,
"chattering"
ap
pears
increasin
g
ri
pple
an
d
disto
rt
ion
at
the
ou
t
pu
t
[
10]
.
W
it
h
the
aim
of
re
du
ci
ng
these
pr
ob
le
m
s
an
d
ob
ta
ini
ng
re
gula
te
d
si
gn
al
s
at
t
he
outp
ut,
the
ZA
D
c
on
tr
ol
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
(
ze
ro
aver
a
ge
dynam
ic
s)
was
pro
posed
[
5,
11
-
13
]
wh
e
reby
us
in
g
a
sli
di
ng
surface
that
is
force
d
to
ha
ve
a
ze
ro
ave
rag
e
i
n
each
it
erati
on
.
Her
ei
n,
i
t
consi
der
s
the
r
efe
ren
ce
sig
nal,
t
he
real
value
at
the
ou
tp
ut,
and
it
s
de
rivat
ives
to
cal
culat
e
the
duty
cy
cl
e.
This
te
chn
iq
ue
co
m
bin
es
adv
ant
ages
suc
h
as
fi
xed
s
witc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
ncy,
r
ob
us
tness
,
and lo
w
e
rror.
The
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
with
Z
AD
te
ch
nique
has
s
hown
go
od
pe
rfo
rm
ance
in
num
erical
res
ults
as
in
[14
-
16]
and
i
n
ex
pe
rim
ental
resu
lt
s
as
in
[
13,
15,
17
-
21
]
.
Howev
e
r,
m
os
t
of
th
e
im
ple
mentat
ion
s
c
ontem
plate
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
,
V
ol.
18
,
No.
1
,
Fe
bruary
2
02
0:
365
-
375
366
a
centere
d
pul
se
width
m
odul
at
or
(CP
WM)
,
m
a
inly
du
e
to
te
ch
nical
rea
so
ns
relat
ed
t
o
current
a
nd
volt
age
m
easur
em
ent
i
n
areas
w
her
e
they
are
no
t
so
aff
ect
ed
by
s
witc
hing
transi
ent
prob
le
m
s.
In
stu
dies
carri
ed
out
in
[16]
,
wh
e
re
the
con
ve
rter
is
con
trolle
d
by
the
ZAD
te
chn
i
qu
e
,
a
ne
w
co
ntro
l
te
chn
i
qu
e
cal
le
d
FPI
C
(
c
ontr
ol
by
in
duct
ion
to
th
e
fi
xed
point)
is
pr
op
os
ed
[
22
-
24]
,
w
hich
is
use
fu
l
for
c
on
tr
ol
li
ng
unsta
ble
and
/
or
chao
ti
c
syst
em
s.
In
the
present
w
ork,
it
is
pr
opose
d
to
con
t
ro
l
the
conver
te
r
stud
ie
d
exte
ns
ively
by
[
10,
13
-
15,
25]
wh
ic
h
wil
l
be
co
ntr
olled
at
the
sam
e
tim
e
by
the
ZA
D
an
d
F
PI
C
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
i
n
order
of
regulat
e D
C
sign
al
s
at the
outpu
t
with l
ow st
eady sta
te
er
ror.
2.
MO
DEL FO
R
C
P
WM
WIT
H Z
AD
AND F
PIC
This
sect
io
n
sh
ows
the
Z
AD
an
d
FP
I
C
co
ntr
ol
al
gorithm
s
with
CP
W
M
for
a
n
a
uton
om
ou
s
non
-
li
near
S
ISO
syst
e
m
def
i
ned
by
(1),
where
x
∈
R
n
with
f
a
nd
g
vect
or
fiel
ds
def
i
ned
ON
R
n
.
Figure
1
sh
ows
the
el
ec
tric
ci
rcu
it
that
corres
ponds
t
o
the
po
wer
c
onve
rter,
w
hich
consi
ders
an
in
du
ct
or
L
,
a
n
inte
rn
al
resist
ance
of
th
e
inducto
r
r
L
,
a
capaci
tor
C
,
a
nd
a
resist
ance
R
.
W
it
h
the
a
bove
eq
uations
a
n
on
-
li
near
m
od
el
is
obta
ined
in
syst
e
m
sta
te
var
ia
bles
as
sho
wn
in
(
4)
.
T
he
sta
te
var
ia
bles
are
the
volt
age
in
the
cap
aci
tor
(
υ
c
)
and
t
he
c
urren
t
in
the
in
duct
a
nce
(
i
L
).
T
he
c
ontr
ol
va
riable
(
u
)
ta
kes
discrete
values
+
1
an
d
−
1
.
This
syst
em
can
be
re
pr
ese
nted
as
x
̇
=
Ax
+
Bu
.
As
t
he
con
t
ro
l
sig
na
l
u
ta
kes
value
s
+
1
or
−
1
show
n
in
F
igure
2
,
t
w
o
diff
e
re
nt
to
po
l
og
ie
s
are
pres
ented
in
eac
h
sam
pling
pe
rio
d.
This
syst
em
will
be
c
on
tr
olled
by
a
CP
WM
in
wh
ic
h
the
syst
e
m
can b
e
m
odel
ed
as
pr
e
sent
ed
in
(
5).
̇
=
(
)
+
(
)
⋅
(1)
Figure
1. Ele
ct
ric ci
rcu
it
c
ons
idere
d
in
the
stud
y
By
co
ns
i
der
i
ng the circ
uit
pre
sented
in Fi
gur
e
1,
(
2) an
d (
3) are
obta
ined
a
s foll
ow
s:
=
+
(2)
=
+
+
(
3
)
[
̇
̇
]
=
[
−
1
1
−
1
−
]
[
]
+
[
0
]
(
4
)
̇
=
{
+
,
ℎ
=
+
1
,
0
<
<
2
−
,
ℎ
=
−
1
,
2
<
<
−
2
+
,
ℎ
=
+
1
,
−
2
<
<
(
5
)
Bi
el
,
Fo
ssas
a
nd
G
riñ
o
[
13]
,
pro
po
se
d
t
he
ZAD
co
ntr
ol
te
chn
i
qu
e
,
wh
i
ch
gua
ran
te
es
rob
us
tnes
s
,
fixe
d
switc
hing
f
reque
ncy,
a
nd
l
ow
er
ror.
The
a
ver
a
ge
functi
on
s
(
x
)
express
ed
in
(6),
cal
le
d
sli
ding
s
urfa
ce,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
Buck c
onvert
er
controll
ed
wi
th Z
AD
an
d
FP
IC for
DC
-
DC
signal re
gu
l
ation
(
Fredy
E. H
oyos Vela
sco
)
367
requires
ze
r
o
a
t
each
switc
hing
pe
rio
d
a
nd
th
at
the
outp
ut
volt
age
(
υ
c
)
fo
ll
ows
the r
ef
ere
nc
e
(
υ
ref
).
N
um
erical
resu
lt
s
f
or
CP
WM,
pr
ese
nte
d
in
[14,
17,
15]
,
a
nd
al
so
exp
e
rim
ental
resu
lt
s
presente
d
in
[19
-
21]
,
hav
e
dem
on
strat
ed
t
he
good
op
e
rat
ion
of
this
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
.
In
(
6),
υ
c
is
the
real
volt
age
m
easur
ed
in
the
loa
d
or
in
the
capaci
to
r,
υ
ref
is
the
re
fer
e
nce
volt
age g
ive
n
by
the u
se
r,
a
n
d
K
s
is
the
ti
m
e
c
on
sta
nt
ass
ocia
te
d
to
t
he
fi
rst
order
dyna
m
ic
in
the
sli
di
ng
su
r
face.
N
ow,
the
so
l
utio
n
f
or
t
he
no
n
hom
og
eneous
ca
se
of
the
sta
te
sp
ace
syst
e
m
def
ined
in
(7
)
is
pr
e
se
nted
in
(
8).
Th
en
the
syst
e
m
i
s
so
lve
d
for
th
e
three
sect
ions
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
3;
wh
e
re t
he
c
on
t
ro
l si
gn
al
u
is
obser
ve
d for a
sing
le
pe
rio
d
(
T
).
(
)
=
(
−
)
+
(
̇
−
̇
)
(
6
)
̇
=
+
(
7
)
(
)
=
(
0
)
+
∫
0
(
−
)
(
)
(
8
)
Figure
2. Co
ntr
ol sig
nal
u
obta
ined
w
it
h t
he c
e
ntere
d pu
lse
width m
od
ulat
or (
CP
WM)
Figure
3. Th
re
e co
ntr
ol sig
na
l condit
ions
per pe
rio
d (
T
)
Fo
r
the
fi
rst
interval,
Ax
+
B
,
wi
t
h
u
=
+
1
,
0
<
t
<
d
2
,
the
so
luti
on
in
functi
on
of
ti
m
e
is
represe
nted
i
n (9):
(
)
(
u
=
+
1
)
=
(
0
)
−
−
1
[
I
−
]
(9)
ne
xt
,
t
he
in
it
ia
l
value
(
x
(
d
/
2
)
)
is
cal
culat
ed
with
(
10)
a
nd
that
will
be
the
inti
al
conditi
on
for
the sec
ond
i
nterv
al
.
(
/
2
)
=
(
/
2
)
(
0
)
−
−
1
[
I
−
(
/
2
)
]
(
10
)
Now,
f
or
t
he
s
econd
inter
val,
Ax
−
B
,
wi
t
h
u
=
−
1
,
a
nd
d
2
<
t
<
T
−
d
2
;
a
ne
w
s
olu
ti
on
in
ti
m
e
is
obta
ined
as ex
pr
e
ssed
in
(11):
(
)
(
u
=
−
1
)
=
(
0
)
−
−
1
[
I
−
]
(11
)
and
the i
niti
al
co
ndit
ion f
or t
he
thi
rd inte
r
va
l i
s d
efi
ned as
expresse
d
i
n
(
12):
(
−
/
2
)
=
(
−
)
(
/
2
)
+
−
1
[
I
−
(
−
)
]
(12
)
finall
y
, for the
la
st i
nterv
al
,
Ax
+
B
,
wi
t
h
u
=
+
1
,
T
−
d
2
<
t
<
T
, th
e ti
m
e so
luti
on
is
def
i
ned as
in
(
13):
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IS
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OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
,
V
ol.
18
,
No.
1
,
Fe
bruary
2
02
0:
365
-
375
368
(
)
=
(
−
/
2
)
−
−
1
[
I
−
]
(13
)
so
luti
on
for
t
=
T
is
eq
ual t
o
th
e e
xpress
ed
in
(14
)
:
(
)
=
(
/
2
)
(
−
/
2
)
−
−
1
[
I
−
(
/
2
)
]
(14
)
Substi
tuti
ng (1
0) an
d (12
)
in
(
14), a
gen
e
ral s
olu
ti
on is
obta
ined
as s
how
n
i
n
(15)
:
(
)
=
T
(
0
)
+
[
−
2
(
T
−
d
/
2
)
+
2
(
/
2
)
+
−
I
]
A
−
1
(15
)
A discret
e ti
m
e
so
l
ution,
wh
ic
h
a
re m
ulti
p
le
s for
t
he values
of
T
, is obtai
ned w
it
h
(
16):
(
(
+
1
)
)
=
(
)
+
[
−
2
(
−
/
2
)
+
2
(
/
2
)
+
−
]
−
1
(16
)
2.1.
Z
AD and
FPIC
c
ontr
ol
To
co
ntr
ol
the
conver
te
r
in
r
eal
tim
e,
it
is
necessa
ry
to
cal
culat
e
the
duty
cy
cl
e
(
d
)
,
to
de
te
rm
ine
the
tim
e
of
the
switc
hing
per
i
od
(
T
)
.
T
his
ti
m
e
is
relat
ed
to
t
he
intervals
t
hat
the
s
witc
h
wil
l
be
O
N
(
d
)
an
d
OF
F
(
T
−
d
)
.
Th
us
,
th
e
eq
uatio
n
that
de
fines
the
du
ty
cy
cl
e
(
d
)
t
o
be
ap
plied
at
ea
ch
it
erati
on
ac
cordin
g
t
o
the
ZA
D
a
nd
F
PI
C
te
c
hniq
ues
is
giv
e
n
by
(
17)
.
By
us
i
ng
x
1
,
x
2
,
the
pa
ram
et
ers
of
t
he
filt
er
LC
,
t
he
par
am
et
er
K
s
,
the
ref
e
ren
ce
sig
nal,
an
d
th
e
s
ource
volt
age
(
E
);
the
e
xpr
essions
s
(
x
(
kT
)
)
,
s
̇
+
(
x
(
kT
)
)
,
s
̇
−
(
x
(
kT
)
)
,
a
nd
dss
are calc
ulate
d as sh
own
in
(18
-
22
)
.
(
)
=
_
(
)
+
∗
+
1
(17
)
_
(
)
=
2
(
(
)
)
+
̇
−
(
(
)
)
̇
−
(
(
)
)
−
̇
+
(
(
)
)
(18
)
=
[
1
(
ℎ
−
)
+
̇
1
(
+
)
−
̈
1
−
ℎ
]
−
2
ℎ
(
1
9)
wh
e
re:
(
(
)
=
(
1
+
)
1
(
)
+
ℎ
2
(
)
−
1
−
̇
1
(20
)
̇
+
(
(
)
)
=
(
+
2
+
ℎ
)
1
(
)
+
(
ℎ
+
ℎ
+
ℎ
)
2
(
)
+
ℎ
−
̇
1
−
̈
1
(21
)
̇
−
(
(
)
)
=
(
+
2
+
ℎ
)
1
(
)
+
(
ℎ
+
ℎ
+
ℎ
)
2
(
)
−
ℎ
−
̇
1
−
̈
1
(22)
3.
SOFTW
AR
E
The
im
ple
m
en
ta
ti
on
of
Z
AD
and
FP
IC
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
in
ord
er
to
c
on
t
ro
l
t
he
co
nverte
r
r
e
qu
i
res
t
o
config
ur
e
the
a
lgorit
hm
in
a
pl
at
fo
rm
that
pr
ov
i
des
good
ch
aracte
risti
cs
in
te
rm
s
of
handling
the
sig
nals
with
pr
eci
sio
n.
The
plata
form
has
high
sam
pling
sp
ee
d
an
d
is
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
ly
eff
ect
ive,
t
hus
al
lowing
the
c
on
t
ro
l
to
be
e
xecu
te
d
in
real
ti
m
e
.
The
refor
e
,
f
or
the
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
th
ese
con
t
ro
l
te
chn
i
qu
e
s,
the
DS110
4
DS
P
ACE
boar
d
is
us
e
d.
This
de
vice
is
pro
gram
m
ed
in
Si
m
ul
ink
-
Ma
tl
ab
platf
or
m
and
there
is
a
visu
al
iz
at
ion
interface
t
hat
can
be
pr
ogra
m
m
ed
dep
e
nd
i
ng
on
the
nee
d,
t
his
platf
orm
is
c
al
le
d
Con
t
ro
l
Desk.
B
el
ow
i
n
Figure
4, it
is s
how
n on
e
b
y
one the
stages
c
arr
ie
d o
ut in
si
m
ul
ink
to
c
onf
igure the
co
m
plete
co
ntr
ol sys
tem
.
3.1. An
alogue
signa
l
sampl
in
g (
,
, iR a
nd
E
)
Fo
r
the
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
the
Z
AD
a
nd
FPI
C
c
on
t
ro
l
t
echn
i
q
ue
s,
it
is
necessa
ry
to
know
s
om
e
values
of
c
onsta
nt
pa
ram
et
ers
su
c
h
as:
L
,
C
,
rL
,
Fs
,
Fc
,
K
s
an
d
N
.
In
a
dd
it
ion
,
s
om
e
syste
m
var
ia
bles
m
us
t
b
e
known
in
real
t
i
m
e
su
ch
a
s:
c
apacit
or
volt
ag
e
(
υ
c
),
s
upply
vo
l
ta
ge
(
E
),
in
du
ct
or
c
urren
t
(
i
L
),
a
nd
the
loa
d
(
R
),
wh
ic
h
is
li
near
an
d
can
be
est
i
m
at
ed
us
in
g
t
he
O
hm'
s
la
w,
so
it
is
nece
ssa
ry
to
m
easur
e
t
he
l
oad
c
urren
t
(
i
R
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
Buck c
onvert
er
controll
ed
wi
th Z
AD
an
d
FP
IC for
DC
-
DC
signal re
gu
l
ation
(
Fredy
E. H
oyos Vela
sco
)
369
The
D
S11
04
M
UX_
AD
C
blo
c
k
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ur
e
5
is
us
e
d
t
o
car
ry
out
this
first
sta
ge.
T
hi
s
blo
c
k
has
i
ntern
a
l
acce
ss
to
4
m
ulti
plexed
cha
nnel
s
(
AD
C
H1,
AD
C
H2,
A
DC
H3,
an
d
A
DC
H4)
f
or
data
sa
m
pl
ing
an
d
ea
ch
one
has
16
-
bit
res
ol
ution
.
I
n
this
c
ase,
c
hannel
A
DCH
1
is
use
d
for
sam
pling
(
υ
c
)
,
c
hannel
AD
C
H2
f
or
the
c
urr
ent
in
the
in
duct
or
(
i
L
),
c
ha
nn
el
AD
C
H3
f
or
c
urren
t
i
n
the
l
oad
(
iR
)
an
d
c
ha
nn
el
A
DCH
4
for
the
sou
rc
e
vo
lt
age
(
E
).
Fig
ur
e
5
sho
ws
a
m
pl
ific
at
ion
s
of
10
tim
es
the
sign
al
f
or
t
he
f
our
in
pu
ts
(
gai
n1,
gai
n2,
gai
n3,
a
nd
gai
n
3)
be
caus
e
the
blo
c
k
m
a
kes
an
inte
rn
al
div
isi
on
by
10
.
The
n,
in
orde
r
to
ha
ve
the
si
gn
al
s
with
thei
r
real
values
, it i
s ne
cessary t
o m
ult
iply
b
y t
he gai
ns
av
,
ai
,
aR
a
nd
aE
; and the
final si
gn
a
ls are
se
ns
e
d.
Figure
4. Ge
ne
ral outl
ine
of the c
on
t
ro
l sy
st
e
m
w
it
h
Z
AD
and FP
IC
Figure
5. Ac
qu
isi
ti
on
of si
gn
a
ls at
the
DS
P
input
3.
2
.
Re
ference
signal
gener
ati
on
To
exe
cute
the
con
tr
ol
te
ch
ni
qu
e
s,
it
is
nece
ssary
to
ha
ve
t
he
re
fer
e
nce
si
gn
al
,
beca
us
e
t
he
co
ntr
oller
needs
to
ha
ve
the
re
fer
e
nce
that
the
us
er
wan
ts
at
t
he
outp
ut.
Fi
gure
6
s
hows
t
he
bl
ock
pro
gr
am
m
ed
in
s
i
m
ulink
that
intr
oduces
t
he
r
efere
nce
si
gn
al
an
d
t
he
cal
cul
at
ion
of
it
s
fir
s
t
and
sec
ond
de
rivati
ve.
T
he
blo
c
k
is
com
piled
in
to
the
D
SP
an
d
by
us
in
g
t
he
Co
ntr
olDes
k
so
ft
war
e
[
26]
t
he
ref
e
ren
c
e
sign
al
,
am
plit
ud
e,
an
d
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
valu
es can
b
e
ch
a
nged
m
anu
al
ly
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
,
V
ol.
18
,
No.
1
,
Fe
bruary
2
02
0:
365
-
375
370
3.
3
.
Z
AD an
d
FPIC
contr
ol
These
tw
o
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
wer
e
i
m
ple
m
ented
us
ing
an
em
bedded
f
unct
io
n
bl
ock
.
T
he
co
nt
ro
l
bloc
k
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
7,
in
w
hich
the
values
of
c
on
sta
nt
par
am
et
ers
and
th
os
e
acqu
ire
d
f
ro
m
the
real
syst
e
m
are
entere
d.
T
hus,
the duty
cyc
le
is cal
culat
e
d
i
n t
his b
l
ock b
y i
m
ple
m
enting
t
he (1
7
-
20)
.
Figure
6. Re
fere
nce si
gn
al
s
Figure
7. Exec
ution bl
ocks
f
or c
on
tr
ollers
(Z
AD
an
d FPIC
)
4.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
The
res
ults
pr
e
sented
belo
w
are
ta
ken
f
r
om
an
ex
per
im
ental
pr
ot
otype
con
sist
in
g
of
a
sing
le
-
phase
inv
e
rter
as
de
scribe
d
ab
ov
e
,
power
e
d
by
a
du
al
source
BK
PREC
ISIO
N
1761
co
nf
i
gured
to
prov
i
de
±30
V
olts.
T
he
par
am
et
ers
of
the
co
nv
e
rter
a
nd
t
he
co
ntr
ollers
are
s
how
n
in
Table
1.
I
n
c
ase
of
regulat
ion,
it
is
ver
y
im
po
rtant
that
the
va
lue
of
t
he
cap
aci
tor
us
e
d
in
the
filt
er
be
la
rg
e
for
sm
al
le
r
ripp
le
.
The
refor
e
,
i
n
DC
-
DC
sig
nal
regulat
ion
t
he
value
of
C
=
229
μ
F
was
us
e
d.
T
he
perf
or
m
ance
of
the
ZA
D
an
d
FPIC
con
t
ro
l
te
chn
iq
ues
a
pp
li
ed
to
the
dri
ve
wh
e
n
se
ns
in
g
the
s
upply
volt
age
(
±
E
)
is
show
n
belo
w.
T
he
con
tr
ol
pa
ra
m
et
er
with
Z
AD
f
or
this
case
is
K
s
=
2
).
Fig
ur
e
8
(a)
shows
t
he
e
xperim
ental
beh
avi
or
w
hen
t
he
sig
nal
ha
s
a
po
sit
ive
valu
e
in
the
re
fer
e
nc
e
vo
lt
age
(
υ
ref
=
80
V
olts
DC).
This
F
igure
s
hows
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
in
t
he
in
du
ct
or
(
i
L
)
(purple)
,
w
hich
has
tria
ngula
r
be
ha
vior
an
d
sim
il
ar
switc
hing
frequ
e
ncy
to
t
he
CP
W
M
sig
nal.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
Buck c
onvert
er
controll
ed
wi
th Z
AD
an
d
FP
IC for
DC
-
DC
signal re
gu
l
ation
(
Fredy
E. H
oyos Vela
sco
)
371
Additi
on
al
ly
,
t
his
F
ig
ure
sho
ws
the
c
urre
nt
in
the
loa
d,
w
hich
is
pro
port
ion
al
to
t
he
volt
age
in
the
ca
pacit
or
and
without
ri
pp
le
.
Fi
gure
8
(b
)
s
hows
the
exp
e
rim
ental
beh
a
vior
w
he
n
the
sign
al
has
a
neg
at
ive
va
lue
in
the
ref
e
re
nce
vo
lt
age
(
υ
ref
=
−
80
Vo
lt
s
DC).
T
his
F
igure
s
hows
that
the
curre
nt
in
the
i
nduc
tor
a
nd
the curre
nt i
n
t
he
loa
d
a
re
ne
ga
ti
ve.
Figure
9
sho
w
s
four
sig
nals
m
easur
ed
with
the
Tektronix
TDS
20
14
os
c
il
loscop
e
.
The
first
sign
al
(CH
1)
co
rr
e
spond
to
the
cu
rrent
in
the
load
with
a
value
ap
pro
xim
a
te
ly
130
m
A,
becau
se
th
e
load
i
m
ped
ance
is
151
.
3Ω
.
T
he
sec
ond
si
gn
al
(C
H2)
prese
nts
the
s
upply
vo
lt
age
s
with
+
E
an
d
–
E
values;
t
his
c
ha
nn
el
ha
s
a
gain
of
50
V/
div
.
In
c
ha
nn
el
CH3
,
t
he
os
ci
l
losco
pe
s
hows
the
outp
ut
volt
age
at
the
loa
d,
regulat
ed
to
20
V;
no
te
that
t
his
c
hannel
has
a
ga
in
of
5V/di
v.
Finall
y,
cha
nn
el
CH4
the
cu
r
ren
t
i
n
t
he
i
nductance
is
m
ea
su
re
d;
this
cha
nnel
ha
s
a
gain
of
500
m
V/div
.
Fi
gur
e
10
s
how
s
the
be
ha
vio
r
of
t
he
co
nverter
w
he
n
t
he
ref
e
ren
c
e
of
20
Vo
lt
s
is
gi
ve
n
by
t
he
us
e
r
wh
e
n
pa
ram
eter
K
s
=
2
.
T
hese
sig
na
ls
we
re
obta
ined
by
us
in
g
t
he
ac
quisi
ti
on
interface
desi
gned
with
the
D
S1104 board.
Th
is
z
on
e
c
orr
esp
onds
t
o
the
stable
sta
te
w
he
re
the
dri
ve
re
gu
la
te
s
with lo
w v
oltage e
rror
s
of a
ppr
oxim
a
te
ly
±
0.
5 % a
nd the
duty
cyc
le
f
luct
uates
betwee
n 0.82 an
d 0.8
5.
Table
1.
Param
et
er
s of t
he
c
onver
te
r
and c
ont
ro
ll
ers
Para
m
eter
and
Des
criptio
n
Valo
r
R
= L
o
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
151
.
3
Ω
C
= Cap
acitance
229
μ
f
L
= I
n
d
u
ctan
ce
3
,
945
mH
r
L
= I
n
ternal
resistan
c
e
4
Ω
E
= I
n
p
u
t vo
ltag
e
±
3
0
V
(Dual So
u
rce
)
Fc= Swit
ch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
5
kHz
Fs= Sa
m
p
l
e
r
at
e
2
5
kHz
N
= Co
n
trol p
ara
m
et
er
with
F
PIC
1
(a)
(b)
Figure
8. V
oltage m
easur
ed
in
the loa
d o
btained
for t
he
e
xp
erim
ental
r
esults
:
(a)
with a
posit
ive
value
i
n
the r
e
fer
e
nce
volt
age
(
υ
ref
=
80
V)
,
an
d (b)
with a
ne
gative
value
in t
he
re
fer
e
n
ce
volt
age
(
υ
ref
=
−
80
V)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
,
V
ol.
18
,
No.
1
,
Fe
bruary
2
02
0:
365
-
375
372
Figure
9. O
utputs at
the
o
sci
ll
os
c
op
e
Figure
10. O
utp
ut
volt
age,
er
r
or an
d d
uty ci
cl
e w
it
h
K
s
=
2
Nex
t,
a
va
riat
ion
of
the
c
on
t
r
ol
pa
ram
et
er
K
s
f
ro
m
0
to
2
is
c
arr
ie
d
out,
hav
i
ng
t
he
c
on
tr
ol
par
am
et
er
N
=
1
fixe
d.
T
hi
s
is
perform
ed
in
order
t
o
deter
m
ine
the
dyna
m
ic
s
pr
esent
i
n
the
syst
em
var
ia
bles
w
he
n
the
par
am
et
er
K
s
is
cha
nged
.
Figure
11
sho
ws
the
dy
nam
ic
s
pr
ese
nt
i
n
t
he
con
t
ro
ll
ed
var
i
able
υ
c
f
or
a
ra
nge
of
K
s
val
ues
between
0
a
nd
2.
Figure
11
(a
)
s
hows
t
he
sim
ulate
d
res
ults
an
d
Fi
gure
11
(
b)
sho
ws
th
e
res
ults
ob
ta
ine
d
ex
pe
r
i
m
ental
ly
.
In
this
Figure,
f
rom
1.
2
to
2
the
syst
e
m
is
regulat
ed
an
d
the
err
or
pr
e
sent
in
this
zon
e
is
le
ss
th
an
±
0.5
%.
F
or
valu
es
of
the
par
am
et
er
K
s
less
than
1.2,
th
e
syst
e
m
do
es
no
t
re
gula
te
w
el
l,
chaos
is
pr
ese
nted,
a
nd
the
error
inc
reases
un
ti
l
the
syst
em
is
switc
hed
OF
F
.
I
n
the
sim
ula
te
d
bifurc
at
ions
diag
ram
s,
ther
e
are
nT
per
i
od
ic
orbits
w
hen
t
he
c
ontrol
pa
ra
m
et
er
K
s
is
c
hanged,
w
hich
a
re
not
obser
ved
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
Buck c
onvert
er
controll
ed
wi
th Z
AD
an
d
FP
IC for
DC
-
DC
signal re
gu
l
ation
(
Fredy
E. H
oyos Vela
sco
)
373
the
ex
pe
rim
en
ta
l
resu
lt
s,
as
the
sam
pling
w
ou
l
d
ha
ve
to
be
sync
hro
nized
i
n
th
e
real
m
od
el
as
i
n
the
sim
ulatio
n.
H
ow
e
ver,
there
a
re
nois
es
that
are
a
dd
e
d
to
t
he
r
eal
sign
al
s.
F
igure
11
(
b)
sh
ow
s
the
bi
furcati
on
diag
r
am
ob
ta
ined
with
the
e
xp
e
rim
ental
test
on
a
Te
ktr
onix
TDS2
014
os
ci
ll
os
co
pe,
c
hanne
l
on
e
(C
H1)
with
a
gai
n
of
5
volt
s
pe
r
div
isi
on.
The
refo
re,
t
he
si
gn
al
has
low
er
ror
i
n
t
he
ste
ady
sta
te
operati
on
for
values
cl
os
e
to 2
.
Figure 12 show
s
the er
r
or
obtai
ne
d
i
n
the experim
ental
test
. Th
is imag
e w
as obtai
ne
d
by
us
in
g
the
ac
quisi
ti
on
interfac
e
with
boar
d
DS110
4.
T
h
e
error
ob
ta
i
ned
is
le
ss
than
3
%
for
al
l
K
s
value
s
gr
eat
er
tha
n 0.7; t
hus,
w
e
can
conclu
de
th
at
the c
on
t
ro
ll
er
r
e
gu
la
te
s
well
th
e outp
ut volt
ag
e of
the
circ
uit.
(a)
(b)
Figure
11. Bif
urcat
ion
s
dia
gr
a
m
in
υ
c
vs.
K
s
:
(a) s
i
m
ulati
on
test
,
and (
b) ex
pe
rim
ental
test
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
TELK
OMN
IKA
Tel
ec
omm
u
n
C
om
pu
t El
Con
t
ro
l
,
V
ol.
18
,
No.
1
,
Fe
bruary
2
02
0:
365
-
375
374
Figure
12. E
xp
erim
ental
b
ifurcat
ion
s
diag
ra
m
err
or
vs
K
s
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
Z
A
D
a
nd
FP
IC
co
ntr
ollers
im
ple
m
ent
ed
dig
it
al
ly
in
a
D
SP
m
eet
the
re
quirem
e
nts
of
fix
e
d
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
s
witc
hing,
r
obus
tn
ess
an
d
good
perform
ance
in
DC
sig
nal
re
gu
la
ti
on
ta
s
ks
.
Bi
furcati
on
di
agr
am
s
of
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
υ
c
are
sho
wn
for
a
range
of
the
co
ntr
ol
par
am
et
er
K
s
bet
ween
(0
a
nd
2),
it
is
co
ncl
ude
d
that
the
sim
ulate
d
a
nd
the
exp
e
rim
ental
resu
lt
s
are
qua
li
ta
ti
vely
and
qu
a
ntit
at
ively
si
m
il
ar.
Bi
fu
rc
at
ion
diag
ram
s
ob
ta
i
ned
e
xperim
ental
ly
fo
r
re
gul
at
ion
of
DC
si
gn
al
s
with
N
=
1
,
it
is
c
oncl
uded
that
f
or
la
r
ge
values
of
K
s
the
syst
e
m
regulat
es
well
with
er
rors
i
n
volt
age
le
ss
t
han
0.5
%.
If
the
va
lu
e
of
K
s
is
re
du
c
e
d,
an
a
rea
is
reac
hed
w
he
re
t
he
syst
e
m
beg
ins
to
re
gula
te
wit
h
gr
eat
e
r
e
rror,
sho
wing
nT
pe
ri
od
ic
os
ci
ll
at
io
ns
.
The
n,
when
re
du
ci
ng
the
pa
r
a
m
et
er
K
s
furthe
r
s
om
e
chao
ti
c
dynam
ic
s
are
pr
e
sente
d
a
nd
there
fore
gr
ea
te
r
instabil
it
y.
Th
e
crit
ic
al
value
o
f
sta
bili
ty
cal
culat
ed
nu
m
erical
ly
was
ver
ifie
d
exp
e
rim
ental
l
y,
bei
ng
an
im
po
rtant
pa
rt of the
d
e
sig
n
in
the e
xperi
m
ental
p
r
oto
ty
pe.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENT
S
This
w
ork
w
as
suppo
rted
by
the
Un
i
ve
rsida
d
N
aci
on
al
de
Col
ombia
-
Se
de
Me
de
ll
ín,
unde
r
the
pr
oj
ect
s
H
ERM
ES
-
3467
1
a
nd
HERM
ES
-
36911
an
d
the
Un
i
ver
si
da
d
Ca
tóli
ca
de
Ma
nizal
es
(
A
cadem
i
c
Trainin
g
Un
it
in
Natur
al
S
ci
ences
an
d
Ma
them
a
ti
cs)
with
the
Re
se
arch
Group
on
Tech
nolo
gical
and
En
vironm
ental
De
velo
pm
ent
s
G
ID
T
A.
T
he
auth
ors
tha
nk
the
Sc
hool
of
Ph
ysi
cs,
th
e
So
i
l
Mi
cr
obiolog
y
Lab
or
at
ory
of
t
he
Fac
ulty
of
Agrar
ia
n
Scie
nc
es,
an
d
the
D
epar
tm
ent
of
E
le
ct
rical
Energ
y
and
Au
t
om
ation
of
the Unive
rsida
d Naci
onal
d
e
Colom
bia f
or t
he valua
ble
help
to
con
du
ct
t
hi
s r
esearc
h.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
J.
H.
B.
Dea
ne
a
nd
D.
C.
H
amill
,
“
Anal
y
sis,
Sim
ula
ti
on
and
Exp
eri
m
ent
a
l
Stud
y
of
Chaos
in
th
e
Buck
Converter,
”
in
21st
Annua
l
I
EE
E
Confe
ren
ce on
Pow
er
E
le
c
tronic
s Spe
ci
al
ists
,
pp
.
491
–
498
,
1
990.
[2]
E.
Fos
sas
and
G
.
Oliva
r
,
“
Stud
y
of
Chaos
in
the
Buc
k
Convert
er
,”
IEEE
Tr
ans.
Circ
uit
s
S
y
st
.
I
Fundam
.
The
or
y
Appl.
,
vol. 43, n
o.
1
,
pp
.
13
–
25
,
1996.
[3]
A.
El
Aroudi,
F.
Angulo,
G.
Ol
iv
ar,
B
.
G.
M.
Rob
ert
,
and
M.
Feki
,
“
Stabi
lizing
a
T
wo
-
ce
ll
DC
-
DC
Buck
Conver
ter
b
y
Fixed
Poin
t
I
nduce
d
Con
trol,
”
Int
.
J. B
i
furc
.
Chaos,
vol. 19,
no.
06
,
pp
.
2043
–
2057,
Jun.
200
9.
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