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LE
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Ds
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g
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h
o
sp
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ly
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we
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r,
th
is
m
e
th
o
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is
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rio
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ra
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o
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a
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tem
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m
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u
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in
t
h
is arti
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le,
a
d
iff
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se
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m
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ld
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y
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sin
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a
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s
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s th
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re
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d
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in
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e
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ize
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m
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l,
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re
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n
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g
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lar CCT
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rian
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e
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lar CCT
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n
d
in
c
r
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a
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e
l
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m
e
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t
p
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t
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K
ey
w
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d
s
:
C
aCO
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C
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u
n
if
o
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m
ity
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m
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s
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CC B
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SA
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C
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Ph
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n
g
T
o
n
T
h
at
Fac
u
lty
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f
E
lectr
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ics T
ec
h
n
o
lo
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y
I
n
d
u
s
tr
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Un
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s
ity
o
f
Ho
C
h
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in
h
C
ity
No
.
1
2
Ng
u
y
en
Van
B
ao
Stre
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Ho
C
h
i M
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C
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Vietn
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to
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
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n
ca
p
s
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latio
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etwe
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th
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n
ca
p
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th
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Th
e
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f MF
r
esin
a
n
d
C
a
C
O
3
d
iffu
s
e
r
-
lo
a
d
ed
en
c
a
p
s
u
la
tio
n
s
to
… (
My
Ha
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i
)
609
an
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
lig
h
t
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
is
n
o
tab
l
y
d
eg
r
ad
ed
a
s
a
r
esu
l
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
e
n
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
with
a
h
ig
h
in
d
ex
o
f
r
ef
r
ac
tio
n
ca
n
en
h
an
c
e
th
e
lig
h
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
e
f
f
icac
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
ig
h
-
r
e
f
r
ac
tiv
e
-
in
d
ex
L
E
D
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
ch
ip
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Sn
ell’
s
law
,
th
e
lig
h
t
escap
e
co
n
e
h
as
a
v
e
r
y
s
m
all
an
g
le
as
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
c
e
o
f
r
ef
r
a
ctiv
e
in
d
ex
at
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
-
air
in
ter
f
ac
e
is
h
ig
h
.
GaN
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
h
as
th
e
escap
e
co
n
e
o
f
o
n
ly
2
3
.
5
0
°
an
d
4
%
p
h
o
to
n
escap
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p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
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[
1
]
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
u
n
en
ca
p
s
u
lated
Al
GaI
n
P,
th
e
escap
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c
o
n
e
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n
ly
1
7
°
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d
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th
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p
er
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o
r
m
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ce
o
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B
esid
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at,
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e
lig
h
t
o
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ts
id
e
th
e
escap
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n
e
will
b
e
ab
s
o
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b
ed
if
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ese
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h
t
ca
n
n
o
t
escap
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
p
u
t
m
an
y
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
to
in
cr
ea
s
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g
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
s
u
ch
as
L
E
D
d
ie
g
eo
m
etr
ic
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
[
2
]
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
o
u
g
h
en
in
g
[
3
-
6
]
b
u
t
th
e
y
h
av
e
n
o
t
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ad
d
r
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th
e
h
ig
h
c
o
n
tr
ast
in
r
ef
r
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ctiv
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d
ices
at
th
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s
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cto
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ter
f
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e
y
et.
L
ee
an
d
h
is
team
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
en
c
ap
s
u
latio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
s
ev
er
al
lay
er
s
th
at
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
e
d
in
o
r
d
er
o
f
th
eir
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ices
[
7
]
.
Par
ticu
lar
ly
,
th
e
lay
er
with
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
in
d
e
x
o
f
r
ef
r
ac
tio
n
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
lace
d
o
v
er
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
ch
ip
wh
ile
th
e
lo
w
-
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
-
i
n
d
ex
l
ay
er
s
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
o
u
ter
o
n
es.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
is
g
r
ad
ed
-
r
ef
r
a
ctiv
e
-
in
d
ex
e
n
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
lig
h
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
ef
f
icien
cy
with
a
co
n
s
tan
t
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
.
As
th
e
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
in
clu
d
in
g
m
in
er
al
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
ca
n
g
et
th
e
lig
h
ts
r
e
f
lecte
d
,
r
ef
r
ac
ted
,
an
d
s
ca
tter
ed
,
it
ca
n
r
a
n
d
o
m
ize
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
an
d
m
ak
e
th
e
f
ar
-
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
o
tr
o
p
ic.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
m
in
er
al
d
if
f
u
s
er
g
r
ea
tly
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
t
o
th
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
th
e
c
o
lo
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
m
u
ltico
lo
r
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
m
in
e
r
al
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
with
o
p
tically
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
o
r
o
p
aq
u
e
m
ater
ials
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
T
iO
2
,
C
aF
2
,
SiO
2
,
C
aCO
3
,
an
d
B
aSO
4
;
an
d
th
eir
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ices
an
d
th
e
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
’
s
a
r
e
d
is
p
ar
ate
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
p
ar
ticles
with
h
ig
h
in
d
e
x
o
f
r
ef
r
ac
tio
n
(
T
itan
ia,
Ma
g
n
esia,
Yttr
ia,
Z
ir
co
n
ia,
Alu
m
in
a,
GaN
,
AlN,
Z
n
O,
Z
n
Se)
th
at
ar
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
a
h
o
s
t
m
atr
ix
s
u
ch
as
p
o
ly
m
er
d
o
es
n
o
t
ca
u
s
e
th
e
li
g
h
t
to
s
ca
tter
if
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticles
is
u
n
if
o
r
m
an
d
th
eir
s
izes
ar
e
s
m
aller
th
an
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
[
9
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
o
f
G
u
’
s
team
,
th
e
lig
h
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
1
.
8
5
tim
es
h
ig
h
er
wh
en
th
e
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
f
5
2
0
n
m
d
iam
eter
T
iO
2
m
icr
o
s
p
h
er
e
ar
r
ay
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
to
t
h
e
I
n
GaN
q
u
an
tu
m
wells
(
QW
s
)
L
E
D
v
ia
th
e
d
ip
p
in
g
m
eth
o
d
[
1
0
,
1
1
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
T
iO
2
h
as
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
o
f
2
.
5
in
th
e
v
is
i
b
le
b
an
d
th
at
ag
r
ee
s
with
th
at
o
f
GaN
,
it
ca
u
s
es
a
lar
g
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
b
etwe
en
th
e
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
f
ilm
an
d
th
e
ai
r
,
an
d
th
u
s
,
th
e
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
with
h
ig
h
i
n
d
ex
o
f
r
ef
r
ac
tio
n
is
n
o
t
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
ic
s
ilico
n
e
p
o
wd
er
r
esu
lts
in
wea
k
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
as
its
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
ex
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
at
o
f
th
e
en
ca
p
s
u
lated
p
o
ly
m
eth
y
lm
eth
ac
r
y
late
w
h
o
s
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
in
f
er
io
r
at
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
es.
B
esid
es
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
,
th
e
o
th
er
is
s
u
e
th
at
n
ee
d
s
f
o
cu
s
is
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
p
c
-
L
E
Ds.
T
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
r
an
d
o
m
ly
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
em
is
s
io
n
is
th
e
m
ain
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
lo
w
c
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt o
f
th
at
r
a
n
d
o
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
th
e
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
r
atio
in
b
etwe
en
th
e
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
em
itted
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
s
in
all
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
ef
f
o
r
t
o
f
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
,
m
a
n
y
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
atin
g
[
1
3
]
,
elec
tr
o
p
h
o
r
etic
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
[
1
4
]
,
ev
ap
o
r
a
tin
g
s
o
lv
en
t
f
r
o
m
a
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
[
1
5
]
,
an
d
u
s
in
g
lu
m
in
escen
t
ce
r
am
i
c
p
late
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
aim
ed
to
s
im
p
lify
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
e
n
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
,
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
o
f
b
o
th
co
r
r
elate
d
co
lo
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
(
C
C
T
)
an
d
an
g
u
lar
C
C
T
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
ey
ca
n
n
o
t
s
o
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
co
lo
r
in
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eity
as
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
r
ain
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
tak
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
y
ello
w
-
b
l
u
e
lig
h
t
r
atio
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
[
1
7
]
.
T
o
g
et
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
b
lu
e
an
d
y
ello
w
lig
h
ts
,
th
e
o
n
l
y
f
ac
to
r
t
h
at
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
is
th
e
p
o
r
tio
n
th
e
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
is
v
ar
io
u
s
an
d
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
tr
aig
h
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
g
r
ain
s
,
as
th
ey
ar
e
also
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
,
tr
an
s
m
itted
,
a
n
d
r
ef
lecte
d
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
a
r
ticles
in
th
e
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e
lig
h
t
p
o
wer
th
at
is
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
in
clu
d
es
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
h
ea
t
wh
ich
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
Sto
k
e’
s
s
h
if
t,
t
h
e
n
o
n
r
ad
iated
a
n
d
r
ad
iated
p
o
w
e
r
(
r
ad
iate
d
p
o
wer
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
lay
er
co
n
tain
in
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as a
d
if
f
u
s
er
b
ased
o
n
its
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
ca
tter
in
g
.
As
th
e
s
ca
le
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
ch
an
g
es f
r
o
m
s
u
b
-
m
ic
r
o
m
eter
to
m
icr
o
m
eter
,
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
is
en
h
an
c
ed
o
win
g
to
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
Mie
s
ca
tter
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
ein
g
u
ti
lized
as
d
if
f
u
s
er
is
ju
s
t
a
s
id
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
an
d
t
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
an
g
u
lar
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
ilico
n
e
-
en
ca
p
s
u
lated
ep
o
x
y
m
icr
o
s
p
h
e
r
es
wh
ich
is
f
ab
r
icate
d
b
y
b
len
d
i
n
g
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
liq
u
id
s
ilico
n
e
wer
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Kim
’
s
g
r
o
u
p
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
t
h
e
L
E
D
co
lo
r
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eity
[
2
0
]
.
C
h
en
,
t
o
g
eth
er
with
h
is
p
ar
tn
er
s
,
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
C
C
T
v
ar
ian
ce
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
0
to
4
2
0
K
with
th
e
an
g
les
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
−7
0
°
to
7
0
°
wh
e
n
ZrO
2
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles is
ad
d
ed
in
to
s
ilico
n
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
th
at
was d
i
s
p
er
s
ed
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
[
2
1
]
.
Ack
n
o
wled
g
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ab
o
v
e,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
-
lo
ad
ed
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
m
elam
in
e
f
o
r
m
ald
eh
y
d
e
(
MF)
r
esin
an
d
C
aCO
3
,
wh
ich
h
as
q
u
ite
h
ig
h
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
in
d
ex
,
as
th
e
m
ater
ials
o
f
lo
a
d
ed
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
f
o
r
h
eig
h
t
en
in
g
th
e
C
C
T
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
an
d
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
ese
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
ar
e
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e
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u
lts
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at
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m
eth
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n
g
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ea
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e
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en
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e
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
h
ig
h
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m
e
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ef
f
icien
cy
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
1
6
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2.
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ir
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p
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ch
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re
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in
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ticles
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r
th
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et
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ir
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u
s
ed
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o
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s
ly
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th
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ter
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s
.
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h
e
ag
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er
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o
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cc
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r
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th
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o
r
ce
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etwe
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th
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m
ic
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p
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ticles
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s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
ed
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
h
ig
h
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th
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r
f
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e
to
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o
lu
m
e
at
a
m
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m
eter
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le,
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ich
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u
s
es
th
e
o
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tical
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tter
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g
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s
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iv
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h
u
s
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i
n
th
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f
o
r
t
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g
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h
ig
h
in
d
ex
o
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f
r
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n
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latio
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m
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izin
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s
ca
tter
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g
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d
a
b
s
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n
if
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ity
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f
d
is
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er
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io
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r
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ce
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s
as
well
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th
e
s
tab
ilizatio
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o
f
m
icr
o
p
ar
ticles.
Ou
r
r
esear
ch
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lied
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d
m
eth
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ex
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er
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r
e
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im
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M
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g
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p
[
2
1
]
.
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itially
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o
r
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t th
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ts
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d
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2
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r
s
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a
r
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l
u
x
s
y
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tem
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tili
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d
to
g
et
th
e
m
icr
o
p
ar
ticles
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f
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ely
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ated
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h
e
s
u
r
f
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tan
ts
.
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h
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p
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in
t
o
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in
g
th
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x
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g
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eth
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m
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letely
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len
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m
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ticles
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atio
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m
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ticles
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th
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s
o
l
u
tio
n
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h
e
s
u
r
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e
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f
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r
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e
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r
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ts
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tes
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ter
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r
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o
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ce
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h
ich
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ar
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is
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er
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u
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atin
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ar
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ased
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ased
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.
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n
(
2
)
,
p
(
θ,
λ,
r
)
m
ea
n
s
th
e
p
h
ase
f
u
n
c
tio
n
,
θ
e
x
h
ib
its
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
g
le
(
°C
)
,
an
d
f(
r
)
in
d
icate
s
th
e
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
o
r
th
at
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
f
ilm
co
n
tain
s
,
a
n
d
th
is
p
ar
am
eter
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
(
4
)
an
d
(
5
)
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
λ
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
lig
h
t
wav
ele
n
g
th
(
n
m
)
,
an
d
r
is
k
n
o
wn
a
s
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
al
p
ar
ticles (
µm
)
.
(
4
)
(
5
)
N
dif
(
r
)
an
d
N
phos
(
r
)
in
clu
d
ed
in
N
(
r
)
ar
e
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
iv
e
a
n
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles’
d
en
s
ities
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
f
dif
(
r
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in
d
icate
s
th
e
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
d
ata
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
o
r
an
d
f
phos
(
r
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
at
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles.
Her
e,
K
N
in
d
icate
s
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
o
r
u
n
it
q
u
an
tity
f
o
r
o
n
e
d
if
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u
s
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
K
N
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t a
s
:
(
6
)
M(r)
h
er
e
m
ea
n
s
th
e
m
ass
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
iv
e
u
n
it,
wh
ich
is
r
ec
k
o
n
e
d
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
:
(
7
)
with
ρ
diff
(
r
)
s
y
m
b
o
lizes
th
e
d
i
f
f
u
s
o
r
d
en
s
ity
,
an
d
ρ
phos
(
r
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in
d
icate
s
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
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h
o
s
p
h
o
r
cr
y
s
tal.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
s
C
sca
i
n
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
co
u
ld
b
e:
(
8
)
in
wh
ich
k
=
2
π
/λ
,
a
n
a
n
d
b
n
a
r
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as f
o
llo
ws:
(
9
)
(
1
0
)
with
x
=
k.
r
,
m
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
e
f
r
ac
tiv
e
in
d
e
x
,
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
R
icca
ti
-
B
ess
e
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
o
r
’
s
r
elativ
e
r
ef
r
ac
tiv
e
i
n
d
ex
(
m
dif
)
ca
n
b
e:
,
an
d
th
at
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
(
m
phos
)
i
n
th
e
s
ilico
n
e
is
; a
f
ter
th
at,
th
e
p
h
ase
f
u
n
cti
o
n
p
(
θ
,
λ,
r
)
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
:
(
11
)
in
wh
ich
,
S
1
(
θ)
an
d
S
2
(
θ)
i
n
d
icate
th
e
an
g
u
lar
s
ca
tter
in
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am
p
litu
d
es
wh
o
s
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as:
(
1
2
)
1
1
(
)
2
(
,
,
)
(
)
c
os
c
os
g
p
r
f
r
d
dr
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(
1
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s
c
a
s
c
a
g
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(
)
(
)
(
)
d
i
f
p
h
o
s
f
r
f
r
f
r
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(
)
(
)
(
)
.[
(
)
(
)
]
dif
ph
os
N
dif
ph
os
N
r
N
r
N
r
K
f
r
f
r
=+
=+
()
N
c
K
M
r
dr
=
3
4
(
)
[
(
)
(
)
]
3
d
i
f
d
i
f
p
h
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s
p
h
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s
M
r
r
f
r
f
r
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22
2
0
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(
2
1
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(
)
s
c
a
n
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n
a
b
k
=
−
+
''
''
(
)
(
)
m
(
)
(
)
(
,
)
(
)
(
)
m
(
)
(
)
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
m
x
x
m
x
x
a
x
m
m
x
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m
x
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''
''
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
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(
,
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(
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(
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(
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d
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n
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/
p
h
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s
p
h
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s
s
i
l
m
n
n
=
2
4
(
,
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(
,
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(
,
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s
c
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(
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2
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also
n
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e
s
tu
d
ied
in
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n
s
id
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n
o
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h
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itu
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n
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u
s
u
ally
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ar
ies
in
t
h
e
r
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g
e
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f
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o
r
th
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l
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e
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t.
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ter
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s
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f
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m
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e
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s
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ter
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g
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e
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al
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ef
lectio
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ai
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g
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n
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er
a
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le
im
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r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
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n
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a
r
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lt,
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
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ca
n
b
e
la
r
g
er
th
an
1
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.
Ass
u
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
ed
in
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
is
cr
y
s
tallin
e
p
o
wd
er
with
h
ig
h
α
,
in
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
α
v
a
r
iatio
n
is
f
r
o
m
8
to
2
0
m
m
−
1
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
c
h
an
g
es o
f
C
sca
(
4
5
3
)
f
o
r
th
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
t,
an
d
th
e
r
ec
k
o
n
ed
r
esu
lts
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
μ
sca
wh
ich
is
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
i
n
(
1
)
.
As
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ated
,
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
is
lar
g
er
th
an
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ial
is
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
lea
d
s
to
h
ig
h
er
b
lu
e
-
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
t
h
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
a
n
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
e
f
f
icien
t
ten
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
alo
n
g
with
th
e
r
is
e
in
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
with
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
a
r
ticles.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Scatter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
As
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
3
)
,
th
e
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
δ
sca
is
u
s
ed
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ty
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
f
r
o
m
Mie
th
eo
r
y
an
d
r
ay
-
tr
ac
in
g
m
eth
o
d
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
f
in
a
l
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
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n
s
tan
t
s
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o
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p
h
o
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h
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ticles
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ately
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r
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.
M
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is
1
1
(
,
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(
c
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)
21
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,
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c
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(
1
)
nn
n
nn
a
x
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n
S
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(
,
)
(
c
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)
21
(
,
)
(
c
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)
(
1
)
nn
n
nn
a
x
m
n
S
b
x
m
nn
=
+
=
+
+
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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KA
T
elec
o
m
m
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n
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p
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ased
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r
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4
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e
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ay
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e
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ati
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m
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ar
e
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s
u
ally
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o
u
n
d
1
.
4
7
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
atio
s
o
f
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abs
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5
5
5
n
m
)
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
ly
1
.
6
3
,
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
l
u
e
lig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
o
p
tic
m
o
d
u
le
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
ti
ca
l
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
latf
o
r
m
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
a
p
atter
n
o
f
L
am
b
er
tian
r
ad
iatio
n
is
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
b
l
u
e
o
r
y
ello
w
lig
h
ts
em
itted
f
r
o
m
th
e
ch
ip
s
’
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
an
d
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
u
s
ed
to
f
ab
r
icate
th
e
len
s
es
an
d
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
g
lass
o
f
f
o
r
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
lid
e
is
Sch
o
tt
B
K7
g
lass
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
e
two
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
p
h
er
es
h
av
e
t
h
eir
in
n
e
r
s
u
r
f
ac
es
co
v
e
r
ed
b
y
a
d
if
f
u
s
e
wh
ite
m
ater
ial
wh
o
s
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
1
1
.
1
%
an
d
8
9
.
9
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
eir
in
n
er
s
u
r
f
ac
es
p
lay
a
r
o
le
as
r
ec
eiv
er
s
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
th
e
lig
h
ts
th
at
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
an
d
r
ef
lecte
d
.
T
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
r
ay
-
tr
a
cin
g
o
p
tical
m
o
d
el,
th
e
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
m
eth
o
d
is
u
t
ilized
,
wh
ile
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
u
s
ed
as
a
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
Mie
-
s
c
atter
in
g
th
e
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
Hen
y
ey
–
Gr
ee
n
s
tein
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
an
g
u
lar
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
g
en
er
atio
n
as
th
e
l
ig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
d
ir
ec
tly
b
y
t
h
e
r
ay
tr
ac
in
g
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
At
f
ir
s
t,
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
Mie
th
eo
r
ical
r
esu
lts
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
o
p
tical
d
esig
n
,
y
et
th
e
r
ay
-
tr
ac
in
g
r
esu
lts
ex
h
ib
its
m
u
ch
b
etter
tr
a
n
s
m
ittan
ce
an
d
lo
wer
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
at
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
th
ese
d
i
s
p
ar
ities
ar
e
th
at
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
r
ea
l
v
alu
es,
μ
abs
an
d
μ
sca
ar
e
lo
wer
an
d
g
(
λ)
is
h
ig
h
er
.
Hen
ce
,
to
ac
h
ie
v
ed
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
o
p
tic
co
n
s
ta
n
ts
,
th
r
ee
m
en
tio
n
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
m
an
n
e
r
,
t
h
ey
co
u
ld
s
tab
ilize
o
n
e
o
p
tica
l
co
n
s
tan
t
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
o
t
h
er
two
co
n
s
tan
ts
to
b
e
clo
s
er
to
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t r
esu
lts
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
C
aCO
3
p
ar
tic
les
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
is
th
e
an
g
u
lar
C
C
T
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
with
d
if
f
u
s
er
-
lo
a
d
ed
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
o
f
MF
r
esin
an
d
C
aCO
3
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ted
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
MF
r
esin
is
f
r
o
m
1
%
to
1
0
%
wh
ile
C
aC
O
3
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
% to
5
0
%.
T
h
e
an
g
u
lar
C
C
T
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
lig
h
t
e
m
itted
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
is
q
u
ite
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
lig
h
t
em
itted
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
n
co
ated
L
E
D
ch
ip
,
a
n
d
t
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
a
s
L
am
b
er
tian
ty
p
e.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
em
i
tted
lig
h
t
h
as
b
lu
e
co
l
o
r
at
th
e
c
en
ter
an
d
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
y
ello
wis
h
wh
en
it
co
m
es
n
ea
r
th
e
ed
g
es.
Ab
o
u
t
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
C
C
T
,
th
e
v
er
tical
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
at
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
s
p
o
t
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
-
ch
ip
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
0
d
eg
r
ee
,
an
d
th
e
h
o
r
iz
o
n
tal
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
is
-
9
0
o
r
9
0
d
e
g
r
ee
s
.
Ar
o
u
n
d
0
d
eg
r
ee
,
th
e
C
C
T
is
h
ig
h
b
u
t
wh
en
it
co
m
e
s
to
-
9
0
o
r
9
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
th
e
C
C
T
is
lo
w
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
an
g
u
la
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
202
1
:
6
0
8
-
615
614
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
a
n
d
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
ilm
.
I
n
g
en
e
r
al,
as
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
g
u
lar
C
C
T
b
ec
o
m
es
g
r
ea
ter
,
it
lead
s
to
a
lar
g
e
d
is
p
ar
ity
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
ax
an
d
m
in
C
C
T
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
is
C
C
T
d
if
f
er
en
ce
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
d
eg
r
a
d
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
in
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
MF
r
esin
d
if
f
u
s
er
g
iv
es
s
m
aller
s
p
atial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
C
C
T
th
an
C
aC
O
3
d
if
f
u
s
er
o
win
g
to
t
h
e
ir
r
eg
u
lar
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
C
aCO
3
d
if
f
u
s
er
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
in
C
aCO
3
d
if
f
u
s
er
ar
e
n
o
t
id
en
tical,
an
d
as
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
s
p
atial
v
ar
i
an
ce
o
f
C
C
T
b
ec
o
m
es
lar
g
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
in
pc
-
L
E
D
with
MF
r
esin
an
d
C
a
C
O
3
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
es 6
an
d
7
,
th
e
s
p
ati
al
C
C
T
d
if
f
er
en
ce
an
d
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
ar
e
in
v
er
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
if
f
u
s
er
c
o
n
ten
t
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
d
ec
lin
e
o
f
C
C
T
v
ar
ia
n
ce
a
n
d
t
h
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
MF
r
esin
s
till
h
a
s
b
etter
v
alu
e
o
f
an
g
u
la
r
C
C
T
d
i
s
p
ar
ity
r
ed
u
ctio
n
th
an
C
aCO
3
at
all
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
C
a
C
O
3
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
h
o
ws
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
ec
t
i
n
k
ee
p
i
n
g
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
lu
m
en
ef
f
icac
y
s
tab
le,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
at
o
f
th
e
MF
r
esin
d
if
f
u
s
er
.
At
th
e
s
im
ilar
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
1
%,
th
e
MF
r
esin
r
ed
u
ce
s
a
n
g
u
lar
C
C
T
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
y
1
5
0
%
wh
ile
C
aCO
3
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
0
%.
T
h
is
is
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
u
n
eq
u
al
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
e
n
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
.
I
n
co
n
t
r
ast,
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t is ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t th
at
th
e
lay
er
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
th
e
ch
i
p
in
th
e
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
lo
ad
e
d
with
d
if
f
u
s
er
ab
s
o
r
b
th
e
lig
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
.
W
h
en
tak
in
g
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
is
n
o
t
b
en
ef
icial
to
th
e
lu
m
e
n
ef
f
ica
cy
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
MF
r
esin
d
if
f
u
s
er
with
1
%
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
s
u
itab
le
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
h
ig
h
er
r
ate
o
f
r
e
d
u
ce
d
s
p
atial
C
C
T
v
ar
ian
ce
(m
o
r
e
th
a
n
1
5
0
%)
a
n
d
lo
wer
d
r
o
p
r
ate
o
f
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
(
b
elo
w
1
5
%).
Nev
er
th
eless
,
wh
en
C
aCO
3
d
if
f
u
s
er
with
1
0
%
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
ad
d
ed
i
n
th
e
e
n
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
lay
e
r
,
th
e
d
ec
lin
e
in
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
is
s
m
aller
th
an
th
at
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
er
with
1
%
MF
r
esin
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
is
cr
ep
a
n
c
y
in
th
e
l
o
s
s
o
f
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
r
esu
lte
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
in
teg
r
ated
in
t
o
th
e
lay
er
o
f
e
n
c
ap
s
u
latio
n
.
Giv
en
th
at
th
e
MF
r
esin
an
d
C
aCO
3
h
av
e
th
e
s
am
e
weig
h
t,
th
e
d
en
s
ity
an
d
th
e
p
a
r
ticle
s
izes
o
f
MF
r
e
s
in
ar
e
s
m
aller
th
a
n
t
h
at
o
f
C
aCO
3
(
p
ar
ticle
s
izes
o
f
MF
is
3
μ
m
an
d
o
f
C
aCO
3
is
1
5
μ
m
)
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e
MF
r
esin
h
as
m
u
ch
la
r
g
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
a
r
ticles
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
er
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
an
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
ca
tter
in
g
is
th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
lig
h
ts
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
ese
two
f
ac
to
r
s
to
b
e
b
alan
ce
d
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
C
C
T
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
,
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
lu
m
en
ef
f
icac
y
will o
cc
u
r
wh
en
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ev
e
n
ts
ar
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
Δ
C
C
T
o
f
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
with
MF
r
esin
an
d
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
o
f
L
E
D
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
with
MF
r
esin
an
d
C
aCO
3
p
ar
ticles
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
ab
o
u
t th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
e
r
s
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
MF
r
esi
n
an
d
C
aCO
3
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
,
o
n
th
e
p
c
-
L
E
D
an
g
u
lar
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
C
C
T
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
e
ity
an
d
lu
m
in
o
u
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
o
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
d
i
f
f
u
s
er
-
lo
ad
e
d
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
f
o
r
p
c
-
L
E
D
p
ac
k
ag
es,
we
also
a
p
p
ly
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
in
w
h
ich
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticle
is
f
r
e
ely
d
is
p
er
s
ed
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
to
u
s
e
th
is
c
o
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
i
n
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
p
c
-
L
E
Ds
with
d
if
f
u
s
er
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
en
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
o
n
th
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
p
atial
C
C
T
d
if
f
er
en
ce
an
d
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
lu
m
en
ef
f
icac
y
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
p
r
esen
ts
th
at
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
h
av
e
g
r
ea
t
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
C
C
T
v
ar
iatio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
p
ac
k
ag
e
with
MF
r
esin
d
if
f
u
s
er
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
s
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
C
C
T
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
t
o
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
n
s
ca
tter
in
g
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ca
u
s
es
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
b
o
th
C
C
T
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
an
d
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
th
at
th
e
d
ec
r
e
ase
o
f
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
wh
en
u
s
in
g
1
%
MF
r
esin
d
if
f
u
s
er
is
r
elativ
ely
s
im
ilar
to
1
0
%
C
aCO
3
d
if
f
u
s
er
.
T
h
e
ca
u
s
e
f
o
r
th
ese
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
is
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
lo
s
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
m
ix
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
if
f
u
s
er
i
n
th
e
e
n
ca
p
s
u
latio
n
la
y
er
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
u
s
er
s
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
en
c
ap
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
b
et
ter
C
C
T
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Th
e
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f MF
r
esin
a
n
d
C
a
C
O
3
d
iffu
s
e
r
-
lo
a
d
ed
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c
a
p
s
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la
tio
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to
… (
My
Ha
n
h
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i
)
615
an
d
lu
m
en
e
f
f
icien
cy
ar
e
1
%
o
f
MF
r
esin
o
r
1
0
%
o
f
C
aCO
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.
As
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
th
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d
if
f
u
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p
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k
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er
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co
lo
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n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
p
c
-
L
E
Ds
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
N.
An
o
u
s,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
b
lu
e
fil
terin
g
o
n
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
b
a
n
d
wi
d
t
h
a
n
d
wid
e
-
a
n
g
le
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
wh
it
e
LED
-
b
a
se
d
VLC
sy
ste
m
s,"
O
S
A
Co
n
ti
n
u
u
m,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
1
0
-
9
2
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
H.
Y.
Yu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
S
o
lar
sp
e
c
tru
m
m
a
tch
in
g
with
w
h
it
e
OLED
a
n
d
m
o
n
o
c
h
r
o
m
a
ti
c
LE
Ds
,
"
Ap
p
l.
Op
t
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
6
5
9
-
2
6
6
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
]
W.
Z
h
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
W
h
it
e
LE
D
li
g
h
t
s
o
u
rc
e
ra
d
a
r
sy
ste
m
fo
r
m
u
lt
i
-
wa
v
e
len
g
t
h
re
m
o
te
se
n
sin
g
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
of
a
tmo
sp
h
e
ric ae
ro
so
ls,"
Ap
p
l.
O
p
t,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
n
o
.
3
1
,
p
p
.
8
5
4
2
-
8
5
4
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
Z.
Z
h
a
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
fre
e
fo
rm
TIR
len
s
d
e
sig
n
e
d
f
o
r
LE
Ds
with
h
ig
h
a
n
g
u
lar
c
o
l
o
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
i
ty
,
"
Ap
p
l.
Op
t
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
p
p
.
4
2
1
6
-
4
2
2
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
]
H.
L.
Ke
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Lu
m
e
n
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
L
ED
lam
p
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
su
b
sy
ste
m
iso
lati
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
,
"
Ap
p
l.
O
p
t,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
p
.
8
4
9
-
8
5
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[6
]
Y.
Zh
o
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
n
o
n
li
n
e
a
r
e
q
u
a
li
z
e
rs
fo
r
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
e
e
d
v
isib
le
li
g
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
u
ti
li
z
in
g
sili
c
o
n
su
b
stra
te p
h
o
sp
h
o
re
sc
e
n
t
w
h
it
e
L
ED,
"
Op
t
.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
0
2
-
2
3
1
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
[7
]
S
.
S
a
d
e
g
h
i
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Qu
a
n
tu
m
d
o
t
w
h
it
e
LE
Ds
with
h
ig
h
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
e
ffici
e
n
c
y
,
"
O
p
ti
c
a
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
7
9
3
-
8
0
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
N.
D.
Q.
An
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
o
f
a
Re
m
o
te P
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
C
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
t
o
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
C
o
l
o
r
Q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
Wh
i
te L
EDs,"
Cu
rr
.
Op
t.
Ph
o
to
n
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
7
8
-
8
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[9
]
J.
Ha
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
P
re
d
ictio
n
o
f
li
fe
ti
m
e
b
y
l
u
m
e
n
d
e
g
ra
d
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
lo
r
s
h
ift
f
o
r
LE
D
lam
p
s,
i
n
a
n
o
n
-
a
c
c
e
lera
ted
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
tes
t
o
v
e
r
2
0
,
0
0
0
h
,
"
Ap
p
l.
Op
t,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
5
-
1
8
6
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
S
.
Ke
sh
ri,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
S
tac
k
e
d
v
o
l
u
m
e
h
o
lo
g
ra
p
h
ic
g
ra
ti
n
g
s
fo
r
e
x
te
n
d
i
n
g
th
e
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
wa
v
e
len
g
th
ra
n
g
e
i
n
LE
D
a
n
d
so
lar ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
"
A
p
p
l.
Op
t,
v
o
l
.
5
9
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
5
6
9
-
2
5
7
9
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
1
]
J.
Ji,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
wh
it
e
-
li
g
h
t
LE
D
a
rra
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
G
a
N
n
a
n
o
ro
d
str
u
c
tu
re
,
"
A
p
p
l.
Op
t
,
v
o
l.
5
9
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
3
4
5
-
2
3
5
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
2
]
Q.
Xu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Na
n
o
c
ry
sta
l
-
fi
ll
e
d
p
o
l
y
m
e
r
fo
r
imp
r
o
v
i
n
g
a
n
g
u
la
r
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
rm
it
y
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
-
c
o
n
v
e
rte
d
wh
it
e
LE
Ds
,
"
A
p
p
l.
Op
t,
v
o
l.
5
8
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