T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
,
pp.
571
~
578
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i1.
13160
571
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al
h
omepage
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tp:
//
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nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
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E
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k
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e
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eri
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u
rab
a
y
a
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PE
N
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Camp
u
s
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In
d
o
n
es
i
a
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
M
a
y
19
,
2019
R
e
vis
e
d
Oc
t
22
,
2019
Ac
c
e
pted
Nov
30
,
20
19
T
h
i
s
p
ap
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e
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t
s
t
h
e
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mp
l
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t
at
i
o
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f
a
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
e
rt
er
t
o
i
m
p
ro
v
e
p
o
w
er
fact
o
r
fo
r
L
E
D
l
am
p
d
ri
v
er
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
t
er
w
h
i
c
h
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
the
i
n
t
e
g
rat
i
o
n
o
f
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
fl
y
b
ac
k
co
n
v
er
t
er
(
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
t
eg
ra
t
ed
f
l
y
b
ack
rect
i
f
i
er
en
erg
y
s
t
o
ra
g
e
DC
-
D
C
/
BIFRE
D
).
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h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
er
as
p
o
w
er
fact
o
r
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rrec
t
i
o
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(PFC)
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k
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3
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2
cl
as
s
C.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
I
F
R
E
D
(
boos
t
int
e
g
r
a
ted
f
lybac
k
r
e
c
ti
f
ier
e
ne
r
gy
s
tor
a
ge
DC
-
D
C
)
c
onve
r
ter
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2
L
E
D
lamp
dr
iver
P
owe
r
f
a
c
tor
c
or
r
e
c
ti
on
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
M
oh.
Z
a
e
na
l
E
f
e
ndi
,
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
lec
tr
ica
l
E
nginee
r
in
g,
P
oli
teknik
E
lekt
r
onika
Ne
ge
r
i
S
ur
a
ba
ya
,
P
E
NS
C
a
mpus
,
S
ur
a
ba
ya
,
I
ndone
s
ia.
E
mail:
z
e
n@pe
ns
.
a
c
.
id
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
At
thi
s
t
im
e
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
tec
h
nology
is
ve
r
y
r
a
pid
,
one
of
it
is
the
us
e
of
L
E
D
lamps
with
li
tt
le
powe
r
but
c
a
n
p
r
ovide
br
ight
li
ght
.
A
ll
ove
r
the
wor
ld
L
E
D
lamps
ha
ve
be
e
n
a
ppli
e
d
a
nd
ha
ve
a
s
igni
f
ica
nt
im
pa
c
t
on
de
c
r
e
a
s
ing
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
Unf
or
tu
na
tely,
the
L
E
D
lamp
is
include
d
in
non
-
li
ne
a
r
load
whic
h
c
a
n
r
e
duc
e
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
s
o
a
tool
is
ne
e
de
d
to
r
e
pa
ir
or
incr
e
a
s
e
the
powe
r
f
a
c
t
or
.
L
E
D
lamp
us
ua
ll
y
r
e
quir
e
s
a
dr
iver
c
i
r
c
uit
c
ons
is
ti
ng
of
a
r
e
c
ti
f
ier
that
c
onv
e
r
ts
AC
volt
a
ge
s
our
c
e
to
DC
volt
a
ge
,
one
o
f
w
hich
is
a
s
ingl
e
-
pha
s
e
f
ull
wa
ve
r
e
c
ti
f
ier
c
ir
c
uit
.
On
thi
s
c
i
r
c
uit
,
ther
e
is
a
n
e
nough
lar
ge
c
a
pa
c
it
or
whic
h
is
us
e
d
a
s
f
il
te
r
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
s
output
volt
a
ge
r
ippl
e
.
How
e
ve
r
,
ins
t
a
ll
ing
a
c
a
pa
c
it
or
on
a
r
e
c
ti
f
ier
c
ir
c
uit
c
a
n
c
a
us
e
the
input
c
ur
r
e
nt
to
be
d
is
tor
ted
a
nd
the
wa
ve
f
o
r
m
not
to
be
c
ome
a
s
inus
.
I
t
a
ls
o
incr
e
a
s
e
s
the
number
o
f
c
ur
r
e
nt
ha
r
moni
c
s
int
o
the
gr
id
[
1]
a
nd
that
will
pr
oduc
e
a
low
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
.
High
ha
r
moni
c
a
nd
low
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
a
r
e
quit
e
a
n
im
por
tant
pr
oblem
f
o
r
e
lec
tr
ic
powe
r
s
upply.
F
or
thi
s
r
e
a
s
on,
s
ome
e
f
f
or
ts
mus
t
be
made
to
ove
r
c
ome
thi
s
p
r
oblem.
T
he
r
ight
wa
y
to
ove
r
c
ome
thi
s
pr
oblem
is
to
a
dd
a
c
onve
r
ter
a
s
po
we
r
f
a
c
tor
im
p
r
ove
ment
on
L
E
D
l
a
mp,
i
t
is
c
a
ll
e
d
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
c
o
r
r
e
c
ti
on
(
P
F
C
)
C
o
nve
r
ter
.
S
o
the
P
F
C
c
onve
r
te
r
be
c
omes
mos
t
im
por
tant
a
nd
ve
r
y
a
tt
r
a
c
ti
ve
is
s
ue
.
M
a
ny
c
onve
r
ter
s
c
a
n
b
e
us
e
d
to
im
pr
ove
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
a
nd
a
ll
ha
ve
the
a
bil
it
y
to
r
e
a
c
h
or
a
ppr
oa
c
h
unit
y.
T
he
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
c
or
r
e
c
ti
on
is
ve
r
y
r
a
pid
be
c
a
us
e
we
of
ten
e
nc
ounter
pr
oblems
with
the
r
e
duc
ti
on
of
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
in
a
ll
plac
e
s
due
to
non
-
li
ne
a
r
loads
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
types
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
c
or
r
e
c
ti
on
a
r
e
the
s
of
t
-
s
witching
AC
-
DC
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
c
or
r
e
c
ti
on
c
onve
r
t
e
r
whic
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
571
-
578
572
dis
c
us
s
e
s
the
im
pr
ove
ment
of
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
us
ing
s
of
t
s
witching
tec
hnique
[
2
-
4]
.
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
is
a
ls
o
c
a
r
r
ied
out
by
a
dding
a
s
ou
r
c
e
of
r
e
ne
wa
ble
e
ne
r
gy
on
the
input
s
ide
a
nd
a
n
inver
ter
is
us
e
d
to
s
uppl
y
non
-
li
n
e
a
r
loads
s
o
that
it
is
ne
e
de
d
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
im
p
r
ove
ment
in
a
s
ys
tem
that
is
int
e
gr
a
ted
thr
ough
pa
s
s
ivi
ty
-
ba
s
e
d
c
ontr
ol
[
5]
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
high
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
in
i
mpr
ovi
ng
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
us
ing
f
r
e
que
nc
y
mul
ti
p
li
e
r
tec
hniq
ue
pr
ove
s
that
thr
ough
f
r
e
que
nc
y
mul
ti
pli
e
r
tec
hnique
c
a
n
inc
r
e
a
s
e
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
f
r
om
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
im
pr
ove
ment
[
6
]
.
A
ne
w
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
of
im
p
r
oving
the
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
f
r
om
A
C
to
DC
a
t
high
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ope
r
a
ti
on
ha
s
a
ls
o
be
e
n
c
a
r
r
ied
out
a
nd
a
c
hieve
d
good
r
e
s
ult
s
[
7]
.
T
he
ne
xt
de
v
e
lopm
e
nt
in
pow
e
r
f
a
c
tor
im
pr
ove
ment
wa
s
don
e
with
a
s
ingl
e
-
s
tage
wir
e
les
s
-
powe
r
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
r
e
s
ona
nt
c
onve
r
ter
with
a
c
ombi
na
ti
on
o
f
br
idgele
s
s
powe
r
bo
os
t
f
a
c
tor
c
or
r
e
c
ti
on
by
us
ing
a
r
e
c
ti
f
ier
a
s
a
n
onli
ne
a
r
load
s
o
that
it
c
a
n
be
pr
ove
n
that
the
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
im
pr
ove
ment
ha
s
be
e
n
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ull
y
c
a
r
r
ied
out
[
8]
.
T
he
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
im
pr
ove
ment
h
a
s
a
r
r
ived
a
t
the
s
mar
t
gr
id
s
ys
tem,
s
mar
t
gr
id
is
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
theme
that
is
ve
r
y
r
a
pidl
y
de
ve
lopi
ng
n
ow
a
nd
is
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
of
the
f
utur
e
,
thr
ough
e
nha
nc
e
ment
in
r
e
s
identi
a
l
s
mar
t
gr
id
us
ing
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
c
or
r
e
c
ti
on
s
tage
then
the
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
in
the
s
mar
t
g
r
id
s
ys
tem
c
a
n
be
im
pr
ove
d
[
9]
.
On
the
s
ide
of
powe
r
qua
li
ty
mi
ti
ga
t
ion
on
unidi
r
e
c
ti
ona
l
AC
-
DC
us
ing
ve
r
s
a
ti
le
c
ontr
ol
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
im
p
r
ove
ment
c
a
n
be
done
s
o
that
i
t
im
pa
c
ts
on
powe
r
qua
li
ty
[
10]
.
I
mpr
ove
ment
o
f
powe
r
qu
a
li
ty
on
the
S
M
P
S
(
s
witch
mode
powe
r
s
upply
)
s
ys
te
m
c
a
n
be
im
pr
ove
d
thr
ough
the
powe
r
c
or
r
e
c
ted
z
e
ta
c
onve
r
ter
[
11
]
.
I
n
L
E
D
lamp
a
pp
li
c
a
ti
ons
,
that
is
a
ppli
e
d
to
e
ve
r
yda
y
li
f
e
thr
oughout
the
wo
r
ld
on
a
si
ngle
-
pha
s
e
s
ys
tem
a
nd
with
lowe
r
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
[
12
]
.
M
or
e
s
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y,
im
pr
oving
the
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
us
ing
a
powe
r
c
onve
r
ter
c
a
n
be
divi
de
d
int
o
two
types
,
s
uc
h
a
s
a
two
-
s
tage
P
F
C
c
ir
c
uit
a
nd
a
one
-
s
tage
P
F
C
c
ir
c
uit
.
A
two
-
s
tage
P
F
C
c
ir
c
uit
is
a
c
i
r
c
uit
c
ons
i
s
ti
ng
of
two
c
onve
r
ter
s
,
one
c
onve
r
ter
a
s
a
P
F
C
a
nd
a
nothe
r
f
or
a
dc
r
e
gulator
c
onne
c
ted
in
a
s
e
r
ies
c
ir
c
uit
.
T
h
e
s
e
c
ond
type
of
P
F
C
c
i
r
c
uit
is
a
one
-
s
tage
P
F
C
that
c
ombi
n
e
s
two
c
onve
r
t
e
r
s
int
o
one
s
tage
a
nd
ha
s
mul
ti
ple
f
unc
ti
ons
,
s
uc
h
a
s
P
F
C
a
nd
dc
r
e
gula
tor
.
T
he
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
f
r
o
m
a
one
-
s
tag
e
P
F
C
c
ir
c
uit
with
a
two
-
s
tage
P
F
C
c
ir
c
uit
li
e
s
in
higher
leve
l
c
onve
r
ter
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
lowe
r
c
os
t
us
a
ge
,
a
nd
les
s
us
e
of
c
omponents
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
many
t
wo
-
s
tag
e
c
onve
r
ter
s
us
e
d
to
incr
e
a
s
e
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
s
,
s
ome
of
whic
h
a
r
e
boo
s
t
c
onve
r
ter
a
nd
buc
k
c
onve
r
ter
[
13
-
1
6]
,
s
e
pic
c
onve
r
ter
[
17]
,
f
lybac
k
c
onve
r
t
e
r
[
18]
.
F
o
r
P
F
C
s
with
s
ingl
e
-
leve
l
c
onve
r
ter
s
that
ha
ve
be
e
n
is
s
u
e
d,
s
ome
of
them
include
f
lybac
k
-
boos
t
(
f
lyboos
t
)
[
19
]
,
boos
t
-
f
lybac
k
c
onve
r
ter
(
B
I
F
R
E
D)
[
20]
,
a
nd
f
lybac
k
-
f
or
wa
r
d
c
onve
r
ter
[
21]
.
I
n
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
we
will
d
is
c
us
s
the
im
pleme
ntation
of
the
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
a
s
a
n
L
E
D
lamp
d
r
iver
.
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
c
ontains
boos
t
c
onve
r
ter
a
s
a
po
we
r
f
a
c
tor
c
or
r
e
c
ti
on
c
onve
r
ter
that
wo
r
ks
on
d
is
c
onti
nuous
c
onduc
ti
on
mode
(
DC
M
)
a
nd
f
lyba
c
k
c
onve
r
ter
whic
h
c
a
n
wor
k
on
C
C
M
or
c
onti
nuous
c
onduc
ti
on
mode
(
C
C
M
)
.
One
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
the
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
is
a
s
a
B
L
DC
mot
or
dr
iver
[
22
]
.
S
o,
in
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
the
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
is
a
ppli
e
d
to
li
ghti
ng
load
s
(
L
E
D
l
a
mps
)
a
nd
dis
c
us
s
e
d
it
s
us
e
f
or
inc
r
e
a
s
ing
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
a
nd
r
e
duc
ing
ha
r
moni
c
s
to
mee
ts
the
li
ne
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
ha
r
moni
c
li
mi
ts
s
e
t
by
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2
c
la
s
s
C
[
23]
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
1
.
T
a
ble
1.
T
he
li
ne
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
ha
r
moni
c
li
mi
ts
s
e
t
by
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2
c
las
s
C
[
12]
H
a
r
moni
c
or
de
r
(
n
)
M
a
xi
mum
pe
r
mi
s
s
ib
le
ha
r
moni
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d a
s
a
pe
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
of
t
he
i
nput
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
t
th
e
f
unda
me
nt
a
l
f
r
e
que
nc
y (
%
)
2
2
3
30
*
c
ir
c
ui
t
pow
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
5
10
7
7
9
5
11
⩽
n
⩽
39
3
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
T
he
ba
s
is
of
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
the
de
s
ign
o
f
a
s
ys
tem
that
is
de
s
c
r
ibed
in
the
block
diagr
a
m
that
c
ontains
the
s
ys
tem
wor
kf
low.
An
ove
r
vie
w
of
the
ut
il
iza
ti
on
of
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
a
s
a
n
im
pr
ove
ment
of
the
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
f
or
L
E
D
l
a
mp
loads
is
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
1.
One
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
c
onve
r
ter
to
r
e
duc
e
the
number
of
c
omponents
,
c
os
ts
a
nd
c
ompl
e
xit
y
i
s
s
ue
s
of
a
two
-
s
tage
c
onve
r
ter
is
B
I
F
R
E
D
(
boos
t
i
ntegr
a
ted
f
lybac
k
r
e
c
ti
f
ier
e
ne
r
gy
s
t
or
a
ge
DC
-
DC
)
c
onve
r
ter
.
T
he
c
ir
c
uit
of
the
L
E
D
la
mp
d
r
iver
us
ing
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
2
.
A
B
I
F
R
E
D
C
onve
r
ter
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
2
is
a
n
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
of
boos
t
-
f
lybac
k
c
onve
r
te
r
s
us
ing
a
s
ingl
e
s
tage
(
s
ingl
e
-
s
witch)
a
nd
one
c
ontr
oll
e
r
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
P
F
C
input
a
nd
output
volt
a
ge
r
e
gulator
s
s
im
ult
a
ne
ous
ly.
A
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
te
r
c
ontains
B
oos
t
C
onve
r
ter
that
wo
r
ks
on
dis
c
onti
nuous
c
ond
uc
ti
on
to
s
e
r
ve
a
s
P
F
C
a
nd
the
output
s
tage
is
a
f
lybac
k
c
o
nve
r
ter
f
or
s
e
tt
ing
the
output
volt
a
ge
.
T
he
a
c
ti
ve
s
witch
is
s
ha
r
e
d
by
the
two
s
tage
s
.
C
a
pa
c
it
or
C
b
is
the
e
ne
r
g
y
s
tor
a
ge
c
a
pa
c
it
or
a
nd
s
e
e
s
the
low
-
f
r
e
que
nc
y
(
e
.
g.
100Hz
)
a
nd
the
h
igh
-
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
witching
r
ippl
e
,
while
C
o
is
the
output
c
a
pa
c
it
or
whic
h
s
e
e
s
only
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
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KO
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T
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lec
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un
C
omput
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P
ow
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r
factor
impr
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e
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nt
on
L
E
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e
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ippl
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onf
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os
t
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olut
ion
s
ince
ther
e
a
r
e
only
one
s
witch
a
nd
one
c
ont
r
ol
c
ir
c
uit
.
B
oos
t
c
onve
r
te
r
on
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
i
r
c
uit
a
s
powe
r
f
a
c
to
r
c
or
r
e
c
ti
on
(
P
F
C
)
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
F
igur
e
3
a
nd
it
ha
s
a
n
inductor
c
ur
r
e
nt
wa
ve
f
or
m
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
4
.
T
his
B
oos
t
c
on
ve
r
ter
is
modele
d
a
s
ha
ving
input
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
(r
s
)
c
a
lcul
a
ted
f
r
om
the
input
volt
a
ge
a
nd
input
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
t
one
s
witching
pe
r
iod.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
l
er
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
S
e
n
s
o
r
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
e
n
s
o
r
B
I
F
R
E
D
C
o
n
v
er
ter
M
O
S
F
E
T
D
r
i
v
e
r
AR
M
S
T
M
32
f
407
V
G
M
ic
ro
co
nt
r
ol
le
r
A
D
C
2
A
D
C
1
T
i
m
e
r
G
P
I
O
P
W
M
S
i
g
n
a
l
U
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
F
u
l
l
w
a
ve
R
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
S
t
e
p
D
o
w
n
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
S
i
n
g
l
e
P
h
a
s
e
A
C
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
L
C
D
48
w
at
t
,
12
V
ol
t
of
L
E
D
L
a
m
p
F
igur
e
1.
B
loc
k
diagr
a
m
s
ys
tem
C
b
Q
P
W
M
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
+
_
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
C
o
D
2
D
1
V
s
N
2
N
1
L
i
L
m
L
E
D
L
a
m
p
F
igur
e
2.
C
ir
c
uit
of
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
a
s
L
E
D
la
mp
dr
iver
Ac
c
or
ding
to
F
igur
e
3
a
nd
F
igur
e
4
,
the
input
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
of
boos
t
c
onve
r
ter
c
a
n
be
c
a
lcula
ted
a
s
f
oll
ows
:
(
)
=
(
)
(
)
(
1)
a
nd
the
e
quivale
nt
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
c
a
n
be
f
ound
a
s
(
2)
.
=
2
2
(
1
−
)
(
2)
F
r
om
(
2
)
,
it
is
known
that
input
r
e
s
i
s
tanc
e
(
r
s
)
de
pe
nds
on
the
va
lue
of
the
inducto
r
,
s
witching
pe
r
iod
a
nd
duty
c
yc
le.
I
f
the
B
oos
t
C
onve
r
ter
is
s
ur
e
to
wor
k
on
dis
c
onti
nuous
c
onduc
ti
on
mode
a
nd
the
duty
c
yc
le
is
c
ons
tant,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
571
-
578
574
then
the
input
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
(
r
s
)
be
c
omes
c
ons
tant.
As
a
r
e
s
ult
,
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
i
s
(
t)
f
oll
ows
the
f
or
m
o
f
input
volt
a
ge
a
nd
B
oos
t
C
onve
r
ter
be
c
omes
a
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
im
pr
ove
ment.
M
e
a
nwhile,
the
f
lybac
k
c
onve
r
ter
on
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
ir
c
uit
ope
r
a
tes
on
c
onti
nuous
c
onduc
ti
on
mode
w
hich
is
known
f
r
om
the
magne
ti
z
ing
inductor
c
ur
r
e
nt
whic
h
de
pe
n
ds
on
the
magnitude
of
the
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
(
L
m
)
magne
ti
z
a
ti
on.
T
he
r
e
lations
hip
be
twe
e
n
the
DC
out
put
volt
a
ge
(
V
o
(d
c
)
)
with
the
s
our
c
e
volt
a
ge
is
s
hown
in
(
3
)
.
(
dc
)
=
2
1
1
−
(
3)
L
D
C
o
R
o
V
s
(
t
)
i
s
(
t
)
)
(
)
(
t
i
t
v
r
s
s
s
Q
i
L
d
T
T
d
2
T
t
t
i
i
L
1
F
igur
e
3.
B
oos
t
c
onve
r
ter
c
i
r
c
uit
in
DC
M
o
pe
r
a
ti
o
n
F
igur
e
4.
I
nduc
to
r
c
ur
r
e
nt
wa
ve
f
or
ms
o
f
boos
t
c
onve
r
ter
on
dis
c
onti
nuous
c
onduc
ti
on
mode
ope
r
a
ti
on
T
he
(
4
)
sh
ows
the
boos
t
inductor
on
C
C
M
ope
r
a
ti
o
n.
=
×
×
Δ
(
4)
f
s
is
the
s
witching
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
nd
Δ
I
in
is
the
r
ippl
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
on
L
i
.
R
ippl
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
f
or
c
r
it
ica
l
c
onduc
ti
on
mode
can
be
c
a
lcula
ted
us
ing
(
5
)
,
∆
=
2
×
(
5)
s
o,
the
c
r
it
ica
l
va
lue
of
the
inducto
r
is
:
ic
=
×
2
×
×
(
6)
b
oos
t
inductor
va
lue
on
DC
M
ope
r
a
ti
on
c
a
n
be
c
a
l
c
ulate
d
us
ing
(
7
)
:
L
i
<
L
ic
(
7)
the
(
8
)
i
s
us
e
d
to
de
ter
m
ine
the
c
r
it
ica
l
va
lue
o
f
the
magne
ti
z
ing
inducta
nc
e
L
mc
:
mc
=
(
1
−
)
2
2
×
×
×
(
2
1
)
2
(
8
)
w
hil
e
to
ope
r
a
te
in
C
C
M
mode
us
e
(
9
)
.
L
m
>
>
L
mc
(
9)
T
he
c
a
lcula
ti
on
of
bulk
va
lue
of
C
b
us
e
s
(
10
)
:
=
×
×
(
2
1
)
×
×
Δ
(
10
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
P
ow
e
r
factor
impr
ov
e
me
nt
on
L
E
D
lamp
dr
ive
r
…
(
M
oh.
Z
ae
nal
E
fendi)
575
the
(
11
)
is
us
e
d
to
c
a
lcula
te
the
output
c
a
pa
c
it
or
.
=
×
×
(
11)
T
he
us
e
o
f
the
c
a
pa
c
it
or
mus
t
ha
ve
a
va
lu
e
with
a
maximum
r
ippl
e
o
f
2%
whic
h
mea
ns
that
the
va
lue
of
the
c
a
pa
c
it
or
us
e
d
mus
t
be
gr
e
a
ter
tha
n
the
va
lue
of
the
c
a
lcula
ti
on
.
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
AN
D
AN
AL
YSI
S
T
he
f
ir
s
t
e
xpe
r
i
ment
of
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
on
L
E
D
l
a
mp
is
tes
ti
ng
the
s
ys
tem
without
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
to
de
ter
mi
ne
the
va
lue
of
po
we
r
f
a
c
tor
be
f
or
e
im
p
r
ove
ment.
I
n
tes
ti
ng
on
a
12
Volt,
48
W
a
tt
of
L
E
D
lamp
,
it
p
r
oduc
e
s
a
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
va
lue
of
0.
84
.
F
igu
r
e
5
s
hows
the
input
volt
a
ge
a
nd
input
c
ur
r
e
nt
wa
ve
f
o
r
ms
without
P
F
C
C
onve
r
ter
.
Ac
c
or
ding
to
the
e
xpe
r
im
e
nt
r
e
s
ult
,
it
is
known
that
a
s
ys
tem
without
P
F
C
ha
s
a
r
a
ther
low
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
a
nd
the
input
c
ur
r
e
nt
wa
ve
f
or
m
is
not
s
ine.
F
igur
e
5.
T
e
s
t
r
e
s
ult
s
of
the
s
ys
tem
without
P
F
C
u
s
ing
12
V,
48
W
o
f
L
E
D
lamp
:
(
a
)
t
he
wa
ve
f
or
m
o
f
input
volt
a
ge
of
c
onve
r
ter
without
P
F
C
,
(
b)
t
he
input
c
ur
r
e
nt
wa
ve
f
or
m
on
the
s
ys
tem
without
P
F
C
F
ur
ther
e
xpe
r
i
ment
is
the
im
pleme
ntation
o
f
L
E
D
lamp
dr
iver
us
ing
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
a
s
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
c
or
r
e
c
ti
on
with
the
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
2.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
in
T
a
ble
2
,
we
c
a
n
make
a
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
that
ha
s
two
f
unc
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
c
or
r
e
c
ti
on
(
P
F
C
)
a
nd
vo
lt
a
ge
r
e
gulator
.
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
is
d
r
iven
us
ing
the
F
OD
3182
c
ir
c
uit
a
nd
the
S
T
M
32f
4VG
AR
M
of
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
.
P
F
C
s
ys
tem
tes
ti
ng
is
a
whole
s
ys
tem
tes
t
whic
h
m
e
a
ns
c
ombi
ning
e
a
c
h
pa
r
t
of
the
P
F
C
s
ys
tem
i
nto
one
.
T
he
pur
pos
e
o
f
thi
s
tes
t
is
to
de
ter
mi
ne
the
magnitu
de
of
the
inc
r
e
a
s
e
in
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
a
nd
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
h
a
r
moni
c
s
by
us
ing
a
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
.
T
he
P
F
C
c
onv
e
r
ter
s
ys
tem
is
s
uppli
e
d
by
a
110
Volt
of
AC
volt
a
ge
s
o
ur
c
e
with
a
DC
r
e
c
ti
f
ier
that
p
r
oduc
e
s
99.
03
V
olt
.
T
he
output
r
e
c
ti
f
ier
volt
a
ge
is
us
e
d
a
s
a
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
s
u
pply
a
nd
pr
oduc
e
s
a
12
Vol
t
o
f
the
output
volt
a
ge
.
T
a
ble
3
s
hows
the
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
da
ta
o
f
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
te
r
us
ing
a
va
r
iable
r
e
s
is
tor
a
nd
T
a
ble
4
s
hows
the
e
xpe
r
im
e
n
tal
da
ta
of
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
t
e
r
us
ing
a
12
Volt,
48
W
a
tt
of
(
a
)
(
b
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
571
-
578
576
L
E
D
lamp.
F
igur
e
6
s
hows
the
input
volt
a
ge
a
nd
input
c
ur
r
e
nt
wa
ve
f
or
ms
whic
h
a
r
e
a
lm
os
t
in
pha
s
e
s
o
that
the
r
e
s
ult
ing
powe
r
f
a
c
tor
r
e
a
c
he
s
0.
98.
T
a
b
le
2.
P
a
r
a
mete
r
s
of
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
P
a
r
a
me
te
r
V
a
lu
e
T
he
i
nput
vol
ta
ge
of
t
he
r
e
c
ti
f
ie
r
110 Volt
T
he
i
nput
vol
ta
ge
of
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
te
r
99 V
ol
t
O
ut
put
vol
ta
ge
(
V
o
)
12 V
ol
t
S
w
it
c
hi
ng f
r
e
que
nc
y (
f
s
)
40 kHz
I
nduc
to
r
(
L
1
)
300 µH
R
a
ti
o of
t
r
a
ns
f
or
me
r
N
1
:
N
2
=
99 :
12
L
m
of
t
r
a
ns
f
or
me
r
12.25 mH
D
io
de
D
1
S
T
T
H
60L
06C
W
D
io
de
D
2
S
T
T
H
60L
06C
W
S
w
it
c
h (
Q
)
M
O
S
F
E
T
I
R
F
P
460
B
ul
k c
a
pa
c
it
or
1 µF
O
ut
put
c
a
pa
c
it
or
(
C
o
)
2500 µF
T
a
ble
3.
E
xpe
r
i
menta
l
da
ta
of
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
us
ing
a
va
r
iable
r
e
s
is
tor
V
in
a
c
(
vol
t)
V
in
d
c
(
vol
t)
V
out
(
vol
t)
I
out
(
A
)
L
oa
d
(
ohm)
D
ut
y
c
yc
le
(%)
PF
110.3
96.9
11.94
0,51
24
29
0.97
111.2
97.6
12.06
1,02
12
34
0.98
110.6
97
11.97
1,51
8
35
0.98
110.5
96.8
12.05
2
6
36
0.98
111
96.9
11.86
2,57
4,8
37
0.98
110.6
96.5
11.95
3.3
4
39
0.98
110.6
96.6
12.01
4.3
3.43
41
0.99
110.1
95.8
12.02
4.8
3
43
0.99
T
a
ble
4.
E
xpe
r
i
menta
l
da
ta
of
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
us
ing
a
12
v
o
l
t
48
wa
tt
of
L
E
D
lamp
V
in
a
c
(
vol
t)
V
in
d
c
(
vol
t)
V
out
(
vol
t)
I
out
(
A
)
lo
a
d
D
ut
y c
yc
le
(%)
PF
112.1
97.8
12.07
1.2
12 V
ol
t,
4
8 W
a
tt
of
L
E
D
L
a
mp
34
0.98
F
igur
e
6
.
T
e
s
t
r
e
s
ult
s
of
the
s
ys
tem
with
P
F
C
us
in
g
12
V,
48
W
of
L
E
D
lamp
:
(
a
)
t
he
wa
ve
f
or
m
of
in
put
volt
a
ge
of
c
onve
r
ter
with
P
F
C
,
(
b)
t
he
input
c
ur
r
e
n
t
wa
ve
f
or
m
on
the
s
ys
tem
with
P
F
C
(
a
)
(
b
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
P
ow
e
r
factor
impr
ov
e
me
nt
on
L
E
D
lamp
dr
ive
r
…
(
M
oh.
Z
ae
nal
E
fendi)
577
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
type
of
e
quipm
e
nt
us
e
d,
the
c
las
s
c
las
s
if
ica
ti
on
us
e
d
in
thi
s
s
ys
tem
is
in
a
c
c
or
da
nc
e
with
the
li
ne
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
ha
r
mon
ic
li
m
it
s
s
e
t
by
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2
whic
h
be
longs
to
c
las
s
C
,
whe
r
e
c
las
s
C
c
las
s
if
ica
ti
on
is
li
ghti
ng
e
quipm
e
nt
.
F
r
om
the
e
xplana
ti
on
o
f
c
las
s
C
c
las
s
if
ica
ti
on,
the
12
Vol
t,
48
W
a
tt
o
f
L
E
D
lam
p
us
e
d
in
thi
s
s
ys
tem
is
one
pa
r
t
o
f
c
las
s
C
.
T
a
ble
5
s
hows
the
c
ompar
a
ti
ve
ha
r
moni
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
ompar
is
ons
of
s
ys
tems
that
ha
ve
us
e
d
P
F
C
with
the
li
ne
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
ha
r
m
onic
li
mi
ts
s
e
t
by
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2
c
las
s
C
.
I
n
c
l
a
s
s
C
of
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2,
the
pa
r
a
mete
r
whic
h
ha
s
be
e
n
s
pe
c
if
ied
a
s
the
s
tanda
r
d
i
s
the
maximum
va
lue
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
a
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
the
f
unda
menta
l
c
ur
r
e
nt
,
s
o
i
t
c
a
n
be
c
a
lcula
ted
e
a
c
h
of
the
ha
r
moni
c
s
e
que
nc
e
s
with
(
12
)
.
(
12)
T
a
ble
5.
C
ompar
a
ti
ve
da
ta
o
f
ha
r
moni
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
t
he
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
with
the
li
ne
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
h
a
r
moni
c
li
mi
ts
s
e
t
by
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2
c
las
s
C
H
a
r
moni
c
or
de
r
M
a
x va
lu
e
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
a
pe
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
of
t
he
f
unda
me
nt
a
l
in
put
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
t
he
l
umi
na
r
ie
s
3 Ω
of
r
e
s
is
ti
ve
lo
a
d
12 V
ol
t,
48 W
a
tt
of
L
E
D
l
a
mp
H
a
r
moni
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
va
lu
e
%
c
ur
r
e
nt
H
a
r
moni
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
va
lu
e
%
c
ur
r
e
nt
2
2
0.01
0.78
0.00
0.00
3
29.4
0.07
5.46
0.06
5.60
5
10
0.03
2.34
0.05
4.67
7
7
0.01
0.78
0.02
1.87
9
5
0.02
1.56
0.02
1.87
11
3
0
.02
1.56
0.01
0.93
13
3
0.01
0.78
0.01
0.93
Us
ing
(
12
)
,
it
c
a
n
be
c
a
lcul
a
ted
a
nd
known
whe
ther
the
ha
r
moni
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
ge
ne
r
a
ted
by
thi
s
c
onve
r
te
r
s
ys
tem
is
in
a
c
c
or
da
nc
e
with
the
li
ne
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
ha
r
moni
c
li
mi
ts
s
e
t
by
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2
c
las
s
C
.
C
on
s
ider
ing
the
c
ompar
is
on
of
the
ha
r
moni
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
a
ti
o
of
the
s
ys
tem
us
ing
P
F
C
with
the
li
n
e
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
ha
r
moni
c
l
im
it
s
s
e
t
by
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2
c
las
s
C
in
T
a
ble
5
,
it
c
a
n
be
a
na
lyze
d
that
the
pe
r
c
e
ntage
o
f
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
ha
r
moni
c
or
de
r
on
the
f
unda
menta
l
c
ur
r
e
nt
is
s
ti
ll
les
s
than
the
s
tanda
r
d
pe
r
c
e
ntage
mi
nim
um
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
e
a
c
h
ha
r
moni
c
s
e
que
nc
e
in
c
las
s
C
(
I
E
C
6100
-
3
-
2)
.
T
a
ble
5
s
hows
the
c
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
da
ta
of
ha
r
moni
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
the
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
with
the
li
ne
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
ha
r
moni
c
li
mi
ts
s
e
t
by
I
E
C
61
000
-
3
-
2
c
la
s
s
C
.
T
o
f
u
r
ther
s
im
pli
f
y
the
c
ompar
a
ti
ve
r
e
a
dings
of
ha
r
moni
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
o
f
the
c
onve
r
te
r
with
the
l
ine
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
ha
r
moni
c
li
mi
ts
s
e
t
by
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2
c
las
s
C
,
a
c
o
mpar
a
ti
ve
gr
a
ph
c
a
n
be
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
7
,
whe
r
e
in
the
gr
a
ph
it
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
that
the
r
e
s
ult
ing
ha
r
mon
ic
c
ur
r
e
nt
of
the
s
ys
tem
us
ing
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
te
r
a
s
P
F
C
th
a
t
us
e
s
a
3
Ω
of
nomi
na
l
r
e
s
is
ti
v
e
load
a
nd
a
12
Vol
t,
48
W
a
t
t
of
L
E
D
lamp,
i
t
s
ti
ll
mee
ts
to
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2
s
tan
da
r
d
a
nd
it
mea
ns
that
thi
s
s
ys
tem
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
to
im
pr
ove
p
owe
r
f
a
c
tor
wi
th
a
low
ha
r
moni
c
c
ur
r
e
nt.
F
igur
e
7.
C
ompar
is
on
gr
a
ph
of
s
ys
tem
ha
r
moni
c
s
c
ur
r
e
nt
with
P
F
C
with
the
li
ne
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
ha
r
moni
c
li
mi
ts
s
e
t
by
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2
c
las
s
C
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
T
his
pa
pe
r
ha
s
a
lr
e
a
dy
dis
c
us
s
e
d
the
ins
talli
ng
of
the
P
owe
r
F
a
c
tor
C
or
r
e
c
ti
on
(
P
F
C
)
c
ir
c
uit
us
ing
a
powe
r
c
onve
r
ter
f
o
r
L
E
D
lamp
dr
iver
.
T
he
c
onv
e
r
ter
us
e
d
on
the
s
ys
tem
is
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
whi
c
h
wor
ks
in
DC
M
-
C
C
M
mode.
B
I
F
R
E
D
c
onve
r
ter
is
a
n
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
of
boos
t
-
f
lybac
k
c
onve
r
ter
s
us
ing
a
s
ingl
e
s
witch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
571
-
578
578
a
nd
one
c
ont
r
oll
e
r
that
ha
s
the
c
a
pa
bil
it
y
to
s
e
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powe
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f
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tor
on
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input
s
ide
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gulator
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ult
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ly.
B
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ter
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s
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ti
on
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F
C
)
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s
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e
n
a
ble
to
im
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om
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l
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98
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s
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ir
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ui
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ne
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ur
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e
nt
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im
it
s
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e
t
by
I
E
C
61000
-
3
-
2
c
las
s
C
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[1
]
J
.
Mi
ret
,
M.
Ca
s
t
i
l
l
a,
L
.
G
.
d
e
V
i
c
u
ñ
a
,
P.
Mar
t
í
,
a
n
d
M.
V
el
a
s
co
,
“
N
o
n
-
l
i
n
ear
co
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
a
p
o
w
er
-
fact
o
r
-
co
rrec
t
i
o
n
rect
i
f
i
er
w
i
t
h
fas
t
d
y
n
am
i
c
res
p
o
n
s
e,
”
IE
E
E
2
5
th
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
In
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
E
l
ect
r
o
n
i
c
s
(IS
IE
)
,
San
t
a
Cl
ara,
CA
,
p
p
.
5
0
4
-
5
0
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
M.
A
l
am,
W
.
E
b
er
l
e,
D
.
S.
G
au
t
am,
an
d
C.
Bo
t
t
i
n
g
,
“
A
s
o
f
t
-
s
w
i
t
ch
i
n
g
b
r
i
d
g
el
e
s
s
AC
-
D
C
p
o
w
er
fac
t
o
r
c
o
rre
ct
i
o
n
co
n
v
ert
e
r
,”
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r
E
l
ect
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
7
7
1
6
-
7
7
2
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
]
W
.
C.
Ch
en
g
,
C
.
L
.
Ch
en
,
“
O
p
t
i
ma
l
l
o
w
e
s
t
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
-
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
o
r
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
m
o
d
e
p
o
w
er
fact
o
r
c
o
rrect
i
o
n
co
n
v
ert
er
s
,
”
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
ct
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
wer
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
,
v
o
.
30
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
2
-
1
0
4
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
C
.
H
.
Ch
an
g
,
C
.
A
.
Ch
en
g
,
E
.
C
.
Ch
an
g
,
H
.
L
.
Ch
en
g
,
B
.
E
.
Y
an
g
,
“
An
i
n
t
e
g
rat
e
d
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
w
er
-
fact
o
r
co
n
v
er
t
er
w
i
t
h
Z
V
S
t
ran
s
i
t
i
o
n
,”
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
3
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
6
2
-
2
3
7
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
M.
Fl
o
t
a,
B.
A
l
i
,
C.
V
i
l
l
a
n
u
e
v
a
,
an
d
M.
Pérez
,
“
Pa
s
s
i
v
i
t
y
-
b
as
e
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
a
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
i
n
v
ert
er
w
i
t
h
p
o
w
er
fac
t
o
r
co
rrect
i
o
n
an
d
n
i
g
h
t
o
p
er
a
t
i
o
n
,”
IE
E
E
La
t
i
n
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
14
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
3
5
6
9
-
3
5
7
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
L
.
G
u
,
W
.
L
i
an
g
,
M.
Prag
l
i
n
,
S
.
Ch
ak
rab
o
rt
y
,
an
d
J
.
Ri
v
as
-
D
av
i
l
a,
“A
w
i
d
e
-
i
n
p
u
t
-
r
an
g
e
h
i
g
h
-
eff
i
ci
e
n
c
y
s
t
e
p
-
d
o
w
n
p
o
w
er
fact
o
r
co
rrec
t
i
o
n
co
n
v
er
t
er
u
s
i
n
g
v
ari
a
b
l
e
freq
u
en
c
y
mu
l
t
i
p
l
i
er
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e,
”
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
33
,
n
o
.
11
,
p
p
.
9
3
9
9
-
9
4
1
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[7
]
S
.
L
i
m,
D
.
M.
O
t
t
e
n
,
an
d
D
.
J
.
Perreau
l
t
,
“
N
ew
A
C
-
D
C
p
o
w
er
fac
t
o
r
c
o
rrec
t
i
o
n
arc
h
i
t
ect
u
re
s
u
i
t
ab
l
e
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
freq
u
e
n
cy
o
p
era
t
i
o
n
,”
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
31
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
9
3
7
-
2
9
4
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
J
.
L
i
u
,
K
.
W
.
Ch
an
,
C
.
Y
.
Ch
u
n
g
,
N
.
H
.
L
.
Ch
an
,
M
.
L
i
u
,
an
d
W
.
X
u
,
“
Si
n
g
l
e
-
s
t
a
g
e
w
i
re
l
es
s
-
p
o
w
er
-
t
ran
s
fer
res
o
n
an
t
co
n
v
ert
er
w
i
t
h
b
o
o
s
t
b
r
i
d
g
el
e
s
s
p
o
w
er
-
fac
t
o
r
-
c
o
rrect
i
o
n
rect
i
f
i
er,
”
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
65
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
1
4
5
-
2
1
5
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[9
]
V
.
M.
L
ó
p
ez
-
Mart
í
n
,
F
.
J
.
A
zco
n
d
o
,
an
d
A
.
Pi
g
azo
,
“
Po
w
er
q
u
al
i
t
y
en
h
a
n
cemen
t
i
n
res
i
d
en
t
i
a
l
s
mart
g
r
i
d
s
t
h
ro
u
g
h
p
o
w
er
fact
o
r
c
o
rre
ct
i
o
n
s
t
a
g
e
s
,
”
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
ct
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
65
,
n
o
.
11
,
pp.
8
5
5
3
-
8
5
6
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
S
.
M
.
Park
,
S
.
Y
.
Park
,
“
V
ers
a
t
i
l
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
u
n
i
d
i
rect
i
o
n
al
A
C
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
t
ers
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
q
u
al
i
t
y
mi
t
i
g
at
i
o
n
,
”
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
ct
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
wer
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
,
v
o
l
.
30
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
7
3
8
-
4
7
4
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
S
.
Si
n
g
h
,
B
.
Si
n
g
h
,
G
.
Bh
u
v
an
e
s
w
ar
i
,
V
.
Bi
s
t
,
“
Po
w
er
fa
ct
o
r
co
r
rec
t
e
d
zet
a
co
n
v
er
t
er
b
a
s
ed
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
p
o
w
er
q
u
al
i
t
y
s
w
i
t
c
h
ed
mo
d
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
,”
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
E
l
ect
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
5
4
2
2
-
5
4
3
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
H
.
W
u
,
S
.
C
.
W
o
n
g
,
C
.
K
.
T
s
e,
S.
Y
.
R
.
H
u
i
,
Q
.
Ch
en
,
“
Si
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
L
E
D
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