TELK
OMNIKA
V
ol.
16,
No
.
3,
J
une
2018,
pp
.
1126
1134
ISSN:
1693-6930,
accredited
A
b
y
DIKTI,
Decree
No:
58/DIKTI/K
ep/2013
1126
ETDCC:
Ener
gy-Efficient
T
ransmission
Sc
heme
f
or
Dynamic
Climatic
Conditions
in
WSN
Sunil
K
umar*
,
Prateek
Raj
Gautam
,
T
arique
Rashid
,
Aksha
y
V
erma
,
and
Ar
vind
K
umar
Motilal
Nehr
u
National
Institute
of
T
echnology
Allahabad
(211004)
India
*Corresponding
A
uthor
,
email:
rel1516@mnnit.ac.in
Abstract
In
this
paper
,
an
energy-efficient
tr
ansmission
scheme
f
or
dynamic
climatic
conditions
(ETDCC)
has
been
proposed
in
wireless
sensor
netw
or
ks
(WSNs).
This
scheme
is
based
on
IEEE802.15.4
standard.
In
this
method,
open-loop
and
closed-loop
f
eedbac
k
systems
are
used
f
or
sno
wf
all
v
ar
iation.
An
open-loop
system
is
utiliz
ed
f
or
sno
wf
all-a
w
are
link
quality
compensation
and
estimation.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
closed-loop
system
aids
to
split
the
net
w
or
k
into
tw
o
logical
regions
,
resulting
the
o
v
erhead
of
total
control
pac
k
ets
is
minimiz
ed.
According
to
link
quality
changes
due
to
sno
wf
all
v
ar
iation,
the
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
is
decided
on
the
basis
of
current
n
umber
of
neighbor
nodes
and
threshold
po
w
er
loss
f
or
each
region.
The
sim
ulated
results
depict
that
the
proposed
scheme
with
reduced
control
pac
k
ets
o
v
erhead
adjusts
tr
ansmit
ting
po
w
er
le
v
el
(
P
lev
el
)
to
compensate
link
quality
.
This
scheme
based
on
threshold
le
v
el
is
compared
with
the
con
v
entional
approach
that
compr
ises
the
division
of
regions
without
threshold
le
v
el.
K
e
yw
or
ds:
Energy-efficient;
sno
w;
tr
ansmitter
po
w
er
;
link
quality;
WSNs
.
Cop
yright
c
2018
Univer
sitas
Ahmad
Dahlan.
All
rights
reser
ved.
1.
Intr
oduction
Energy
is
an
impor
tant
aspect
in
the
design
of
WSNs
.
In
order
to
tr
ansf
er
data
without
dif-
ficulty
o
v
er
wireless
channels
in
WS
Ns
,
an
adaptiv
e
approach
is
used
f
or
data
tr
ansmission
to
set
the
lo
w
est
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
and
maintain
reliability
.
This
approach
either
diminish
unnecessar
y
po
w
er
consumption
or
interf
erence
among
the
nodes
.
T
o
tune
po
w
er
le
v
el
tr
ansmission,
a
beacon
message
is
sent
per
iodically
through
ref
erence
node
to
receiving
node
and
respectiv
ely
ac
kno
wl-
edgment(A
CKs)
is
bac
k
to
the
ref
erence
node
f
or
sending
data.
Through
these
inter
action,
the
ref
erence
node
retain
connectivity
among
the
nodes
[1,
2].
An
algor
ithm,
kno
wn
as
Local
Mean
Algor
ithm
(LMA),
is
used
b
y
the
ref
erence
node
to
broadcast
the
Lif
eMsg
message
.
This
message
is
tr
ansmitted
b
y
the
neighbor
nodes
after
receiving
the
Lif
eMsg.
Ref
erence
node
calculates
all
Lif
eA
CKMsg
and
sets
the
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
to
maintain
proper
connectivity
.
If
Lif
eA
CKMsg
is
more
than
NodeMaxThresh,
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
is
decreased.
In
contr
ast,
if
Lif
eA
CKMsg
is
less
than
Node
MaxThresh,
the
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
is
increased
b
y
the
ref
erence
node
.
Through
this
approach,
the
net
w
or
k
lif
etime
impro
v
ement
is
obtained
sufficiently
,
b
ut
LMA
estimates
only
connectivity
among
the
nodes
and
cannot
pro
vide
ac
kno
wledgment
about
link
quality
[3,
4].
Stability
of
netw
or
k
based
on
lif
etime
is
one
of
the
major
challenge
f
or
WSNs
.
An
scheme
is
proposed
to
estimate
tr
ansmitter
po
w
er
le
v
el.
T
r
ansmitter
po
w
er
is
also
controlled
b
y
the
de-
plo
yment
of
node
in
the
proper
place
to
lessen
the
distance
f
or
comm
unication
[5].
Since
loss
is
directly
relat
ed
to
en
vironment
v
ar
iation,
an
adaptiv
e
tr
ansmission
po
w
er
control
is
used
according
to
spatial
and
tempor
al
eff
ects
.
This
scheme
helps
to
acclimate
link
quality
according
to
v
ar
iations
b
y
closed-loop
f
eedbac
k.
Whereas
it
is
v
er
y
difficult
to
suppor
t
large
WSNs
due
to
the
creation
of
o
v
erhead
that
is
required
to
adjust
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
of
each
estab
lishing
link
[6,
7].
The
e
xisting
scheme
estimates
the
link
quality
with
broadcasting
a
bea-
con
message
per
iodically
.
Fur
ther
f
eedbac
k
control
process
helps
to
adapt
controlled
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
.
In
acclimation
of
link
quality
f
or
wireless
netw
or
k
en
vironment
where
en
vironment
v
ar
i-
ation
e
xists
,
pac
k
et
o
v
erhead
f
or
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
control
w
ould
be
diminished.
An
impor
tant
technique
reduces
the
n
umber
of
control
pac
k
ets
and
k
eeps
retain
reliability
issues
[8,
9,
10].
Receiv
ed
December
22,
2017;
Re
vised
Apr
il
1,
2018;
Accepted
Apr
il
18,
2018
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v16i3.8513
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMNIKA
ISSN:
1693-6930
1127
The
contr
ib
ution
of
this
paper
considers
as
the
proposed
scheme
is
based
on
tw
o
pro-
cesses
kno
wn
as
open
loop
and
closed
loop
f
eedbac
k.
The
open
loop
is
used
to
calculate
and
compensate
link
quality
due
t
o
diff
erent
w
eather
conditions
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
closed-loop
f
eedbac
k
pro-
cess
is
used
to
divide
the
whole
netw
or
k
into
tw
o
logical
regions
to
diminish
the
o
v
er
lo
ad
of
pac
k
ets
.
So
that
the
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
le
v
el
to
compensate
the
link
quality
and
sa
v
e
the
po
w
er
to
increase
the
lif
etime
of
the
sensor
nodes
.
The
str
ucture
of
the
paper
is
organiz
ed
as
f
ollo
w:
Section
2,
descr
ibes
the
proposed
ETDCC
reduction
scheme
is
presented
to
lessen
the
losses
and
reduce
the
pac
k
et
o
v
erhead.
Sim
ulation
results
and
their
discussions
are
presented
in
section
3.
Finally
,
w
e
ha
v
e
concluded
the
paper
in
section
4.
2.
Pr
oposed
W
ork
In
the
current
section,
an
energy
efficient
tr
ansmission
scheme
(ETDCC)
has
been
pro-
posed
that
maintains
link
quality
according
to
v
ar
iation
in
WSN.
Th
is
scheme
is
designed
f
or
tr
ansmission
po
w
er
control
dividing
the
netw
or
k
into
tw
o
logical
regions
(H,
L)
and
using
open-
loop
and
closed-loop
f
eedbac
k
process
.
The
adv
antage
of
the
open-loop
and
closed-loop
process
is
to
lessen
o
v
erhead
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
significantly
which
is
based
on
sensed
sno
wf
all
r
ate
in-
f
or
mation.
The
logical
regions
H
and
L
denote
high
loss
and
lo
w
loss
respectiv
ely
on
the
basis
of
threshold
loss
.
ETDCC
w
or
ks
into
tw
o
phases
i.e
.
initial
phase
and
r
un-time
phase
.
In
the
initial
phase
,
a
mod
el
is
fr
amed
b
y
each
node
f
or
its
respectiv
e
neighbor
link.
While
r
un-time
phase
,
based
on
the
division
of
netw
or
k,
retains
the
link
quality
with
respect
to
time
in
the
proposed
scheme
.
In
order
to
maintain
the
sta
bility
of
netw
or
k,
the
link
quality
is
measured
in
initial
phase
to
control
o
v
erhead.
Ne
v
er
theless
the
link
quality
is
contin
u
ously
v
ar
ying
in
unstab
le
netw
or
k,
initial
phase
is
repeated
and
ser
ious
o
v
erhead
tak
es
place
.
In
this
scheme
,
the
some
par
ameters
are
e
xpressed
as
f
ollo
ws:
(i)
Number
of
current
neighbor
nodes
n
c
(
t
)
(ii)
Desired
n
umber
of
neighbor
nodes
n
d
(
t
)
.
(iii)
Error
e
(
t
)
=
n
d
(
t
)
n
c
(
t
)
.
(iv)
T
r
ansmission
po
w
er
le
v
el
(
p
l
ev
el
)
T
o
tune
the
tr
ansmission
po
w
er
,
(
p
l
ev
el
)
deter
mines
the
connectivity
with
its
neighbor
nodes
.
The
po
w
er
cont
roller
calibr
ates
tr
ansmission
po
w
er
le
v
el
b
y
compar
ing
the
n
umber
of
ini-
tial
neighbor
nodes
with
the
desired
n
umber
of
neighbor
nodes
.
Loss
and
A
CKs
of
a
node
are
used
to
deter
mine
estab
lished
link
connectivity
.
A
CK
cannot
deter
mine
the
link
quality
b
ut
it
can
estimate
the
estab
lished
link
connectivity
.
The
atten
uation
is
used
f
or
connectivity
estimation
that
estimates
connectivity
r
ather
lo
w
o
v
erhead.
The
tr
ansmission
po
w
er
le
v
el
has
been
adjusted
b
y
analyzing
sno
wf
all
r
ate
and
n
umber
of
current
neighbor
nodes
.
The
close-loop
oper
ates
not
only
to
compare
the
n
umber
of
initial
neighbor
nodes
with
desired
nodes
b
ut
also
using
sno
wf
all
com-
pensated
po
w
er
le
v
el.
Hence
,
the
desired
po
w
er
le
v
el
is
obtained
r
apidly
.
If
sno
wf
all
is
changing
then
sno
wf
all
is
compensated
on
the
basis
of
connection
betw
een
sno
wf
all
and
atten
uation.
The
lo
w
o
v
erhead
maintains
netw
or
k
c
o
nnectivity
b
y
decreasing
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
among
the
nodes
.
This
is
possib
le
due
to
division
of
regions
in
tw
o
par
ts
where
link
quality
is
changing
with
sno
wf
all
v
ar
iation.
Due
to
sno
wf
all
v
ar
iation,
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
loss
is
e
xpressed
using
relationship
be-
tw
een
atten
uation
and
sno
wf
all.
The
sno
wf
all
atten
uation
has
been
classified
into
tw
o
categor
ies
kno
wn
as
dr
y
and
w
et
atten
uation.
The
loss
due
to
sno
wf
all
is
e
xpressed
as
f
ollo
ws
[11]:
A
snow
(
l
oss
)[
dB
=k
m
]
=
aS
b
(1)
Where
,
the
par
ameters
a
and
b
f
or
dr
y
sno
w
are
a
=
5
:
42
10
5
+
5
:
4958776
;
b
=
1
:
38
And
the
par
ameters
a
and
b
f
or
w
et
sno
w
are
a
=
1
:
023
10
4
+
3
:
7855466
;
b
=
0
:
72
where
is
w
a
v
elength.
ETDCC:
Energy-Efficient
T
r
ansmission
Scheme
f
or
Dynamic
Climatic
...
(Sunil
K
umar)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1128
ISSN:
1693-6930
T
o
compensate
estimated
atten
uation
from
equation
(1),
the
output
po
w
er
of
the
tr
ans-
mitter
shoul
d
be
controlled
accordingly
.
The
relationship
betw
een
loss
and
required
tr
ansmitter
po
w
er
le
v
el
is
e
xpressed
b
y
equation
(2)
using
least
square
appro
ximation
[12].
P
l
ev
el
[
dB
m
]
=
(
l
oss
+
40)
12
2
:
91
(2)
With
the
help
of
equation
(1)
and
(2),
w
e
ha
v
e
obtained
the
po
w
er
le
v
el
to
compensate
loss
due
to
sno
wf
all
v
ar
iation.
Due
to
distance
betw
een
each
sensor
node
in
WSN
en
vironment,
path
loss
assists
to
calculate
actual
suitab
le
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
.
After
ad
dition
of
po
w
er
loss
due
to
sno
wf
all
v
ar
iation
and
distance
giv
en
in
equation
(3),
w
e
calculate
actual
suitab
le
tr
ansmitter
po
w
er
f
or
all
sensor
nodes
.
In
free
space
path
loss
model,
f
ollo
wing
par
ameters
are
used-
Number
of
nodes
(
N
)
,
spectr
al
efficiency
(
),
required
(
E
b
=
N
o
)
depends
upon
SNR,
Boltzmann
constant
(
k
),
Bandwidth
(
B
),
distance
betw
een
each
sensor
node
(
d
)
,
receiv
er
noise
figure
(
R
N
F
),
fre-
quency
(
f
)
[13].
P
t
[
dB
m
]
=
E
b
N
0
k
T
B
4
d
2
+
R
N
F
!
+
l
oss
(3)
In
this
scheme
,
the
main
aim
is
to
control
the
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
b
y
compensating
loss
v
ar
iations
based
on
sno
wf
all
changes
sensed
at
each
node
.
This
scheme
helps
to
gather
inf
or
ma-
tion
from
sno
wf
all
sensor
and
does
not
need
an
y
comm
unication
o
v
erhead
which
is
occurred
due
to
neighbor
nodes
.
The
closed-loop
f
eedbac
k
control
comple
xity
is
reduced
b
y
open-loop
control
process
significantly
f
or
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
control.
The
some
specific
par
ameters
a
re
defined
f
or
this
scheme
as
(1)
Threshold
loss
f
or
both
regions
,
(2)
Desired
n
umbers
of
neighbor
ing
nodes
in
both
regions
,
n
d
(
t
)
=
n
c
(
t
)
5
,
(3)
T
r
ansmitting
po
w
er
le
v
el
f
or
both
r
egions
.
Threshold
loss
should
be
minim
um
to
retain
link
reliability
.
A
beacon
message
is
broadcast
b
y
ref
erence
node
repetitiv
ely
to
neighbor
ing
nodes
and
A
CKs
is
being
w
aited.
If
A
CKs
are
successfully
deliv
ered
from
neighbor
nodes
then
Losses
ar
e
calculated
f
or
both
logical
regions
,
high
loss
is
considered
in
reg
ion
H
and
lo
w
loss
is
considered
in
region
L.
If
(
l
oss
l
ossthr
eshol
d
)
and
(
N
cur
r
ent
N
desir
ed
)
then
threshold
tr
ansmitter
po
w
er
le
v
el
assigned
if
f
or
the
similar
case
(
N
cur
r
ent
<
N
desir
ed
)
then
similar
tr
ansmitter
po
w
er
assigned
and
if
(
l
oss
<
l
ossthr
e
s
hol
d
)
then
b
y
def
ault
k
eep
same
tr
ansmitter
po
w
er
le
v
el.
3.
Sim
ulation
Results
and
Discussions
In
this
scheme
,
se
v
er
al
measurements
h
a
v
e
been
presented
to
estimate
the
a
v
ailability
of
estab
lished
link.
The
sim
ulation
results
of
proposed
scheme
are
compared
with
the
con
v
en-
tional
approach
f
or
efficient
po
w
er
tr
ansmission
in
WSNs
.
In
Figure
1
w
e
ha
v
e
sho
wn
v
alues
of
meteorological
sno
wf
all
loss
and
tr
ansmission
po
w
er
loss
f
or
one
round
th
at
is
sensed
b
y
each
sensor
node
in
WSNs
.
It
is
considered
that
100
nodes
are
r
andomly
deplo
y
ed
in
100
x
100
m
2
area
and
sno
wf
all
r
ate
ha
v
e
v
alues
in
the
r
ange(1
to
10)mm/hr[11]
f
or
meteorological
w
eather
condi-
tion.
The
ref
erence
node
has
been
placed
at
the
edge
of
considered
region.
The
Figure
1
depicts
nodes
and
sno
wf
all
v
ar
iation
on
x-axis
and
y-axis
respectiv
ely
.
The
sensor
nodes
are
r
andomly
placed
in
considered
area
and
respectiv
e
v
ar
iation
in
sno
wf
all
r
ate
can
be
seen
f
or
diff
erent
nodes
in
WSNs
.
The
v
alue
of
Sno
wf
all
r
ate
f
or
all
sensor
nodes
,
based
on
meteorological
w
eather
condi-
tions
,
is
used
to
calculate
po
w
er
loss
(dBm)
that
is
e
xpressed
as
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
loss
.
Sensed
snow
w
et
and
tr
ansmitt
ing
po
w
er
losses
ha
v
e
been
depicted
in
Figure
2
f
or
each
sensor
node
.
High
(H)
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
loss
(dBm)
means
that
the
sno
wf
all
r
ate
of
sensor
nodes
,placed
in
the
considered
region,
is
high.
It
represents
that
the
estab
lished
links
do
not
ha
v
e
good
quality
.
F
or
snow
dr
y
,
sno
wf
all
r
ate
is
in
r
ange
(1
to
10)mm/hr
,
losses
(dBm)
ha
v
e
v
alue
in
r
ange
0.53dBm
to
11.38dBm.
F
or
snow
w
et
,
sno
wf
all
r
ate
is
in
r
ange
0.4
mm/hr
to
1.8
mm/hr
,
losses
occur
betw
een
0.35dBm
to
1.72dBm.
The
se
v
er
al
sim
ulation
par
ameters
are
presented
here
such
as
round(r)
1500,
distance(1-87)m,
nodes(N)
100,
Regions
H
and
L,
0.0029,
Signal
to
Noise
Ratio
(SNR)
0.20dB
,
frequency(
f
)
2.45GHz,
R
N
F
5dB
,
Bandwidth
(
B
)
83.5MHz,
and
r
atio
of
energy
per
bit
to
the
spectr
al
noise
(
E
b
=
N
o
)
8.3dB
.
TELK
OMNIKA
V
ol.
16,
No
.
3,
J
une
2018
:
1126
1134
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELK
OMNIKA
ISSN:
1693-6930
1129
Figure
1.
Sensed
sno
w
dr
y
r
ate
and
sno
w
dr
y
loss
f
or
nodes
Figure
2.
Sensed
sno
w
w
et
r
ate
and
sno
w
w
et
loss
f
or
nodes
ETDCC:
Energy-Efficient
T
r
ansmission
Scheme
f
or
Dynamic
Climatic
...
(Sunil
K
umar)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1130
ISSN:
1693-6930
Figure
3.
P
l
ev
el
(sno
w
dr
y
)
f
or
nodes
Figure
4.
P
l
ev
el
(sno
w
w
et
)
f
or
nodes
TELK
OMNIKA
V
ol.
16,
No
.
3,
J
une
2018
:
1126
1134
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TELK
OMNIKA
ISSN:
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1131
Figure
5.
P
t
(
snow
dr
y
)
f
or
nodes
Figure
6.
P
t
(
snow
w
et
)
f
or
nodes
ETDCC:
Energy-Efficient
T
r
ansmission
Scheme
f
or
Dynamic
Climatic
...
(Sunil
K
umar)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1132
ISSN:
1693-6930
Figure
7.
P
l
ev
el
(
snow
dr
y
)
using
con
v
entional
and
ETDCC
scheme
f
or
nodes
Figure
8.
P
l
ev
el
(
snow
w
et
)
using
con
v
entional
and
ETDCC
scheme
f
or
nodes
TELK
OMNIKA
V
ol.
16,
No
.
3,
J
une
2018
:
1126
1134
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TELK
OMNIKA
ISSN:
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1133
T
ab
le
1.
Estimated
par
ameters
f
or
single
round
P
arameter
V
alue
snow
dr
y
snow
w
et
N
(H,
L)
54,
46
52,
48
Desired
neighbors
(H,
L)
49,
41
47,
43
Current
neighbors
(H,
L)
47,
38
45,
40
Threshold
P
l
ev
el
(H,
L)
41.79,
58.19
36.65,
35.07
Nodes
abo
v
e
the
threshold
loss
(H,
L)
25,
22
24,
23
Nodes
belo
w
the
threshold
loss
(H,
L)
18,
17
19,
16
Threshold
loss
(H,
L)
3.07,
2.83
1.38,
0.72
F
rom
Figure
1
and
Figure
2,
it
can
be
seen
that
the
po
w
er
loss
and
link
quality
ha
v
e
an
in
v
erse
relation
and
when
sno
wf
all
r
ate
increases
,
loss
increases
.
Hence
,
It
concludes
that
there
is
lo
w
link
quality
at
higher
sno
wf
all
r
ate
and
vice
v
ersa.
So
,
the
link
quality
is
better
at
small
sno
wf
all
r
ate
.
After
estimating
the
po
w
er
loss
f
or
each
sensor
,
w
e
calculate
their
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
le
v
el
to
compensate
the
loss
.
Figure
3
and
Figure
4
present
the
r
ange
of
po
w
er
le
v
el
f
or
v
ar
iation
of
po
w
er
loss
on
y-axis
that
is
34.53dBm
to
68.88dBm
f
or
snow
dr
y
and
34.10dBm
to
37.6dBm
f
or
snow
w
et
.
The
po
w
er
le
v
el
of
sensor
node
is
changing
according
to
sno
wf
all
v
ar
iation,
i.e
.
the
lo
w
po
w
er
le
v
el
is
required
at
lo
w
sno
wf
all
r
ate
and
vice
v
ersa.
The
po
w
er
le
v
el
(
pow
er
l
ev
el
)
of
each
sensor
node
has
been
compensated
on
the
basis
of
sno
wf
all
r
ate
to
compensate
the
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
loss
.
In
WSNs
,
the
path
loss
occurs
due
to
distance
and
sno
wf
all
v
ar
iation
betw
een
each
sensor
node
.
A
free
space
model
helps
to
calculate
the
tr
ansmitter
po
w
er
(
p
t
).
After
calculation
of
po
w
er
le
v
el
due
to
sno
wf
all
v
ar
iation
and
distance
,
w
e
calculate
required
tr
ansmitter
po
w
er
compr
ising
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
loss
due
to
sno
wf
all
r
ate
and
free
space
path
loss
f
or
all
nodes
.
Figure
5
and
Figure
6
depict
the
tr
ansmitter
po
w
er
r
ange
on
y-axis
that
is
-24.47dBm
to
-13.62dBm
f
or
snow
dr
y
and
-24.70dBm
to
-23.3dBm
f
or
snow
w
et
.
Fur
ther
the
netw
or
k
is
divided
in
tw
o
logical
regions
(H,L)
f
or
the
analysis
of
proposed
scheme
.
In
the
sim
ulatio
ns
,
w
e
ha
v
e
tak
en
1500
rounds
f
or
analysis
.
T
ab
le
1
sho
ws
the
estimated
par
ameters
f
or
single
rou
nd
based
on
loss
and
threshold
loss
f
or
each
region.
The
threshold
po
w
er
le
v
els
ha
v
e
been
estimated
f
or
both
logical
regions
.
Losses
are
calculated
and
descr
ibed
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
loss
due
to
sno
wf
all
v
ar
iations
.
After
sensed
sno
wf
all
at
each
node
,
w
e
ha
v
e
assigned
the
loss
to
each
node
.
On
the
basis
of
threshold
loss
f
or
both
logical
regions
,
n
umber
of
nodes
are
counted
f
or
each
region.
Nodes
ha
v
e
high
loss
in
region(H)
and
lo
w
loss
in
region(L).
T
ab
le
2.
Compar
ision
of
proposed
technique
to
con
v
entional
technique
Climatic
region
P
l
ev
el
(
dB
m
)
P
l
ev
el
new
(
dB
m
)
S
now
dr
y
(H)
58.1807
50.8787
S
now
dr
y
(L)
40.2114
31.9903
S
now
w
et
(H)
36.7412
36.6419
S
now
w
et
(L)
35.0116
34.8585
After
calculating
losses
of
nodes
in
both
regions
,
the
po
w
er
le
v
el
is
calculated
f
or
each
node
in
each
region
that
are
clear
ly
sho
wn
in
Figure
7
and
Figure
8.
Through
Figure
7
and
Figure
8
,
the
diff
erence
betw
een
con
v
entional
po
w
er
le
v
el
and
proposed
po
w
er
le
v
el
(
P
new
l
ev
el
)
can
be
seen
clear
ly
f
or
snow
dr
y
and
snow
w
et
.
F
rom
Figure
7
an
d
Figure
8,
it
is
clear
the
required
p
o
w
e
r
le
v
el
decreases
in
both
regions
.
The
proposed
scheme
achie
v
es
that
the
tr
ansmission
po
w
er
loss
is
better
than
the
con
v
entional
tr
ansmission
po
w
er
loss
.
ETDCC:
Energy-Efficient
T
r
ansmission
Scheme
f
or
Dynamic
Climatic
...
(Sunil
K
umar)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1134
ISSN:
1693-6930
4.
Conc
lusion
This
paper
has
pro
vided
a
scheme
ETDCC
to
deter
mine
sno
wf
all
eff
ect
on
the
node
link
quality
.
The
sno
wf
all
is
the
significant
f
actor
that
aff
ects
the
v
ar
iation
of
link
quality
.
The
connection
betw
een
atten
uation
and
sno
wf
all
ha
v
e
been
e
v
aluated
f
or
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
control
of
nodes
.
The
open-loop
system
is
used
to
compensate
the
change
of
link
quality
according
to
sno
wf
all
v
ar
iation.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
close-loop
f
eedbac
k
has
minimiz
ed
the
o
v
erhead
of
t
r
ansmitting
po
w
er
control
in
WSNs
which
is
helpful
to
adjust
the
tr
ansmitting
po
w
er
according
to
the
v
ar
iation
of
link
quality
and
thus
,
the
netw
or
k
lif
etime
is
enhanced
significantly
.
The
sim
ulation
results
conclude
that
the
po
w
er
le
v
el
f
or
high
and
lo
w
region
is
reduced
more
than
13
%
and
23
%
respectiv
ely
with
respect
to
con
v
entional
approach.
In
fut
ure
,
the
po
w
er
le
v
el
can
be
estimated
consider
ing
sensor
nodes
mo
v
ement
f
or
diff
erent
w
eather
conditions
.
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erences
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T
ahir
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aid,
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e
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ects
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ahir
,
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ajeh,
“On
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ansmission
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”
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nal
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ib
uted
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or
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