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Hig
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DUC
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hoc
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s
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obi
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e
a
d hoc
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t
w
or
k
(
M
ANE
T
)
i
s
VANE
T
[
1
]
.
D
ed
i
cat
ed
s
hor
t
r
a
nge
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
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D
S
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oc
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m
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e
s
of
t
he
ne
t
w
or
k
t
hr
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I
E
E
E
802
.
11p
[
2]
.
T
he
num
be
r
o
f
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
i
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
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da
y by
da
y
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t
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pr
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be
r
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f
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c
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t
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be
2
bi
l
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on
w
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hi
n 10
or
20 ye
a
r
s
.
V
A
N
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T
pl
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n i
m
por
t
a
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r
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f
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l
l
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ge
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t
r
a
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por
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t
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on s
ys
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m
[
3]
.
I
n V
A
N
E
T
,
c
om
m
uni
c
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t
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on
oc
c
ur
s
be
t
w
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n
2 node
s
or
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nt
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t
i
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s
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
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t
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on
-
boa
r
d uni
t
(
O
B
U
)
a
nd t
he
r
oa
d s
i
de
uni
t
(
R
S
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[
4
]
.
T
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er
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r
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w
e can
c
la
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if
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c
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to
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m
uni
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o
R
S
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c
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m
uni
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t
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pol
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to
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t
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I
n V
A
N
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t
he
node
s
(
ve
hi
c
l
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s
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S
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s
ha
r
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5]
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on [
6]
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T
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t
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ons
of
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A
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a
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por
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ll
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to
it.
V
A
N
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s
a
s
pe
c
i
a
l
t
ype
of
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w
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node
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node
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gh
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s
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ecu
r
i
t
y
t
h
r
eat
s
s
u
ch
as
m
es
s
ag
e
f
or
gi
ng,
w
or
m
hol
e
a
t
t
a
c
k,
a
nd
bl
a
c
k
hol
e
a
t
t
a
c
k [
2
]
.
U
tiliz
in
g
w
ir
e
le
s
s
c
o
mmu
n
ic
a
tio
n
,
l
imite
d
p
o
w
e
r
,
e
rro
r
-
pr
one
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on m
e
di
a
m
a
ke
s
t
he
n
e
t
w
or
k vul
ne
r
a
bl
e
t
o
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
t
hr
e
a
t
s
.
C
ybe
r
-
a
t
t
a
c
k
s
t
ha
t
di
s
r
upt
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
c
a
n
l
e
a
d t
o ha
z
a
r
dous
a
nd l
i
f
e
-
t
hr
e
a
t
e
ni
ng s
i
t
ua
t
i
ons
a
s
t
he
VANE
T
t
e
c
hnol
ogy i
s
t
r
yi
ng
t
o m
e
r
ge
w
i
t
h
hu
m
a
n l
i
f
e
.
E
ns
ur
i
ng r
e
l
i
a
bl
e
a
nd s
e
c
ur
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on i
n
V
A
N
E
T
i
s
c
ha
l
l
e
ngi
ng be
c
a
us
e
of
i
t
s
de
m
e
r
i
t
s
.
O
nl
y t
he
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
a
ut
he
nt
i
c
,
a
ut
hor
i
z
e
d,
a
nd
t
r
us
t
e
d,
c
a
n e
ns
ur
e
r
e
l
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y a
nd s
e
c
ur
i
t
y i
n t
he
ne
t
w
or
k.
O
th
e
r
w
is
e
,
ma
lic
io
u
s
v
e
h
ic
le
s
o
r
a
d
v
e
r
s
a
r
ie
s
w
ill
d
is
r
u
p
t
t
he
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on a
nd c
ons
e
que
nt
l
y ha
m
pe
r
t
he
ne
t
w
or
k.
I
n
r
e
c
e
nt
ye
a
r
s
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
ha
ve
pr
opos
e
d s
e
ve
r
a
l
ki
nds
of
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
t
o e
ns
ur
e
s
e
c
ur
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on i
n V
A
N
E
T
.
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d m
e
t
hods
r
a
n
ge
f
r
om
s
t
r
ong c
r
ypt
ogr
a
phi
c
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
t
o t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd r
e
put
a
t
i
on m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
s
ys
t
e
m
.
I
ns
i
de
r
a
t
t
a
c
k a
nd
o
u
t
s
i
d
er
at
t
ack
ar
e t
h
e 2
t
y
p
es
o
f
at
t
ack
s
t
h
at
can
h
ar
m
t
h
e n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
an
i
n
s
i
d
er
at
t
ack
,
a l
eg
i
t
i
m
at
e v
eh
i
cl
e
be
ha
ve
s
m
a
l
i
c
i
ous
l
y a
nd i
n a
n
out
s
i
de
r
a
t
t
a
c
k,
a
n
una
ut
hor
i
z
e
d ve
hi
c
l
e
t
r
i
e
s
t
o ge
t
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o t
he
ne
t
w
or
k a
nd
l
a
unc
he
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
t
ype
s
of
a
t
t
a
c
ks
.
C
r
ypt
ogr
a
phy
c
a
n onl
y de
t
e
c
t
a
nd pr
e
ve
nt
out
s
i
de
r
a
t
t
a
c
ks
but
c
a
nnot
el
i
m
i
n
at
e i
n
s
i
d
er
at
t
ack
s
.
I
n
s
i
d
er
at
t
ack
s
n
eed
t
o
b
e
ad
d
r
es
s
ed
w
i
t
h
e
qua
l
i
m
por
t
a
nc
e
;
ot
he
r
w
i
s
e
,
c
om
pr
om
i
s
e
d ve
hi
c
l
e
s
c
a
n c
r
e
a
t
e
a
da
nge
r
ous
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
on t
hr
ough
c
ybe
r
-
at
t
ack
s
[
7]
.
C
r
ypt
ogr
a
phy
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
r
eq
u
i
r
e ex
ces
s
i
v
e t
i
m
e
t
o
co
m
p
u
t
e s
ecr
et
k
ey
s
w
h
i
ch
i
s
a
m
aj
o
r
d
r
aw
b
ack
i
n
V
A
N
E
T
d
u
e
t
o
f
as
t
-
m
ovi
ng
v
eh
i
cl
es
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
he
s
e
ns
or
s
,
pr
oc
e
s
s
or
s
,
c
om
put
a
t
i
ona
l
pow
e
r
of
t
he
on
-
boa
r
d uni
t
s
a
r
e
r
es
o
u
r
ce
-
c
on
s
t
r
a
i
ne
d a
nd m
a
nuf
a
c
t
ur
e
r
s
a
r
e
now
c
ons
i
de
r
i
ng c
ont
r
ol
l
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
bui
l
t
-
i
n
c
r
ypt
og
r
a
phi
c
m
odul
e
s
.
T
r
u
st
m
an
ag
em
en
t
i
s
one
of
t
he
a
l
t
e
r
na
t
i
ve
pr
o
m
i
s
i
ng s
ol
ut
i
ons
t
o t
he
s
e
c
r
y
pt
ogr
a
phy s
c
he
m
e
s
.
T
r
u
s
t ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t c
a
n
e
limin
a
te
b
o
th
in
s
id
e
r
a
n
d
o
u
ts
id
e
r
a
tta
c
k
s
.
I
t
d
e
te
c
ts
ma
lic
io
u
s
v
e
h
ic
le
s
in
th
e
ne
t
w
or
k by e
va
l
ua
t
i
ng
t
he
i
r
t
r
us
t
va
l
ue
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
t
hr
e
e
va
r
i
e
t
i
e
s
of
t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
,
na
m
e
l
y
,
t
h
e
hybr
i
d
tr
u
s
t mo
d
e
l,
e
n
tity
cen
t
r
i
c
t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
,
a
nd
da
t
a
-
c
e
n
tr
ic
tr
u
s
t
mo
d
e
l
[
8
]
.
T
he
t
r
us
t
va
l
ue
of
t
he
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
i
s
e
v
a
lu
a
te
d
b
y
th
e
tr
u
s
t ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
mo
d
e
l in
th
e
e
n
tity
-
c
e
nt
r
i
c
t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
.
I
n
t
hi
s
m
ode
l
,
one
ve
hi
c
l
e
e
va
l
ua
t
e
s
a
not
he
r
ve
hi
c
l
e
t
hr
ough
di
r
e
c
t
o
r
i
n
di
r
e
c
t
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
.
I
ndi
r
ect
i
n
t
er
act
i
o
n
m
ean
s
c
o
l
l
ect
i
n
g
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
t
i
ons
f
r
om
ot
he
r
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h ha
ve
a
l
r
e
a
dy c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
e
d w
i
t
h t
he
s
us
pe
c
t
e
d ve
hi
c
l
e
.
T
r
us
t
i
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d by t
he
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
i
n t
he
da
t
a
-
cen
t
r
i
c t
r
u
s
t
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
t
h
e i
n
co
m
i
n
g
r
ecei
v
ed
m
es
s
ag
es
t
o
d
et
ect
w
h
et
h
er
t
h
e
m
es
s
a
g
e
is
c
o
n
ta
min
a
te
d
w
ith
f
a
ls
e
d
a
ta
.
T
h
e
e
n
tity
-
cen
t
r
i
c
t
r
u
s
t
m
o
d
el
an
d
d
at
a
-
cen
t
r
i
c t
r
u
s
t
m
o
d
el
s
ar
e
as
s
o
ci
at
ed
w
i
t
h
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
t
r
u
s
t
m
o
d
el
s
o
t
h
at
d
at
a,
as
w
el
l
as
v
eh
i
cl
es
,
can
b
e
ev
al
u
at
ed
.
I
n
r
ecen
t
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
,
va
r
i
ous
c
a
t
e
gor
i
e
s
of
t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
s
ha
ve
b
e
e
n pr
opos
e
d but
t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
s
a
l
one
c
a
nnot
pr
ovi
de
e
nough s
t
r
e
ngt
h
t
o
e
ns
ur
e
s
e
c
ur
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
o
n.
I
f
onl
y
t
he
t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
i
s
us
e
d,
t
he
n
t
he
t
r
us
t
or
(
w
ho
m
eas
u
r
es
t
r
u
s
t
)
n
eed
s
t
o
m
eas
u
r
e t
h
e t
r
u
s
t
o
f
a t
r
u
s
t
ee (
w
h
o
s
e t
r
u
s
t
v
al
u
e w
i
l
l
b
e m
eas
u
r
ed
)
ev
er
y
t
i
m
e
i
t
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
s
.
S
o
,
i
n
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
,
a
ne
w
t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
m
ode
l
i
s
be
i
ng
p
r
opos
e
d,
c
om
bi
ne
d
w
i
t
h
a
r
e
put
a
t
i
on
s
y
s
te
m.
I
n
te
g
r
a
tin
g
r
e
p
u
ta
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m w
ith
tr
u
s
t
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t mo
d
e
l
w
ill
h
e
lp
v
e
h
ic
le
s
to
o
v
e
r
c
o
me
th
e
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
t
o e
l
i
m
i
na
t
e
a
bove
m
e
nt
i
one
d
pr
obl
e
m
t
h
a
t
c
oul
d ha
ve
oc
c
ur
r
e
d
f
r
om
us
i
ng
t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
a
l
one
.
I
n t
he
p
r
opos
e
d m
ode
l
t
he
t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
m
ode
l
i
s
a
hyb
r
i
d t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
a
nd
i
t
i
s
ba
s
e
d on s
ubj
e
c
t
i
ve
l
ogi
c
a
nd t
he
t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
w
i
l
l
be
e
va
l
ua
t
e
d t
hr
ough
ad
ap
t
i
v
e n
eu
r
o
f
u
zzy
i
n
f
er
en
ce s
y
s
t
em
(A
N
F
I
S
)
.
S
ubj
e
c
t
i
ve
l
ogi
c
ha
s
be
e
n c
ons
i
de
r
e
d a
s
i
t
f
a
c
t
or
s
i
n unc
e
r
t
a
i
nt
y t
o m
ode
l
t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd i
n
t
hi
s
c
a
s
e
,
t
he
V
A
N
E
T
ne
t
w
or
k c
om
pr
i
s
e
s
of
unc
e
r
t
a
i
nt
y.
A
N
F
I
S
ha
s
be
e
n e
xpl
oi
t
e
d t
o m
e
a
s
ur
e
t
he
t
r
us
t
va
l
ue
a
nd de
t
a
i
l
di
s
c
us
s
i
on
a
bout
A
N
F
I
S
i
s
i
n s
ub
s
e
que
nt
s
e
c
t
i
on.
T
he
r
e
put
a
t
i
on s
ys
t
e
m
i
s
ba
s
e
d on
be
t
a
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on.
T
he
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
of
be
t
a
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on c
om
pr
i
s
e
of
pos
i
t
i
ve
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n a
nd ne
ga
t
i
ve
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
on w
hi
c
h he
l
ps
t
o d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
i
a
t
e
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
good be
ha
vi
or
f
r
om
ba
d one
.
I
n
ge
ne
r
a
l
,
t
he
be
t
a
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
-
ba
s
e
d r
e
put
a
t
i
on s
ys
t
e
m
w
i
l
l
pr
oj
e
c
t
t
he
f
ut
u
r
e
be
ha
vi
or
o
f
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
f
r
om
a
na
l
yz
i
ng
p
a
s
t
be
ha
vi
or
.
T
hus
,
i
n
t
hi
s
pr
oc
e
s
s
t
he
t
r
us
t
e
d
l
e
gi
t
i
m
a
t
e
s
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
r
e
put
a
t
i
on w
i
l
l
a
l
w
a
ys
r
e
m
a
i
n a
bove
t
h
e
t
hr
e
s
hol
d.
A
r
e
put
a
t
i
on s
ys
t
e
m
ga
t
he
r
s
,
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
e
s
a
n
d
a
ggr
e
ga
t
e
s
f
e
e
dba
c
k a
bout
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
s
be
ha
vi
or
a
nd pr
ovi
de
s
a
m
e
a
s
ur
e
of
t
r
us
t
w
or
t
hi
ne
s
s
a
nd i
t
a
l
s
o
pr
ovi
de
s
a
n i
nc
e
nt
i
ve
f
or
hone
s
t
be
ha
vi
or
[
9
]
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
m
ode
l
i
n t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
h
a
s
be
e
n
in
te
g
r
a
te
d
w
ith
r
e
p
u
ta
tio
n
e
n
g
in
e
th
a
t w
ill
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
lly
e
limin
a
te
ma
lic
io
u
s
v
e
h
ic
le
s
f
r
o
m th
e
s
ma
r
t c
a
r
s
ne
t
w
or
k a
nd e
ns
ur
e
t
r
us
t
e
d c
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on a
m
ong
t
he
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
a
nd R
S
U
.
T
he
m
a
i
n
c
ont
r
i
but
i
on
of
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
c
a
n
be
s
um
m
a
r
i
z
e
d a
s
;
F
i
r
s
t
l
y
,
t
he
pr
e
vi
ous
w
or
ks
o
f
V
A
N
E
T
on t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd s
e
c
ur
i
t
y m
ode
l
s
ha
ve
be
e
n i
nve
s
t
i
ga
t
e
d a
nd i
t
ha
s
be
e
n f
ound out
t
ha
t
i
n
m
o
s
t
of
t
he
c
a
s
e
s
,
onl
y t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
m
ode
l
s
a
l
one
h
a
ve
be
e
n pr
opos
e
d t
o e
ns
ur
e
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y.
S
e
c
ondl
y,
a
be
t
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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eco
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o
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Vo
l
.
19
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.
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r
2021:
16
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169
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d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
-
ba
s
e
d r
e
put
a
t
i
on s
ys
t
e
m
ha
s
be
e
n pr
opos
e
d.
T
he
r
e
put
a
t
i
on
f
unc
t
i
on
w
i
l
l
pr
ovi
de
r
a
t
i
ng a
nd
ba
s
e
d on t
hi
s
r
a
t
i
ng
r
e
put
e
d ve
hi
c
l
e
s
w
i
l
l
be
i
de
nt
i
f
i
e
d t
o
pe
r
f
or
m
ne
t
w
or
k
ope
r
a
t
i
on.
T
he
n
onl
y
r
e
put
e
d
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
da
t
a
t
r
us
t
w
i
l
l
be
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d a
nd w
i
l
l
b
e
c
ons
i
de
r
e
d a
s
l
e
gi
t
i
m
a
t
e
da
t
a
.
T
hi
r
dl
y
,
a
hybr
i
d t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
m
ode
l
ha
s
be
e
n pr
opos
e
d.
H
yb
r
i
d t
r
u
s
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
m
ode
l
ha
s
be
e
n c
ons
i
de
r
e
d a
s
i
t
c
a
n e
ns
ur
e
bot
h node
t
r
us
t
a
nd da
t
a
t
r
us
t
.
T
he
t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
ha
s
be
e
n m
ode
l
e
d ba
s
e
d on s
ubj
e
c
t
i
ve
l
ogi
c
a
nd
w
i
l
l
be
e
va
l
ua
t
e
d t
hr
ough A
N
F
I
S
.
I
n s
e
c
t
i
on t
w
o,
de
t
a
i
l
r
e
vi
e
w
w
or
k ha
s
be
e
n pr
e
s
en
t
ed
.
I
n
s
ect
i
o
n
t
h
r
ee,
a
r
e
put
a
t
i
on m
ode
l
a
nd
t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
m
ode
l
s
ha
s
be
e
n de
pi
c
t
e
d.
S
e
c
t
i
on
f
our
c
ove
r
s
t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
o
n por
t
i
on
of
t
he
w
o
r
k a
nd s
e
c
t
i
on
f
i
ve
c
onc
l
ude
s
t
he
pa
pe
r
.
2.
R
ELA
T
ED
W
O
R
K
S
K
o
ir
a
la
e
t a
l
.
[
1]
,
a
t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
m
ode
l
ha
s
be
e
n pr
opos
e
d t
ha
t
i
s
ba
s
e
d on
s
t
a
y
-
t
i
m
e
of
node
s
w
hi
c
h c
a
n e
va
l
ua
t
e
t
he
t
r
us
t
be
ha
vi
o
r
o
f
ot
he
r
no
de
s
.
T
he
y
ha
ve
e
m
pha
s
i
z
e
d on
ne
w
l
y
j
oi
ne
d
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
t
r
us
t
be
ha
vi
or
.
T
he
t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
i
s
ba
s
e
d on t
hr
e
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
-
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
r
us
t
l
e
ve
l
,
r
e
w
a
r
d poi
nt
a
nd puni
s
hm
e
nt
f
a
c
t
or
.
T
h
e
e
v
a
lu
a
to
r
v
e
h
ic
le
is
s
e
le
c
te
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
its
s
ta
y
time
.
O
n
e
o
f
th
e
limita
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
w
o
r
k
is
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
n
g
e
x
tr
a
publ
i
c
ke
y
(
PU
)
an
d
pr
i
va
t
e
ke
y
(
PR
)
p
a
ir
i
s
unne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y f
or
ne
w
l
y j
oi
ne
d ve
hi
c
l
e
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d t
r
u
s
t mo
d
e
l
i
n [
2]
c
ons
i
de
r
s
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on be
ha
vi
or
w
he
r
e
t
he
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on be
ha
vi
or
i
s
obs
e
r
ve
d f
or
m
e
a
s
ur
i
ng t
he
di
r
e
c
t
r
e
put
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
node
s
t
hr
ough
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
m
e
t
hod
.
T
he
i
ndi
r
e
c
t
r
e
put
a
t
i
on
(
c
ol
l
e
c
t
e
d
f
r
om
ne
i
ghbor
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
a
nd R
S
U
)
t
he
n
c
om
bi
ne
d
w
i
t
h d
i
r
e
c
t
r
e
put
a
t
i
on t
h
r
ough unc
e
r
t
a
i
n
de
duc
t
i
ve
m
e
t
hod.
T
h
e
a
ut
hor
s
pr
opos
e
d a
t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
t
ha
t
c
om
pr
i
s
e
s
of
bot
h node
t
r
us
t
a
nd da
t
a
t
r
us
t
.
T
he
t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
i
s
ba
s
e
d on c
e
r
t
a
i
n
f
a
c
t
or
m
ode
l
o
r
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
he
or
y.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d s
c
he
m
e
ha
s
hi
gh
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
a
c
c
ur
acy
i
n
t
r
u
s
t
cal
cu
l
at
i
o
n
.
Lu
e
t a
l.
[
3
]
pr
opos
e
d a
di
s
t
r
i
but
e
d
tr
u
s
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
ba
s
e
d on bl
oc
k
c
ha
i
n t
ha
t
c
a
n pr
ot
e
c
t
t
he
p
r
i
va
c
y of
v
eh
i
cl
e.
T
h
i
s
tr
u
s
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
(
T
MM
)
co
m
p
l
et
es
t
w
o
p
r
o
ces
s
t
o
r
each
t
h
e o
b
j
ect
i
v
e ar
e
c
e
r
tif
ic
a
te
upda
t
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
nd
a
ut
he
nt
i
c
a
t
i
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
N
o s
ol
ut
i
on ha
s
be
e
n s
how
n f
or
a
ny ve
hi
c
l
e
b
e
c
om
i
ng
c
om
pr
om
i
s
e
d.
A
c
r
ypt
ogr
a
phy a
nd f
e
e
dba
c
k
-
ba
s
e
d t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
ha
s
pr
opos
e
d i
n [
4]
w
he
r
e
t
r
us
t
i
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
by c
om
bi
ng t
he
opi
ni
on of
ne
i
ghbor
node
s
.
T
he
opi
ni
on
c
om
bi
ni
ng ope
r
a
t
i
on i
s
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
by R
S
U
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
i
n
c
a
s
e
of
l
ow
a
m
ount
s
of
ne
i
ghbor
s
t
he
de
c
i
s
i
on t
a
ke
n by
R
S
U
w
i
l
l
be
vul
ne
r
a
bl
e
a
s
t
r
us
t
va
l
ue
of
ne
w
l
y j
oi
ne
d ve
hi
c
l
e
s
i
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d by t
he
ne
i
ghb
or
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
t
i
on onl
y.
T
h
e
ar
t
m
ode
l
pr
opos
e
d
i
n
[
5]
c
a
n p
r
e
ve
nt
m
a
l
i
c
i
ous
a
t
t
a
c
k a
nd e
va
l
ua
t
e
s
da
t
a
a
nd
node
t
r
us
t
f
o
r
t
he
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
i
n
t
he
ne
t
w
or
k.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
m
ode
l
c
om
p
r
i
s
e
s
of
da
t
a
t
r
us
t
a
nd node
t
r
us
t
.
N
ode
t
r
us
t
i
t
s
e
l
f
i
s
a
c
om
bi
na
t
i
on of
f
unc
t
i
ona
l
t
r
us
t
a
nd
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
t
i
on t
r
us
t
.
D
e
m
ps
t
e
r
s
ha
f
e
r
t
he
or
y i
s
pr
opos
e
d t
o
c
om
bi
ne
m
ul
t
i
pl
e
t
r
us
t
e
vi
de
nc
e
t
o e
va
l
ua
t
e
t
he
be
ha
vi
or
of
t
he
node
s
pr
o
pe
r
l
y.
T
o e
va
l
ua
t
e
t
he
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
t
i
on
t
r
us
t
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
ng
f
ilte
r
is
u
tiliz
e
d
.
A
ls
o
,
to
f
in
d
th
e
s
imila
r
itie
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
tw
o
n
o
d
e
s
r
e
c
o
mme
n
d
a
tio
n
,
c
os
i
ne
-
b
a
s
e
d
s
imila
r
ity
m
et
r
i
c h
as
b
een
u
s
ed
.
Wei
an
d
C
h
en
[
10
]
ha
ve
pr
opos
e
d
ad
ap
t
i
v
e
d
eci
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
ki
ng m
ode
l
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n pr
e
ve
nt
de
l
a
y i
n de
c
i
s
i
on m
a
ki
ng t
ha
t
c
a
n s
ol
ve
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
a
c
c
i
de
nt
due
de
l
a
ye
d de
c
i
s
i
on.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d m
e
t
hod i
s
ve
r
y
s
imp
le
.
I
t ju
s
t
f
o
llo
w
s
a
t
hr
e
s
hol
d va
l
ue
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
t
he
de
c
i
s
i
on
-
m
a
ki
ng ve
hi
c
l
e
s
m
a
y not
ge
t
pr
ope
r
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
f
r
om
R
S
U
w
i
t
hi
n t
he
a
l
l
oc
a
t
e
d t
i
m
e
w
hi
c
h c
a
n l
e
a
d t
o i
m
pr
ope
r
de
c
i
s
i
on.
H
a
sh
f
unc
t
i
on
b
as
ed
m
e
t
hod ha
s
be
e
n p
r
opos
e
d i
n
[
1
1
]
to
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
d
a
ta
f
a
ls
if
ic
a
tio
n
a
tta
c
k
in
V
A
N
E
T
.
T
he
a
ut
ho
r
s
ha
ve
p
r
opos
e
d
a
n a
ut
he
nt
i
c
a
t
i
on m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
t
o pr
e
ve
nt
m
a
n i
n t
he
m
i
ddl
e
a
t
t
a
c
k w
ho c
a
n i
nj
e
c
t
f
a
l
s
e
m
e
s
s
a
ge
or
c
a
n m
odi
f
y
t
h
e r
el
ay
ed
m
es
s
ag
e.
T
h
e au
t
h
en
t
i
cat
i
o
n
m
ech
an
i
s
m
i
s
b
as
ed
o
n
h
as
h
ch
ai
n
w
h
er
e a s
o
u
r
ce v
eh
i
cl
e s
en
d
s
a
m
es
s
ag
e w
i
t
h
a
ha
s
h o
f
t
he
m
e
s
s
a
ge
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
H
a
s
h doe
s
not
e
ns
ur
e
t
ha
t
w
he
t
he
r
t
he
m
e
s
s
a
ge
i
s
f
r
om
le
g
itima
te
v
e
h
ic
le
o
r
c
o
mp
r
o
mis
e
d
v
e
h
ic
le
th
a
t is
it c
a
n
n
o
t d
e
te
c
t th
e
tr
u
th
o
r
le
g
itima
c
y
o
f
th
e
me
s
s
a
g
e
.
I
t
c
a
n onl
y be
e
ns
ur
e
d t
hr
ough
t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
.
K
er
r
ach
e
et
a
l.
[1
2
]
ha
ve
p
r
opos
e
d a
hi
e
r
a
r
c
hi
c
a
l
hybr
i
d t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
e
xc
l
udi
ng bot
h di
s
hone
s
t
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
a
nd node
s
.
T
he
pr
ovi
de
d T
M
M
c
a
n of
f
e
r
s
e
r
vi
c
e
f
or
f
e
w
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ondi
t
i
ons
a
r
e
no de
l
a
y,
a
ve
r
a
ge
de
l
a
y a
nd no de
l
a
y l
i
m
i
t
s
.
S
um
a
n a
nd K
um
a
r
[1
3
]
ha
ve
pr
opos
e
d
a
r
eco
r
de
d di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
r
out
i
ng
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
i
n
V
A
N
E
T
s
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
h
ei
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce i
n
p
r
es
en
ce o
f
s
ybi
l
a
t
t
a
c
k.
T
he
y
ha
ve
de
f
i
ne
d e
xi
s
t
i
ng
r
out
i
ng
pr
ot
oc
ol
s
a
nd c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
d i
t
i
n
pr
oa
c
t
i
ve
(
ta
b
le
-
dr
i
ve
n)
a
nd
r
eact
i
v
e
(
on
-
de
m
a
nd)
m
ode
.
A
n
at
t
ack
r
es
i
s
t
an
t
b
as
ed
v
eh
i
cl
e t
o
v
eh
i
cl
e al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
ha
s
be
e
n p
r
op
os
e
d i
n
[
1
4
]
w
hi
c
h
pr
ovi
de
s
be
t
t
e
r
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
t
ha
n t
he
e
xi
s
t
i
ng s
c
he
m
e
s
.
T
he
y a
na
l
yz
e
d e
nd t
o e
nd de
l
a
y (
E
E
D
)
a
nd
tr
u
s
t
c
om
put
a
t
i
on e
r
r
or
(
T
C
E
)
i
n
t
r
us
t
i
n
s
ch
em
e A
R
V
2
V
.
A
cer
t
i
f
i
cat
e
r
e
voc
a
t
i
on
b
as
ed
V
A
N
E
T
h
as
b
een
p
r
o
pos
e
d i
n
[
1
5
]
f
oc
us
e
d on
how
ne
t
w
or
k
s
e
c
r
e
ts
a
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
tia
lly
a
mo
n
g
th
e
le
g
itima
te
me
mb
e
r
s
o
f
th
e
n
e
tw
o
r
k
,
s
e
c
u
r
in
g
w
ith
c
e
r
tif
ic
a
te
r
e
voc
a
t
i
on pr
oc
e
s
s
a
nd us
i
ng onl
y a
s
e
c
r
e
t
t
o pr
ove
t
he
a
ut
he
nt
i
c
i
t
y,
r
e
pl
a
c
i
ng t
he
t
i
m
e
-
c
ons
um
i
ng da
t
a
ba
s
e
s
e
a
r
c
hi
ng m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
.
I
n
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
o
n be
t
w
e
e
n t
w
o ve
hi
c
l
e
s
i
s
s
i
m
pl
y p
r
opos
e
d.
T
he
l
e
a
ka
ge
of
t
ha
t
m
ode
l
i
s
a
bunc
h of
c
om
pr
om
i
s
e
d node
s
c
a
n
r
un D
oS
a
t
t
a
c
k.
A
s
c
he
m
e
ha
s
be
e
n pr
opos
e
d i
n
[
1
6
]
t
o
pr
e
ve
nt
a
ny qua
nt
i
t
y
s
e
ndi
ng f
a
ke
r
e
que
s
t
s
a
nd t
r
yi
ng t
o br
e
a
k
t
he
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y o
f
t
he
ne
t
w
o
r
k.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
el
eco
m
m
u
n
C
om
put
E
l
C
ont
r
o
l
M
al
i
c
i
ous
v
e
hi
c
l
e
de
t
e
c
t
i
on bas
e
d on be
t
a r
e
put
at
i
on and t
r
us
t
m
anage
m
e
nt
f
or
… (
D
i
l
s
had A
r
a
H
os
s
ai
n
)
1691
3.
S
Y
S
TEM
M
O
D
EL
3.
1
.
R
e
put
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
el
O
ne
of
t
he
c
ont
i
nuous
pr
oba
bi
l
i
t
y di
s
t
r
i
but
i
ons
i
s
b
et
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
u
tiliz
e
d
to
p
r
e
d
ic
t th
e
pos
t
e
r
i
or
i
pr
oba
bi
l
i
t
y di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on ba
s
e
d on
s
om
e
num
be
r
of
e
vi
de
nc
e
s
obs
e
r
ve
d i
n a
n
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
.
T
he
pr
i
o
r
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on i
s
t
he
uni
f
or
m
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
of
t
he
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
of
t
he
b
e
t
a
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on s
uc
h a
s
a
nd
.
I
f
a
pr
oba
bi
l
i
s
t
i
c
m
ode
l
ha
s
bi
na
r
y out
c
om
e
s
s
a
y e
i
t
he
r
s
uc
c
e
s
s
or
f
a
i
l
ur
e
w
i
t
h pr
oba
bi
l
i
t
y P
(
X
)
a
nd
1
-
P
(X
)
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
l
y t
he
n pos
t
e
r
i
or
i
pr
oba
bi
l
i
t
y of
t
he
out
c
om
e
s
c
a
n be
de
r
i
ve
d t
hr
ough
b
et
a
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on w
he
r
e
P
(
X
)
i
s
unknow
n m
e
a
ni
ng
i
t
i
s
t
ot
a
l
l
y
unc
e
r
t
a
i
n a
n
d f
ol
l
ow
s
uni
f
or
m
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
.
A
f
t
e
r
pe
r
f
o
r
m
i
ng s
om
e
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
,
s
om
e
e
vi
de
nc
e
a
bout
s
uc
c
e
s
s
or
f
a
i
l
ur
e
of
t
ha
t
pr
oba
bi
l
i
s
t
i
c
m
ode
l
c
a
n
be
i
de
nt
i
f
i
e
d
w
hi
c
h c
oul
d
be
us
e
d t
o f
i
nd t
he
pos
t
e
r
i
or
i
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on a
s
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
of
t
he
b
et
a
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on f
unc
t
i
on.
I
f
t
he
r
e
a
r
e
s
num
be
r
of
s
uc
c
e
s
s
a
nd f
num
be
r
of
f
a
i
l
ur
e
s
,
t
he
n t
he
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
of
t
he
b
et
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
w
ill b
e
=s
+1
an
d
=
f
+
1.
B
e
t
a
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on c
a
n be
m
ode
l
e
d
a
s
i
n (
1
)
,
(
α
,
β
)
=
(
α
+
β
)
/
(
α
)
(
β
)
α
−
1
(
1
−
)
β
−
1
(
1)
T
h
e ex
p
ect
ed
v
al
u
e an
d
v
ar
i
an
ce can
b
e
w
r
i
t
t
en
as
,
E
[
x
]
=α/
(
α+β
)
(
2)
[
]
=
αβ
/
(
α
+
β
+
1
)
(
α
+
β
)
2
(
3)
T
he
e
xpe
c
t
e
d va
l
ue
de
f
i
ne
s
t
he
pos
t
e
r
i
or
pr
oba
bi
l
i
t
y of
a
gi
ve
n out
c
om
e
a
f
t
e
r
s
om
e
pa
s
t
obs
e
r
va
t
i
on
a
nd t
he
va
r
i
a
nc
e
de
f
i
ne
s
t
he
de
vi
a
t
i
on
f
r
om
t
he
e
xpe
c
t
e
d va
l
ue
.
A
b
e
ta
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
-
ba
s
e
d r
e
put
a
t
i
o
n r
a
t
i
ng
f
unc
t
i
on
[
10
]
ha
s
be
e
n pr
opos
e
d a
s
i
n (
6)
.
T
he
r
e
put
a
t
i
on r
a
t
i
ng f
unc
t
i
on
w
i
l
l
c
om
put
e
r
e
put
a
t
i
on
va
l
ue
f
or
t
h
e v
eh
i
cl
es
o
n
t
w
o
p
ar
am
et
er
s
-
pa
c
ke
t
l
os
s
r
a
t
i
o
a
nd pa
c
ke
t
e
r
r
o
r
r
a
t
i
o.
T
he
n
t
he
ove
r
a
l
l
r
e
put
a
t
i
o
n w
i
l
l
be
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d t
hr
ough a
ve
r
a
gi
ng t
he
r
e
put
a
t
i
on va
l
ue
f
or
t
he
t
w
o r
e
put
a
t
i
on pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
.
T
he
ove
r
a
l
l
r
e
put
a
t
i
on
r
a
t
i
ng i
s
de
f
i
ne
d
i
n
(
8)
.
3.
1.
1
.
P
ac
k
e
t
l
os
s
r
at
i
o
I
t
can
be
de
f
i
ne
d a
s
t
he
r
a
t
i
o
o
f
num
be
r
o
f
pa
c
ke
t
s
l
os
t
t
o
t
he
t
ot
a
l
num
be
r
of
pa
c
ke
t
s
s
e
nt
.
I
t
h
a
s
b
een
t
ak
en
as
a
r
ep
u
t
at
i
o
n
p
ar
am
et
er
as
,
i
f
a
v
eh
i
cl
e b
eco
m
es
m
al
i
ci
o
u
s
o
r
co
m
p
r
o
m
i
s
ed
t
h
e
n
i
t
w
i
l
l
i
nt
e
nt
i
ona
l
l
y l
os
s
pa
c
ke
t
f
or
di
s
r
upt
i
ng
ne
t
w
or
k
o
pe
r
a
t
i
on.
F
or
e
x
a
mp
le
,
in
s
in
k
h
o
l
e at
t
ack
a co
m
p
r
o
m
i
s
ed
v
e
h
ic
le
o
r
ma
lic
io
u
s
v
e
h
ic
le
w
ill d
r
o
p
a
ll th
e
p
a
c
k
e
ts
it w
ill r
e
c
e
iv
e
.
A
tr
u
s
to
r
(
th
e
v
e
h
ic
le
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
ev
al
u
at
e t
r
u
s
t
v
al
u
e)
v
eh
i
cl
e
i
w
i
l
l
o
b
s
er
v
e a t
r
u
s
t
ee (
t
h
e v
eh
i
cl
e w
h
o
s
e t
r
u
s
t
v
al
u
e w
i
l
l
b
e m
eas
u
r
ed
)
v
eh
i
cl
e
j
on pa
c
ke
t
l
os
s
a
s
i
n (
4)
;
X
= P
L
R
= n
/
N
(
4)
w
h
er
e
,
n de
not
e
s
t
he
num
be
r
o
f
pa
c
ke
t
s
l
os
t
a
nd N
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
t
ot
a
l
num
be
r
of
pa
c
ke
t
s
s
e
nt
.
3.
1.
2
.
P
a
ck
et
erro
r ra
t
i
o
I
t
c
a
n be
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d a
s
t
he
pr
opor
t
i
on o
f
t
he
num
be
r
of
e
r
r
or
pa
c
ke
t
r
e
c
e
i
ve
d t
o t
he
e
nt
i
r
e
num
be
r
o
f
p
ack
et
s
r
ecei
v
ed
.
A
m
al
i
ci
o
u
s
v
eh
i
cl
e m
ay
m
o
d
i
f
y
a
p
ack
et
o
r
i
n
j
ect
er
r
o
n
eo
u
s
d
at
a t
o
m
i
s
l
ead
t
h
e
r
ecei
v
er
v
eh
i
cl
e.
A
l
s
o
,
p
ack
et
can
b
e al
t
er
ed
d
u
e t
o
n
o
i
s
e
o
r
o
t
h
er
p
ar
am
et
er
s
o
f
t
h
e w
i
r
el
es
s
ch
an
n
el
w
h
i
ch
l
ead
s
t
o
unc
e
r
t
a
i
nt
y i
n
t
he
c
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on a
m
ong
t
he
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
l
y
,
t
he
op
i
ni
on a
bout
pa
c
ke
t
e
r
r
or
r
a
t
i
o c
a
n be
r
ep
r
es
en
t
ed
as
i
n
(
5
)
,
Y
=P
E
R
= e/
N
(
5)
w
h
er
e
,
e
de
f
i
ne
s
t
he
num
be
r
o
f
pa
c
ke
t
s
r
e
c
e
i
ve
d w
hi
c
h i
s
e
r
r
one
ous
a
nd N
de
not
e
s
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
n
um
be
r
of
p
ack
et
s
r
ecei
v
ed
.
T
h
e m
o
d
el
co
n
s
i
d
er
s
v
eh
i
cl
e
,
w
ill c
o
mp
u
te
th
e
r
a
tin
g
f
o
r
v
e
h
ic
le
f
or
P
L
R
a
nd P
E
R
a
s
,
,
r
e
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
l
y.
T
he
n
t
he
r
a
t
i
ng
f
unc
t
i
on c
a
n be
de
f
i
ne
d a
s
[
10
]
i
n
(
6
)
.
H
er
e,
t
h
e
r
at
i
n
g
i
s
s
cal
ed
fo
r
-
2
to
2
.
A
ll
v
e
h
ic
le
s
w
ill
me
a
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
a
tin
g
f
o
r
th
e
tr
u
s
te
e
v
eh
i
cl
es
an
d
r
at
e
i
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
cal
e
-
2
t
o 2.
E
ve
r
y
ve
hi
c
l
e
i
s
s
uppos
e
d t
o c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
e
w
i
t
h a
not
he
r
v
e
hi
c
l
e
on ba
s
i
s
of
m
os
t
e
l
e
va
t
e
d s
c
a
l
e
.
,
,
,
=
3
,
,
,
−
(
1
/
3
)
(
6)
=
(
2
,
−
,
−
1
)
/
(
,
+
,
+
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
el
eco
m
m
u
n
C
om
put
E
l
C
ont
r
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
19
, N
o
.
5
,
O
c
t
obe
r
2021:
16
88
-
169
6
1692
S
imila
r
ly
,
f
o
r
P
E
R
,
,
,
=
(
2
,
−
,
−
1
)
/
(
,
+
,
+
2
)
(
7)
T
o
ta
l
r
a
tin
g
:
=
(
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
)
/
2
(
8)
3.
2
.
TM
M
I
n t
hi
s
s
ect
i
o
n
,
t
he
pr
opos
e
d t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
m
ode
l
i
s
de
s
c
r
i
be
d.
I
n
V
A
N
E
T
,
a
ve
hi
c
l
e
w
i
l
l
e
va
l
ua
t
e
t
he
t
r
us
t
w
or
t
hi
ne
s
s
of
i
t
s
pe
e
r
ve
hi
c
l
e
t
hr
ough t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
.
T
hr
e
e
t
r
us
t
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
h
a
ve
be
e
n
c
ons
i
de
r
e
d a
s
t
r
us
t
e
va
l
ua
t
i
on m
e
t
r
i
c
s
f
or
t
h
i
s
pr
opos
e
d t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
.
T
he
m
ode
l
w
i
l
l
be
e
va
l
ua
t
e
d t
hr
ough
ANF
I
S
.
3.
2.
1
.
A
v
a
i
la
b
ilit
y
I
t
m
eas
u
r
es
w
h
et
h
er
a
d
ev
i
ce i
s
av
ai
l
ab
l
e o
r
u
n
a
v
ai
l
ab
l
e b
a
s
e
d on
t
he
r
e
que
s
t
.
I
t
i
s
a
l
ogi
c
a
l
t
r
us
t
p
a
r
a
me
te
r
.
A
le
g
itima
te
v
eh
i
cl
e
w
ill b
e
a
v
a
ila
b
l
e
w
h
e
n
e
v
e
r
it is
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
to
c
o
mmu
n
ic
a
te
b
u
t
if
it
is
c
om
pr
om
i
s
e
d t
he
n t
he
i
nt
r
ude
r
(
c
om
pr
om
i
s
e
d ve
hi
c
l
e
)
c
a
n bypa
s
s
a
l
l
t
he
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on t
o
t
hi
r
d pa
r
t
y de
vi
c
e
w
hi
c
h h
in
d
e
r
s
it f
r
o
m c
o
mmu
n
ic
a
tin
g
w
ith
th
e
le
g
itima
te
v
e
h
ic
le
th
u
s
ma
k
in
g
th
e
v
eh
i
cl
e
to
ta
lly
u
n
av
ai
l
ab
l
e.
T
he
f
o
llo
w
in
g
ma
th
e
ma
tic
a
l
(
9
)
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
mo
d
e
lle
d
f
or
a
v
a
ila
b
ility
o
f
a
v
e
h
ic
le
,
=
/
(
+
)
(
9)
H
er
e,
de
not
e
s
t
he
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on be
t
w
e
e
n a
t
r
us
t
or
ve
hi
c
l
e
an
d
t
r
u
s
t
ee v
eh
i
cl
e
an
d
de
not
e
s
t
he
co
m
m
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
b
et
w
een
t
h
e t
r
u
s
t
ee v
eh
i
cl
e
a
nd t
h
e
t
hi
r
d
-
pa
r
t
y ve
hi
c
l
e
.
3.
2.
2
.
I
n
ti
ma
c
y
I
n
te
r
a
c
tio
n
p
e
r
io
d
o
r
t
ime
is
a
n
a
d
d
itio
n
a
l
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tia
l p
a
r
a
me
te
r
to
d
e
te
r
min
e
tr
u
s
t o
f
a
v
e
h
ic
le
.
I
f
a
t
r
u
s
t
ee v
eh
i
cl
e
e
xpe
nds
e
x
tr
a
time
w
ith
tr
u
s
to
r
v
e
h
ic
le
th
e
n
its
in
w
a
r
d
n
e
s
s
w
ill in
c
r
e
a
s
e
,
o
r
its
c
lo
s
e
n
e
s
s
w
ill
b
e
h
ig
h
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
v
e
r
i
f
y
its
r
e
lia
b
ility
.
L
e
t,
th
e
t
o
ta
l time
a
tr
u
s
te
e
v
e
h
ic
le
i s
p
e
n
d
s
w
ith
tr
u
s
to
r
v
e
h
ic
le
j
is
a
nd t
he
t
i
m
e
t
r
us
t
or
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
pe
nds
w
i
t
h ot
he
r
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
s
uc
h a
s
k i
s
.
T
he
n a
gr
e
e
i
ng t
o
[1
7
]
,
th
e
i
nt
i
m
a
c
y c
a
n be
m
ode
l
e
d a
s
(
10)
,
=
/
(
−
)
(
10)
3.
2.
3
.
F
req
u
en
cy
T
hi
s
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
de
f
i
ne
s
how
f
r
e
que
nt
l
y t
he
t
r
us
t
e
e
ve
hi
c
l
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
e
s
w
i
t
h t
he
t
r
us
t
or
ve
hi
c
l
e
.
I
f
t
h
e r
el
at
i
v
e f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
r
t
h
e n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
n
t
er
act
i
o
n
s
i
n
cr
eas
es
b
et
w
een
t
h
e t
r
u
s
t
ee an
d
t
r
u
s
t
o
r
v
eh
i
cl
e
t
h
en
t
h
e
tr
u
s
t w
i
l
l
b
e
i
n
cr
eas
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e t
r
u
s
t
ee v
eh
i
cl
e.
T
h
i
s
t
r
u
s
t
p
ar
am
et
er
can
b
e
m
o
d
el
ed
as
(
1
1
)
,
=
/
(
−
)
(
11)
w
h
er
e
,
de
not
e
s
t
he
t
ot
a
l
num
be
r
of
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
ons
be
t
w
e
e
n t
r
us
t
or
ve
hi
c
l
e
j
t
o t
r
us
t
or
ve
hi
c
l
e
i
a
nd
de
not
e
s
t
he
t
ot
a
l
num
be
r
of
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
ons
be
t
w
e
e
n t
h
e
t
r
us
t
or
ve
hi
c
l
e
j
t
o
an
o
t
h
er
v
eh
i
cl
es
k
.
3.
3
.
ANF
I
S
A
da
pt
i
ve
ne
ur
o f
uz
z
y i
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
s
ys
t
e
m
i
s
a
m
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng a
ppr
oa
c
h t
ha
t
i
s
c
om
pr
i
s
e
s
of
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k a
nd f
uz
z
y i
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
s
ys
t
e
m
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
A
N
F
I
S
h
as
b
een
ef
f
ect
i
v
el
y
u
t
i
l
i
zed
t
o
ev
al
u
at
e
t
r
us
t
w
or
t
hi
ne
s
s
va
l
ue
of
t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
by
[2
2
]
.
I
n t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
,
i
t
ha
s
be
e
n us
e
d t
o e
va
l
ua
t
e
t
r
us
t
w
or
t
hi
ne
s
s
of
t
he
a
bove
pr
opos
e
d t
r
us
t
m
ode
l
f
or
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
.
F
i
gur
e
1 de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
s
A
N
F
I
S
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
.
A
N
F
I
S
u
t
i
l
i
z
es
n
eu
r
al
ne
t
w
or
ks
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
t
o
t
une
t
he
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
of
t
he
f
uz
z
y
s
ys
t
e
m
w
hi
c
h
i
s
ba
s
e
d on
T
a
ka
gi
S
uge
no
f
u
zzy
sy
st
e
m
[
2
3
],
[2
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
u
l
es
o
f
A
N
F
I
S
can
b
e r
ep
r
es
en
t
ed
as
,
=
1
2
=
+
+
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
el
eco
m
m
u
n
C
om
put
E
l
C
ont
r
o
l
M
al
i
c
i
ous
v
e
hi
c
l
e
de
t
e
c
t
i
on bas
e
d on be
t
a r
e
put
at
i
on and t
r
us
t
m
anage
m
e
nt
f
or
… (
D
i
l
s
had A
r
a
H
os
s
ai
n
)
1693
F
i
g
u
r
e 1
.
A
N
F
I
S
ar
ch
i
t
ect
u
r
e
w
i
t
h
f
i
v
e l
ay
er
s
w
h
er
e
,
X
an
d
Y
ar
e
i
n
p
u
t
p
ar
am
et
er
.
1
an
d
2
a
r
e
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p f
unc
t
i
on
of
f
uz
z
y s
ys
t
e
m
.
f
i
s
t
he
ou
t
put
of
f
uz
z
y s
ys
t
e
m
.
p
,
q
an
d
c ar
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
t
p
ar
am
et
er
s
.
T
h
e
fi
rs
t
p
a
rt
o
f t
h
e
ru
l
e
b
e
fo
re
t
he
n
i
s
know
n a
s
a
nt
e
c
e
de
nt
pa
r
t
a
nd t
he
ne
xt
pa
r
t
t
ha
t
i
s
a
f
t
e
r
t
he
n
i
s
know
n a
s
c
ons
e
que
nt
pa
r
t
.
T
he
c
ons
e
que
nt
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
nd a
nt
e
c
e
de
nt
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
r
e
t
une
d
t
hr
ou
gh ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k t
o ge
t
be
t
t
e
r
e
r
r
or
f
r
e
e
out
put
.
T
he
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g a
l
gor
i
t
hm
of
A
N
F
I
S
i
s
hybr
i
d l
e
a
r
ni
ng a
l
go
r
i
t
hm
t
ha
t
i
s
a
c
om
bi
na
t
i
on of
gr
a
di
e
nt
de
s
c
e
nt
a
nd l
e
a
s
t
s
qua
r
e
m
e
t
hods
.
A
N
F
I
S
c
om
p
r
i
s
e
s
of
f
i
ve
l
a
ye
r
s
a
s
de
pi
c
t
e
d i
n t
he
F
i
gur
e
1
.
T
h
e
l
ay
er
s
can
b
e d
es
cr
i
b
ed
as
[2
5
]
,
I
n l
a
ye
r
1
,
t
he
node
s
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d a
s
s
qua
r
e
node
s
a
r
e
a
da
pt
i
ve
node
s
m
e
a
ni
ng i
t
c
a
n a
da
pt
w
i
t
h t
he
i
nt
e
nde
d i
npu
t
by
c
ha
ngi
ng
i
t
s
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
t
hr
ough
ne
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
ppr
oa
c
h
.
T
hi
s
l
a
ye
r
c
onve
r
t
s
c
r
i
s
p
va
l
ue
i
nt
o f
uz
z
y
va
l
ue
.
T
hi
s
c
onve
r
s
i
on p
r
oc
e
s
s
i
s
know
n a
s
f
u
zzi
f
i
cat
i
o
n
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d t
hr
ough
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p f
unc
t
i
on i
n
(
12
)
.
1
,
=
,
(
)
(
12)
Wh
er
e,
,
(
)
i
s
t
he
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p f
unc
t
i
on of
t
he
f
uz
z
y
r
ul
e
s
.
I
n l
a
ye
r
2,
a
l
l
t
he
node
s
de
not
e
d a
s
c
i
r
c
l
e
a
r
e
f
i
xe
d node
s
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
m
s
f
uz
z
y ope
r
a
t
i
on
us
i
ng
a
nd,
or
,
not
on
t
he
f
uz
z
y out
put
s
f
r
o
m
t
he
f
i
r
s
t
l
a
ye
r
.
T
hr
ough t
he
s
e
f
uz
z
y
r
ul
e
s
de
s
i
r
e
d
out
put
c
a
n be
i
n
f
e
r
r
e
d.
T
he
ou
t
put
of
t
hi
s
l
a
ye
r
c
a
n be
m
ode
l
e
d
a
s
(
13)
,
2
,
=
,
(
)
∗
,
(
)
(
13)
I
n l
a
ye
r
3
,
t
he
node
s
a
r
e
know
n a
s
nor
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
nod
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
node
s
pe
r
f
or
m
no
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
ope
r
a
t
i
on on
t
h
e
out
put
of
t
he
l
a
ye
r
2.
N
or
m
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
ope
r
a
t
i
on c
a
n be
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d a
s
(
14)
,
3
,
=
/
(
1
+
2
)
(
14)
L
a
ye
r
4 node
s
a
r
e
a
da
pt
i
ve
node
a
nd t
he
y s
i
m
pl
y t
he
pr
oduc
t
o
f
t
he
no
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d out
put
f
r
om
t
he
pr
e
vi
ous
l
a
ye
r
a
nd t
he
f
i
r
s
t
o
r
de
r
s
uge
no f
uz
z
y
m
ode
l
.
T
he
out
put
c
a
n be
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d a
s
(
1
5)
,
4
,
=
(
15)
L
a
ye
r
5 pe
r
f
or
m
s
de
f
uz
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on ope
r
a
t
i
on
by s
um
m
i
ng t
he
out
put
s
of
t
he
pr
e
vi
ous
l
a
ye
r
.
D
e
f
uz
z
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
m
e
a
ns
c
onve
r
s
i
on of
f
uz
z
y va
l
ue
t
o c
r
i
s
p va
l
ue
a
nd t
he
f
ol
l
ow
i
ng
(
16
)
m
ode
l
s
t
hi
s
.
4
,
=
∑
(
16)
F
r
o
m th
is
tr
u
s
t mo
d
e
l
tr
u
s
t me
t
r
ic
s
a
r
e
ta
k
e
n
a
s
t
h
e
in
p
u
t to
th
e
A
N
F
I
S
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
.
T
h
e
r
u
le
s
o
f
a
n
A
N
F
I
S
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e can
b
e d
er
i
v
ed
as
w
he
r
e
m
de
f
i
ne
s
t
h
e
num
be
r
of
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p f
unc
t
i
ons
a
nd n de
f
i
ne
s
t
he
num
be
r
of
i
nput
va
r
i
a
bl
e
s
.
A
s
t
he
t
h
r
ee
-
t
r
us
t
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
ha
ve
be
e
n c
on
s
i
de
r
e
d a
s
i
nput
s
a
nd e
a
c
h i
nput
ha
s
t
hr
e
e
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p f
unc
t
i
on,
t
he
r
e
f
or
e
t
he
de
r
i
ve
d A
N
F
I
S
c
om
pr
i
s
e
s
of
27
r
ul
e
s
a
nd t
he
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
of
t
he
p
r
opos
e
d
A
N
F
I
S
m
ode
l
i
s
de
pi
c
t
e
d i
n
F
i
gur
e
2
,
T
he
27
r
ul
e
s
of
t
he
A
N
F
I
S
m
ode
l
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
w
h
e
r
e
o
n
e
c
a
n
f
ix
a
v
a
ila
b
ility
,
in
ti
ma
c
y
a
nd f
r
e
que
nc
y t
o
t
a
ke
t
he
c
or
r
e
s
pondi
ng de
c
i
s
i
on va
l
ue
.
E
a
c
h t
r
us
t
m
e
t
r
i
c
ha
s
t
h
r
e
e
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p f
unc
t
i
on,
hi
gh (
H
)
,
m
e
di
um
(
M
)
,
l
ow
(
L
)
a
nd
t
he
de
c
i
s
i
on
i
s
di
v
i
d
ed
i
n
t
o
f
i
v
e
p
ar
am
et
er
s
,
t
h
ey
ar
e
-
t
r
us
t
(
T
)
,
unt
r
us
t
(
U
T
)
,
i
gno
r
e
(
I
)
,
undi
s
t
r
us
t
(
U
D
)
a
nd di
s
t
r
us
t
(
D
)
[2
6
]
.
T
r
u
s
t
d
ef
i
n
es
a
v
eh
i
cl
e i
s
f
u
l
l
y
t
r
u
s
t
ed
an
d
i
t
r
each
es
t
he
t
hr
e
s
hol
d.
U
nt
r
us
t
m
e
a
ns
t
he
t
r
us
t
e
e
ve
hi
c
l
e
i
s
not
f
ul
l
y
t
r
us
t
e
d but
t
he
t
r
us
t
or
ve
hi
c
l
e
a
l
s
o
d
oe
s
not
d
is
tr
u
s
t th
e
tr
u
s
te
e
v
e
h
ic
le
a
s
it
d
id
n
o
t
r
e
a
c
h
th
e
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
ld
.
S
imila
r
ly
,
u
n
d
is
tr
u
s
t me
a
n
s
a t
r
u
s
t
ee v
e
h
i
cl
e h
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
el
eco
m
m
u
n
C
om
put
E
l
C
ont
r
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
19
, N
o
.
5
,
O
c
t
obe
r
2021:
16
88
-
169
6
1694
l
a
c
k of
t
r
us
t
.
D
i
s
t
r
us
t
de
c
i
s
i
on i
s
t
a
ke
n by a
t
r
us
t
or
ve
hi
c
l
e
f
or
a
t
r
us
t
e
e
ve
hi
c
l
e
w
he
n t
he
t
r
us
t
e
e
ve
hi
c
l
e
i
s
c
om
pl
e
t
e
l
y di
s
t
r
us
t
e
d.
I
gnor
e
de
c
i
s
i
on i
s
t
a
ke
n w
he
n t
he
t
r
us
t
e
e
ve
hi
c
l
e
i
s
not
c
om
pl
e
t
e
l
y t
r
us
t
e
d,
a
l
s
o not
c
o
mp
le
te
ly
di
s
t
r
us
t
e
d.
F
i
gur
e
2.
P
r
opos
e
d A
N
F
I
S
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
T
a
bl
e
1.
R
ul
e
s
of
A
N
F
I
S
A
v
a
ila
b
ility
I
n
tima
c
y
H
M
L
F
r
e
que
nc
y
F
r
e
que
nc
y
F
r
e
que
nc
y
H
M
L
H
M
L
H
M
L
H
T
T
UT
T
UT
I
UT
I
UD
M
T
UT
I
UT
I
UD
I
UD
D
L
UT
I
UD
I
UD
D
UD
D
D
4.
S
IM
U
L
A
T
IO
N
A
ND
R
ES
U
LTS
S
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on ha
s
be
e
n c
onduc
t
e
d i
n M
A
T
L
A
B
.
E
a
c
h i
nput
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
t
a
ke
s
t
hr
e
e
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p
f
unc
t
i
ons
.
F
o
r
l
ow
a
nd hi
gh
va
l
ue
,
t
r
a
pe
z
oi
da
l
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p f
unc
t
i
on
ha
s
be
e
n a
s
s
i
gne
d a
nd f
or
m
e
di
um
va
l
ue
i
t
i
s
t
r
i
a
ngul
a
r
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p
f
unc
t
i
on a
nd
F
i
gur
e
3
p
r
e
s
e
nt
s
f
u
zzy
m
e
m
be
r
f
unc
t
i
on
f
or
f
uz
z
y i
npu
t
.
T
he
out
put
i
s
s
c
a
l
e
d i
n f
i
ve
de
c
i
s
i
ons
s
uc
h a
s
t
r
us
t
e
d,
unt
r
us
t
e
d,
i
gno
r
e
,
undi
s
t
r
us
t
e
d a
nd di
s
t
r
us
t
e
d
.
A
l
l
t
he
out
put
de
c
i
s
i
ons
ha
ve
be
e
n a
s
s
i
gne
d a
c
ons
t
a
nt
va
l
ue
a
c
c
or
di
ng
t
o
t
a
ka
gi
s
uge
no
f
uz
z
y
m
ode
l
of
co
n
s
t
an
t
m
em
b
er
s
hi
p f
unc
t
i
on.
T
he
n 27
r
ul
e
s
of
t
he
A
N
F
I
S
ha
ve
be
e
n i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d a
nd s
i
m
ul
a
t
e
d.
F
i
gur
e
4
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on r
e
s
ul
t
s
f
or
out
put
de
c
i
s
i
on a
ga
i
ns
t
A
va
i
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y,
I
nt
i
m
a
c
y a
nd
F
r
e
que
nc
y.
F
r
om
t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on r
e
s
ul
t
,
i
t
c
a
n be
s
e
e
n t
ha
t
t
o be
a
t
r
us
t
e
d ve
hi
c
l
e
;
i
t
r
e
qui
r
e
s
80%
t
r
us
t
w
or
t
hi
ne
s
s
va
l
ue
s
ha
de
d i
n
r
e
d c
ol
or
a
bove
bl
ue
r
e
gi
on
of
F
i
gur
e
4.
U
nt
r
us
t
d
e
c
i
s
i
on s
how
s
t
he
r
e
gi
on be
l
ow
80%
a
nd a
bove
6
0%
(
b
l
ue
r
e
gi
on of
t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
r
e
s
ul
t
s
)
.
I
gno
r
e
f
ol
l
ow
s
t
he
l
i
ght
bl
ue
c
ol
o
r
o
f
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on t
he
f
i
gur
e
s
t
ha
t
i
s
fro
m
50%
t
o be
l
ow
60%
.
T
he
r
e
d
z
one
unde
r
ne
a
t
h t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on c
ur
ve
s
how
s
di
s
t
r
us
t
r
e
gi
on
.
F
i
gur
e
3.
D
e
c
l
a
r
i
ng m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p f
unc
t
i
ons
l
ow
,
m
e
di
um
,
hi
gh
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
el
eco
m
m
u
n
C
om
put
E
l
C
ont
r
o
l
M
al
i
c
i
ous
v
e
hi
c
l
e
de
t
e
c
t
i
on bas
e
d on be
t
a r
e
put
at
i
on and t
r
us
t
m
anage
m
e
nt
f
or
… (
D
i
l
s
had A
r
a
H
os
s
ai
n
)
1695
F
i
g
u
r
e 4
.
D
eci
s
i
o
n
ag
ai
n
s
t
t
r
u
s
t
p
ar
am
et
er
s
5.
CO
NCL
US
I
O
N
I
n t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r
,
t
o
e
l
i
m
i
na
t
e
m
a
l
i
c
i
ous
or
c
om
p
r
om
i
s
e
d ve
hi
c
l
e
s
w
hi
c
h pe
r
f
or
m
s
c
ybe
r
-
at
t
ack
s
f
r
o
m
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
a
d hoc
ne
t
w
o
r
k,
a
r
e
put
a
t
i
on m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
s
ys
t
e
m
ba
s
e
d on be
t
a
p
r
oba
bi
l
i
t
y d
i
s
t
r
i
but
i
on a
n
d a
t
r
us
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
m
ode
l
ba
s
e
d on A
N
F
I
S
ha
ve
be
e
n
pr
opos
e
d.
T
he
r
e
put
a
t
i
on m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
s
ys
t
e
m
t
a
ke
s
t
w
o
i
nput
s
s
uc
h a
s
pa
c
k
e
t
l
os
s
r
a
t
e
a
nd pa
c
ke
t
e
r
r
or
r
a
t
e
.
A
ve
r
a
ge
of
t
he
r
e
put
a
t
i
on f
o
r
t
w
o di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
i
nput
r
e
put
a
t
i
on pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
ha
ve
be
e
n c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d f
or
d
e
r
i
vi
ng t
he
ove
r
a
l
l
r
e
put
a
t
i
on.
T
he
t
r
us
t
e
va
l
ua
t
i
o
n m
ode
l
b
a
s
e
d on A
N
F
I
S
t
a
ke
s
t
h
r
e
e
m
a
j
or
t
r
us
t
i
nput
s
a
s
a
va
i
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y,
i
nt
i
m
a
c
y a
nd
f
r
e
que
nc
y.
E
a
c
h i
nput
i
s
a
s
s
i
gne
d
t
hr
e
e
m
e
m
be
r
s
hi
p f
unc
t
i
ons
(
f
or
l
ow
a
nd
hi
gh
i
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w
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t
hy ve
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c
l
e
f
r
om
t
he
ne
t
w
or
k.
R
EF
ER
EN
C
ES
[1
]
B
.
Koir
a
la
,
S
.
S
.
Ta
nga
de
a
nd S
.
S
.
M
a
nv
i,
“
Tr
u
st M
a
na
ge
m
e
nt B
a
se
d o
n N
ode
S
ta
y T
im
e
i
n VA
NE
T,
”
i
n
20
18
I
nte
rn
at
io
na
l C
on
fe
re
nc
e
o
n A
dv
a
nc
e
s i
n C
o
mp
ut
i
ng,
C
o
mm
un
ic
a
ti
on
s an
d I
n
fo
rm
at
ic
s (
I
C
AC
C
I
)
,
2
018
,
pp.
2
42
–
2
48
,
do
i:
10.
1
10
9/
I
C
AC
C
I
.
2
01
8.
85
54
56
3
.
[2
]
N.
F
a
n a
nd C
.
Q.
W
u,
“
On tr
us
t m
ode
ls f
or
c
om
m
u
nic
a
ti
on se
c
ur
i
ty i
n ve
h
ic
u
la
r
a
d
-
hoc
ne
tw
or
k
s,
”
Ad Hoc
Net
wo
r
ks
,
Au
g.
20
18
,
do
i:
1
0.
10
16
/j.
a
dh
oc
.
2
01
8.
08.
01
0
.
[3
]
Z
.
L
u,
Q.
Wa
ng,
G
.
Qu a
nd Z
.
L
iu,
“
B
AR
S
: a
B
loc
kc
ha
in
-
ba
se
d An
on
ym
o
us R
e
pu
ta
t
io
n S
ys
te
m
f
or
Tr
us
t
M
a
na
ge
m
e
nt in VA
N
ET
s,
”
20
18
1
7t
h I
E
EE
I
n
te
r
n
ati
on
al
C
o
nfe
re
nc
e
On
T
r
us
t,
Se
c
ur
ity
An
d
Pr
iv
ac
y
I
n
C
omp
ut
in
g
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d C
o
mm
un
ic
a
ti
on
s/
12
th
I
E
EE I
nte
rn
at
ion
al
C
o
nfe
re
nc
e
On B
ig Da
ta Sc
ie
nc
e
An
d
E
ng
ine
e
r
in
g
(
T
rus
tC
o
m/
Bi
gD
at
aS
E)
,
Ju
l.
20
18
,
d
oi
: 1
0.
11
09
/Tr
us
tC
o
m
/B
ig
Da
ta
S
E.
2
01
8.
0
00
25
.
[4
]
S
.
Ta
nga
de
a
n
d S
.
S
.
M
a
nvi,
“
C
B
TM
: C
r
yp
to
gr
a
p
hy
B
a
se
d Tr
us
t M
a
na
ge
m
e
nt S
c
he
m
e
f
or
S
e
c
ur
e
Ve
hic
ula
r
C
om
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
s,
”
15t
h I
nt
e
r
na
ti
on
al
C
o
nfe
re
nc
e
o
n C
ont
ro
l,
Au
to
ma
ti
on,
R
ob
ot
ic
s a
nd V
is
io
n (
I
C
A
RC
V)
,
20
18
,
doi
: 1
0.
11
09
/I
C
AR
C
V.
2
01
8.
85
81
17
3
.
[5
]
W
.
L
i a
nd
H.
S
o
ng,
“
AR
T:
An
At
ta
c
k
-
R
e
s
ist
a
n
t Tr
u
st M
a
na
ge
m
e
nt S
c
he
m
e
f
or
S
e
c
ur
i
ng
Ve
h
ic
u
la
r
A
d
Hoc
Ne
t
wor
ks,
”
I
E
EE T
ra
ns.
I
n
te
l
l.
T
r
an
sp.
Sy
st
.
,
v
o
l.
1
7,
no.
4,
pp.
9
60
-
96
9,
A
pr
.
20
16
,
doi
: 1
0.
11
09
/
TI
TS
.
2
01
5.
2
49
40
17
.
[6
]
S
.
Ta
nga
de
a
n
d S
.
S
.
M
a
nv
i,
“
Tr
u
st m
a
na
g
e
m
e
n
t sc
he
m
e
in V
AN
E
T: N
e
i
gh
bo
ur
c
om
m
un
ic
a
t
io
n ba
se
d a
ppr
oa
c
h,
”
in
2
01
7 I
n
te
r
na
ti
on
al C
o
nfe
re
nc
e
On S
ma
rt T
e
c
hn
ol
og
ie
s Fo
r Sm
ar
t N
a
ti
on (
S
ma
r
tT
e
c
hC
o
n)
,
20
17
,
pp
.
7
41
-
74
4
.
[7
]
T.
Z
a
idi
"
A
n ove
r
vi
e
w
: Va
r
i
ou
s a
t
ta
c
k
s i
n VA
NE
T
,
"
4t
h I
nte
rn
at
io
na
l C
o
nfe
re
nc
e
on C
o
mp
ut
in
g C
o
mm
un
ic
a
t
io
n
and Au
to
ma
ti
on
(
I
C
C
C
A)
,
I
EE
E,
20
18
,
pp
.
1
-
6,
do
i:
10.
110
9/C
C
AA.
20
18.
8
77
75
38
.
[8
]
F
.
Ahm
a
d,
V.
N.
L
.
F
r
a
nque
ir
a
,
a
n
d A.
Ad
na
ne
,
“
T
E
AM
: A Tr
us
t Ev
a
l
ua
t
io
n a
nd M
a
na
ge
m
e
n
t F
r
a
m
e
w
or
k in
C
o
n
te
xt
-
E
na
b
le
d Ve
hic
ula
r
A
d
-
H
oc
Ne
t
wor
ks,
”
I
EEE Ac
c
e
ss
,
vo
l.
6,
pp.
28
64
3
-
2
86
60,
201
8
,
doi
: 1
0.
11
09
/AC
C
ES
S
.
2
01
8.
28
37
88
7
.
[9
]
A.
Jøs
a
n
g a
nd R
.
I
sm
a
il,
“
T
he
B
e
ta
R
e
p
uta
ti
on S
y
ste
m
,
”
AI
S e
L
i
br
ar
y
,
20
02
.
[
10]
Y.
C
.
W
e
i
a
nd
Y.
M
.
C
he
n
,
“
Ad
a
ptive
de
c
ision
m
a
king
f
or
i
m
pr
oving
t
r
ust
e
sta
blish
m
e
nt
in
VANET
,
”
16th
Asia
-
Pac
ific
N
e
t
w
ork
Ope
rations
and
Manage
m
e
nt
Sy
mp
osium
,
2014
,
pp
.
1
-
4
,
doi:
10
.
1109/A
P
NOM
S
.
2014
.
69965
23
.
[
11]
D.
B
.
R
a
wa
t,
B
.
B
.
B
is
ta
a
n
d G
.
Ya
n,
“
S
e
c
ur
in
g ve
hic
ul
a
r
a
d
-
h
oc
ne
tw
or
k
s f
r
om
da
ta
f
a
ls
if
ic
a
ti
on a
tta
c
ks,
”
in
20
16
I
EE
E Re
g
io
n 1
0 C
on
fe
re
nc
e
(
T
EN
C
ON
)
,
20
16
,
p
p.
99
-
10
2
,
do
i: 10.
1
10
9/
T
ENC
ON.
2
01
6.
7
84
79
67
.
[
12]
C.
A
.
K
errach
e
,
C
.
T.
C
a
la
f
a
te
,
N.
L
a
gr
a
a
,
J.
C
.
C
a
no
a
nd P
.
M
a
nz
on
i,
“
Hie
r
a
r
c
h
ic
a
l a
da
pt
ive
tr
us
t e
sta
bl
is
h
m
e
nt
sol
ut
io
n f
or
ve
hic
ula
r
ne
tw
or
k
s,
”
I
E
EE
27
th
An
nu
al
I
nte
rn
at
io
na
l Sy
mp
os
iu
m o
n P
e
rs
on
al,
I
nd
oo
r,
a
nd
Mo
bil
e
Ra
di
o C
om
mu
nic
at
io
ns (
PI
M
RC
)
,
20
16
,
pp
.
1
-
6
,
d
oi
:
10
.
110
9/P
I
M
R
C
.
2
01
6.
7
79
46
17
.
[
13]
A.
S
um
a
n
a
n
d C
.
K
um
a
r
,
“
A
be
ha
vi
or
a
l
s
tu
dy
of
S
yb
il a
tta
c
k o
n ve
hic
ula
r
ne
tw
or
k,
”
3r
d I
nte
rn
at
io
na
l C
o
nfe
re
nc
e
on
Re
c
e
nt
Adv
anc
e
s
in
I
nf
or
ma
ti
on
T
e
c
h
no
lo
gy
(
R
AI
T
)
,
201
6
,
pp.
5
6
-
60
,
d
oi
:
10.
11
09
/R
AI
T.
20
16.
75
07
87
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
el
eco
m
m
u
n
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om
put
E
l
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ont
r
o
l
,
Vo
l
.
19
, N
o
.
5
,
O
c
t
obe
r
2021:
16
88
-
169
6
1696
[1
4]
M
.
U.
R
e
hm
a
n,
S
.
Ahm
e
d,
S
.
U.
Kha
n,
S
.
B
e
gum
a
n
d A.
I
sh
tia
q,
“
AR
V
2V
: A
tta
c
k r
e
s
is
ta
n
t ve
h
ic
l
e
to
ve
h
ic
l
e
a
lg
or
i
thm
,
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
in
te
r
m
of
e
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d de
la
y
a
nd
tr
u
st c
om
p
uta
ti
on e
r
r
or
i
n V
AN
ET
s,
”
I
nt
e
rn
at
ion
al
C
onf
e
re
nc
e
o
n C
o
mp
ut
in
g,
Ma
th
e
m
at
ic
s
an
d E
n
gi
ne
e
ri
ng T
e
c
hn
ol
og
ie
s (
iC
o
MET
)
,
20
18
,
pp
.
1
-
6
,
doi
: 1
0.
11
09
/I
C
OM
E
T.
20
18.
83
46
33
8
.
[
15]
N.
I
sla
m
,
“
C
e
r
tif
ic
a
te
r
e
voc
a
ti
on in ve
hic
ula
r
A
d Hoc
ne
t
wor
ks
: a
nove
l a
ppr
oa
c
h,
”
I
nte
r
na
ti
on
al C
on
fe
re
nc
e
on
N
e
tw
or
k
i
ng Sy
ste
ms
an
d Se
c
u
ri
ty
(
N
Sy
sS)
,
20
16
,
pp.
1
-
5
,
doi: 10.
1
10
9/
NS
y
sS
.
2
01
6.
74
00
70
3
.
[
16]
N.
Kus
hwa
h a
nd A.
S
on
ke
r
,
“
M
a
lic
i
ou
s
No
de
De
te
c
ti
on
on Ve
hic
ula
r
A
d
-
H
oc
Ne
t
wor
k Us
in
g
De
m
p
ste
r
S
h
a
f
e
r
The
or
y
f
or
De
n
ia
l of
S
e
r
v
ic
e
s
A
tt
a
c
k,
”
8
th I
nte
rn
ati
on
al C
on
fe
re
nc
e
o
n C
o
mp
ut
at
io
na
l I
nt
e
l
li
ge
nc
e
an
d
C
omm
un
ic
at
io
n
Net
wo
r
ks
(CICN)
,
20
16
,
pp.
4
32
-
4
36
,
d
oi: 10.
1
10
9/C
I
C
N.
2
01
6.
91
.
[
17]
M.
Mah
mu
d
e
t a
l.
,
“A
Brai
n
-
I
n
sp
ir
e
d Tr
us
t M
a
na
ge
m
e
nt M
o
de
l t
o As
sur
e
S
e
c
ur
it
y i
n a
C
lou
d B
a
se
d I
oT
F
r
a
m
e
wor
k
f
or
Ne
ur
osc
ie
nc
e
Ap
pl
ic
a
t
io
ns,
”
C
og
ni
t
.
C
omp
ut.
,
v
ol.
10,
n
o.
5,
p
p.
8
64
-
87
3,
Oc
t.
20
18
,
doi
:
10
.
1
00
7/
s1
25
59
-
01
8
-
95
43
-
3
.
[
18]
A
.
M
.
Nom
a
n,
K
.
E.
A
dd
owe
e
sh a
nd
A
.
I
.
Alo
la
h,
"
S
im
ula
ti
on a
nd P
r
a
c
tic
a
l I
m
p
le
m
e
n
ta
t
io
n of
A
NF
I
S
-
B
a
s
e
d
M
P
P
T M
e
th
od f
or
P
V
A
pp
lic
a
ti
on
s Us
in
g
I
s
ola
te
d
Ć
uk
C
on
ve
r
te
r
,
"
I
nte
rn
at
io
na
l
J
ou
rn
al o
f
P
ho
toe
ne
rgy
,
vol.
1
, p
p
.
1
-
15
,
20
17
,
do
i:
10
.
11
55
/2
01
7/
31
06
73
4
.
[
19]
M
.
Alha
m
a
d,
T
.
Di
ll
on
,
a
nd
E
.
C
ha
ng,
"
A Tr
us
t
-
E
va
l
ua
t
ion M
e
tr
ic
f
or
C
lo
ud a
pp
lic
a
ti
on
s
,
"
nte
rn
at
io
na
l J
ou
rn
al
o
f
Mac
hi
ne
L
e
ar
ni
ng an
d
C
om
pu
ti
ng
,
v
ol.
1,
n
o.
4,
pp.
41
6
-
42
1,
20
11
do
i:
10.
77
63
/I
JM
L
C
.
20
11.
V
1.
6
2
.
[
20]
K
.
W
.
Na
f
i,
T
.
S
.
K
a
r
, M
.
A
.
Ho
ss
a
in
,
a
nd
M
.
M.
A
Ha
s
he
m
,
"
An
A
dva
nc
e
d
C
e
r
ta
in
Tr
u
st M
ode
l
U
si
ng F
uz
z
y
L
ogic
a
n
d P
r
o
ba
b
il
is
tic
L
o
gic
the
or
y
,
"
I
n
te
r
na
ti
on
al
J
ou
rn
al o
f A
dv
a
nc
e
d C
om
pu
te
r
Sc
ie
nc
e
a
nd
Ap
pl
ic
a
ti
on
s
(IJA
CS
A
)
,
vo
l.
3,
no.
1
2,
pp.
1
64
-
17
3
20
12.
[
21]
Q
.
Di
ng
a
n
d X
i L
i,
"
A N
ov
e
l R
e
pu
ta
t
io
n M
a
na
ge
m
e
n
t
F
r
a
m
e
wor
k f
or
Ve
h
ic
u
la
r
Ad
Hoc
Ne
t
wor
ks
,
"
I
nt
e
rn
at
io
n
a
l
J
ou
rn
al o
f M
ul
ti
me
d
ia T
e
c
h
no
lo
gy
,
v
ol
.
3
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
6
2
-
66
,
20
13.
[
22]
M
.
M
.
Ar
if
e
e
n,
A.
A.
I
sla
m
,
M
.
. M
. R
a
hm
a
n,
K.
A.
T
a
he
r
,
M
.
M
.
I
sla
m
a
n
d M
.
S
.
Ka
i
se
r
,
“
ANF
I
S
ba
se
d Tr
us
t
M
a
na
ge
m
e
nt M
o
de
l t
o En
ha
nc
e
L
oc
a
ti
on P
r
i
va
c
y i
n
Un
de
r
wa
te
r
W
ir
e
le
s
s S
e
ns
or
Ne
t
wor
ks,
”
I
nt
e
rn
at
io
n
a
l
C
onf
e
re
nc
e
on Ele
c
tr
ic
a
l,
C
omp
ute
r an
d C
omm
un
ic
a
ti
on En
gi
ne
e
r
in
g (
EC
C
E)
,
20
19
,
pp.
7
-
9
,
doi
: 1
0.
11
09
/
EC
AC
E.
20
19.
8
67
91
65
.
[
23]
S
.
A
.
S
ole
ym
a
ni
e
t a
l.
,
"
A S
e
c
ur
e
Tr
us
t
M
o
de
l B
a
se
d
on
F
uz
z
y
L
og
ic
i
n
Ve
hic
ula
r
Ad
Hoc
Ne
t
wor
ks
wi
th
F
o
g
C
om
pu
ti
ng
,
"
I
E
EE Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
ol.
5,
p
p.
15
61
9
-
29
,
2
01
7
,
d
oi: 10.
1
10
9/
AC
C
ES
S
.
20
17.
2
73
32
25
.
[
24]
A
.
K
.
Ja
do
on,
L
.
W
a
ng,
T
.
Li
,
a
nd M
.
A
.
Z
ia
,
"
L
ight
we
i
gh
t C
r
yp
to
gr
a
p
hic
Te
c
hn
iq
ue
s f
or
A
ut
om
o
tiv
e
C
ybe
r
se
c
ur
it
y
,
"
Wir
e
le
ss C
om
mu
nic
at
io
ns
an
d
Mo
bi
le
C
o
mp
ut
in
g
,
vo
l.
1
,
pp
.
1
-
15
2
018
,
doi
:
10
.
1
15
5/
20
18
/1
64
01
67
[
25]
A
. A
.
Hm
ouz
,
J
.
S
he
n,
R
.
A
.
Hm
ouz
,
a
nd J
.
Ya
n,
“
M
ode
li
ng
a
nd
S
im
ula
ti
on
of
a
n
Ada
pt
ive
Ne
ur
o
-
F
u
z
z
y
I
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
yste
m
(
A
NF
I
S
)
f
or
M
obi
le
L
e
a
r
nin
g,
”
I
EE
E T
ran
s.
L
e
arn.
T
e
c
hno
l.
,
vol.
5,
no.
3,
pp.
226
-
23
7,
Jul.
20
12
,
doi
:
1
0.
11
09
/
TL
T.
20
11.
36
.
[
26]
K.
C
ha
n
a
n
d S
.
A
da
l
i,
“
A S
ur
ve
y
on
Tr
u
st
M
ode
li
ng,
”
AC
M C
om
pu
ti
ng
S
urv
e
y
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp.
1
-
40
,
201
5
,
doi
:
1
0.
11
45
/2
81
55
95
.
B
I
OGR
A
P
HI
E
S
OF
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U
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HOR
S
Dil
sh
ad
Ar
a H
os
sa
in
ha
s gr
a
d
ua
te
d in C
om
p
ute
r
S
c
ie
nc
e
a
nd E
ng
ine
e
r
in
g f
r
om
Dha
ka
,
B
a
ng
la
de
sh.
S
he
ha
s c
om
ple
te
d he
r
f
i
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l M
a
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s (
b
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a
r
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or
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om
m
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om
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it
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(IIU
M),
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u
a
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,
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.
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a
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our
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oT,
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t
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a
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T a
n
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p
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alim Re
z
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p
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a
ngla
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h Un
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of
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r
of
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ls (
B
UP
)
,
Dha
ka
,
B
a
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la
de
sh.
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is a
P
r
of
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l M
e
m
be
r
of
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E a
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a
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pr
of
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si
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l or
ga
niz
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is a
ke
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n pla
nne
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&
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ple
m
e
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w
it
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n
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s,
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ppr
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sc
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ha
s m
o
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th
a
n 50 r
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se
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/ S
c
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.
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