T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
3
,
J
une
2020
,
pp.
1658
~
1670
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i3.
14834
1658
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
jour
nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
php/T
E
L
K
OM
N
I
K
A
OFDM
syn
c
h
r
o
n
iz
at
io
n
syste
m
u
si
n
g w
av
e
le
t
t
r
a
n
sf
or
m
f
or
sym
b
ol
r
at
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
io
n
M
as
ar
u
S
awada
1
,
Qu
an
g
Ngoc
Nguyen
2
,
M
oh
a
m
m
e
d
M
u
s
t
af
a
Alh
as
an
i
3
,
Cut
i
f
a
S
a
f
it
r
i
4
,
T
ak
u
r
o
S
at
o
5
1,
2,
3,
5
D
e
p
art
me
n
t
o
f
C
o
mmu
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
an
d
C
o
mp
u
t
er
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
W
as
e
d
a
U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
,
J
a
p
an
4
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
C
o
mp
u
t
i
n
g
,
Pres
i
d
en
t
U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
,
In
d
o
n
es
i
a
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
Aug
15
,
2019
R
e
vis
e
d
J
a
n
24
,
2020
Ac
c
e
pted
F
e
b
24
,
2020
In
rad
i
o
co
mm
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
s
,
u
s
i
n
g
w
a
v
el
e
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
an
al
y
s
i
s
t
o
reco
v
er
t
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
rat
e
t
i
mi
n
g
c
l
o
c
k
o
f
o
r
t
h
o
g
o
n
a
l
freq
u
en
c
y
-
d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
i
n
g
(O
FD
M)
i
s
a
n
ew
a
p
p
r
o
ach
t
h
at
ca
n
t
o
l
erat
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
d
i
s
t
o
rt
i
o
n
fr
o
m
i
n
t
er
s
y
m
b
o
l
i
n
t
erferen
ce
(ISI)
an
d
i
n
t
ercarr
i
er
i
n
t
erfere
n
ce
o
f
en
c
o
d
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
d
a
t
a
o
n
mu
l
t
i
p
l
e
carr
i
er
freq
u
en
c
i
es
.
T
y
p
i
ca
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
recep
t
i
o
n
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
i
zat
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
w
av
e
l
et
s
i
g
n
al
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
i
n
O
F
D
M
can
i
m
p
ro
v
e
t
h
e
p
erfo
rman
ce
o
v
er
t
h
e
fo
u
r
i
er
t
ran
s
fo
rm
-
b
as
e
d
O
F
D
M.
H
o
w
ev
er,
a
s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
i
za
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
ced
u
re
t
h
at
i
s
s
t
a
b
l
e
a
g
ai
n
s
t
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
n
o
i
s
e
i
s
es
s
en
t
i
a
l
t
o
d
i
mi
n
i
s
h
t
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
i
zat
i
o
n
es
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
men
t
an
d
o
p
erat
i
o
n
s
amp
l
i
n
g
p
eri
o
d
.
In
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
er,
w
e
p
ro
p
o
s
e
an
O
FD
M
s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
i
za
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
a
n
d
a
n
al
y
ze
t
h
e
i
mp
ac
t
o
f
t
h
e
w
av
el
e
t
d
en
o
i
s
e
p
ro
ce
d
u
re
o
n
t
h
e
O
FD
M
s
y
s
t
em
,
w
h
i
ch
ex
t
ract
s
t
h
e
s
y
mb
o
l
rat
e
o
f
t
h
e
O
FD
M
frame.
T
h
e
ev
al
u
at
i
o
n
res
u
l
t
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
ro
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
t
em
ca
n
o
p
t
i
mi
ze
t
h
e
freq
u
en
c
y
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
i
ze
t
o
e
n
ab
l
e
an
eff
i
ci
e
n
t
t
i
m
i
n
g
an
d
freq
u
en
c
y
o
ff
s
et
e
s
t
i
mat
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
an
d
s
t
ab
l
e
p
er
fo
rman
ce
i
n
t
erm
s
o
f
b
i
t
erro
r
r
a
t
e
(BE
R)
a
n
d
Frame
E
rr
o
r
Rat
e
(F
E
R)
e
s
p
ec
i
a
l
l
y
w
h
en
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
E
b
N
0
(a
n
o
rmal
i
zed
s
i
g
n
a
l
-
to
-
n
o
i
s
e
rat
i
o
S
N
R
meas
u
re)
i
s
g
r
eat
er
t
h
a
n
8
d
B,
t
h
a
n
k
s
t
o
t
h
e
w
a
v
el
e
t
t
ra
n
s
f
o
rm.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
Or
thogonal
f
r
e
que
nc
y
-
divi
s
ion
mul
ti
plexing
(
OFDM
)
S
ymbol
r
a
te
de
tec
ti
on
S
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
T
im
ing
r
e
c
ove
r
y
s
ys
tem
(
T
R
S
)
W
a
ve
let
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Qua
ng
Ngoc
Nguye
n
,
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
C
omm
unica
ti
ons
a
nd
C
omput
e
r
E
n
ginee
r
ing
,
F
a
c
ult
y
of
S
c
ienc
e
a
nd
E
nginee
r
ing
,
W
a
s
e
da
Univ
e
r
s
it
y
,
1
C
home
-
104
T
ots
uka
mac
hi,
S
hinj
uku
C
it
y,
T
oky
o
169
-
8050,
J
a
pa
n.
E
mail:
qua
ng
.
nguye
n@a
oni.
wa
s
e
da
.
jp
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
Now
a
da
ys
,
the
I
nter
ne
t
is
s
hif
ti
ng
f
r
om
hos
t
-
c
e
ntr
ic
to
c
ontent
-
c
e
ntr
ic
model
a
s
u
s
e
r
s
a
r
e
int
e
r
e
s
ted
in
the
c
ontent,
ins
te
a
d
of
the
loca
ti
on.
I
n
thi
s
c
ontext,
inf
o
r
mation
-
c
e
ntr
ic
ne
twor
king
(
I
C
N)
c
o
nc
e
pt
ha
s
int
r
oduc
e
d
a
ne
w
p
r
omi
s
ing
I
nte
r
ne
t
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
to
s
olve
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
hos
t
-
c
e
ntr
ic
I
nter
ne
t's
s
e
ve
r
e
pr
o
blems
of
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
inef
f
icie
nc
ies
in
c
ontent
de
li
ve
r
y.
T
he
r
e
a
s
on
is
that
in
I
C
N,
r
e
que
s
ted
c
ontent
da
ta
c
a
n
be
a
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
f
r
om
a
r
e
pli
c
a
via
the
in
-
ne
twor
k
c
a
c
h
ing
f
e
a
tur
e
,
ins
tea
d
of
the
only
c
ont
e
nt
s
our
c
e
a
s
i
n
c
ur
r
e
nt
IP
-
ba
s
e
d
I
nter
ne
t
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
.
How
e
ve
r
,
in
-
ne
twor
k
c
a
c
hing
c
a
pa
bil
it
y
in
I
C
N
a
ls
o
r
a
is
e
s
ne
w
c
ha
l
lenge
s
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
e
ne
r
gy
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
(
E
E
)
is
s
ue
due
to
t
he
e
xtr
a
e
ne
r
gy
ne
e
de
d
f
or
the
c
ontent
r
outer
s
a
nd
their
in
-
ne
twor
k
c
a
c
hing
ope
r
a
ti
on
[1
-
3]
.
W
or
s
e
s
ti
ll
,
t
he
de
f
a
ult
c
a
c
hing
s
c
he
me
in
I
C
N,
lea
ve
-
c
opy
-
e
v
e
r
ywhe
r
e
(
L
C
E
)
with
lea
s
t
r
e
c
e
ntl
y
us
e
d
(
L
R
U)
,
is
a
r
e
l
a
ti
ve
ly
inef
f
icie
nt
mec
ha
nis
m
whic
h
c
a
us
e
s
high
c
a
c
he
r
e
dunda
nc
y
(
due
to
low
c
a
c
he
diver
s
it
y
)
[
4
,
5
]
a
n
d
c
onge
s
ti
on
r
a
te
(
due
to
pa
c
ke
t
f
loodi
ng
)
[
6
,
7
]
as
we
ll
,
a
s
a
na
lyze
d
in
our
pr
ior
s
tudi
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
is
s
ue
s
be
c
ome
mor
e
c
ha
ll
e
nging
with
the
r
a
p
i
d
incr
e
a
s
e
in
pr
ice
f
o
r
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
umpt
ion,
the
number
of
br
oa
dba
nd
wir
e
les
s
n
e
twor
k
us
e
r
s
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
the
gr
owing
de
mand
of
th
e
c
ontent
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
OF
DM
s
y
nc
hr
on
iz
ati
on
s
y
s
tem
us
ing
w
av
e
let
tr
an
s
for
m
for
s
y
mbol
r
ate
de
tec
ti
on
(
M
as
ar
u
Saw
ada
)
1659
us
e
r
s
in
the
f
utu
r
e
ne
twor
k.
As
a
r
e
s
ult
,
a
lt
hough
I
C
N
e
na
bles
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
ontent
de
li
ve
r
y
p
latf
or
m
[
8
]
,
i
t
s
ti
ll
f
ac
e
s
s
e
ve
r
a
l
f
e
a
s
ibi
li
ty
c
onc
e
r
ns
towa
r
ds
f
utur
e
ne
twor
k
a
c
c
e
s
s
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
in
the
c
a
s
e
of
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
.
I
n
thi
s
c
ontext,
a
s
5G
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
will
be
o
f
f
i
c
ially
launc
he
d
s
oon,
a
n
e
f
f
icie
nt
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem
with
low,
late
nc
y,
a
nd
ult
r
a
-
r
e
li
ab
il
it
y
s
hou
ld
be
c
ons
ider
e
d
to
mee
t
th
e
r
e
quir
e
ment
o
f
5G
tec
hnology,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
in
the
de
s
ign
of
the
modul
a
ti
on
a
nd
de
modul
a
ti
on
tec
hniques
.
C
ur
r
e
ntl
y,
though
s
e
ve
r
a
l
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
e
c
hn
iq
ue
s
c
a
n
be
a
c
o
ns
i
de
r
e
d
a
s
a
c
a
n
di
da
te
of
5G
te
c
h
no
lo
gy
,
e
.
g
.
,
n
on
-
o
r
t
h
og
o
na
l
m
ul
t
ip
le
a
c
c
e
s
s
(
N
OM
A
)
,
o
r
th
og
on
a
l
m
u
lt
ip
le
a
c
c
e
s
s
(
OM
A
)
o
r
mu
l
ti
pl
e
-
i
np
ut
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
ou
tp
ut
(
M
I
M
O
)
[
9
]
,
Or
th
o
g
on
a
l
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
-
d
i
vis
io
n
m
u
lt
ip
le
xi
ng
(
OFDM
)
is
s
ti
ll
c
ha
ll
e
nging
f
o
r
r
e
a
li
z
ing
the
f
e
a
s
ibl
e
5G
c
om
muni
c
a
ti
ons
due
to
the
out
of
ba
nd
lea
ka
ge
(
OO
B
)
.
T
ypica
ll
y
,
the
gua
r
d
int
e
r
va
l
dis
c
r
e
te
F
our
ier
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
s
pr
e
a
d
OFDM
,
na
mely
GI
DFT
-
s
-
OFDM
,
a
nd
s
pe
c
tr
a
ll
y
-
pr
e
c
e
de
d
OFDM
(
S
P
-
OFDM
)
a
r
e
f
e
a
s
ibl
e
c
a
ndidate
s
f
or
OFDM
tec
hnolo
gy
to
be
a
ppli
e
d
in
5G
[
10
]
.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
nd
ph
a
s
e
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
a
r
e
a
mong
the
mos
t
c
ha
ll
e
ngin
g
a
s
pe
c
ts
to
e
na
ble
low
late
nc
y
a
nd
ul
tr
a
-
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
in
the
O
F
DM
s
ys
tem.
R
e
c
e
ntl
y,
the
tr
a
dit
ional
OFDM
is
a
ppli
e
d
in
the
W
i
-
F
i
s
tanda
r
d
of
I
E
E
E
802.
11
to
incr
e
a
s
e
the
da
ta
r
a
te
a
nd
c
a
pa
c
it
y.
T
his
OFDM
a
ppr
oa
c
h
a
ls
o
us
e
s
sy
nc
h
r
oniza
ti
on
c
onduc
ted
with
the
phys
ica
l
laye
r
c
onve
r
ge
nc
e
pr
oc
e
dur
e
(
P
L
C
P
)
.
T
o
im
pr
ove
c
omm
un
ica
ti
on
c
a
pa
bil
it
y
w
it
h
low
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
in
OFDM
wi
r
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
,
a
r
e
c
e
iver
s
ignal
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
s
ys
tem
whic
h
e
li
mi
na
te
s
the
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
s
ymbol
s
of
mu
lt
ipl
e
s
c
a
r
r
ier
s
,
a
n
e
qua
li
z
e
r
that
c
ompens
a
tes
f
or
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
dis
tor
ti
on,
a
nd
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
whic
h
c
a
n
c
a
ptur
e
a
nd
tr
a
c
k
the
s
ymbol
r
a
te
c
lock
o
f
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ign
a
l
withi
n
pr
e
a
mbl
e
pe
r
iods
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l.
T
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
thes
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
o
pos
e
s
a
w
a
ve
let
de
noi
s
e
pr
oc
e
dur
e
that
s
e
lec
t
s
the
OFDM
s
ignal
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
without
c
ha
nging
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
h
a
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
of
the
s
ymbol
s
ignal
to
mi
nim
ize
the
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
s
ymbol
s
a
nd
c
a
r
r
ier
s
.
T
yp
ica
ll
y,
we
r
e
d
e
f
ine
a
n
OFDM
s
ymbol
s
ignal,
in
c
lu
d
ing
the
Hi
lber
t
s
pa
c
e
that
is
a
li
ne
a
r
s
pa
c
e
with
a
n
inner
pr
oduc
t
.
T
he
OFDM
f
r
a
me
is
c
ompos
e
d
of
the
pr
e
a
mbl
e
s
ymbol
a
nd
the
da
t
a
s
ymbol
.
T
he
ga
p
be
twe
e
n
the
a
djac
e
nt
s
ymbol
s
is
a
dis
c
o
nti
nu
ous
point
in
the
f
r
a
me
s
ignal,
a
nd
t
he
r
oll
-
of
f
of
both
s
ide
s
of
th
e
s
ymbol
s
ignal
moder
a
tes
the
r
a
pid
c
ha
nge
withi
n
the
ga
p
.
T
he
w
a
ve
let
s
ignal
p
r
oc
e
s
s
ing
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
s
a
s
ignal
int
o
ti
me
a
nd
f
r
e
que
nc
y
domains
in
one
s
pa
c
e
,
c
a
ll
e
d
s
ignal
s
pa
c
e
.
I
n
thi
s
wa
y,
the
p
r
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
c
a
n
s
e
lec
t
a
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
the
noi
s
e
powe
r
without
c
ha
ng
ing
the
known
pr
e
a
mbl
e
pa
tt
e
r
n.
Als
o,
the
e
va
luation
r
e
s
ult
s
by
mea
ns
of
c
omput
e
r
s
im
ula
ti
ons
s
how
the
im
pr
ove
ment
o
f
thi
s
s
ys
tem
in
a
ddit
i
ve
white
Ga
us
s
ian
nois
e
(
AW
GN
)
c
ha
nne
l
thanks
to
a
be
tt
e
r
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
r
e
c
ove
r
y
a
nd
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on.
I
n
s
hor
t,
the
c
ontr
ibut
ion
of
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
a
s
f
oll
ows
.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
w
a
ve
let
s
ignal
a
na
lys
is
a
nd
r
e
c
ove
r
y
theor
y,
we
pr
opos
e
a
method
to
e
s
tablis
h
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
by
pr
ojec
ti
ng
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
in
to
the
s
ignal
s
pa
c
e
of
the
or
th
ogona
l
ba
s
is
of
the
r
e
c
e
iver
c
lock
s
ys
tem.
I
ns
tea
d
of
the
c
onve
nti
ona
l
ti
m
ing
r
e
c
ove
r
y
s
ys
tem
(
T
R
S
)
ba
s
e
d
on
f
e
e
dba
c
k
loop
c
o
ntr
ol,
we
pr
opos
e
a
T
R
S
s
ys
tem
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
to
the
s
ignal
pr
ojec
ti
on
us
ing
a
s
ync
hr
onous
ove
r
s
a
mpl
ing
to
r
e
a
li
z
e
a
n
e
f
f
icie
nt
s
ymbo
l
r
a
te
ti
m
ing.
T
he
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion/
r
e
c
e
pti
on
s
ys
tem,
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
onve
r
s
ion,
a
nd
p
r
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
a
r
e
de
f
ined
by
the
int
e
gr
a
l
c
onve
r
s
i
on.
T
o
r
e
pr
oduc
e
the
e
nc
ode
d
s
ignal
s
ync
hr
onize
d
with
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
c
lock,
the
r
e
c
e
pti
on
s
ys
te
m
de
tec
ts
the
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
a
nd
pha
s
e
of
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
c
lock
f
r
om
the
r
e
c
e
pti
on
s
ignal
a
nd
include
s
the
f
unc
ti
on
of
e
s
tablis
hing
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
with
the
r
e
c
e
pti
on
s
ignal,
whic
h
is
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nted
by
a
d
is
c
r
e
te
-
ti
me
s
ignal
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
model.
T
yp
ica
ll
y,
the
pr
opos
e
d
method
e
xt
r
a
c
ts
a
c
lock
wa
ve
f
or
m
s
ync
hr
onize
d
with
a
s
y
mbol
r
a
te
due
to
de
nois
ing
by
mul
ti
-
r
e
s
olut
ion
a
na
lys
is
f
or
de
tec
ti
ng
dis
c
onti
nuit
y
be
twe
e
n
s
ymbol
s
.
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d
a
lgor
it
hm
f
o
r
e
xt
r
a
c
ti
ng
c
ha
nne
l
dis
tor
ti
on
a
nd
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
us
ing
w
a
ve
let
a
na
lys
is
is
a
pr
o
m
is
ing
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
g
i
ve
n
th
a
t
th
e
O
F
DM
mo
de
l
c
o
ns
t
r
uc
ti
on
me
th
od
w
i
th
ti
mi
ng
r
e
c
o
ve
r
y
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
ue
n
c
y
s
ync
h
r
o
ni
z
a
ti
on
c
a
n
be
a
pp
l
ied
to
va
r
io
us
c
o
m
mu
ni
c
a
t
i
on
s
ys
te
ms
,
s
uc
h
a
s
b
r
oa
dc
a
s
t
in
g
s
ys
t
e
ms
[
11
,
1
2
]
,
o
pt
ic
a
l
c
om
mu
ni
c
a
ti
o
ns
[
1
3
]
or
long
ter
m
e
volut
ion
(
L
T
E
)
ne
tw
or
k
[1
4
].
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WORK
OFDM
is
a
wide
ly
-
us
e
d
tec
hnique
in
wi
r
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
to
matc
h
de
mand
f
o
r
high
da
ta
r
a
te
s
a
nd
incr
e
a
s
e
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
the
c
ha
nne
l.
T
he
c
onc
e
pt
of
OFDM
is
to
tr
a
ns
mi
t
the
s
ignals
or
thogonally
thr
ough
mul
ti
ple
s
ub
-
c
ha
nne
ls
by
u
s
ing
the
f
a
s
t
f
our
ier
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
(
F
F
T
)
a
nd
inve
r
s
e
f
a
s
t
f
our
ier
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
(
I
F
F
T
)
[
1
5
].
T
he
t
r
a
dit
ional
OFDM
is
c
ur
r
e
ntl
y
c
ha
ll
e
nging
to
b
e
uti
li
z
e
d
f
or
modul
a
ti
on
in
5G
tec
hnology
due
to
t
he
thr
e
e
main
r
e
a
s
ons
.
F
ir
s
tl
y
,
the
high
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
is
n
e
e
de
d
to
r
e
duc
e
the
out
of
ba
nd
(
OO
B
)
lea
ka
ge
.
Ne
xt,
los
s
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
r
e
quir
e
s
a
lot
o
f
c
li
e
nts
to
u
s
e
the
s
a
me
s
c
he
me
a
t
the
s
a
me
ti
me.
F
inally
,
th
e
OFDM
s
ys
tem
a
ls
o
r
e
quir
e
s
the
e
f
f
icie
nt
us
a
ge
of
the
s
ymbol
pe
r
iod
a
nd
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
width
to
e
ns
ur
e
the
s
ys
t
e
m
f
e
a
s
ibi
li
ty
a
nd
f
lexi
bil
it
y.
T
h
e
g
ua
r
d
i
nte
r
va
l
d
is
c
r
e
te
f
ou
r
ie
r
t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
m
s
p
r
e
a
d
O
F
D
M
,
na
me
ly
G
I
D
F
T
-
s
-
OF
DM
,
i
s
us
e
d
t
o
r
e
duc
e
O
OB
le
a
k
a
ge
b
y
i
de
n
t
if
y
in
g
the
s
e
qu
e
nc
e
o
f
GI
in
s
te
a
d
o
f
C
P
(
c
yc
li
c
pr
e
f
i
x
)
.
M
o
r
e
o
ve
r
,
b
y
kn
ow
in
g
t
he
GI
s
e
qu
e
nc
e
,
we
c
a
n
e
s
t
im
a
te
th
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
qu
e
n
c
y
o
f
f
s
e
t
,
w
hic
h
is
a
n
e
s
s
e
n
ti
a
l
pa
r
a
me
te
r
i
n
t
he
s
y
nc
h
r
o
n
iza
ti
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1658
-
1670
1660
p
r
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
.
I
n
ou
r
p
r
i
o
r
wo
r
k
,
we
a
p
pl
ie
d
O
F
DM
-
G
I
in
th
e
4
-
S
S
B
m
od
ula
t
io
n
d
om
a
i
n
,
whic
h
i
s
a
nove
l
modul
a
ti
on
tec
hnique
to
doub
le
the
a
mount
of
inf
or
mation
c
o
mpar
e
d
to
tr
a
dit
ional
s
ingl
e
-
s
ideba
nd
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
s
howe
d
good
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
in
the
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
by
mi
nim
izing
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
I
S
I
(
int
e
r
s
ymbol
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
)
induce
d
by
Hilber
t
T
r
a
ns
f
or
m.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
li
mi
tation
of
thi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
is
that
we
s
ti
ll
us
e
the
s
ig
na
l
p
uls
e
s
ha
ping
de
pe
nding
on
the
I
F
F
T
/F
F
T
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
f
o
r
e
s
ti
mating
the
puls
e
s
ha
pe
a
nd
the
ba
nd
f
il
ter
ing
.
He
nc
e
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
in
[
1
8
]
pr
opos
e
d
a
n
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
OF
DM
-
ba
s
e
d
method
by
r
e
plac
ing
the
F
F
T
a
lgo
r
it
hm
with
the
w
a
ve
let
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
.
FFT
-
ba
s
e
d
OFDM
u
s
e
s
C
P
t
o
pr
e
ve
nt
I
S
I
be
t
we
e
n
a
djac
e
nt
OFDM
s
ymbol
s
.
I
S
I
is
de
r
ived
f
r
om
a
d
is
c
onti
nuous
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
that
los
e
s
the
pe
r
iodi
c
a
l
s
ignal
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
.
T
he
s
pe
c
tr
um
s
pr
e
a
d
of
the
s
ub
-
c
a
r
r
ier
c
a
us
e
s
the
length
of
the
s
ymbol
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
to
the
unc
e
r
tainty
p
r
inciple
.
How
e
ve
r
,
C
P
a
f
f
e
c
ts
the
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
a
nd
us
ing
I
F
F
T
in
the
tr
a
ns
c
e
iver
is
im
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
f
or
the
c
a
s
e
of
low
f
r
e
que
nc
y
(
f
lat)
f
a
ding.
B
e
s
ides
,
the
O
F
DM
de
modul
a
tor
ne
e
ds
a
n
e
qua
li
z
e
r
to
c
ompens
a
te
f
or
a
s
ymbol
window
f
unc
ti
on
that
li
mi
ts
the
length
of
a
s
ymbol
s
ignal
be
f
or
e
F
F
T
f
or
the
r
e
c
ove
r
y
of
the
c
ons
tellation
maps
of
s
ub
-
c
a
r
r
ier
s
.
Optim
a
l
s
a
mpl
ing
ti
m
ing
is
a
ls
o
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
mi
ti
g
a
te
int
e
r
-
c
a
r
r
ier
in
ter
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
I
C
I
)
,
bu
t
the
dr
a
wba
c
k
of
thi
s
method
is
the
c
oa
r
s
e
s
ymbol
c
lock
r
e
c
ove
r
y
f
r
om
a
kno
wn
pr
e
a
mbl
e
pa
tt
e
r
n
a
t
the
he
a
d
of
a
f
r
a
me.
As
the
w
a
ve
let
-
ba
s
e
d
OFDM
ha
s
higher
ba
ndwidth
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
c
a
n
ga
in
be
tt
e
r
bit
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
(
B
E
R
)
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
than
the
c
onve
nti
ona
l
OFDM
in
f
a
ding
c
ha
nne
ls
[
1
9
]
a
nd
c
a
r
r
ier
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
with
pha
s
e
nois
e
[
20
]
,
in
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
w
e
p
r
opos
e
a
ne
w
method
f
or
the
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
of
OFDM
us
ing
w
a
ve
let
tr
a
ns
f
or
m.
T
his
pr
opos
a
l
is
a
potential
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
given
that
de
tec
ti
ng
the
c
lock
s
ymbol
r
a
te
is
c
r
it
ica
l
f
or
OFDM
r
e
c
e
iver
c
lock
[
21
]
a
nd
us
ing
the
w
a
ve
let
f
o
r
high
r
e
s
olut
ion
of
f
r
e
que
nc
y
is
a
s
uit
a
ble
s
olut
ion
f
or
low
-
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
ha
nne
l,
e
.
g.
,
the
we
ll
-
known
w
a
ve
let
tr
a
ns
f
or
ms
na
mely
Ha
a
r
a
nd
Da
ube
c
hie
s
w
a
ve
let
us
e
d
in
dis
c
r
e
te
s
ignals
[
2
2
]
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
s
how
that
the
w
a
ve
let
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
is
f
e
a
s
ibl
e
a
nd
p
r
omi
s
ing
towa
r
d
5G
c
omm
u
nica
ti
ons
by
us
ing
the
e
xtr
a
c
ted
f
r
e
que
nc
y
domain
f
or
s
ymbol
c
lock
r
a
te
de
tec
ti
on
.
3.
S
YST
E
M
M
ODE
L
I
n
thi
s
s
e
c
ti
on,
we
p
r
e
s
e
nt
the
s
ys
tem
model
de
s
ign,
whic
h
r
e
duc
e
s
the
a
ddit
ive
nois
e
f
r
om
the
f
r
a
me
by
de
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
ng
a
nd
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
ng
a
r
e
c
e
ived
s
i
gna
l.
T
he
pr
e
a
mbl
e
of
the
f
r
a
me
is
a
pe
r
iodi
c
a
l
a
n
d
known
pa
tt
e
r
n
whic
h
is
us
e
d
to
de
tec
t
the
c
oa
r
s
e
s
ymbol
ti
mi
ng
us
ing
the
c
o
r
r
e
lation
be
twe
e
n
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
i
gna
l
a
nd
the
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
pr
e
a
mbl
e
pa
tt
e
r
n
.
W
a
ve
let
t
r
a
ns
f
or
ms
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
nois
e
int
o
ti
me
a
nd
f
r
e
que
nc
y
in
the
two
-
dim
e
ns
ional
(
2D)
s
pa
c
e
in
whic
h
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
c
a
n
be
s
e
lec
ted
in
the
w
a
ve
let
tr
a
n
s
f
or
med
s
ignal
a
nd
a
c
ts
a
s
a
ba
ndpa
s
s
f
il
ter
without
dis
tor
ti
ng
the
or
igi
na
l
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal.
T
he
inver
s
e
w
a
ve
let
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
then
r
e
c
o
ns
tr
uc
ts
t
he
or
igi
na
l
s
ignal
with
the
r
e
duc
e
d
nois
e
.
3.
1.
Over
all
OF
DM
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
ion
an
d
r
e
c
e
p
t
ion
s
ys
t
e
m
c
on
f
igu
r
at
ion
I
n
t
h
is
pa
r
t
,
we
d
e
v
e
l
ope
d
a
n
O
F
DM
s
y
nc
hr
on
iza
t
io
n
mo
de
l
d
e
r
i
ve
d
f
r
o
m
M
a
t
hw
or
ks
M
a
t
la
b
as
a
n
OF
DM
c
on
f
ig
u
r
a
ti
on
m
od
e
l
f
o
r
da
ta
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
ion
a
nd
r
e
c
e
p
ti
on
(
c
o
n
f
o
r
med
t
o
th
e
I
E
E
E
80
2
.
1
1a
s
ta
nd
a
r
d
)
.
T
h
e
w
ir
e
l
e
s
s
c
o
m
mu
ni
c
a
ti
on
mo
de
l
is
s
h
ow
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1,
i
nc
l
ud
i
ng
a
t
r
a
ns
m
it
te
r
,
a
r
e
c
e
i
ve
r
,
a
nd
a
p
r
o
pa
ga
ti
on
p
a
t
h
mo
de
l
.
T
he
c
o
nv
e
n
ti
on
a
l
O
F
DM
mo
de
l
c
on
s
t
r
uc
ts
a
t
he
o
r
e
t
ica
l
e
xp
r
e
s
s
i
on
m
ode
l
of
t
he
s
ubc
a
r
r
ie
r
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
m
u
lt
ip
le
xi
ng
s
c
he
me
b
y
F
ou
r
ie
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
e
x
pa
ns
i
on
of
a
pe
r
io
di
c
f
un
c
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
r
a
t
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
o
f
O
F
D
M
h
a
s
a
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
o
r
t
h
o
g
o
n
a
l
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
a
r
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
d
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
(
Q
A
M
)
o
r
p
h
a
s
e
-
s
h
i
f
t
k
e
y
i
n
g
(
P
S
K
)
.
P
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
,
Q
A
M
o
r
P
S
K
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
a
s
a
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
m
a
p
f
r
o
m
b
i
n
a
r
y
c
o
d
e
t
o
a
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
n
u
m
b
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
(
)
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
m
a
p
w
h
e
r
e
∈
ℂ
,
0
≤
≤
−
1
(
N
:
nu
m
b
e
r
of
ch
a
nn
e
l
s
)
.
I
n
O
F
DM
,
a
f
r
a
me
s
i
gn
a
l
c
o
ns
is
ts
of
pr
e
a
mb
le
s
y
mb
o
ls
s
ig
na
l
a
n
d
da
ta
s
y
mb
o
ls
.
T
he
f
r
a
m
e
s
ig
na
l
ha
s
d
is
c
on
t
in
ui
t
ies
po
in
ts
be
twe
e
n
a
d
ja
c
e
n
t
s
ym
bo
ls
,
whi
c
h
s
p
r
e
a
d
u
ne
x
pe
c
te
d
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
.
T
he
s
ym
bo
l
s
i
gna
ls
in
c
l
ud
e
a
f
in
i
te
pe
r
i
od
a
n
d
e
ne
r
gy
s
ig
na
l
s
pa
c
e
,
na
med
a
s
s
ym
bo
l
s
ig
na
l
s
p
a
c
e
(S
S
S
)
.
S
S
S
is
p
r
o
po
s
e
d
i
n
a
c
o
m
ple
x
l
ine
a
r
s
p
a
c
e
w
it
h
a
n
in
ne
r
p
r
o
duc
t
c
o
r
r
e
s
po
n
di
ng
t
o
a
H
il
be
r
t
s
p
a
c
e
c
o
n
f
i
gu
r
a
t
io
n
.
c
h
a
n
ne
l
s
ubc
a
r
r
ie
r
s
ig
na
ls
a
l
l
oc
a
te
d
a
t
i
nt
e
r
va
l
o
f
∆
(
Hz
)
i
s
c
ons
id
e
r
e
d
a
s
t
he
o
r
th
og
on
a
l
ba
s
is
{
2
∆
}
.
T
h
e
f
ou
r
ie
r
t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
m
-
ba
s
e
d
OF
DM
t
r
a
ns
m
it
s
i
gn
a
l
(
(
)
)
c
a
n
de
f
in
e
th
e
f
o
u
r
i
e
r
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
o
f
OF
D
M
r
e
c
e
p
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
w
i
th
t
he
r
a
p
id
l
y
de
c
r
e
a
s
i
ng
f
u
nc
ti
on
s
pa
c
e
a
n
d
th
e
in
ve
r
s
e
f
o
u
r
i
e
r
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
he
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
i
on
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
in
g
.
W
e
a
ls
o
a
p
pl
y
th
e
s
a
mp
l
in
g
th
e
o
r
y
in
to
t
he
O
F
DM
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
us
in
g
a
s
l
ow
ly
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
hy
pe
r
f
u
nc
t
io
n
s
p
a
c
e
.
S
yn
c
h
r
o
n
iz
a
t
io
n
o
f
d
ig
i
ta
l
d
a
t
a
in
wi
r
e
le
s
s
c
om
mu
n
ica
ti
on
is
a
s
ys
tem
i
n
w
h
ich
t
r
a
ns
m
is
s
i
on
da
ta
is
s
a
mp
le
d
a
t
a
n
opt
i
mu
m
t
i
mi
ng
c
o
nc
e
r
ni
ng
a
r
e
c
e
pt
io
n
s
i
gn
a
l
ob
ta
in
e
d
by
t
r
a
ns
m
it
ti
ng
a
s
i
gn
a
l
(
f
r
o
m
a
t
r
a
n
s
m
it
te
r
)
v
ia
a
c
omm
u
ni
c
a
t
i
on
c
ha
nne
l
,
a
nd
da
ta
is
r
e
p
r
od
uc
e
d
.
T
he
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
mod
e
l
is
a
n
a
na
log
s
ignal
p
r
oc
e
s
s
ing
model
in
whic
h
a
ddit
ive
r
a
ndom
nois
e
is
s
upe
r
im
pos
e
d
on
a
s
ignal
with
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
by
s
ignal
powe
r
,
s
ignal
f
il
ter
by
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
.
A
s
ignal
by
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
ha
s
a
plur
a
li
ty
o
f
de
lay
ti
mes
f
or
a
f
ini
te
-
length
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
s
ignal.
T
he
r
e
c
e
pti
on
s
ys
tem
a
mpl
if
ies
the
pow
e
r
of
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
a
f
f
e
c
ted
by
the
p
r
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
a
n
d
c
ompens
a
tes
f
or
the
dis
tor
ti
on
o
f
the
s
ignal
by
e
q
ua
li
z
ing
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
.
Als
o,
the
in
f
l
ue
nc
e
of
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
o
f
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
de
lay
ti
m
e
s
c
a
us
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
OF
DM
s
y
nc
hr
on
iz
ati
on
s
y
s
tem
us
ing
w
av
e
let
tr
an
s
for
m
for
s
y
mbol
r
ate
de
tec
ti
on
(
M
as
ar
u
Saw
ada
)
1661
s
upe
r
im
pos
e
d
then
r
e
duc
e
s
the
r
a
ndom
nois
e
.
T
h
e
r
e
c
e
iver
s
ys
tem
a
ls
o
de
tec
ts
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
nd
pha
s
e
of
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
c
lock
f
r
om
the
r
e
c
e
pti
on
s
ig
na
l
to
r
e
c
ove
r
the
e
nc
ode
d
s
ignal
s
yn
c
h
r
o
n
ize
d
w
it
h
t
he
t
r
a
ns
m
is
s
i
on
c
lo
c
k
a
nd
i
nc
lu
de
s
a
n
a
na
lo
g
-
to
-
d
i
gi
ta
l
c
on
ve
r
s
i
on
a
n
d
a
f
un
c
t
io
n
o
f
s
yn
c
h
r
on
iz
a
t
io
n
e
s
ta
bl
is
hme
n
t
w
it
h
t
he
r
e
c
e
p
t
io
n
s
i
gn
a
l
.
I
t
is
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
te
d
b
y
a
dis
c
r
e
t
e
-
t
im
e
s
i
gn
a
l
p
r
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
m
ode
l
.
F
igur
e
1.
T
he
OFDM
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
b
it
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
(
B
E
R
)
c
on
f
ig
ur
a
ti
on
model
I
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
,
i
t
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
t
o
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
r
a
t
e
,
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
l
o
c
a
l
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
a
mp
li
ng
t
i
mi
ng
.
I
n
t
his
p
a
pe
r
,
t
o
de
te
c
t
t
he
s
y
m
bo
l
c
l
oc
k
r
a
te
o
f
t
he
s
y
mb
ol
f
o
r
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
d
a
t
a
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
io
n
,
w
e
p
r
o
pos
e
a
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
t
ha
t
e
s
t
a
b
li
s
he
s
s
ync
h
r
o
niz
a
t
io
n
b
y
p
r
o
je
c
t
in
g
r
e
c
e
i
ve
d
s
ig
na
l
o
nt
o
t
he
c
om
ple
x
s
i
gn
a
l
s
pa
c
e
o
f
t
he
o
r
t
ho
no
r
ma
l
ba
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
c
loc
k
s
ys
te
m
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
w
a
ve
le
t
s
i
gn
a
l
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
th
e
k
e
r
ne
l
r
e
p
r
o
duc
t
io
n
the
o
r
y
.
I
n
s
e
c
t
io
n
4
,
w
e
p
r
o
pos
e
a
S
y
mb
o
l
r
a
te
t
i
mi
ng
m
od
e
l
a
s
a
me
th
od
to
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
a
c
l
oc
k
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
ync
h
r
o
ni
z
e
d
w
it
h
a
s
y
mb
ol
r
a
t
e
by
th
e
d
e
-
n
ois
e
pr
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
.
T
he
p
r
o
pos
a
l
us
e
s
a
mu
l
ti
r
e
s
ol
u
ti
on
a
n
a
ly
s
is
t
ha
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1658
-
1670
1662
d
e
t
e
c
ts
d
is
c
on
t
in
ui
ti
e
s
be
twe
e
n
s
y
mb
ols
.
I
n
a
dd
i
ti
on,
w
e
p
r
o
pos
e
a
t
im
in
g
r
e
c
o
ve
r
y
s
ys
te
m
(
T
R
S
)
m
e
t
ho
d
ba
s
e
d
o
n
th
e
s
i
gn
a
l
p
r
o
jec
t
io
n
b
y
a
s
yn
c
h
r
o
no
us
ove
r
s
a
m
pli
n
g
i
ns
t
e
a
d
o
f
us
i
ng
t
he
c
on
ve
nt
io
na
l
f
e
e
db
a
c
k
l
oo
p
c
on
t
r
o
l
.
T
h
e
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
io
n
/r
e
c
e
pt
i
on
s
y
s
te
m
,
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
c
o
nv
e
r
s
i
on
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
pa
ga
ti
on
pa
t
h
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
t
ics
a
r
e
de
f
in
e
d
b
y
t
he
i
nte
g
r
a
l
c
on
ve
r
s
i
on
.
3.
2.
T
h
e
an
alog
t
h
e
or
e
t
ical
m
od
e
l
of
OF
DM
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
ion
an
d
r
e
c
e
p
t
ion
T
h
e
a
n
a
l
o
g
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
b
a
s
e
b
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
a
D
C
(
d
i
r
e
c
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
)
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
a
s
s
b
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
is
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
-
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
R
F
b
a
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
h
.
T
h
e
b
a
s
e
b
a
n
d
O
F
D
M
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
s
m
o
d
e
l
e
d
b
y
a
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
s
i
g
n
a
l
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
O
F
D
M
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
/
d
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
m
o
d
e
l
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
(
i
n
v
e
r
s
e
)
f
o
u
r
i
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
.
Th
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
O
F
D
M
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
m
o
d
e
l
e
d
b
y
i
n
v
e
r
s
e
f
o
u
r
i
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
(
I
F
F
T
)
l
a
y
s
a
f
o
u
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
-
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
e
d
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
,
b
a
s
e
b
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
p
a
s
s
b
a
nd
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
f
o
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
F
igur
e
2.
OFDM
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
,
r
e
c
e
iver
a
nd
R
F
pr
op
a
ga
ti
on
pa
th
A
n
O
F
D
M
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
o
f
a
n
N
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
i
g
n
a
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
i
s
m
a
p
p
e
d
t
o
a
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
p
a
c
e
s
p
a
n
n
e
d
b
y
a
n
o
r
t
h
o
g
o
n
a
l
b
a
s
i
s
(
2
∆
)
w
i
t
h
k
th
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
w
h
e
r
e
=
(
0
,
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
−
1
)
.
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
a
n
d
a
d
d
i
t
i
v
e
w
h
i
t
e
G
a
u
s
s
i
a
n
n
o
i
s
e
(
A
W
G
N
)
o
f
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
f
o
r
p
a
s
s
b
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
i
n
t
h
e
R
F
b
a
n
d
.
B
y
d
e
f
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
g
a
i
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
b
a
n
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
a
s
s
b
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
h
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
A
W
G
N
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
b
y
a
m
o
d
e
l
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
b
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
s
s
b
a
n
d
.
A
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
m
i
x
e
r
t
h
a
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
u
p
-
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
i
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
b
y
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
a
n
d
a
b
a
s
e
b
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
r
e
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
m
i
x
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
-
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
s
t
h
e
p
a
s
s
b
a
n
d
r
e
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
n
t
o
a
b
a
s
e
b
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
s
i
g
n
a
l
u
s
i
n
g
in
-
p
h
a
s
e
/
q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
(
I
/
Q
s
i
g
n
a
l
)
r
e
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
t
h
o
g
o
n
a
l
b
a
s
i
s
t
o
t
h
e
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
a
r
e
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
s
i
g
n
a
l
(
d
k
∈
C
)
m
a
p
p
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
e
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
Q
A
M
(
qu
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
)
a
n
d
Q
P
S
K
(
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
p
h
a
s
e
s
h
i
f
t
k
e
y
i
n
g
)
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
e
r
i
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
f
t
e
r
s
i
g
n
a
l
c
o
d
i
n
g
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
F
o
u
r
i
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
2
)
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
(
)
=
[
0
,
]
(
)
(
∑
∙
2
∆
−
1
=
0
)
=
1
,
(
)
∈
ℂ
[
0
,
]
(
1
)
w
h
e
r
e
[
0
,
]
(
)
=
{
1
|
|
≤
0
|
|
>
(
2
)
L
N
A
R
e
ce
i
ve
r
l
o
ca
l
syn
t
h
e
si
ze
r
PL
L
Q
m
i
xe
r
I
m
i
xe
r
π
/
2
Receiver
D
a
t
e
P
A
Pa
ra
l
l
e
l
Se
ri
a
l
T
ra
n
sm
i
t
t
e
r
l
o
ca
l
syn
t
h
e
si
ze
r
PL
L
Q
m
i
xe
r
I
m
i
xe
r
OFDM modulator
π
/
2
Tran
smitte
r
D
a
t
e
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
I
F
F
T
Se
ri
a
l
Pa
ra
l
l
e
l
Pa
ra
l
l
e
l
Se
ri
a
l
OFD
M de
mod
ulator
F
F
T
Se
ri
a
l
Pa
ra
l
l
e
l
D
A
C
L
PF
L
PF
A
D
C
A
D
C
L
PF
L
PF
G
C
A
G
C
A
G
C
A
D
C
o
f
f
se
t
ca
n
ce
l
D
C
o
f
f
se
t
ca
n
ce
l
Mo
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
D
e
mo
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
D
C
o
f
f
se
t
co
n
t
ro
l
G
C
A
Au
t
o
g
a
i
n
co
n
t
ro
l
In
-
p
h
a
se
si
g
n
a
l
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
si
g
n
a
l
I
F
a
mp
l
i
f
i
e
r
I
F
a
mp
l
i
f
i
e
r
In
-
p
h
a
se
si
g
n
a
l
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
si
g
n
a
l
～
D
A
C
Sa
mp
l
i
n
g
f
re
q
u
e
n
cy
syn
ch
ro
n
i
e
r
～
tx
ref
f
_
rx
ref
f
_
tx
smp
f
_
tx
l
oc
f
_
rx
loc
f
_
+
N
o
i
se
Pa
ssb
a
n
d
si
g
n
a
l
Ba
se
b
a
n
d
si
g
n
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
OF
DM
s
y
nc
hr
on
iz
ati
on
s
y
s
tem
us
ing
w
av
e
let
tr
an
s
for
m
for
s
y
mbol
r
ate
de
tec
ti
on
(
M
as
ar
u
Saw
ada
)
1663
w
h
e
r
e
(
)
=
{
2
(
2
(
0
.
5
+
)
)
1
2
(
2
(
−
0
.
5
(
−
)
+
)
)
T
ypica
ll
y,
OFDM
f
o
r
ms
a
f
ini
te
-
dim
e
ns
ional
s
ignal
s
pa
c
e
with
N
-
c
ha
nn
e
l
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
,
a
nd
s
ymbol
si
gna
ls
a
r
e
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
ve
c
tor
s
{d
k
}
of
the
c
ons
tellation
map.
T
he
s
ymbol
s
ignal
is
include
d
in
a
c
ompl
e
x
-
va
lued
c
onti
nu
ous
f
unc
ti
on
C
on
a
b
ounde
d
c
los
e
d
int
e
r
va
l
[
a
,
b
]
,
a
nd
is
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
a
s
a
s
ignal
s
pa
c
e
s
pa
nn
e
d
by
a
n
N
th
-
or
de
r
ba
s
is
.
T
he
window
f
unc
ti
on
is
a
n
idea
l
r
e
c
tangula
r
pu
ls
e
f
unc
ti
on
(
[
0
,
]
(
)
)
with
the
ti
me
domain
f
o
r
I
/Q
s
ignal
(
16
c
ha
nne
ls
)
a
s
de
picte
d
in
F
igur
e
3
,
a
nd
(
)
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
in
ti
me
a
nd
f
r
e
que
nc
y
domain
is
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igu
r
e
4
(
T
S
Y
M
de
notes
the
s
a
mpl
ing
pe
r
iod)
.
Als
o,
due
to
the
dis
c
onti
nuit
y
be
twe
e
n
a
djac
e
nt
s
ymbol
s
ignals
,
the
window
f
unc
t
ion
(
)
that
a
ll
e
viate
s
dis
c
onti
n
uit
y
ha
s
a
r
oll
-
of
f
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
of
the
f
r
a
me
whe
n
the
s
ignal
is
s
li
ghtl
y
a
tt
e
nua
ted
a
t
b
oth
e
nds
of
the
s
ymbol
s
ignal,
a
s
s
hown
in
(
2)
.
Als
o,
the
p
il
ot
s
ignal
(
)
is
a
known
pe
r
iodi
c
s
ignal
include
d
in
the
c
ons
tellation
(
)
:
(
)
=
(
[
0
,
]
(
)
(
∑
∙
2
ｔ
−
1
=
0
)
2
ｔ
)
(
3)
ℎ
=
1
(
)
∈
ℝ
.
F
igur
e
2
a
ls
o
s
hows
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
a
nd
r
e
c
e
iver
a
na
log
s
ignal
model
with
the
mi
xe
r
pe
r
f
or
mi
ng
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
hif
t
ope
r
a
ti
on
whe
r
e
the
ba
s
e
ba
nd
s
ignal
is
c
onve
r
ted
to
a
pa
s
s
ba
nd
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
the
R
F
ba
nd
by
the
upc
onve
r
s
ion
mi
xe
r
a
t
the
loca
l
f
r
e
que
nc
y
(
f
Lo
(H
z
)
)
a
nd
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
a
s
a
pa
s
s
ba
nd
s
ignal
T
p
(
t)
.
I
n
thi
s
wa
y
,
t
he
r
e
c
e
ivi
n
g
s
ys
tem
a
mpl
if
ies
the
powe
r
of
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
a
f
f
e
c
ted
by
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
a
nd
c
ompens
a
tes
f
or
th
e
dis
tor
ti
on
of
the
s
ignal
by
e
qua
li
z
ing
the
p
r
o
pa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s.
F
igur
e
3.
T
im
e
-
domain
I
/Q
s
ignal
(
16
c
ha
nne
ls
)
F
igu
r
e
4.
(
)
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
in
ti
me
a
nd
f
r
e
que
nc
y
dom
a
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1658
-
1670
1664
3.
3.
T
h
e
O
F
DM
p
r
oc
e
s
s
in
g
s
ys
t
e
m
m
od
e
l
W
e
de
v
e
l
op
a
n
o
r
th
og
on
a
l
f
r
e
q
ue
n
c
y
d
iv
is
io
n
mu
lt
ip
le
x
in
g
(
O
F
DM
)
s
i
gn
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
in
g
m
o
de
l
ba
s
e
d
on
t
he
I
E
E
E
80
2
.
1
1a
s
ta
nda
r
d
[
2
3
]
u
nde
r
th
e
a
s
s
um
pt
io
n
tha
t
th
e
s
u
bc
a
r
r
ie
r
a
nd
c
a
r
r
ie
r
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
a
r
e
s
y
nc
h
r
on
iz
e
d
a
mo
ng
the
t
r
a
ns
c
e
ive
r
s
[
2
4
]
.
Ne
xt
,
w
e
p
r
o
pos
e
a
n
a
l
go
r
it
h
m
to
d
e
t
e
c
t
th
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
que
nc
y
o
f
f
s
e
t
f
r
om
a
n
a
s
ync
h
r
o
no
us
s
ys
te
m
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
tr
a
ns
mi
t
te
r
a
nd
r
e
c
e
ive
r
to
r
e
a
l
iz
e
a
s
y
nc
hr
on
ous
s
ys
te
m
.
P
a
r
t
i
c
u
la
r
l
y
,
t
he
a
lg
o
r
i
th
m
c
a
n
de
tec
t
th
e
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
o
f
f
s
e
t
be
twe
e
n
th
e
t
r
a
ns
c
e
iv
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
pe
r
io
di
c
a
l
a
nd
k
no
wn
pr
e
a
m
ble
s
i
n
the
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
s
ig
na
l
f
o
r
m
us
i
ng
t
he
w
a
ve
le
t
s
ig
na
l
a
n
a
l
ys
is
.
T
he
ove
r
a
l
l
I
E
E
E
80
2
.
1
1a
OF
DM
lay
e
r
c
on
f
ig
u
r
a
ti
on
is
d
e
p
ic
te
d
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
5
,
i
n
w
hi
c
h
th
e
be
gi
nn
i
ng
of
t
he
p
a
c
ke
t
is
de
tec
te
d
f
r
o
m
t
he
pe
r
i
od
ica
l
s
ig
na
l
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
a
m
bl
e
t
o
a
c
qu
i
r
e
a
n
d
t
r
a
c
k
th
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
qu
e
n
c
y
a
nd
s
ub
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
q
ue
n
c
y
be
twe
e
n
th
e
t
r
a
ns
c
e
i
ve
r
s
.
F
igur
e
5.
I
E
E
E
802
.
11a
OFDM
L
a
ye
r
C
onf
igur
a
ti
on
3.
4.
T
h
e
OF
D
M
m
od
u
la
t
ion
a
n
d
d
e
m
od
u
lat
ion
wit
h
s
u
b
-
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
or
t
h
ogo
n
al
b
as
is
Ac
c
or
ding
to
I
E
E
E
802
.
11a
-
1999
(
R
2003)
[
2
5
]
,
th
e
ba
s
e
ba
nd
OFDM
modul
a
ti
on
c
a
n
be
identif
ied
f
r
om
(
4)
a
s
f
oll
ows
:
,
(
)
=
(
)
(
∑
,
∙
2
∙
(
)
∙
∆
(
−
)
−
1
=
0
+
+
1
∑
∙
2
∙
∙
∆
(
−
)
2
=
−
2
)
(
4)
whe
r
e
the
s
ignal
point
s
on
the
I
magina
r
y
a
nd
Qua
d
r
a
tur
e
c
ompl
e
x
plane
s
a
r
e
de
picte
d
in
F
igur
e
5
.
T
ypica
ll
y,
the
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
ignals
of
a
n
or
thono
r
mal
ba
s
e
(
{
2
∆
}
)
a
r
e
mappe
d
a
c
c
or
ding
to
F
our
ier
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
m
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
Als
o,
the
s
ymbol
length
is
li
mi
te
d
by
the
window
f
unc
ti
on
with
r
oll
-
of
f
,
a
s
s
hown
in
(
2
)
.
4.
T
HE
P
ROP
OS
E
D
O
F
DM
S
YN
CHRONI
Z
AT
I
ON
S
YST
E
M
DE
S
I
GN
USI
NG
T
HE
WAV
E
L
E
T
T
RA
NSF
ORM
I
n
thi
s
s
e
c
ti
on,
given
that
the
s
ymbol
s
ignal
is
li
mi
ted
to
a
f
in
it
e
ti
me
by
a
window
f
unc
ti
on
(
r
e
c
tangula
r
wa
ve
f
or
m
with
r
oll
-
of
f
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
i
s
ti
c
s
)
,
we
de
s
ign
a
n
OFD
M
S
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
M
ode
l
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
to
a
f
e
a
s
ibl
e
a
nd
e
f
f
icie
nt
T
im
ing
R
e
c
ove
r
y
S
ys
tem
f
or
the
s
ymbol
r
a
te
de
tec
ti
on
us
ing
w
a
ve
let
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
in
whic
h
the
window
f
unc
ti
on
is
e
qua
li
z
e
d
to
c
ompens
a
te
f
or
wa
ve
f
or
m
dis
tor
ti
on
d
ue
to
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
OF
DM
s
y
nc
hr
on
iz
ati
on
s
y
s
tem
us
ing
w
av
e
let
tr
an
s
for
m
for
s
y
mbol
r
ate
de
tec
ti
on
(
M
as
ar
u
Saw
ada
)
1665
4.
1.
T
i
m
in
g
r
e
c
ove
r
y
s
ys
t
e
m
(
T
RS)
OFDM
s
ys
tems
us
e
s
ymbol
or
thogonali
ty
be
t
we
e
n
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
to
mul
ti
p
lex
s
ymbol
r
a
te
da
t
a
a
nd
s
e
pa
r
a
tes
a
s
ymbol
r
a
te
c
lock
c
omponent
t
ha
t
s
e
pa
r
a
tes
s
ymbol
a
nd
it
s
r
a
te
c
lock
c
omponent
f
r
om
a
r
e
c
e
ived
f
r
a
me.
H
owe
ve
r
,
the
o
r
thogonalit
y
o
f
the
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
ignal
c
a
n
be
los
t
by
the
dis
to
r
ti
on
of
the
s
ymbol
s
ignal’
s
window
f
unc
ti
on
(
r
e
c
tangula
r
wa
ve
f
or
m
with
r
oll
-
of
f
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
)
due
to
the
s
ymbol
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
.
A
s
ymbol
s
ign
a
l
c
ons
is
ti
ng
of
m
ult
ipl
e
xe
d
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
c
a
n
be
r
e
a
li
z
e
d
by
de
tec
ti
ng
dis
c
onti
nuit
ies
be
twe
e
n
a
d
jac
e
nt
s
ymbol
s
of
OFDM
s
ignals
.
T
o
e
xt
r
a
c
t
the
s
ymbol
r
a
t
e
c
lock,
the
de
modul
a
ti
on
of
a
s
ymbol
is
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
by
s
a
mpl
ing
the
s
ymbol
with
a
c
lock
obtaine
d
by
mul
ti
plyi
ng
the
r
e
p
r
oduc
e
d
s
ymbol
r
a
te
c
lock
by
the
number
of
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
(
N
0
)
,
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
mi
ng
F
our
ier
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m.
T
ypica
ll
y,
we
pr
opos
e
the
OFDM
T
R
S
via
t
he
f
oll
owing
c
onf
igur
a
ti
on
s
teps
:
-
Us
e
s
the
wa
ve
f
or
m
e
qua
li
z
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
to
mai
ntain
or
thogonalit
y
be
twe
e
n
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s;
-
R
e
c
ove
r
s
ymbol
r
a
te
c
lock
by
de
tec
ti
ng
dis
c
onti
nuit
y
of
a
djac
e
nt
s
ymbol
s
of
OFDM
s
ignals
;
-
R
e
ge
ne
r
a
te
the
s
a
mpl
ing
c
lock
mul
ti
pli
e
d
by
the
s
ymbol
c
lock;
-
T
r
a
c
k
the
s
a
mpl
ing
ti
mi
ng
us
ing
the
pil
ot
s
ignal
e
x
tr
a
c
ti
on
by
mu
lt
ipl
e
r
e
s
olut
ions
.
Als
o,
in
thi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
to
r
e
a
li
z
e
a
f
e
a
s
ibl
e
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
T
R
S
,
we
a
dopt
a
method
whic
h
is
s
uit
a
ble
f
or
ha
r
dwa
r
e
im
pleme
ntation
f
r
o
m
the
d
is
c
r
e
te
w
a
ve
l
e
t
c
ompl
e
x
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
a
s
de
f
ined
in
[
2
6
]
.
T
he
de
ta
il
of
the
ha
r
dwa
r
e
im
pleme
ntation
will
be
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d
in
a
not
he
r
pa
pe
r
.
4.
2.
T
h
e
OF
DM
t
r
an
s
c
e
iver
s
yn
c
h
r
on
izat
ion
m
o
d
e
l
f
or
s
ym
b
ol
c
lock
r
a
t
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
ion
I
n
the
a
na
log
s
ignal
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
model
,
the
r
a
ndom
nois
e
is
s
upe
r
im
pos
e
d
on
the
s
ignal
o
f
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
wi
th
a
f
ini
te
length
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
s
ignal
ha
ving
a
n
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
o
f
s
ignal
powe
r
,
i
n
whic
h
s
ignal
f
il
ter
ing
c
or
r
e
s
ponds
to
the
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
s
ymbol
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
.
T
he
r
e
c
e
pti
on
s
ys
tem
a
mpl
if
ies
the
powe
r
o
f
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
a
f
f
e
c
ted
by
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
a
nd
c
ompens
a
tes
f
or
the
dis
to
r
ti
on
o
f
the
s
ignal
by
e
qua
li
z
ing
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
s
o
that
the
inf
luenc
e
of
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
of
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
de
lay
t
im
e
s
a
nd
r
a
ndom
s
upe
r
im
pos
e
d
no
is
e
c
a
n
be
r
e
duc
e
d.
T
ypica
ll
y
,
the
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
s
ys
tem
de
tec
ts
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
nd
pha
s
e
of
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
c
loc
k
f
r
om
the
r
e
c
e
pti
on
s
ignal
to
r
e
c
ove
r
the
e
nc
ode
d
s
ignal
s
ync
hr
onize
d
with
the
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
c
lock
a
nd
in
c
ludes
a
n
a
na
log
-
to
-
digi
tal
c
onve
r
s
ion
a
nd
a
f
un
c
ti
on
of
e
s
tablis
hing
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
with
the
r
e
c
e
pti
on
s
i
gna
l.
I
t
is
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nted
by
a
dis
c
r
e
te
-
ti
me
s
ignal
p
r
oc
e
s
s
in
g
model
that
de
s
c
r
ibes
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion,
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
th,
a
nd
r
e
c
e
pti
on
s
ys
tem
int
r
oduc
e
s
a
s
ignal
s
pa
c
e
model
by
f
unc
ti
ona
l
a
na
lys
is
.
I
n
OFDM
,
a
s
ignal
in
the
Hilber
t
s
pa
c
e
a
c
ts
a
s
a
li
ne
a
r
s
pa
c
e
in
whic
h
a
n
inner
pr
oduc
t
ope
r
a
ti
on
is
de
f
ined.
OFDM
c
a
n
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
s
ymbol
r
a
te
s
ignals
in
a
s
e
r
ies
e
xpa
ns
ion
with
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
ignals
a
s
or
t
hogona
l
ba
s
e
s
.
T
he
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
va
lue
o
f
s
e
r
ies
e
xpa
ns
ion
c
ons
ti
tut
e
s
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
da
ta.
A
s
ymbol
r
a
te
s
ignal
of
f
ini
te
length
by
s
e
r
ies
e
xpa
ns
ion
r
e
pr
e
s
e
ntation
by
a
n
or
t
h
onor
mal
ba
s
is
is
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
ize
d
s
o
that
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
da
ta
is
r
e
pr
oduc
e
d
by
dis
c
r
e
te
F
our
ier
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
.
S
ync
hr
o
niza
ti
on
in
a
n
OFDM
r
e
c
e
iver
is
c
onduc
ted
by
a
T
R
S
,
whic
h
de
tec
ts
the
c
or
r
e
c
t
s
a
mpl
ing
t
im
ing
f
r
om
a
r
e
c
e
pt
ion
s
ignal
c
onve
r
ted
to
a
n
a
na
log
s
ignal
by
a
n
A
DC
a
nd
s
ync
hr
onize
s
the
c
lock
of
the
r
e
c
e
iver
with
the
r
e
c
e
pti
on
s
ignal.
I
n
the
pr
opos
e
d
OFDM
s
ys
tem,
a
loca
l
os
c
i
ll
a
ti
on
f
r
e
que
nc
y
(
f
l
o
rx
)
upc
onve
r
ts
to
the
c
e
nt
e
r
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
the
wir
e
les
s
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
s
ignal,
whe
r
e
a
s
a
loca
l
os
c
il
lation
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
(
f
l
o
rx
)
downc
onve
r
ts
th
e
wir
e
les
s
r
e
c
e
p
ti
on
s
i
gna
l
,
a
nd
t
he
s
e
s
ub
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
ies
a
r
e
s
yn
c
h
r
on
ize
d
be
tw
e
e
n
t
he
T
r
a
ns
m
it
te
r
(
T
x
)
a
n
d
R
e
c
e
ive
r
(
R
x
)
.
B
y
s
y
nc
h
r
on
iz
in
g
t
he
s
a
mp
l
in
g
c
l
oc
ks
o
f
T
x
a
nd
R
x
,
t
he
s
a
m
pl
in
g
n
um
be
r
s
pe
r
s
y
mb
o
l
r
a
t
e
a
r
e
s
y
nc
h
r
o
ni
z
e
d
.
An
OFDM
s
ys
tem
de
tec
ts
s
ymbol
s
c
ontaining
s
u
bc
a
r
r
ier
s
a
nd
s
ync
hr
onize
s
the
s
ymbol
r
a
te
with
T
x
a
nd
R
x
.
T
he
c
onve
n
ti
ona
l
s
ymbol
r
a
te
de
tec
ti
on
s
ync
hr
onize
s
(
c
or
r
e
s
ponding)
to
the
s
ymbol
ti
mi
n
g
of
R
x
by
the
ti
mi
ng
de
tec
ti
on
of
the
c
e
nter
s
ymbol
by
the
a
utocor
r
e
lation
f
unc
ti
on
o
f
the
pil
ot
s
ig
na
l
f
r
om
the
pe
r
iodi
c
a
l
s
ignal
include
d
in
the
s
ymbol
.
Ove
r
a
l
l,
the
p
r
opos
e
d
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
f
r
a
mew
or
k
in
O
F
DM
us
ing
w
a
ve
let
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
to
de
tec
t
a
nd
c
onf
igur
e
the
S
y
mbol
c
lock
by
c
onve
r
ti
ng
the
ba
s
e
ba
nd
I
/Q
s
ignal
t
o
r
e
a
l
s
ignal,
then
de
c
ompos
e
the
s
ignal
a
nd
de
tec
t
the
s
ymbol
c
lock
r
a
te
via
the
thr
e
s
hold
-
ba
s
e
d
de
c
is
ion
-
making
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
F
inally,
the
s
ys
tem
r
e
c
ons
tr
uc
ts
s
ignal
a
nd
a
na
lyze
s
the
s
ymbol
c
lock
c
omponents
to
r
e
a
li
z
e
a
n
e
f
f
icie
nt
a
nd
f
e
a
s
ibl
e
OFDM
T
r
a
ns
c
e
ive
r
S
ync
hr
o
niza
ti
on
M
ode
l
us
ing
w
a
ve
let
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
.
5.
RE
S
UL
T
S
,
E
VA
L
UA
T
I
ONS
,
AN
D
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
5.
1.
T
h
e
s
im
u
la
t
ion
s
c
e
n
ar
io
an
d
k
e
y
p
ar
am
e
t
e
r
s
W
e
e
va
luate
the
pr
opos
e
d
OFDM
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
a
nd
r
e
c
e
pti
on
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
model
with
w
a
ve
let
by
s
im
ulation,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
1.
T
ypica
ll
y,
we
us
e
w
a
ve
let
s
ignal
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing,
whic
h
is
a
dde
d
to
the
OFDM
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
model
pr
ovided
by
M
a
thwor
ks
M
a
tl
a
b.
F
or
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
in
whic
h
nois
e
is
s
upe
r
im
pos
e
d,
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
r
e
movi
ng
unne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
omponents
f
or
nois
e
c
omponents
a
nd
OFDM
c
ompl
e
x
is
ve
r
if
ied
by
the
s
ignal
de
c
ompos
it
ion,
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
e
lec
ti
on,
a
nd
s
ignal
c
ombi
na
ti
on
by
t
he
w
a
ve
let
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
with
Additi
ve
whi
te
Ga
us
s
ian
nois
e
(
A
W
GN
)
a
s
de
f
ined
in
F
igu
r
e
6.
W
a
ve
let
is
modele
d
by
M
or
let
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1658
-
1670
1666
w
a
ve
let
in
M
a
tl
a
b
be
c
a
us
e
thi
s
kind
of
w
a
ve
let
is
s
uit
a
ble
f
or
or
thogonal
s
ignals
,
a
nd
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
or
thogonal
OFDM
is
e
a
s
y
to
be
obs
e
r
ve
d
in
M
or
let
w
a
ve
let.
T
he
ke
y
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
f
or
s
ys
tem
e
va
luation
in
M
a
tl
a
b
a
r
e
s
umm
a
r
ize
d
in
T
a
ble
1
.
5.
2.
Re
s
u
lt
s
a
n
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
ion
F
igur
e
7
il
l
us
tr
a
tes
the
bit
e
r
r
o
r
r
a
te
(
B
E
R
)
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
in
AW
GN
c
ha
nn
e
l
unde
r
va
r
ious
va
lues
of
f
r
e
que
nc
y
o
f
f
s
e
t
be
twe
e
n
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
a
nd
r
e
c
e
iver
,
whic
h
r
a
nge
s
f
r
om
-
20
kHz
to
20
kHz
.
W
e
obs
e
r
ve
that
f
or
a
ll
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
va
lues
,
the
w
a
ve
let
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
pe
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
ga
ins
a
be
tt
e
r
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
f
or
s
ymbol
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
i
n
ter
ms
of
B
E
R
whe
n
the
E
bN
0
(
e
ne
r
gy
pe
r
bit
to
nois
e
powe
r
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
de
ns
it
y
r
a
ti
o)
va
lue
is
incr
e
a
s
e
d.
Als
o,
w
he
n
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
is
-
20
kHz
,
the
f
r
a
me
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
is
wor
s
t
c
ompa
r
e
d
to
o
ther
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
of
f
s
e
t
va
lue
.
B
e
s
ides
,
a
ll
the
pos
it
ive
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
r
e
a
c
he
s
the
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
tor
y
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
B
E
R
f
or
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
whe
n
the
va
lue
o
f
E
bN
0
is
not
les
s
than
13
dB
,
a
nd
a
mong
the
pos
it
ive
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
va
lues
,
+
20
kHz
s
howe
d
the
be
s
t
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
f
ter
10
dB
.
W
e
then
s
how
that
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
OF
DM
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
model
us
ing
w
a
ve
let
c
a
n
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y
r
e
c
ove
r
s
ymbol
s
in
a
wide
r
a
nge
of
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
va
lues
.
F
igur
e
6
.
E
f
f
e
c
ts
of
s
e
lec
ti
ng
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
s
witching
u
nde
r
dyna
mi
c
c
ondit
ion
T
a
ble
1.
Ke
y
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
f
o
r
s
ys
tem
e
va
luation
in
M
a
tl
a
b
V
a
r
ia
bl
e
T
ype
S
a
mpl
in
g f
r
e
que
nc
y (
H
z
)
20 G
H
z
S
a
mpl
in
g pe
r
io
d (
s
e
c
)
5
∗
10
−
8
N
umbe
r
of
F
r
a
me
s
pe
r
i
te
r
a
ti
on
10
N
umbe
r
of
i
te
r
a
ti
ons
C
ha
nne
l
ty
pe
100
A
W
G
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
OF
DM
s
y
nc
hr
on
iz
ati
on
s
y
s
tem
us
ing
w
av
e
let
tr
an
s
for
m
for
s
y
mbol
r
ate
de
tec
ti
on
(
M
as
ar
u
Saw
ada
)
1667
I
n
F
igu
r
e
8
,
we
pr
e
s
e
nt
the
f
r
a
me
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
ba
s
e
d
on
the
I
E
E
E
802.
11a
s
tanda
r
d
in
the
AW
GN
c
ha
nne
l
.
F
or
a
ll
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
va
lues
,
the
f
r
a
me
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
is
s
tea
dy
whe
n
E
bN
0
is
les
s
than
8
dB
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
t
he
non
-
pos
it
ive
of
f
s
e
t
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
(
-
20
kHz
,
-
10
kHz
,
a
nd
0
kHz
)
c
a
n
ga
in
a
lowe
r
B
E
R
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
c
ompar
e
d
to
that
of
pos
it
ive
of
f
s
e
t
f
r
e
que
nc
y,
e
s
pe
c
ially
whe
n
E
bN
0
va
lue
is
gr
e
a
ter
than
8
dB
.
Ove
r
a
ll
,
the
e
va
luation
r
e
s
ult
s
s
how
that
the
pr
opos
e
d
OFDM
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
model
with
T
R
S
us
ing
w
a
ve
let
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
(
c
onf
or
med
to
the
I
E
E
E
80
2.
11
s
tanda
r
d)
c
a
n
he
lp
to
r
e
duc
e
the
nois
e
a
nd
de
tec
t
the
s
ymbol
pr
e
a
mbl
e
to
r
e
a
li
z
e
a
n
e
f
f
icie
nt
OFD
M
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
s
ys
tem
thr
ough
the
nove
l
s
ymbol
c
lock
r
a
te
de
tec
t
ion
mec
ha
nis
m.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ult
s
a
ls
o
s
ugge
s
t
that
by
e
xtr
a
c
ti
ng
c
ha
nne
l
dis
tor
ti
on
a
nd
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
of
f
s
e
t,
the
pr
opos
e
d
OFDM
s
ignal
s
pa
c
e
model
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
method
with
the
o
r
thogonal
ba
s
is
us
ing
w
a
ve
let
a
na
lys
is
c
a
n
be
e
xpa
nde
d
to
a
wide
r
a
nge
of
c
omm
unica
ti
o
n
s
ys
tems
.
F
igur
e
7.
B
it
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
p
r
opos
e
d
wa
ve
let
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
with
va
r
ious
va
lues
of
f
r
e
que
nc
y
o
f
f
s
e
t
in
AW
GN
F
igur
e
8.
F
r
a
me
e
r
r
o
r
r
a
te
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
the
pr
op
os
e
d
wa
ve
let
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
with
va
r
ious
va
lues
of
f
r
e
que
nc
y
o
f
f
s
e
t
i
n
AW
GN
6.
CONC
L
USI
ON
AN
D
F
UT
UR
E
WORK
As
in
OFDM
,
it
is
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
s
ync
hr
onize
to
t
he
s
ymbol
r
a
te,
the
loca
l
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
onve
r
s
ion,
a
nd
the
s
a
mpl
ing
ti
mi
ng,
in
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
we
p
r
opos
e
a
method
to
e
s
tablis
h
OFDM
s
ymbol
r
a
te
s
ync
hr
o
niza
ti
on
by
pr
ojec
ti
ng
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
onto
c
ompl
e
x
s
ignal
s
pa
c
e
of
or
thogonal
ba
s
e
s
of
r
e
c
e
iver
c
lock
s
ys
tem
ba
s
e
d
on
w
a
ve
let
s
ignal
a
na
lys
i
s
a
nd
r
e
c
ove
r
y.
S
ymbol
r
a
te
ti
mi
ng
is
a
method
of
e
xtr
a
c
ti
ng
a
c
lock
wa
ve
-
f
or
m
s
ync
hr
onize
d
with
a
s
ymbol
r
a
te
thr
ough
the
de
-
nois
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
w
i
th
a
mu
lt
ir
e
s
olut
ion
a
na
lys
is
that
d
e
tec
ts
dis
c
onti
nuit
ies
be
twe
e
n
s
ymbol
s
.
W
e
pr
opos
e
a
n
ove
l
T
R
S
methodology
f
oc
us
ing
on
f
r
a
me
s
ync
hr
oniza
ti
on
a
nd
c
lock
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
r
e
c
ove
r
y
that
is
ba
s
e
d
on
a
s
ignal
pr
ojec
ti
on
by
a
s
ync
hr
onous
ove
r
s
a
mpl
ing,
ins
tea
d
of
the
f
e
e
dba
c
k
loop
c
ontr
ol
a
s
in
t
he
c
onve
nti
ona
l
s
ymbol
ti
mi
ng
r
e
c
ove
r
y
methods
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.