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In
[
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[
3
-
5
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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n
o
lo
g
y
/
o
p
er
atio
n
-
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
T
/OT
)
d
ig
itizat
io
n
.
An
o
th
er
s
m
ar
tg
r
i
d
co
n
ce
p
t
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
u
s
in
g
Z
ig
B
ee
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
6
]
,
wh
ile
in
[
7
]
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
W
iFi
,
an
d
W
iMa
x
)
is
also
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
Oth
er
r
e
f
e
r
en
ce
s
th
at
d
is
cu
s
s
e
d
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
PE
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
L
V
n
etwo
r
k
ar
e
[
8
-
1
0
]
.
In
[
1
1
]
d
is
cu
s
s
es PE
in
s
m
ar
t g
r
i
d
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
s
y
s
tem
as
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t (
AC
)
to
d
ir
ec
t c
u
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
r
ec
tifie
r
.
W
h
ile
t
h
e
elec
t
r
icity
g
en
e
r
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
is
AC
,
th
e
n
its
r
ec
ti
f
ie
d
DC
elec
tr
icity
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
DC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
e
an
d
af
ter
war
d
b
ein
g
f
ed
in
to
b
atter
y
an
d
as
th
e
r
eser
v
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
icity
.
L
ater
th
e
DC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
e
is
d
ir
ec
ted
to
th
e
DC
to
AC
in
v
er
ter
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
AC
elec
tr
icity
.
In
[
1
2
-
1
5
]
r
ev
iew
PE
as
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
i
n
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
f
u
e
l
ce
lls
s
y
s
tem
th
at
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
Usi
n
g
a
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
o
r
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
,
it
m
ig
h
t
m
e
e
t
u
p
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
u
n
r
eg
u
lated
v
o
ltag
e,
lo
w
v
o
lt
ag
e,
lo
w
cu
r
r
en
t
d
e
n
s
ity
,
an
d
u
n
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
.
A
h
y
b
r
i
d
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
with
a
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it
(
i.e
.
,
b
atter
y
o
r
a
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
o
r
o
th
e
r
ex
ter
n
al
s
u
p
p
lies
)
ca
n
s
tab
ilize
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
to
b
alan
ce
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
co
n
d
itio
n
in
th
e
f
u
el
ce
ll.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
as
th
e
m
ain
elem
en
t
o
f
a
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
also
p
u
t
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t.
In
[
1
6
,
1
7
]
m
itig
ate
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
o
f
PE
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
wav
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
P
E
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
a
l
l
o
w
s
t
o
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
a
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
a
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
A
C
-
DC
-
A
C
g
r
i
d
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
i
n
g
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
i
p
s
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y.
Sin
ce
th
ey
k
n
o
wn
as
h
y
b
r
id
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
,
in
[
1
8
]
ex
p
licitly
r
ev
iews
th
at
PE
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
tili
ty
th
at
s
o
u
r
ce
d
b
y
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
win
d
p
o
wer
,
f
u
el
ce
lls
an
d
wav
e
en
er
g
y
is
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
tr
e
n
d
s
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
f
o
r
th
at
r
ea
s
o
n
,
t
h
is
p
ap
er
th
en
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
th
e
a
d
v
an
ce
d
PE
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
in
teg
r
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
o
f
PV,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
an
d
wav
e
en
er
g
y
wh
er
ea
s
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tab
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
clea
n
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
its
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
p
u
t
in
t
o
ac
c
o
u
n
t.
T
h
e
r
est o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
ar
r
an
g
ed
as f
o
llo
w,
th
e
b
r
ief
ly
co
m
m
o
n
in
s
tallatio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
f
P
Vs,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
f
u
el
ce
ll,
wav
e
en
er
g
y
an
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
th
eir
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
L
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
ar
e
d
escr
i
b
e
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
Ob
v
io
u
s
ly
,
PEs
o
f
th
o
s
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
also
b
r
ief
ly
d
escr
ib
ed
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
d
escr
ib
ed
all
th
o
s
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
PEs
o
f
th
e
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
y
s
tem
s
alto
g
eth
er
i
n
s
u
ch
way
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
L
V
f
e
ed
er
as
th
e
a
d
v
an
ce
d
PE
a
r
r
an
g
em
en
ts
th
at
in
te
g
r
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
a
d
v
an
c
ed
PE
ar
r
a
n
g
em
e
n
t th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
as
th
e
m
a
in
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
f
u
r
th
e
r
co
n
ce
p
t c
an
b
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
s
u
ch
as th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SYS
T
E
M
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
is
ex
p
lain
in
g
ea
ch
DG
s
y
s
tem
n
am
ely
PV
s
y
s
te
m
,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
f
u
el
ce
lls
,
wav
e
en
er
g
y
an
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it,
wh
ic
h
th
en
th
e
y
alto
g
eth
e
r
in
teg
r
at
ed
in
to
th
e
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
2
.
1
.
G
rid
-
co
nn
ec
t
ed
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
Sin
ce
it
h
as
b
ee
n
o
v
er
v
iewe
d
in
[
8
]
,
t
h
r
ee
tr
e
n
d
s
h
a
v
e
in
te
r
r
u
p
ted
th
e
a
n
cien
t
u
tili
ty
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
As
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
it
f
r
o
m
p
l
an
ts
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
m
eter
s
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
,
d
ec
en
tr
ali
za
tio
n
an
d
I
T
/OT
d
ig
itizatio
n
,
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
an
d
clea
n
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
o
v
er
d
ec
ad
es.
Gr
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
PV
is
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
PE,
s
u
ch
as
a
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
ca
n
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
m
ax
im
u
m
h
ar
v
ested
s
u
n
en
e
r
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
PV
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
[
1
7
-
1
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
PE
th
at
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
t
er
ex
tr
ac
ts
as
m
u
ch
DC
v
o
ltag
e
as
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
PV
ar
r
ay
an
d
co
n
v
er
ts
it
in
t
o
clea
n
m
ain
s
AC
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
r
i
g
h
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
f
o
r
f
ee
d
in
g
in
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
o
r
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
ly
i
n
g
d
o
m
esti
c
lo
ad
s
at
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
id
es.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
s
y
s
tem
o
f
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
PV
with
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
b
atter
y
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
th
i
s
s
y
s
tem
is
in
s
talled
at
th
e
r
o
o
f
to
p
o
f
a
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
.
PV
tak
es
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
n
an
d
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
co
n
v
er
ts
it
in
to
elec
tr
ically
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
is
u
s
ed
t
o
r
u
n
ap
p
lian
ce
s
o
r
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
b
atter
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[
2
6
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,
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,
[
2
6
]
s
tated
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at
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u
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ll
also
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its
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o
r
DG
ap
p
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u
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5
illu
s
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ates
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r
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o
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g
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[
2
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u
r
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ates
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[
2
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Fig
u
r
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5
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PE
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Fig
u
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6
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to
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Acc
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to
[
2
8
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,
it
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ar
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S
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2
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4
.
G
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v
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nerg
y
s
y
s
t
em
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
2
9
]
,
s
ev
er
al
p
er
s
u
asiv
e
ar
g
u
m
en
ts
o
f
u
s
in
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th
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wav
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tech
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n
am
ely
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ig
h
-
p
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wer
d
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s
ity
a
n
d
m
o
r
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ce
r
tain
co
m
p
ar
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to
s
o
lar
an
d
w
in
d
en
e
r
g
y
.
I
t
is
p
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p
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s
in
g
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h
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ce
p
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s
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y
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tech
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ate
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.
Fig
u
r
e
7
illu
s
tr
ates
PE
th
at
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
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etwe
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at
o
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ter
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Acc
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[
3
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W
h
ile,
in
[
3
1
]
it
s
tated
t
h
at
PE
also
m
ee
ts
an
im
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o
r
tan
t
f
u
n
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F
ig
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re
7
.
P
E
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h
ro
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h
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rid
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n
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e
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ted
wa
v
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m
2
.
5
.
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a
t
t
er
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un
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A
ty
p
ical
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n
f
ig
u
r
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f
g
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d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
r
ec
tifie
r
an
d
d
c
ch
o
p
p
e
r
as
th
e
PEs
th
at
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
en
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g
y
f
lo
w
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
B
atter
y
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
elec
tr
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en
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g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
AC
g
r
id
.
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h
e
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
ch
o
p
p
er
is
u
s
ed
to
b
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ically
an
d
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
b
atter
y
.
B
esid
es
r
eg
u
latin
g
s
y
s
tem
v
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ltag
e
an
d
f
r
e
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en
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y
,
t
h
e
ch
o
p
p
e
r
is
a
ls
o
ab
le
to
r
ea
ct
t
o
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
lo
ad
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
witch
in
g
an
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
en
th
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
af
e
g
u
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
n
o
t to
f
lu
ct
u
ate
b
ey
o
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
lim
its
[
3
2
]
.
In
[
3
3
]
s
tated
th
at
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
ize
an
d
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
b
atter
y
as
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it
is
h
ig
h
ly
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
.
Sin
ce
b
att
er
y
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
s
im
u
late
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
d
u
r
in
g
a
s
izin
g
an
d
p
lace
m
e
n
t
p
la
n
n
in
g
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
[
3
4
]
,
wh
en
DGs
ar
e
alo
n
g
th
e
L
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ee
d
er
,
lo
ad
lev
eli
n
g
,
p
ea
k
s
h
av
in
g
an
d
p
o
we
r
d
e
m
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ar
e
m
ajo
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
a
g
r
i
d
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
atter
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
(
B
E
SS
)
,
esp
ec
iall
y
in
an
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
f
o
r
lo
ad
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
(
L
F
C
)
is
s
u
es.
In
[
3
4
]
h
as
r
ev
iewe
d
in
d
etail
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies o
f
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
L
FC
s
er
v
ice
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
I
n
teg
r
a
ted
a
r
r
a
n
g
eme
n
t o
f a
d
va
n
ce
d
p
o
w
er e
lectro
n
ics th
r
o
u
g
h
h
y
b
r
id
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
ystem
(
N
elly
S
a
fitr
i
)
3207
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Gr
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
atte
r
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
ad
v
a
n
c
ed
PE
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
(
co
n
v
er
te
r
,
in
v
er
te
r
,
r
ec
tifie
r
an
d
d
c
ch
o
p
p
e
r
)
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
th
at
h
as in
teg
r
ate
d
DGs su
ch
as
PVs
,
win
d
t u
r
b
i
n
e,
f
u
el
ce
lls
an
d
wav
e
en
er
g
y
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
d
u
e
to
f
u
lf
ill
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tab
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
clea
n
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
th
e
lo
a
d
s
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
illu
s
tr
ates
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
th
at
wo
r
k
s
at
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
5
0
Hz
wh
er
e
DGs
an
d
PEs
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
E
ac
h
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
s
s
ep
ar
ately
alo
n
g
th
e
f
ee
d
e
r
.
T
h
e
d
ec
e
n
tr
aliza
tio
n
o
f
DGs
n
ee
d
to
b
e
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
tin
g
in
s
u
ch
way
till
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
L
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
y
s
tem
n
o
t o
n
ly
well
-
b
ala
n
c
ed
at
th
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
’
s
id
e,
b
u
t
also
at
th
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
tatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
r
i
d
to
lo
a
d
at
th
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
id
e
I
n
PV sy
s
tem
,
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
ex
tr
ac
ts
DC
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV a
r
r
ay
an
d
co
n
v
er
ts
it in
to
AC
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
f
ee
d
in
g
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
o
r
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
d
o
m
esti
c
lo
ad
s
at
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
id
es.
I
n
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
s
y
s
tem
,
as
th
e
DG
g
en
er
ates
th
e
win
d
in
to
elec
tr
icity
,
r
ec
tifie
r
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
A
C
v
o
ltag
e
in
to
DC
an
d
f
ee
d
s
th
e
b
atter
y
.
I
n
v
er
te
r
th
en
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
i
n
to
AC
th
en
t
r
an
s
m
its
it
to
th
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
.
I
n
f
u
el
ce
lls
s
y
s
tem
,
f
u
el
ce
lls
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
DG
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
ca
n
ess
en
tially
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
b
at
ter
ies.
Fu
el
ce
ll
o
p
er
ates
at
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
DC
,
an
d
f
o
r
th
at
r
ea
s
o
n
,
it
is
n
ee
d
to
b
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
8
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
320
2
-
3
2
0
9
3208
b
o
o
s
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
DC
ch
o
p
p
er
an
d
i
n
v
er
ts
in
to
AC
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
its
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
th
e
u
t
ilit
y
g
r
id
.
I
n
wav
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
th
at
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
at
th
e
g
en
er
at
o
r
ter
m
i
n
al
co
n
v
er
ts
AC
v
o
ltag
e
in
to
DC
an
d
an
d
f
ee
d
s
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
.
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
h
e
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
s
t
h
e
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
i
n
t
o
A
C
t
h
e
n
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
s
i
t
t
o
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
As
f
o
r
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
it,
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
an
d
DC
ch
o
p
p
er
n
ee
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
elec
tr
ic
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
D
C
ch
o
p
p
er
also
p
lay
s
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
les
as
it
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
e
g
u
latin
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
b
u
t
al
s
o
ab
le
to
r
e
ac
t
to
in
s
tan
tan
e
o
u
s
lo
ad
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
witch
in
g
a
n
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
ce
p
t
wh
ich
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
o
f
PE
an
d
th
eir
in
teg
r
ated
to
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
it
is
ex
p
lain
ed
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
d
esig
n
ed
co
n
ce
p
t
th
at
is
g
iv
en
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
tr
en
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
ce
p
t
also
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
o
d
er
n
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
,
w
h
ich
co
m
b
in
es
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
DGs,
an
d
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
All
th
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
teg
r
atio
n
is
th
en
b
e
co
m
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
e
x
t
en
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
f
PEs.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
co
n
ce
p
t
m
ig
h
t
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
a
n
s
wer
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
u
tili
ty
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
f
u
lf
il
l
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tab
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
clea
n
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
th
e
lo
a
d
s
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
As
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
tr
e
n
d
,
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
o
f
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
D
Gs
ca
n
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
an
d
p
o
we
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
alo
n
g
th
e
f
ee
d
er
.
T
h
is
is
a
ls
o
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
f
u
tu
r
e
wo
r
k
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
ce
p
t
eith
er
in
s
im
u
latio
n
o
r
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
ce
p
t
is
co
n
d
u
cted
to
f
u
lf
ill
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
jo
u
r
n
al
p
ap
e
r
s
,
wh
ich
is
f
u
n
d
ed
an
d
ev
alu
ated
as
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
d
icato
r
o
f
s
taf
f
at
th
e
Ser
v
ice
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
C
en
tr
e
Po
litek
n
ik
Neg
er
i
L
h
o
k
s
eu
m
awe
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
G
.
B
e
n
y
s
e
k
,
M
.
P
.
K
a
z
m
i
e
r
k
o
w
s
k
i
,
J
.
P
o
p
c
z
y
k
,
a
n
d
R
.
S
t
r
z
e
l
e
c
k
i
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
s
a
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
p
a
r
t
o
f
S
m
a
r
t
G
r
i
d
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
–
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
,”
B
u
l
l
e
t
i
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
o
l
i
s
h
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
vol
.
5
9
,
no
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
5
5
-
473
,
2
0
1
1
.
[
2
]
Jo
h
n
D.
M
c
Do
n
a
ld
,
“
G
rid
M
o
d
e
r
n
iza
ti
o
n
,
”
p
re
se
n
ted
a
t
IEE
E
G
a
lv
e
sto
n
B
a
y
S
e
c
ti
o
n
PE
S
J
o
in
t
C
h
a
p
ter
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
3
]
N.
S
a
fit
ri
,
F
.
S
h
a
h
n
ia,
M
.
A.
S
.
M
a
so
u
m
,
“
Co
o
rd
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
si
n
g
le
-
p
h
a
se
ro
o
ft
o
p
P
Vs
in
u
n
b
a
lan
c
e
d
th
re
e
-
p
h
a
se
re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
fe
e
d
e
rs
f
o
r
v
o
lt
a
g
e
p
r
o
fil
e
s
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t,
”
A
u
stra
li
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
13
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
77
-
90
,
2
0
1
5.
[
4
]
Z.
Zam
z
a
m
i,
N.
S
a
fit
ri,
F
.
F
a
u
z
i
,
“
No
n
-
u
n
if
o
rm
Ro
o
fto
p
P
Vs
D
istri
b
u
t
io
n
Eff
e
c
t
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
Vo
lt
a
g
e
P
ro
fi
le
in
Re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
F
e
e
d
e
r
,”
T
E
L
KOM
N
IKA
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
vol
.
1
6
,
no
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
8
-
1
3
9
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
5
]
N
.
S
a
f
i
t
r
i
,
F
.
S
h
a
h
n
i
a
,
M
.
A
.
S
.
M
a
s
o
u
m
,
“
M
o
n
t
e
C
a
r
l
o
-
b
a
s
e
d
S
t
o
c
h
a
s
t
i
c
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
f
o
r
C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
P
h
a
se
R
o
o
f
t
o
p
P
V
s
i
n
L
o
w
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
R
e
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
359
-
3
7
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
6
]
M
.
A.
S
e
ti
a
wa
n
,
F
.
S
h
a
h
n
ia,
S
.
Ra
jak
a
ru
n
a
,
A.
G
o
sh
,
“
Zi
g
Be
e
-
Ba
se
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
Da
ta
Tran
sfe
r
Wi
th
i
n
F
u
tu
re
M
icro
g
rid
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
ma
rt
Gr
id
,
vol
.
6
,
no
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
2
4
3
-
2
3
5
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
7
]
R.
Ra
c
h
m
a
wa
ti
,
A.
F
a
u
z
iah
,
N.
S
a
fit
ri,
“
Wi
re
les
s
Da
ta
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
to
Co
o
rd
i
n
a
te
Dist
rib
u
te
d
R
o
o
ft
o
p
P
Vs
in
Un
b
a
lan
c
e
d
Th
re
e
-
p
h
a
se
F
e
e
d
e
r,
”
T
EL
KO
M
NIKA
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
vol
.
1
6
,
no.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
1
-
1
1
0
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
8
]
N.
S
a
fit
ri,
Y.
Ya
ss
ir,
R
.
Ra
c
h
m
a
w
a
ti
,
“
El
e
c
tri
fica
ti
o
n
,
De
c
e
n
trali
z
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
I
T/
OT
Di
g
it
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
Ro
o
ft
o
p
P
Vs
in
Re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
F
e
e
d
e
r
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
no.
8
,
pp
.
4
-
1
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
9
]
M
.
Ba
sy
ir
,
S
a
lah
u
d
d
i
n
,
N.
S
a
fit
r
i
,
“
In
v
e
rter
M
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
S
tr
a
teg
ies
fo
r
S
in
g
le
-
P
h
a
se
Ro
o
ft
o
p
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
in
Un
b
a
lan
c
e
Th
re
e
–
P
h
a
se
Re
sid
e
n
t
ial
Ne
two
rk
,
”
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
PP
I
-
UKM
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
no
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
3
5
6
-
2
5
3
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
1
0
]
S
.
Am
ra
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Dire
c
t
-
DC
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
Ba
se
d
o
n
S
in
g
le
-
P
h
a
se
Ro
o
fto
p
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
in
Re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
Lo
w Vo
lt
a
g
e
F
e
e
d
e
r,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
u
lt
i
d
isc
ip
l
in
a
ry
Aca
d
e
mic
s,
vol
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
1
1
]
S
.
P
a
u
l,
M
d
.
S
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
A.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
H.
S
h
a
h
e
d
,
“
Wi
n
d
En
e
rg
y
I
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
&
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
2
0
-
2
2
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
2
]
M
.
S
.
Ali,
S
.
K.
Ka
m
a
ru
d
i
n
,
M
.
S
.
M
a
sd
a
r,
a
n
d
A.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
“
An
Ov
e
rv
iew
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
S
y
ste
m
s: DC
a
n
d
AC
C
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
W
o
rl
d
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
3
]
S
.
M
.
Am
i
n
,
“
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
:
Ov
e
r
v
iew
,
Iss
u
e
s
a
n
d
Op
p
o
rt
u
n
i
ti
e
s
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
C
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
in
S
e
n
sin
g
,
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
S
imu
latio
n
,
O
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
,
”
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
n
t
ro
l
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
4
7
-
5
6
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[
1
4
]
I.
Be
n
a
b
d
a
ll
a
h
,
A.
Ou
n
,
A.
C
h
e
e
rif,
“
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
P
lan
t
b
a
se
d
o
n
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
C
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
no
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
9
9
-
3
0
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
1
5
]
W.
M
il
ler
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
o
we
r
Qu
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
Ro
o
ft
o
p
-
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
H
o
u
se
h
o
l
d
s:
An
Ex
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
e
a
su
re
d
Da
ta
a
t
P
o
i
n
t
o
f
Cu
st
o
m
e
r
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
,
”
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
il
it
y
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
vol
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
1
6
]
M
.
M
o
li
n
a
s,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
o
we
r
e
lec
tr
o
n
ics
a
s
g
rid
in
terfa
c
e
fo
r
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
wa
v
e
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rt
e
rs
,
”
2
0
0
7
IE
EE
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Cle
a
n
El
e
c
trica
l
P
o
we
r
,
2
0
0
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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r
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3209
[
1
7
]
M
.
P
.
Ka
z
m
ierk
o
ws
k
i
a
n
d
M
.
J
a
si
sk
i,
“
P
o
we
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e
c
tro
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f
o
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ted
a
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2
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[
1
8
]
F
.
Blaa
b
jer
g
a
n
d
D.
M
.
I
o
n
e
l
,
“
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
r
g
y
De
v
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s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s
–
S
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
Art
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
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v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
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n
d
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u
tu
re
Tren
d
s
,
”
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e
c
tric
Po
we
r
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o
mp
o
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ts
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n
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y
ste
ms
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o
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rn
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,
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o
l
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1
2
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p
p
.
1
3
1
9
–
1
3
2
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
1
9
]
I.
Alh
a
m
ro
u
n
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
S
E
P
IC
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
fo
r
p
h
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t
o
v
o
l
taic
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
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we
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tro
n
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a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m (IJP
EDS
)
,
vol
.
1
0
,
no
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
0
6
-
4
1
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
2
0
]
A.
Lek
b
ir,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Th
e
Re
c
o
v
e
r
y
o
f
En
e
rg
y
fro
m
a
Hy
b
rid
S
y
ste
m
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
t
h
e
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
Ce
ll
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m (IJP
EDS
),
vol
.
9
,
no
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
5
7
-
9
6
4
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
1
]
A.
Ka
lmik
o
v
a
n
d
K.
Dy
k
e
s,
“
Wi
n
d
P
o
we
r
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals
,
”
p
re
se
n
ted
i
n
M
IT
W
in
d
En
e
rg
y
Gr
o
u
p
&
R
e
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Pro
jec
ts i
n
Acti
o
n
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
2
2
]
A.
M
.
S
.
Y
u
n
u
s,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
in
i
-
M
i
c
ro
Hy
d
r
o
p
o
we
r
P
la
n
ts
P
r
o
g
re
ss
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
:
T
h
e
Eff
e
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
S
u
it
a
b
le
P
ro
jec
ts
fo
r
Iso
late
d
a
n
d
Re
m
o
te Co
m
m
u
n
it
ies
,
”
T
e
st E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
jem
e
n
t
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
8
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
9
-
1
5
1
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
2
3
]
A.
M
.
S
.
Yu
n
u
s,
A.
A
b
u
-
S
iad
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
A.
S
.
M
a
so
u
m
,
“
Eff
e
c
ts
o
f
S
M
E
S
o
n
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs
o
f
ty
p
e
D
-
Wi
n
d
Tu
rb
i
n
e
G
e
n
e
ra
to
r
-
G
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
d
u
rin
g
sh
o
rt
c
irc
u
it
,
”
IEE
E
P
o
w
e
r E
n
e
rg
y
S
o
c
.
Ge
n
.
M
e
e
t.
,
p
p
.
1
1
–
1
6
,
2
0
1
1
.
[
2
4
]
A.
M
.
S
.
Y
u
n
u
s,
A.
Ab
u
-
S
iad
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
A.
S
.
M
a
so
u
m
,
“
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
S
M
ES
u
n
it
o
n
t
h
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
ty
p
e
-
4
w
in
d
tu
rb
i
n
e
g
e
n
e
ra
t
o
r
d
u
ri
n
g
v
o
l
tag
e
s
a
g
,
”
IET
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ren
e
wa
b
le P
o
we
r Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
p
p
.
6
-
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[
2
5
]
A.
M
.
S
.
Yu
n
u
s,
M
.
S
a
i
n
i,
"
O
v
e
rv
iew
o
f
S
M
ES
u
n
it
s’
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
n
sm
a
rt
g
rid
sy
ste
m
s
,
"
Pro
c
.
In
tell.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
S
u
sta
in
.
En
e
rg
y
(I
S
IT
IA)
,
p
p
.
4
6
5
-
4
7
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
2
6
]
B
.
H
a
r
i
t
h
a
,
P
.
D
h
a
n
a
m
a
j
a
y
a
,
“
A
G
r
i
d
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
F
u
e
l
C
e
l
l
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
B
o
o
s
t
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
S
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
,
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
I
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
and
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
vol
.
2
,
no.
8
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
9
-
1
8
3
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
2
7
]
T.
D.
G
u
p
ta,
D.
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
K.
Ch
a
u
d
h
a
ry
,
“
M
o
d
e
ll
i
n
g
a
n
d
An
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
G
rid
-
ti
e
d
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
S
y
ste
m
w
it
h
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
Re
fe
re
n
c
e
F
ra
m
e
Co
n
tro
l
,
”
4
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Po
we
r
,
Co
n
tro
l
&
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
2
8
]
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
Ye
a
r
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
De
m
o
n
stra
ti
o
n
P
lan
,
”
p
p
.
2
-
5
8
,
2
0
1
.
[O
n
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le
a
t:
h
t
tp
s://
ww
w.en
e
r
g
y
.
g
o
v
/sit
e
s
/p
ro
d
/fi
les
/2
0
1
6
/
0
6
/f
3
2
/fct
o
_
m
y
r
d
d
_
fu
e
l_
c
e
ll
s.
p
d
f
[
2
9
]
L.
S
z
a
b
o
,
C.
Op
re
a
,
C.
F
e
stil
a
,
É
.
Du
lf,
“
S
t
u
d
y
o
n
a
Wav
e
E
n
e
rg
y
Ba
se
d
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
0
8
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
lec
trica
l
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
s,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
0
8
.
[
3
0
]
D.
O’Su
l
li
v
a
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Dy
n
a
m
ic Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
Wav
e
a
n
d
Ti
d
a
l
En
e
r
g
y
Co
n
v
e
rters
a
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
S
tru
c
t
u
re
fo
r
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
G
e
n
e
ric
M
o
d
e
l
fo
r
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
6
.
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le
a
t:
h
tt
p
s://
h
a
l.
a
rc
h
iv
e
s
-
o
u
v
e
rtes
.
fr/
h
a
l
-
0
1
2
6
5
9
8
1
S
u
b
m
it
t
e
d
o
n
1
2
Ju
l
2
0
1
6
.
[
3
1
]
D.
O’Su
ll
i
v
a
n
a
n
d
G
.
Da
lt
o
n
,
“
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
th
e
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
Wav
e
E
n
e
rg
y
De
v
ice
s
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
t
h
e
8
t
h
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
W
a
v
e
a
n
d
T
i
d
a
l
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
Up
p
sa
la,
S
we
d
e
n
,
2
0
0
9
.
[
3
2
]
E
.
G
r
o
v
e
r
-
S
i
l
v
a
,
R
.
G
i
r
a
r
d
,
G
.
K
a
r
i
n
i
o
t
a
k
i
s
,
“
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
s
i
z
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
S
O
C
P
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
E
l
s
e
v
i
e
r
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
9
,
p
p
.
3
8
5
-
393
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
3
3
]
T.
H.
M
e
ih
r,
M
.
A.
S
.
M
a
so
u
m
,
N.
Ja
b
a
lam
e
li
,
“
G
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
L
it
h
iu
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
tt
e
r
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
sto
ra
g
e
sy
ste
m
fo
r
lo
a
d
lev
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
p
e
a
k
s
h
a
v
in
g
,”
2
0
1
3
Au
stra
l
a
sia
n
-
Un
ive
rs
it
ies
Po
we
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(AUP
EC),
2
0
1
3
.
[
3
4
]
A.
Ju
rfi
a
n
d
J
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
Ex
p
lo
i
tatio
n
o
f
Ba
tt
e
ry
E
n
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
i
n
Lo
a
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
tro
l
-
A
Li
t
e
ra
tu
re
S
u
r
v
e
y
,
”
Ame
ric
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
,
2
0
1
6
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Dr
.
Ne
ll
y
S
a
f
itri,
S
S
T
,
M.
E
n
g
.
S
c
.
W
o
rk
s
a
s
Lec
tu
re
r
at
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
P
o
li
tek
n
i
k
Ne
g
e
ri
L
h
o
k
se
u
m
a
we
.
S
u
c
c
e
ss
fu
ll
y
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
er
M
a
s
ter
a
n
d
Do
c
t
o
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
a
t
Cu
rti
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Wes
tern
Au
stra
li
a
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
in
2
0
0
7
a
n
d
2
0
1
6
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
r
a
re
a
o
f
in
tere
sts
is
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
,
P
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
,
S
m
a
rtg
rid
.
A
M
.
Sh
i
dd
iq
Y
un
u
s
,
ST
,
M
.
E
ng
,
P
hD
.
W
o
rk
s
a
s
Lec
tu
re
r
at
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
P
o
li
te
k
n
i
k
Ne
g
e
ri
Uj
u
n
g
P
a
n
d
a
n
g
.
S
u
c
c
e
ss
fu
ll
y
c
o
m
p
l
e
ted
h
is
Do
c
to
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
a
t
Cu
rti
n
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Wes
tern
Au
stra
li
a
at
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
in
2
0
1
4
.
His a
re
a
o
f
i
n
tere
sts is
Re
n
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
P
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
,
S
m
a
rtg
rid
.
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