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ce
d
in
[
5
,
1
0
-
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
n
o
t
on
l
y
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
eh
av
io
r
with
u
s
in
g
two
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
QAM
an
d
OFDM,
at
4
0
Gb
p
s
b
u
t
also
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
h
ig
h
er
s
p
ec
tr
al
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
r
esu
lts
wer
e
ac
h
iev
ed
with
a
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ea
ch
in
g
5
0
k
m
an
d
a
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
3
.
8
x
1
0
-
3
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
ey
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
R
o
F
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
at
3
5
-
GHz
th
at
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
a
co
lo
r
less
laser
d
io
d
e
(
C
L
D)
with
an
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
p
o
lar
izatio
n
p
air
wav
elen
g
th
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
C
L
D
p
r
o
v
id
ed
o
n
e
o
f
a
p
air
o
f
wav
ele
ng
t
h
m
o
d
es
with
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
p
o
lar
izatio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
QAM
an
d
OFDM
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
wer
e
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
ac
h
iev
ed
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
2
5
k
m
at
2
4
Gb
p
s
(
u
s
in
g
6
4
-
QAM
an
d
OFDM)
an
d
a
B
E
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
3
.
7
×1
0
−3
[
6
,
1
9
-
2
7
]
.
A
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
m
ass
iv
e
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t
m
u
lti
-
o
u
tp
u
t
(
MI
MO
)
R
o
F
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
h
as
also
b
ee
n
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
T
h
e
o
p
tical
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
was
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
r
o
m
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
o
f
f
ice
to
th
e
r
em
o
te
an
ten
n
a
u
n
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
r
e
(
in
n
er
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
r
eless
f
u
lf
illme
n
t.
An
ad
v
an
ce
d
2
×2
MI
MO
-
b
ased
OFDM/o
p
tical
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
am
p
litu
d
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
OQAM
)
ch
an
n
el
esti
m
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
was
o
p
tim
ally
d
esig
n
ed
to
eq
u
alize
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tic
al
an
d
wir
eless
MI
MO
ch
an
n
els.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
4
.
4
6
Gb
p
s
o
v
er
2
0
k
m
b
y
th
e
2
×2
MI
MO
-
OFDM/1
6
-
OQAM
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
7
,
2
8
-
3
1
]
.
J
.
W
an
g
,
et
al.
,
p
r
esen
ted
a
d
ig
ital
m
o
b
ile
f
r
o
n
t
h
au
l
(
MFH)
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
with
a
s
ig
m
a
-
d
elta
(
σ
-
ơ)
p
u
ls
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
in
s
tead
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
m
m
o
n
p
u
b
lic
r
ad
io
in
ter
f
ac
e
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
2
-
b
it
(
σ
)
o
r
1
-
b
it
(
ơ)
tech
n
iq
u
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
ec
u
ted
o
n
s
i
g
n
als
th
en
s
en
t
b
y
4
-
p
u
ls
e
am
p
litu
d
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PAM)
,
an
d
it
r
ea
lized
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
2
5
k
m
with
1
0
g
ig
ab
au
d
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
ed
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
,
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
er
r
o
r
v
ec
to
r
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
(
E
VM
)
o
f
less
th
an
5
%,
an
d
a
B
E
R
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ev
alu
ated
at
3
×1
0
−5
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
wo
r
k
clar
if
ies
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
h
ig
h
-
m
o
d
u
lated
R
o
F
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Hy
b
r
id
o
p
tical
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
f
o
r
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
es
wer
e
m
ix
ed
in
th
e
ap
tly
n
am
ed
o
p
tical
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
p
h
ase
-
s
h
if
t
k
ey
in
g
p
h
ase
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
OQPSKPM)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
m
in
im
u
m
s
h
if
t
k
ey
in
g
(
MSK)
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
e
was a
p
p
lied
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
els
w
er
e
ex
ec
u
ted
,
in
v
esti
g
ated
,
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
p
er
atin
g
p
ar
am
eter
q
u
an
titi
es
th
at
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
n
etwo
r
k
in
d
etails
lik
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
b
it e
r
r
o
r
r
ate,
an
d
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
lev
els.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
a
m
o
d
u
lated
W
DM
-
R
o
F
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
tr
an
s
m
itter
m
o
d
el
s
im
u
latio
n
in
v
o
lv
es
s
ev
er
al
elem
en
ts
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
First,
a
s
er
ial
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
am
p
le
h
as
to
g
en
e
r
ated
.
T
h
en
,
it
is
elec
tr
ically
m
o
d
u
lated
b
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
v
el
m
ix
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
ch
em
es
ar
e
OQPSK,
OQPSKP
M,
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
th
e
MSK
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
ed
a
n
d
f
ilter
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
o
p
tical
m
o
d
u
latio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
en
,
t
h
is
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
a
h
y
b
r
id
o
f
v
er
tical
-
ca
v
ity
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
em
itti
n
g
(
VC
SEL
)
lase
r
s
an
d
L
iNb
(
lith
iu
m
n
io
b
ate)
M
Z
M.
T
h
en
,
th
e
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
als ar
e
p
r
o
p
ag
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
in
g
le
-
m
o
d
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
e
r
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
wav
elen
g
th
m
u
ltip
lex
ed
o
r
co
m
b
in
ed
b
y
a
wav
elen
g
th
-
d
i
v
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
er
(
d
ig
ital
s
witch
)
t
h
at
h
as
m
u
ltip
le
in
p
u
ts
an
d
a
s
in
g
le
o
u
t
p
u
t
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
c
h
an
n
el
b
an
d
wid
th
is
4
0
Gb
/s
,
an
d
th
e
ch
an
n
el
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
s
p
ac
in
g
is
5
0
GHz
i
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mo
d
u
lated
W
DM
t
ra
n
s
m
itter
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
u
n
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
Co
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
3
8
0
-
389
382
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
u
lated
W
DM
tr
an
s
m
itter
m
o
d
el
T
h
e
s
i
n
g
l
e
m
o
d
e
f
i
b
e
r
c
a
b
l
e
l
o
s
s
es
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
e
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
e
r
b
i
u
m
-
d
o
p
e
d
f
i
b
e
r
a
m
p
l
i
f
i
er
(
E
D
F
A
)
,
w
h
i
c
h
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
w
i
d
e
l
y
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
[
7
]
.
A
f
t
e
r
c
o
m
p
le
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
it
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
ls
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
f
i
b
e
r
,
i
t
is
f
i
t
t
e
d
b
y
a
B
e
s
s
e
l
o
p
t
ic
a
l
f
i
lt
e
r
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
H
e
n
c
e
,
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
s
i
g
n
a
ls
a
r
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
f
o
r
m
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
e
n
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
i
s
i
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
b
y
a
n
a
v
a
l
a
n
c
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
d
i
o
d
e
(
A
P
D
)
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
d
W
D
M
-
R
o
F
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
h
as
b
e
e
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
,
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
d
e
m
u
lt
i
p
l
e
x
e
r
(
D
E
MU
X
)
is
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
s
e
l
ec
ts
o
n
e
o
f
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
i
n
p
u
t
o
p
t
i
ca
l
s
i
g
n
al
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
s
t
h
e
s
el
e
c
te
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
n
t
o
a
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
-
l
i
n
e
[
8
-
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
e
s
s
e
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a
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r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
[
1
6
-
2
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
d
u
lated
-
wa
v
elen
g
th
d
iv
is
io
n
-
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
r
ec
e
iv
er
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
W
DM
-
r
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
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m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
t
r
o
l
Hig
h
s
p
ee
d
mo
d
u
la
ted
w
a
ve
le
n
g
th
d
ivis
io
n
o
p
tica
l fib
er tr
a
n
s
mis
s
io
n
s
ystem
s
.
.
.
(
A
a
d
el
M.
A
la
tw
i
)
383
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
a
m
o
d
u
lated
wav
elen
g
t
h
d
iv
is
io
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
with
an
OQPSKPM
tech
n
iq
u
e
at
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
en
d
-
s
tag
e.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ex
p
r
ess
b
eh
a
v
io
r
th
at
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
th
e
r
ec
e
iv
er
en
d
lik
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
is
p
ar
am
eter
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
ig
n
al
q
u
ality
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
q
u
ality
f
ac
t
o
r
(
Q
F)
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
s
ig
n
al,
an
d
th
e
B
E
R
is
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
b
its
th
at
h
av
e
er
r
o
r
r
e
lated
to
th
e
t
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
its
in
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
b
etwe
en
th
is
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
q
u
ality
f
ac
t
o
r
,
m
in
im
u
m
B
E
R
,
an
d
r
ec
e
iv
ed
p
o
wer
.
T
h
ese
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
wer
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
an
d
ad
a
p
ted
b
y
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
eh
av
i
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F n
etwo
r
k
,
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
lis
t in
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
e
l
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
u
n
i
t
W
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
1
5
5
0
nm
D
a
t
a
r
a
t
e
s
10
-
1
5
0
G
b
/
s
S
y
st
e
m T
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
20
ºC
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
n
g
t
h
1
0
-
1
3
0
km
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
ar
iati
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
QF
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
t
h
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
m
o
d
e
(
SM)
ca
b
le.
As
th
e
f
ib
e
r
len
g
th
is
ex
te
n
d
ed
,
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
QF
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
is
b
ased
o
n
OQPSKPM
with
MSK
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
at
h
ig
h
e
r
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
QF
p
ar
am
ete
r
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
m
in
im
u
m
B
E
R
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ata
r
ates
is
cl
ea
r
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
W
h
en
th
e
d
ata
r
ate
in
cr
ea
s
es,
t
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
B
E
R
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
B
E
R
h
as
m
i
n
im
al
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
v
alu
es
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
OQPSKPM te
ch
n
iq
u
e
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ma
x
.
QF v
er
s
u
s
len
g
th
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
els o
f
th
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F s
y
s
tem
at
1
0
Gb
/s
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
M
i
n
.
B
E
R
v
e
r
s
u
s
b
i
t
r
a
t
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
n
d
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
m
o
d
e
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F
s
y
s
te
m
a
t
L
=
2
0
k
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
Co
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
3
8
0
-
389
384
Fig
u
r
e
6
clar
if
ies th
e
d
escr
ip
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
b
eh
a
v
io
r
r
elate
d
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
ub
s
cr
ib
er
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
els
o
f
th
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
W
ith
a
r
is
in
g
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
n
u
m
b
er
(
N)
,
th
e
r
e
ce
iv
ed
p
o
wer
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
r
ec
ei
v
ed
p
o
wer
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
DM
-
R
o
F
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
th
e
OQ
P
SK
PM
with
MSK
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
m
in
im
al
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
7
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
v
e
r
s
u
s
th
e
d
ata
r
ate
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
W
DM
-
R
OF
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
et
wo
r
k
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
els.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
b
it
r
ate
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
t
h
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
was
b
ased
o
n
ap
p
ly
in
g
a
m
ix
o
f
O
QPSK
an
d
PM,
o
r
OQPSK
PM,
in
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
o
f
th
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
b
etter
th
an
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
el.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
h
as o
p
tim
ized
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
r
ec
ei
v
ed
p
o
we
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
QF
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
(
N)
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
e
ls
o
f
th
e
W
DM
-
R
OF
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
at
d
ata
r
ates
o
f
1
0
Gb
/s
an
d
L
=
2
0
Km
.
T
h
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
e
r
n
u
m
b
er
(
N)
ca
u
s
es
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
m
ax
im
u
m
QF.
M
o
r
e
o
v
er
,
it
was
n
o
tice
d
th
at
th
e
d
ec
r
em
en
t
in
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
QF
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
was
th
e
lo
west.
So
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
QF w
as g
r
an
ted
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
p
r
io
r
ity
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
ca
s
e.
Fig
u
r
e
9
el
u
cid
ates
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
B
E
R
v
ar
iatio
n
a
g
ain
s
t
th
e
SM
len
g
th
with
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
n
ewly
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
OQ
P
SKPM
in
th
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
SM
f
ib
er
len
g
th
was
m
et
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
B
E
R
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
was
n
o
ticed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
OQPSKPM
m
o
d
el
b
eh
a
v
io
r
was
o
p
tim
ize
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
B
E
R
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
a
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
OQPSK
PM
s
im
u
latio
n
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
m
o
d
el
th
an
o
th
er
s
th
at
d
ep
en
d
o
n
OQPSK
an
d
FM
m
o
d
u
latio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
clar
i
f
ies
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
QF
ch
an
g
e
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
b
it
r
ate
with
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
n
o
v
el
m
i
x
ed
OQPSKPM
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
DM
-
R
o
F
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
R
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
v
er
s
u
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
(
n
)
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
m
o
d
els o
f
th
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F
s
y
s
tem
with
1
0
Gb
/s
an
d
L
=
2
0
k
m
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
v
er
s
u
s
d
ata
r
ates f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
m
o
d
els o
f
th
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F
at
L
=
2
0
k
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
t
r
o
l
Hig
h
s
p
ee
d
mo
d
u
la
ted
w
a
ve
le
n
g
th
d
ivis
io
n
o
p
tica
l fib
er tr
a
n
s
mis
s
io
n
s
ystem
s
.
.
.
(
A
a
d
el
M.
A
la
tw
i
)
385
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Ma
x
.
QF w
ith
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
n
u
m
b
er
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
m
o
d
els o
f
th
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F
s
y
s
tem
at
1
0
Gb
/s
an
d
L
=2
0
k
m
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Min
.
B
E
R
ag
ain
s
t le
n
g
th
d
e
p
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
OQPSKPM te
ch
n
iq
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
W
DM
-
R
o
F
m
o
d
el
at
1
0
Gb
/s
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
0
.
M
a
x
.
Q
F
v
e
r
s
u
s
b
it
r
a
t
e
s
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
O
QPS
KP
M
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
W
D
M
-
R
o
F
m
o
d
e
l
a
t
L
=
2
0
k
m
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
ata
r
ates
ca
u
s
es
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
m
a
x
im
u
m
QF.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
QF
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
b
e
b
est
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el.
So
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
QF
g
r
an
t
e
e
p
r
io
r
ity
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
e
l
d
ep
en
d
ed
o
n
th
e
n
o
v
el
OQPSKPM
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
OQPSK
an
d
PM
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
QF
d
is
tin
ctio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
SM
f
ib
er
len
g
th
with
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
o
v
el
m
ix
e
d
OQPSKPM
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
DM
-
R
o
F
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
Co
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
3
8
0
-
389
386
m
o
d
el.
As
th
e
SM
f
ib
e
r
was
ex
ten
d
ed
,
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
QF
was
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
m
ax
im
u
m
QF w
as
n
o
ticed
to
s
till
b
e
th
e
b
est f
o
r
th
e
OQPSKPM sim
u
l
atio
n
m
o
d
el
ca
s
e.
So
,
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
QF
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
a
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
OQPSKPM
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
s
im
u
lat
io
n
m
o
d
el
th
at
d
ep
en
d
ed
o
n
th
e
OQPSK
an
d
PM,
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
v
ar
iatio
n
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
SM
ca
b
le
f
ib
er
len
g
th
wh
e
n
ap
p
l
y
in
g
th
e
n
o
v
el
h
y
b
r
id
OQPSK
PM
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
DM
-
R
o
F
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el.
W
ith
an
ex
ten
s
io
n
in
th
e
SM
ca
b
le
f
ib
er
le
n
g
th
,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
b
e
g
in
s
d
ec
ay
i
n
g
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
OQPSKPM
tech
n
iq
u
e
g
r
an
ts
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
es
o
f
r
ec
eiv
e
d
p
o
wer
th
an
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
OQPSK a
n
d
PM
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
B
E
R
v
ar
i
atio
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
d
ata
r
ates
with
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
m
ix
ed
OQPSKPM
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
DM
-
R
o
F
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el.
I
n
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
b
it
r
ate
ca
u
s
es
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
B
E
R
was
lo
west
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
th
at
d
ep
en
d
ed
o
n
th
e
OQPSKPM
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
So
,
th
e
lo
west
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
B
E
R
s
h
o
wed
a
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
OQPSKP
M
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
1
.
M
a
x
.
Q
F
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
l
e
n
g
t
h
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
O
Q
P
SK
PM
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
W
DM
-
R
o
F
m
o
d
e
l
a
t
1
0
G
b
/
s
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
2
.
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
l
e
n
g
t
h
w
i
t
h
O
Q
P
S
K
P
M
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
W
D
M
-
R
o
F
a
t
1
0
G
b
/
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
Min
.
B
E
R
with
b
it r
ate
f
o
r
OQPSKPM o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
DM
R
OF M
o
d
el
at
L
=2
0
k
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
t
r
o
l
Hig
h
s
p
ee
d
mo
d
u
la
ted
w
a
ve
le
n
g
th
d
ivis
io
n
o
p
tica
l fib
er tr
a
n
s
mis
s
io
n
s
ystem
s
.
.
.
(
A
a
d
el
M.
A
la
tw
i
)
387
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
QF
v
ar
iatio
n
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
n
u
m
b
er
(
N)
with
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
ix
ed
O
QPSKP
M
in
th
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
n
u
m
b
er
(
N)
r
esu
lted
in
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
m
ax
im
u
m
QF
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
QF
f
o
r
th
e
n
o
v
el
m
ix
e
d
OQPSK
PM
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
was
th
e
lo
west.
So
,
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
QF
p
ar
am
eter
p
er
m
its
a
p
r
io
r
ity
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
to
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
th
e
OQPSKPM
in
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
with
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
OQPSK
an
d
PM
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
clar
if
ied
t
h
at
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
d
p
o
wer
c
h
an
g
e
d
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
b
it
r
ate
with
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
O
QPSKP
M
in
th
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F
s
y
s
tem
.
W
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
it
r
ate,
th
er
e
was
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
in
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
d
p
o
wer
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
t
h
e
lo
west
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
o
f
th
e
r
e
ce
iv
e
d
p
o
wer
lev
el
was
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
OQPSKPM
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
l
o
west
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
le
v
el
g
r
an
ts
a
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
th
at
d
e
p
en
d
ed
o
n
th
e
n
o
v
el
OQPSKPM
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
wh
ich
d
ep
e
n
d
ed
o
n
t
h
e
OQPSK
an
d
PM
in
d
iv
i
d
u
ally
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
4
.
Ma
x
.
QF a
g
ain
s
t th
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
n
u
m
b
er
f
o
r
OQP
SKPM o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
DM
-
R
o
F
m
o
d
el
at
L
=2
0
k
m
an
d
1
0
Gb
/s
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
R
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
with
b
it r
ate
f
o
r
OQPSKPM o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
DM
R
OF
m
o
d
el
at
L
=2
0
k
m
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
r
e
l
atio
n
t
o
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
(
N)
wh
ile
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
ew
m
ix
ed
OQPSKPM
in
th
e
W
DM
-
R
o
F
s
y
s
t
em
was
clea
r
.
T
h
e
r
is
in
g
in
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
n
u
m
b
e
r
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
.
W
h
ile
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
was
n
o
ticed
i
n
th
e
n
o
v
el
m
ix
e
d
OQPSK
PM
d
ep
en
d
en
c
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
to
b
e
lo
wer
t
h
an
th
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
OQPSK
an
d
PM,
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
o
wer
p
a
r
am
eter
allo
wed
p
r
io
r
ity
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
e
l
wh
ich
d
ep
e
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I
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S
[1
]
Y.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
e
lf
-
i
n
terfe
re
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ste
m
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ti
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.
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6
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p
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-
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0
1
5
.
[2
]
B.
Wu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
u
lt
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Ro
F
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s E
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re
ss
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l.
2
3
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o
.
1
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
A.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
S
.
Ra
n
a
,
“
Co
m
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re
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t
m
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latio
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tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
-
a
re
v
iew
,”
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ter
n
a
ti
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l
J
o
u
rn
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.
[4
]
M
.
M
o
ra
n
t,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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o
lariz
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ip
lex
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1
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.
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.
[5
]
S
.
E.
A
l
a
v
i
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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OFDM
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li
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g
o
p
ti
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a
l
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p
-
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
,”
IEE
E
Ph
o
to
n
ics
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
H.
Y.
Wan
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
m
o
te
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e
a
ti
n
g
o
f
p
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ra
ll
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ll
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d
d
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al
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v
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len
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5
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m
il
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ter
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li
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k
,
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ti
c
s E
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re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
J.
He
,
B.
Li
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ex
p
e
rime
n
tal
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ti
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n
o
f
b
id
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ti
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n
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l
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-
M
IM
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sig
n
a
l
o
v
e
r
a
m
u
lt
ico
re
fib
e
r
sy
ste
m
,
”
IEE
E
Ph
o
to
n
ics
J
o
u
rn
al
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[8
]
J.
Wan
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Dig
it
a
l
m
o
b
il
e
fro
n
t
h
a
u
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
e
lt
a
–
sig
m
a
m
o
d
u
latio
n
fo
r
3
2
LT
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c
a
rrier
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g
g
re
g
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
F
BM
C
sig
n
a
ls
,
”
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Ame
ric
a
jo
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
a
2
3
3
-
a
2
3
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
X.
F
e
rn
a
n
d
o
a
n
d
A.
S
e
sa
y
,
“
Ad
a
p
ti
v
e
a
sy
m
m
e
tri
c
li
n
e
a
riza
ti
o
n
o
f
ra
d
io
o
v
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r
fib
e
r
li
n
k
s
fo
r
wire
les
s
a
c
c
e
ss
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
Veh
icu
la
r T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
5
1
,
n
o
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6
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
6
-
1
5
8
6
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
0
]
A.
M
ish
ra
,
P
.
M
ish
ra
,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
with
ti
m
e
d
iv
isio
n
m
u
lt
ip
lex
in
g
(OTDM
)
a
n
d
hy
b
rid
WDM
/OTDM
P
ON
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
(IJ
S
R)
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
8
1
-
1
6
8
3
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
4
.
[1
1
]
B.
Wu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
-
in
se
n
siti
v
e
re
m
o
te
a
c
c
e
ss
u
n
it
fo
r
ra
d
io
-
o
v
e
r
-
fib
e
r
m
o
b
il
e
fro
n
th
a
u
l
sy
ste
m
b
y
re
u
sin
g
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
o
rth
o
g
o
n
a
l
li
g
h
t
wa
v
e
s
,
”
IEE
E
Ph
o
to
n
ics
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
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Hig
h
s
p
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mo
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la
ted
w
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ve
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g
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d
ivis
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er tr
a
n
s
mis
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ystem
s
.
.
.
(
A
a
d
el
M.
A
la
tw
i
)
389
[1
2
]
B.
S
in
g
h
,
D.
S
in
g
h
“
P
e
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sy
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n
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ZM
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tern
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d
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latio
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
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f
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rr
e
n
t
En
g
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e
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a
n
d
T
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h
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o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
135
-
2136
,
Ju
n
.
2014.
[1
3
]
H.
P
a
k
a
rz
a
d
e
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
o
f
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
p
u
lse
s
in
p
h
o
to
n
ics
n
a
n
o
wire
s:
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
p
h
y
sic
s
stu
d
y
,
”
Res
u
lt
s in
Ph
y
sic
s
,
v
o
l.
13
,
Ju
n
.
2019
.
[1
4
]
H.
P
a
k
a
rz
a
d
e
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
in
g
a
p
h
o
to
n
ic
c
ry
sta
l
fib
e
r
fo
r
a
n
u
lt
ra
-
b
ro
a
d
b
a
n
d
p
a
ra
m
e
tri
c
a
m
p
li
fica
ti
o
n
in
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
re
g
io
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
No
n
li
n
e
a
r Op
ti
c
a
l
Ph
y
sic
s &
M
a
ter
ia
ls
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
0
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
H.
P
a
k
a
rz
a
d
e
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Two
-
p
u
m
p
fib
e
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
a
ra
m
e
tri
c
a
m
p
li
fiers
:
Be
y
o
n
d
th
e
6
-
wa
v
e
m
o
d
e
l,
”
Op
ti
c
a
l
Fi
b
e
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
4
5
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
-
2
3
0
,
2018,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
y
o
fte.2
0
1
8
.
0
7
.
0
1
5
.
[1
6
]
IS
Am
iri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ba
sic
fu
n
c
ti
o
n
s
o
f
fib
e
r
b
ra
g
g
g
ra
ti
n
g
e
ffe
c
ts
o
n
th
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
fib
e
r
sy
ste
m
s p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Ap
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0042
.
[1
7
]
Ah
m
e
d
Na
b
ih
Zak
i
Ra
sh
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
No
n
li
n
e
a
r
e
ffe
c
ts
with
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
m
p
li
fiers
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Ap
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0053
.
[1
8
]
IS
Am
iri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Hig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
li
g
h
t
so
u
rc
e
s
in
h
ig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
a
ss
iv
e
lo
c
a
l
a
re
a
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
n
e
two
rk
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Ap
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0070
.
[1
9
]
IS
Am
iri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
p
a
ti
a
l
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
wa
v
e
las
e
r
a
n
d
sp
a
ti
o
tem
p
o
ra
l
VCSE
L
fo
r
h
ig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
lo
n
g
h
a
u
l
o
p
ti
c
a
l
wire
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Ap
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0061
.
[2
0
]
Ah
m
e
d
Na
b
ih
Zak
i
Ra
sh
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Av
e
ra
g
e
p
o
we
r
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
o
p
ti
c
a
l
ra
m
a
n
a
m
p
li
fiers
b
a
se
d
o
n
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
sp
a
c
in
g
a
n
d
a
m
p
li
fier
se
c
ti
o
n
sta
g
e
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0081
.
[2
1
]
IS
Am
iri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
e
ffe
c
ts
o
n
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
a
n
d
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
n
e
a
r
-
in
fra
re
d
wid
e
b
a
n
d
wid
th
fo
r
d
iffer
e
nt
a
v
a
lan
c
h
e
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
s
stru
c
tu
re
s,”
Res
u
lt
s
in
Ph
y
sic
s
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
rin
p
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
0
2
3
9
9
.
[2
2
]
IS
Am
iri
,
Ah
m
e
d
Na
b
ih
Zak
i
Ra
sh
e
d
,
“
Diffe
re
n
t
p
h
o
to
n
ic
c
ry
sta
l
fi
b
er
s
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s
with
th
e
k
e
y
so
lu
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
th
e
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
d
a
ta
ra
tes
tran
sm
issio
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0100
.
[2
3
]
Ah
m
e
d
Na
b
ih
Zak
i
R
a
sh
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Th
e
p
h
y
sic
a
l
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
o
f
EDF
A an
d
S
OA
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
m
p
li
fiers
a
n
d
b
it
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
v
a
riatio
n
s
b
a
se
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
p
u
lse
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs
imp
a
c
t
o
n
th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
so
li
to
n
tran
sm
issio
n
sy
ste
m
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0156
.
[2
4
]
IS
Am
iri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
n
e
two
rk
s
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
h
y
b
rid
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s
o
f
o
p
ti
c
a
l
fib
e
r
a
m
p
li
fiers
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
re
c
e
iv
e
rs
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0153
.
[2
5
]
IS
Am
iri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
sim
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
rm
a
l
n
o
ise
e
ffe
c
ts
fo
r
p
h
o
to
d
e
tec
to
rs
o
n
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
lo
n
g
-
h
a
u
l
DWDM
o
p
ti
c
a
l
n
e
two
r
k
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Au
g
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0152
.
[2
6
]
Ah
m
e
d
Na
b
ih
Zak
i
Ra
sh
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
in
g
le
wid
e
b
a
n
d
trav
e
li
n
g
wa
v
e
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
m
p
li
fiers
fo
r
a
l
l
o
p
ti
c
a
l
b
id
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
wa
v
e
len
g
th
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Au
g
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0168
.
[2
7
]
IS
Am
iri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
sim
u
latio
n
stu
d
y
o
f
m
u
lt
i
st
a
ge
h
y
b
rid
a
ll
o
p
ti
c
a
l
fib
e
r
a
m
p
li
fiers
in
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0132
.
[2
8
]
IS
Am
iri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Op
ti
c
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
t
ra
n
sm
issio
n
sy
ste
m
s
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
h
ro
m
a
ti
c
a
n
d
p
o
lariz
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
d
isp
e
rsio
n
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
sim
u
latio
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,”
Op
ti
k
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
0
7
,
Ap
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
ij
leo
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
6
3
8
5
3
.
[2
9
]
Ah
m
e
d
Na
b
ih
Zak
i
Ra
sh
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Distrib
u
ted
fe
e
d
b
a
c
k
las
e
r
(DFB)
fo
r
sig
n
a
l
p
o
we
r
a
m
p
li
tu
d
e
lev
e
l
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
lo
n
g
sp
e
c
tral
b
a
n
d
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Ap
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
do
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0252
.
[3
0
]
IS
Am
iri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
An
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
re
flec
ti
o
n
/t
ra
n
sm
issio
n
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
f
lo
n
g
-
p
e
rio
d
fib
e
r
b
ra
g
g
g
ra
ti
n
g
(LP
F
BG
)
b
y
u
sin
g
c
o
u
p
led
m
o
d
e
th
e
o
ry
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
Ap
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0187
.
[3
1
]
IS
Am
iri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Co
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l/
p
h
a
se
sh
ift
d
u
a
l
d
riv
e
m
a
c
h
–
z
e
h
n
d
e
r
m
o
d
u
latio
n
m
e
a
su
re
d
ty
p
e
-
b
a
se
d
ra
d
io
o
v
e
r
fib
e
r
sy
ste
m
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
tio
ns
,
Ap
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
h
tt
p
s://
d
o
i.
o
rg
/1
0
.
1
5
1
5
/j
o
c
-
2019
-
0312
.
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