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1
9
Uni
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s
Ahm
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D
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All
rig
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s
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s
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rve
d
.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
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Rec
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ars
h
av
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be
en
c
ha
r
ac
teri
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b
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a
m
as
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pm
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w
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a
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tab
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c
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th
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m
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al
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s
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as
w
i
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l
es
s
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en
s
or
ne
t
w
ork
s
[
1
-
3
]
or
i
n
m
ed
i
c
al
a
pp
l
i
c
at
i
on
s
[4
]
.
T
he
ge
n
er
al
tr
en
d
i
s
to
m
ov
e
m
ore
a
n
d
m
ore
to
war
ds
m
i
ni
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uri
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a
ti
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order
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s
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en
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5]
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ha
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r
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1
s
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w
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hi
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em
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:
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nt
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m
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a
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the
tr
an
s
m
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s
s
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on
of
th
es
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m
i
c
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a
v
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s
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d
on
the
propert
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e
l
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tr
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wav
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ab
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tr
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s
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d
f
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v
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tr
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ter
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ts
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n
r
ec
ti
f
y
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(
af
ter
f
i
l
teri
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g)
the
c
urr
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ts
pro
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uc
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i
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an
a
nte
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na
b
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h
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gh
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eq
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t
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t
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s
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c
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T
he
de
vic
e
us
e
d
i
s
c
al
l
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a
Re
c
ten
na
[7
-
11
]
(
r
ec
ti
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er
+
a
nte
n
na
)
whi
c
h
i
s
a
k
e
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em
en
t o
f
th
e
po
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trans
m
i
s
s
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
W
i
r
el
es
s
po
w
er tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
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6
93
0
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A
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m
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tr
a
i
nts
s
uc
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s
:
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E
l
em
en
tar
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r
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ten
n
a
ne
twork
i
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s
tr
ate
g
y
to
l
i
m
i
t
the
i
m
pa
c
t
of
the
f
r
ag
i
l
i
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of
the
r
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f
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es
.
-
Com
pl
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an
c
e
wi
th
th
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i
n
tern
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na
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s
af
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ta
nd
ar
d o
n
el
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tr
om
ag
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i
c
r
ad
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ati
on
.
-
G
oo
d e
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r
on
m
en
ta
l
i
nte
gr
ati
o
n c
om
bi
ne
d
wi
t
h a
tr
an
s
pa
r
en
t
prop
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of
th
e rec
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nn
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ag
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ol
ar r
ad
i
at
i
on
to
m
ak
e t
he
r
ec
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urf
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ul
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-
E
r
go
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c
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of
a
m
an
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ac
turabl
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en
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ture
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a
l
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or
t
he
a
s
s
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bl
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of
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arge r
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a s
tr
u
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tures
)
.
T
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ec
ten
na
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s
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c
a
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tut
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b
y
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as
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oc
i
ati
on
of
an
an
t
en
n
a
(
or
an
ten
na
arr
a
y
)
wi
th
a
r
ec
ti
f
i
er
[12
]
s
y
s
tem
(
a
S
c
ho
ttk
y
di
od
e
[1
3])
a
nd
f
i
l
teri
ng
el
em
en
ts
.
A
t
y
pi
c
a
l
r
ec
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nn
a
bl
oc
k
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ag
r
am
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s
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
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2.
T
he
w
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r
e
l
es
s
en
erg
y
c
an
b
e
c
o
l
l
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
a
nte
n
na
att
ac
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d
t
o
r
ec
t
i
f
y
i
ng
di
o
de
s
thr
ou
g
h
f
i
l
ters
a
nd
m
atc
hi
n
g
c
i
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ui
t
(
Lo
a
d
m
atc
hi
ng
b
et
w
e
en
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te
nn
a
an
d
c
i
r
c
ui
t)
.
T
he
r
e
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ti
f
y
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di
od
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nv
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e rec
ei
v
ed
wi
r
e
l
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s
en
erg
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n
t
o DC p
o
w
er
.
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
B
l
oc
k
di
a
gram
of
r
ec
ten
na
c
i
r
c
ui
t
T
he
r
ec
ei
v
i
ng
a
nte
nn
a
wi
l
l
be
the
on
e
tha
t
wi
l
l
a
l
l
o
w
us
to
c
ol
l
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t
m
i
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r
ow
av
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e
ne
r
g
y
.
T
he
r
e
are
no
pa
r
ti
c
u
l
ar
r
es
tr
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c
ti
on
s
o
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the
c
ho
i
c
e
of
an
ten
na
.
I
t
c
an
be
a
di
p
ol
e
[14
],
a
p
atc
h
[
15
,
1
6],
t
he
tec
h
n
ol
o
g
y
us
ed
c
an
b
e
wi
r
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,
p
l
ate
d
or
ot
he
r
.
Ho
wev
er,
i
t
i
s
ne
c
es
s
ar
y
to
de
f
i
ne
i
n
ad
v
an
c
e
ho
w
to
i
n
teg
r
ate
the
"
r
ec
t
i
f
i
c
ati
o
n"
m
od
u
l
e
.
F
or
ap
p
l
i
c
ati
on
s
i
nv
o
l
v
i
ng
W
i
r
el
es
s
P
o
w
er
T
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
,
the
p
l
an
ar
or
M
i
c
r
o
s
tr
i
p
a
nte
n
n
as
[17
,
18
]
are
w
i
de
l
y
us
e
d.
T
hi
s
t
y
p
e
of
an
te
nn
a
ge
ne
r
a
l
l
y
c
on
s
i
s
ts
of
a
grou
nd
pl
an
e
,
o
ne
or
m
ore
l
a
y
e
r
s
of
d
i
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
s
ub
s
tr
ate
s
an
d
on
e
or
m
ore
c
on
du
c
ti
v
e
r
ad
i
at
i
n
g
e
l
em
en
ts
ha
v
i
ng
di
f
f
erent
s
ha
pe
s
:
s
qu
are
,
r
ec
tan
gu
l
ar,
tr
i
an
g
ul
ar,
c
i
r
c
ul
ar,
el
l
i
p
ti
c
a
l
or
oth
er
m
ore
c
o
m
pl
ex
s
ha
pe
s
.
P
r
i
n
ted
an
te
nn
as
a
r
e
de
s
i
g
ne
d
t
o
m
ee
t
the
r
e
qu
i
r
em
en
ts
of
tec
hn
o
l
og
i
c
al
e
v
o
l
ut
i
o
n,
whi
c
h
i
s
al
s
o
l
ea
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
he
m
i
ni
at
uri
z
at
i
on
of
el
ec
tr
on
i
c
de
v
i
c
es
an
d
tel
ec
om
m
un
i
c
ati
o
ns
s
y
s
tem
s
.
W
i
th
the
i
r
s
m
a
l
l
d
i
m
en
s
i
on
s
,
the
i
r
p
erf
or
m
an
c
e,
the
i
r
f
l
ex
i
bi
l
i
t
y
m
ak
es
the
m
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
l
y
a
da
pt
ab
l
e
to
m
ob
i
l
e
de
v
i
c
es
(
s
ate
l
l
i
te
,
ai
r
c
r
af
t,
bo
at)
an
d
the
i
r
s
up
p
l
en
es
s
w
h
i
c
h
a
l
l
o
w
s
the
m
to
f
i
t
an
y
s
h
ap
e
of
s
urf
ac
e
(
f
l
at
or
s
ha
pe
d),
t
he
s
e
an
ten
na
s
h
av
e
pr
ov
en
th
ei
r
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
an
d
ten
d
to
r
ep
l
ac
e
tr
a
di
t
i
on
a
l
an
t
en
n
as
pe
r
m
an
en
tl
y
.
In
ad
d
i
t
i
on
,
th
e
y
ar
e
ea
s
y
to
f
ab
r
i
c
a
te
,
l
o
w
c
os
t,
c
om
pa
c
t
an
d
the
y
ha
v
e
th
e
ab
i
l
i
t
y
to
i
nte
gra
te
wi
th
m
i
c
r
owav
e
i
nt
eg
r
ate
d c
i
r
c
ui
ts
te
c
hn
ol
o
g
y
.
T
o
op
ti
m
i
z
e
t
he
po
wer
c
ol
l
e
c
ted
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
i
t
i
s
ne
c
es
s
ar
y
to
m
ax
i
m
i
z
e
th
e
c
ap
tured
RF
po
wer
.
T
o
do
th
i
s
,
we
c
an
ei
the
r
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
t
he
s
urf
ac
e
area
of
the
an
te
nn
as
wi
th
the
di
s
a
dv
an
t
ag
e
of
s
hi
f
ti
n
g
the
ba
nd
wi
dt
h
to
l
o
w
f
r
e
qu
en
c
i
es
,
or
k
ee
p
the
be
n
ef
i
t
of
the
s
a
m
e
an
te
nn
as
b
y
c
om
bi
ni
ng
s
ev
eral
i
n
a
n
et
w
ork
[19
-
2
3]
,
whi
c
h
i
s
t
he
s
ub
j
ec
t
of
ex
ten
s
i
v
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h.
T
he
tec
hn
i
qu
e
propos
e
d
i
n
thi
s
wor
k
i
s
us
ef
ul
f
or
c
ol
l
ec
ti
ng
m
ax
i
m
u
m
po
w
er
f
r
om
an
te
nn
a
b
l
oc
k
to
f
ee
d
d
i
r
ec
tl
y
t
he
r
ec
t
i
f
i
c
ati
on
de
v
i
c
e.
T
o
thi
s
pu
r
po
s
e
,
we
h
av
e
f
i
r
s
t
de
s
i
g
ne
d
a
s
i
ng
l
e
el
em
en
t
c
i
r
c
ul
arl
y
p
ol
ari
z
ed
pa
tc
h
an
te
nn
a
at
5
.8
G
H
z
,
prin
t
ed
o
n
an
F
R4
s
u
bs
tr
ate
h
av
i
ng
d
i
el
ec
tr
i
c
c
on
s
tan
t
ε
r
=
4.4
,
s
u
bs
tr
ate
t
hi
c
k
ne
s
s
h
=
1.6
m
m
an
d
t
he
l
os
s
t
an
g
en
t
i
s
0.
02
5.
T
he
n,
w
e
h
av
e
m
ou
nte
d
the
an
te
nn
a
on
a
f
ou
r
el
em
en
ts
arr
a
y
i
n
orde
r
to
i
m
prov
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
r
ad
i
ate
d
po
wer
,
the
d
i
r
ec
ti
v
i
t
y
,
an
d t
h
e g
ai
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
1
7
,
No
.
5
,
O
c
tob
er
20
19
:
21
8
6
-
21
9
3
2188
2.
S
ing
l
e
E
lement
A
n
t
enn
a De
s
ign
A
s
i
m
pl
e
m
i
c
r
os
tr
i
p
an
te
nn
a
c
on
s
i
s
ts
of
a
v
er
y
th
i
n
m
eta
l
pa
tc
h
of
d
i
m
en
s
i
on
s
L
x
W
pl
ac
e
d
o
n
a
di
el
ec
tr
i
c
s
u
bs
tr
ate
f
i
x
ed
o
n
a
m
eta
l
l
i
c
groun
d
pl
a
ne
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
3
.
T
he
pa
tc
h
i
s
ac
tua
l
l
y
a
b
i
t
l
arger
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
a
l
l
y
th
an
i
ts
ph
y
s
i
c
a
l
d
i
m
en
s
i
on
s
du
e
to
the
f
r
i
ng
i
ng
f
i
el
ds
an
d
th
e
d
i
f
f
erenc
e
b
et
w
ee
n
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
a
l
a
nd
ph
y
s
i
c
al
s
i
z
e
i
s
m
ai
nl
y
d
ep
e
nd
en
t
o
n
th
e
P
C
bo
ard
thi
c
k
ne
s
s
an
d
di
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
c
on
s
tan
t
of
th
e
s
u
bs
tr
a
te.
T
he
an
ten
na
c
a
n
be
c
o
ns
i
de
r
e
d
as
a
r
es
on
an
t
c
a
v
i
t
y
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
l
i
ne
w
i
t
h
t
w
o
op
en
e
n
ds
at
a
l
en
gth
λ
/2
where
the
f
i
el
ds
at
the
e
dg
es
of
the
p
atc
h
a
nd
th
e
gro
un
d
pl
an
are
e
x
po
s
ed
to
the
ou
ts
i
de
s
pa
c
e
an
d
c
r
e
ate
the
r
a
di
a
ti
o
n
. T
he
f
i
n
i
s
he
d
di
m
en
s
i
on
s
of
th
e
r
ad
i
at
i
ng
el
em
en
t (le
ng
t
h a
nd
wi
dt
h)
c
au
s
e t
h
e f
i
el
d
l
i
n
es
at
t
he
ed
g
es
of
th
e p
a
tc
h.
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
R
ec
tan
g
ul
ar m
i
c
r
o s
tr
i
p
a
nte
nn
a
c
on
f
i
gu
r
a
ti
o
n
T
he
an
ten
na
di
m
en
s
i
on
s
ar
e c
al
c
u
l
ate
d t
h
eo
r
i
c
a
l
l
y
as
f
ol
l
o
w
:
2.1.
Calc
u
latio
n
of
W
i
d
t
h
(
W
)
F
or
an
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
r
ad
i
at
or,
prac
ti
c
al
wi
dt
h
of
the
p
a
tc
h
an
te
nn
a
t
ha
t
l
ea
ds
to
go
od
r
ad
i
at
i
o
n e
f
f
i
c
i
en
c
i
es
i
s
gi
v
e
n b
y
[2
4
]:
=
0
2
0
√
2
1
+
(
1)
where
C
0
i
s
th
e
f
r
ee
-
s
pa
c
e
v
e
l
oc
i
t
y
of
l
i
g
ht
i
.e.
3
×
1
0
-
8
m
/s
an
d
ε
r
i
s
the
di
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
c
on
s
tan
t
of
m
ate
r
i
al
.
2.2.
Calc
u
latio
n
of
E
f
f
ec
t
iv
e D
iel
ec
t
r
ic
Co
n
stan
t
ε
reff
T
he
v
al
ue
of
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
d
i
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
c
on
s
tan
t
i
s
l
es
s
tha
n
d
i
el
ec
tr
i
c
c
on
s
tan
t
of
the
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
,
be
c
au
s
e
of
the
f
r
i
ng
i
ng
f
i
el
ds
are
no
t
c
on
f
i
n
ed
i
n
d
i
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
s
ub
s
tr
ate
aro
un
d
th
e
p
erip
he
r
y
of
the
p
atc
h
o
nl
y
,
b
ut
i
s
al
s
o
s
pread
i
n
th
e
a
i
r
.
T
he
v
a
l
ue
of
thi
s
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
di
el
ec
tr
i
c
c
on
s
tan
t
i
s
gi
v
en
b
y
[24
]:
ε
re
ff
=
+
1
2
+
−
1
2
[
1
+
12
ℎ
]
-
1
/
2
(
2)
2.3.
Calc
u
latio
n
of
Len
g
t
h
(
L
)
T
he
l
en
gth
of
the
pa
tc
h
de
t
erm
i
ne
s
the
r
es
on
an
c
e
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
t
hu
s
i
t
i
s
a
c
r
i
ti
c
a
l
f
ac
tor
f
or
na
r
r
o
w
ba
nd
pa
tc
h
.
S
i
nc
e
i
t
i
s
no
t
p
os
s
i
bl
e
t
o
ac
c
urat
el
y
ac
c
ou
nt
the
f
r
i
ng
i
ng
f
i
el
d
the
r
es
u
l
ts
are
no
t d
ef
i
ni
t
e.
B
e
l
o
w
i
s
th
e
eq
ua
ti
on
t
o c
al
c
u
l
at
e t
h
e l
en
gt
h o
f
th
e
pa
tc
h [
24
]
:
=
2
−
2
(
3)
where
Δ
L
i
s
th
e l
en
gt
h e
x
te
ns
i
on
be
c
au
s
e
of
f
r
i
ng
i
n
g f
i
el
d,
w
h
i
c
h c
an
be
c
a
l
c
ul
ate
d a
s
f
ol
l
o
w
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
A
ne
w c
on
f
i
g
urati
on
o
f p
atc
h a
nt
en
n
a a
r
r
ay
fo
r
r
ec
t
en
n
a a
r
r
ay
ap
pl
i
c
ati
on
s
(
A
. T
ay
bi
)
2189
=
0
.
412
ℎ
(
+
0
.
3
)
(
ℎ
+
0
.
264
)
(
−
0
.
2
5
8
)
(
ℎ
+
0
.
8
)
(
4)
2.4.
F
e
edin
g
M
ec
h
anisms
A
r
ec
urr
i
n
g
pr
ob
l
em
i
n
th
e
de
s
i
gn
of
prin
t
ed
an
t
en
na
s
i
s
t
he
c
h
oi
c
e
of
ex
c
i
tat
i
on
tec
hn
i
qu
e
.
C
oa
x
i
al
pro
be
e
x
c
i
tat
i
o
n
i
s
p
os
s
i
b
l
e,
bu
t
i
t
i
s
of
ten
pref
erabl
e
t
o
us
e
m
i
c
r
o
s
tr
i
p
l
i
n
es
tha
t
al
l
o
w
s
ev
eral
el
em
en
ts
to
b
e
s
u
pp
l
i
e
d
at
th
e
s
am
e
ti
m
e,
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
arl
y
i
n
t
he
c
as
e
of
an
t
en
n
a
arr
a
y
.
W
e
w
i
l
l
di
s
t
i
ng
ui
s
h
s
ev
era
l
t
y
p
es
of
po
wer
s
up
pl
i
es
whos
e
m
ai
n
on
es
are
:
ex
c
i
ta
ti
o
n
b
y
c
oa
x
i
al
pro
be
,
b
y
m
i
c
r
o
s
tr
i
p
l
i
ne
,
b
y
pr
ox
i
m
i
t
y
,
a
nd
b
y
c
o
up
l
i
ng
t
hrou
gh
a
s
l
ot
i
n
th
e
gro
un
d
pl
a
ne
.
T
he
prox
i
m
i
t
y
f
ee
di
n
g
i
s
do
ne
f
r
om
t
w
o
s
up
erp
os
ed
s
ub
s
tr
at
es
of
di
f
f
erent
pe
r
m
i
tti
v
i
ti
es
.
T
he
up
p
er
s
ub
s
tr
at
e
wi
l
l
b
e
c
ho
s
e
n
f
or
l
o
w
pe
r
m
i
tti
v
i
t
y
to
prom
ote
r
ad
i
at
i
on
,
whi
l
e
t
he
l
o
w
er
s
ub
s
tr
ate
wi
l
l
be
h
i
g
h
p
er
m
i
tti
v
i
t
y
t
o
c
o
nc
en
tr
a
te
the
el
ec
tr
om
ag
ne
ti
c
f
i
e
l
d
b
et
ween
the
pr
i
nt
ed
l
i
n
e
an
d
th
e
gr
ou
n
d
pl
an
e.
T
he
ap
ertur
e
c
ou
p
l
i
ng
m
eth
od
i
s
c
on
s
i
de
r
e
d
as
a
s
ol
uti
o
n
to
i
s
o
l
at
e
the
prin
t
ed
s
u
pp
l
y
l
i
ne
f
r
om
the
r
ad
i
at
i
n
g
e
l
em
en
t
b
y
c
ut
ti
ng
a
g
ap
i
n
the
grou
n
d
p
l
an
e
s
o
t
ha
t
the
l
i
n
e c
an
be
c
o
up
l
ed
to
t
he
r
ad
i
at
i
n
g b
l
oc
k
.
T
hi
s
s
ol
ut
i
on
,
w
h
i
c
h
r
eq
u
i
r
e
s
three
l
ev
el
s
of
m
eta
l
l
i
z
at
i
on
,
i
s
a
ttrac
ti
v
e
be
c
a
us
e
i
t
al
l
o
w
s
ac
ti
v
e
c
om
po
ne
nts
to
be
i
nte
grate
d
i
nto
the
prin
t
ed
l
i
n
e
w
i
tho
ut
d
am
ag
i
ng
the
a
nte
nn
a's
r
ad
i
at
i
o
n
gi
v
en
t
he
pres
en
c
e
of
th
e
grou
nd
pl
an
e
b
et
ween
the
t
wo.
Unf
ortuna
tel
y
,
pa
r
as
i
ti
c
r
ea
r
r
ad
i
at
i
o
n
c
an
oc
c
ur,
es
p
ec
i
al
l
y
i
f
y
ou
wor
k
at
a
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
c
l
os
e
t
o
th
e
r
es
on
a
nc
e
of
the
c
ou
p
l
i
n
g
s
l
ot.
F
i
na
l
l
y
,
t
he
tec
hn
i
q
ue
us
ed
i
n
t
hi
s
p
ap
e
r
i
s
to
f
ee
d
th
e
p
atc
h
an
te
nn
a
b
y
m
i
c
r
o
s
tr
i
p
l
i
ne
,
the
a
dv
an
t
ag
e
of
f
ee
di
n
g
b
y
m
i
c
r
o
s
tr
i
p
l
i
ne
o
n
the
s
am
e
pl
an
e
i
s
th
e
s
i
m
pl
i
c
i
t
y
of
i
m
pl
em
en
tat
i
on
an
d
ea
s
i
ne
s
s
of
f
ab
r
i
c
ati
o
n
.
O
n
l
y
on
e
s
ub
s
tr
ate
i
s
us
ed
he
r
e,
a
nd
w
e
c
an
m
atc
h
the
i
m
pe
da
nc
e b
y
us
i
ng
s
e
v
era
l
te
c
h
ni
c
s
.
2.5.
A
n
t
enn
a
De
sign
T
he
el
ec
tr
om
ag
ne
ti
c
b
eh
av
i
ou
r
of
an
an
t
en
n
a
i
s
c
o
m
pl
ex
an
d
the
r
e
are
m
an
y
ap
prox
i
m
ati
on
f
or
m
ul
as
i
n
t
he
l
i
ter
atu
r
e
tha
t
a
l
l
o
w
to
a
pp
r
oa
c
h
a
b
eh
a
v
i
ou
r
i
n
a
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
ba
n
d.
O
pti
m
i
z
ati
on
i
s
es
s
en
t
i
a
l
,
i
t
c
an
b
e
do
ne
ei
t
he
r
b
y
m
ea
s
urem
en
t
al
o
ne
(
b
ut
th
i
s
r
eq
ui
r
es
qu
i
te
ex
pe
ns
i
v
e
eq
ui
pm
en
t)
or
b
y
us
i
n
g
an
el
ec
tr
om
ag
ne
ti
c
s
i
m
ul
ato
r
to
r
e
du
c
e
th
e
m
ea
s
ure
m
en
t
s
tep
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
th
es
e
s
of
twares
are
ti
m
e
-
c
on
s
u
m
i
ng
to
c
o
m
pu
te
s
i
nc
e
th
e
y
us
e
the
d
i
gi
ti
z
ed
Ma
x
w
el
l
eq
u
ati
on
s
.
N
o
w
a
d
a
y
s
s
e
v
era
l
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
t
oo
l
s
ha
v
e
em
erged
,
ea
c
h
ha
s
i
ts
ad
v
a
nta
ge
s
an
d
l
i
m
i
tat
i
o
ns
,
bu
t
o
v
eral
l
the
y
al
l
al
l
o
w
t
he
d
es
i
g
n
an
d
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
of
an
t
en
n
a
s
an
d
r
ad
i
ati
ng
s
tr
uc
tures
,
the
c
al
c
u
l
a
ti
o
n
o
f
RF
properti
es
s
uc
h
as
r
ef
l
ec
ti
on
c
o
ef
f
i
c
i
en
ts
,
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
i
es
,
ne
ar
an
d
f
ar
f
i
el
d
v
a
l
ue
s
,
g
ai
ns
etc
.
A
m
on
g
the
s
e
s
of
twares
,
A
dv
a
nc
ed
D
es
i
gn
S
y
s
t
em
(
A
DS
)
[
25
]
was
c
ho
s
e
n
d
urin
g
the
w
ork
of
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
of
thi
s
s
tr
uc
ture
.
T
hrough
i
ts
M
om
en
tum
to
ol
,
i
t
a
l
l
o
w
s
to
pe
r
f
or
m
an
el
ec
tr
om
ag
ne
ti
c
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
ba
s
ed
on
th
e
f
i
ni
t
e
e
l
em
en
t
gri
d
of
t
he
p
atc
h
a
nd
pres
en
ts
t
he
ga
i
n
an
d
d
i
r
ec
ti
v
i
t
y
v
a
l
ue
s
as
wel
l
as
the
t
wo
an
d
thr
ee
-
d
i
m
en
s
i
on
a
l
r
ad
i
at
i
o
n
pa
tte
r
n
.
I
n
a
dd
i
ti
on
,
i
t
f
ea
tures
a
v
er
y
a
dv
an
c
ed
an
d
i
ntu
i
t
i
v
e
i
nte
r
f
ac
e
f
or
de
s
i
gn
an
d
v
i
s
u
al
i
z
a
ti
on
of
r
es
ul
ts
.
F
i
gu
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
the
ge
om
etr
y
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
pa
tc
h
an
te
nn
a
whi
c
h
op
erat
e
at
5.8
G
H
z
.
T
he
r
ef
l
ec
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
c
o
m
m
on
l
y
r
ef
err
ed
to
as
S
11
de
s
c
r
i
be
s
th
e
r
ati
o
b
et
w
ee
n
the
r
ef
l
ec
t
ed
wa
v
e
an
d
t
h
e
i
nc
i
d
en
t
w
a
v
e
at
the
a
n
ten
n
a
i
np
ut.
T
he
s
t
ud
y
of
the
r
ef
l
ec
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
i
s
v
er
y
r
i
c
h
i
n
i
n
f
or
m
ati
on
b
ec
au
s
e
i
t
pro
v
i
de
s
us
wi
th
i
nf
or
m
ati
on
on
the
an
ten
na
's
be
ha
v
i
or
i
n
term
s
of
ba
nd
wi
dt
h
an
d
l
e
v
el
of
ad
a
pta
t
i
on
,
w
h
i
c
h
are
t
w
o
es
s
en
t
i
a
l
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
s
of
go
od
or
ba
d
f
un
c
ti
o
ni
ng
.
T
he
ba
n
d
w
i
dth
c
a
n
be
d
ef
i
ne
d
ac
c
ordi
n
g
to
s
e
v
er
a
l
c
r
i
teri
a:
wi
th
r
ef
erenc
e
to
th
e
r
ef
l
ec
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
(
|
S
11
|
≤
-
10
d
B
)
or
a
l
m
os
t
eq
ui
v
al
en
t
t
o
the
S
tat
i
o
na
r
y
W
av
e
Rati
o
(
S
W
R
≤
2),
or
i
n
r
el
a
ti
o
n
to
t
he
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
(
E
f
f
≥
80
%
f
or
ex
a
m
pl
e).
O
f
c
ou
r
s
e
,
the
c
ho
s
en
r
ef
erenc
e
l
e
v
e
l
c
an
c
ha
ng
e
f
r
o
m
on
e
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
to
an
oth
er.
W
hi
l
e
wi
th
i
n
the
an
t
en
n
a
s
c
i
en
t
i
f
i
c
c
om
m
un
i
t
y
i
t
i
s
ge
n
eral
l
y
c
on
s
i
de
r
e
d
t
ha
t
a
n
an
te
nn
a
i
s
wel
l
m
atc
he
d
when
|
S
11
|
≤
-
10
dB
,
i
n
pr
ac
ti
c
e
th
i
s
r
eq
ui
r
em
en
t
i
s
o
f
ten
r
ed
uc
ed
w
h
en
c
on
s
i
de
r
i
ng
an
ten
na
s
f
or
r
ad
i
oc
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
ter
m
i
na
l
s
(
w
he
r
e
a
c
r
i
ter
i
on
of
|
S
11
|
≤
-
5
dB
i
s
c
om
m
on
)
.
I
n
ou
r
c
as
e,
the
an
ten
na
pe
r
f
orm
an
c
e
i
n
term
s
of
i
m
p
ed
an
c
e
m
atc
hi
n
g
i
s
de
p
i
c
ted
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
5
.
It’
s
c
l
ea
r
f
r
o
m
the
gra
ph
t
ha
t
the
an
t
en
n
a i
s
w
e
l
l
m
atc
he
d a
t 5
.8
G
H
z
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
1
7
,
No
.
5
,
O
c
tob
er
20
19
:
21
8
6
-
21
9
3
2190
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
pa
tc
h a
nte
nn
a
F
i
gu
r
e
5.
S
i
m
ul
ate
d
r
e
f
l
ec
ti
on
c
oe
ffi
c
i
en
t
v
ers
u
s
fr
eq
u
en
c
y
3
.
A
n
t
enn
a
A
r
r
a
y
D
es
ign
In
r
ec
ten
na
ap
pl
i
c
ati
on
,
i
t
i
s
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
t
o
d
es
i
g
n
an
ten
na
s
wi
th
hi
gh
di
r
ec
ti
v
e
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
s
to
m
ee
t
the
de
m
an
ds
of
l
on
g
-
di
s
tan
c
e
l
i
nk
s
.
Henc
e,
on
e
el
em
en
t
an
te
nn
a
c
ou
l
d
no
t
r
es
po
nd
t
o
th
i
s
r
eq
ui
r
e
m
en
t.
T
o
ov
erc
om
e
thi
s
probl
em
,
an
ten
na
arr
a
y
s
are
s
ug
ge
s
te
d
i
n
order
to
b
en
ef
i
t
f
r
o
m
the
a
d
v
an
tag
e
of
s
up
erim
po
s
i
ng
t
he
r
a
di
a
ti
o
n
of
ea
c
h
el
em
e
nt
i
n
t
he
s
am
e
di
r
ec
ti
on
t
o i
nc
r
ea
s
e t
h
e o
v
eral
l
ga
i
n
an
d
di
r
ec
ti
v
i
t
y
of
t
he
a
nte
n
na
.
S
e
v
era
l
c
on
s
tr
ai
nts
c
an
i
nf
l
ue
nc
e
t
he
d
es
i
gn
of
an
ten
na
arr
a
y
s
.
Mu
t
ua
l
c
o
up
l
i
ng
,
i
np
ut
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
m
atc
hi
ng
of
the
s
up
p
l
y
l
i
ne
an
d
di
s
t
an
c
e
be
t
w
e
en
th
e
el
em
en
ts
are
the
m
os
t
i
m
po
r
tan
t
f
ac
tors
to
c
on
s
i
de
r
when
de
s
i
gn
i
ng
.
T
he
s
pa
c
i
ng
b
et
w
e
en
th
e
ne
t
wor
k
el
e
m
en
ts
di
r
ec
tl
y
af
f
ec
t
the
r
ad
i
ati
on
pa
tte
r
n
an
d
ga
i
n.
If
the
e
l
em
en
ts
are
too
c
l
os
e
t
o
ea
c
h
oth
er,
a
c
ou
pl
i
ng
ph
en
om
en
on
r
e
d
uc
es
the
g
ai
n
v
al
ue
an
d
when
the
y
are
too
f
ar
awa
y
,
t
ha
t
af
f
ec
t
the
pri
nc
i
pa
l
l
o
be
a
nd
the
r
e
f
ore
r
ed
uc
e
the
di
r
ec
t
i
v
i
t
y
.
I
n
ad
d
i
ti
on
,
th
e
i
n
pu
t
i
m
pe
d
an
c
e
m
atc
hi
ng
to
50
O
hm
i
s
ne
c
es
s
ar
y
t
o
en
s
ure
proper
o
p
erat
i
o
n
of
the
an
t
en
n
a.
T
he
l
i
ne
di
m
en
s
i
on
s
are
c
al
c
ul
a
ted
us
i
ng
A
g
i
l
en
t's
Li
nc
a
l
c
s
of
tw
are
[
25
].
T
o
f
ee
d
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T
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pe
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r
e
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o
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gu
r
ati
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ul
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as
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he
i
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l
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ho
w
e
v
er,
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e
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t
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pe
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es
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term
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th
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do
ub
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al
u
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i
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m
pe
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e.
In
thi
s
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,
t
he
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al
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e
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i
np
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t
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m
pe
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i
s
50
O
hm
s
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n
the
ou
t
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t
i
m
pe
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nc
e
wi
l
l
h
av
e t
h
e
v
al
ue
of
10
0
O
hm
s
.
T
he
s
i
m
ul
ati
o
n
r
es
ul
ts
of
the
r
etu
r
n
l
os
s
(
S
11
)
of
the
f
ou
r
-
el
em
en
ts
an
te
nn
a
arr
a
y
F
i
gu
r
e
6
are
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
7
(
a).
T
he
Mo
m
en
tu
m
s
ol
v
er
pro
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d
b
y
A
d
v
an
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Des
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gn
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y
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tem
ha
v
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n
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R4
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ub
s
tr
ate
ha
v
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i
el
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tr
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c
c
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t
ε
r
=
4.
4,
s
ub
s
tr
ate
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c
k
ne
s
s
h=
1.
6
m
m
an
d
th
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l
os
s
tan
g
en
t
i
s
0.0
2
5
h
av
e
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en
em
pl
o
y
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d.
W
e
c
an
c
on
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l
ud
e,
f
r
om
the
gra
ph
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t
ha
t
th
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f
ou
r
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el
em
en
ts
arr
a
y
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s
wel
l
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d
at
5.8
G
H
z
a
nd
th
at
t
he
ef
f
ec
ts
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c
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up
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m
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T
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r
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an
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e
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r
s
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pi
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te
d
i
n
F
i
g
ure
7
(
b),
the
pu
r
po
s
e
of
thi
s
wor
k
ha
v
e
be
en
r
ea
c
he
d b
y
ac
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e
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ng
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d
es
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r
ed
ga
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n
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d
di
r
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t
i
v
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t
y
at
5.
8 GH
z
.
F
i
gu
r
e
6.
T
he
p
r
op
o
s
ed
pa
t
c
h a
nt
en
na
a
r
r
ay
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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L
KO
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69
3
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A
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2191
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a
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i
m
ul
ate
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r
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l
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oe
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r
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o
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t,
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ts
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e
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nd
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om
pa
r
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ul
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s
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om
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oth
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i
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.
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r
ef
l
ec
ti
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c
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f
f
i
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f
i
r
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ea
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v
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al
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er
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n
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ad
i
at
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o
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pa
tte
r
n
m
ea
s
urem
en
ts
w
ere
pe
r
f
orm
ed
.
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tr
an
s
m
i
tti
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p
art
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s
c
om
po
s
ed
of
an
RF
ge
ne
r
ato
r
an
d
a
tra
ns
m
i
tti
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h
orn
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t
en
n
a
ab
l
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to
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ar
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ts
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ori
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tal
ax
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s
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us
a
l
l
o
w
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ha
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uth
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f
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e
ha
v
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us
ed
as
a
s
ub
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tr
at
e
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F
R4
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t
h
di
el
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tr
i
c
pe
r
m
i
tti
v
i
t
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on
s
ta
nt
4.
4,
th
i
c
k
ne
s
s
of
1.6
m
m
an
d
l
os
s
tan
g
en
t
of
0.0
25
.
F
i
gu
r
e
9
c
om
pa
r
es
the
v
ar
i
at
i
on
of
the
s
i
m
ul
ate
d
r
ef
l
ec
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
S
1
1
an
d
th
e
on
e
m
ea
s
ured
as
a
f
un
c
ti
on
of
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
.
T
he
r
es
ul
ts
i
nd
i
c
ate
t
ha
t
th
e
m
ea
s
ured
S
11
ha
s
a
s
l
i
gh
t
s
hi
f
t
t
o
w
ards
hi
g
h
f
r
eq
ue
nc
i
es
bu
t
th
e
a
nte
n
na
r
em
ai
ns
m
atc
he
d
t
o
th
e
ba
n
d
o
f
i
nte
r
es
t
(
I
S
M
-
5.
8
G
H
z
)
.
A
s
s
ho
wn
i
n
f
i
g
ure
10
,
the
s
tr
uc
ture
pres
en
ts
a
s
ta
bl
e
an
d
d
i
r
ec
ti
v
e
r
ad
i
at
i
o
n p
att
ern
at
5
.8
G
H
z
.
F
i
gu
r
e
8
. Fa
bric
ate
d a
nte
n
na
a
nd
a
nte
nn
a
arr
a
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
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V
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19
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(
a)
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b)
F
i
gu
r
e
9.
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i
m
ul
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d a
n
d m
ea
s
ured res
u
l
ts
. (a)
S
11
v
e
r
s
us
f
r
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nc
y
(
f
or Si
ng
l
e e
l
em
en
t a
nt
en
n
a) (
b) S1
1 v
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us
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r
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or An
te
nn
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r
r
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y
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i
gu
r
e
10
. T
he
m
ea
s
ured E
-
pl
an
an
t
en
n
a
arr
a
y
r
ad
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at
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o
n p
at
tern a
t 5
.
8 GH
z
f
or az
i
m
uth
pl
an
of
0,
45
an
d 9
0
°
5
.
Co
n
clus
ion
T
he
wor
k
pres
en
ted
i
n
thi
s
paper
i
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v
ot
ed
to
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e
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gn
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pti
m
i
z
at
i
o
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f
ab
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i
c
ati
o
n
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nd
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ea
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m
en
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a
c
i
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ar
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l
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tc
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t
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r
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at
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H
z
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Ind
us
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c
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d.
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a
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m
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s
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s
t
o
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pp
l
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c
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on
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i
n
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o
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a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
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p
ec
i
a
l
l
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f
or
Re
c
ten
na
i
m
pl
em
en
tat
i
o
ns
.
F
i
r
s
tl
y
,
we
h
av
e
s
tarted
wi
th
a
s
i
ng
l
e
e
l
em
en
t
a
nte
n
na
v
al
i
da
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ed
b
y
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
s
a
nd
m
ea
s
urem
en
ts
,
th
en
m
ov
ed
on
to
an
arr
a
y
c
o
nf
i
gu
r
at
i
on
b
y
as
s
oc
i
ati
ng
f
ou
r
e
l
e
m
en
ts
of
the
propos
ed
pa
tc
h
an
t
en
n
a
i
n
order
to
e
nh
an
c
e
th
e
c
o
v
e
r
ag
e,
g
ai
n
an
d
d
i
r
ec
ti
v
i
t
y
.
Cons
eq
ue
nt
l
y
,
th
e
r
ec
ten
n
a
pe
r
f
orm
an
c
e
s
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s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
an
t
l
y
i
m
prov
ed
.
S
i
m
ul
ati
on
r
es
u
l
ts
h
av
e
b
e
en
c
on
f
i
r
m
ed
b
y
m
ea
s
urem
en
ts
,
a
ga
i
n
of
6 d
B
a
nd
di
r
ec
ti
v
i
t
y
of
11
d
B
h
av
e b
ee
n
r
ea
c
he
d.
T
he
m
ea
s
ure
m
en
t res
ul
ts
de
m
on
s
tr
ate
t
ha
t
we
ha
v
e
a
g
oo
d
m
atc
hi
ng
i
np
ut
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
at
5.
8
G
H
z
wi
th
a
d
i
r
ec
ti
v
e
r
ad
i
at
i
on
pa
tt
ern.
T
he
propos
ed
a
nte
nn
a
arr
a
y
wi
l
l
be
s
u
i
ta
bl
e
f
or
wi
r
el
es
s
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
ap
p
l
i
c
a
ti
on
s
wi
th
hi
g
h
ga
i
n a
n
d c
i
r
c
ul
ar po
l
ari
z
a
ti
o
n.
Ref
er
en
ce
s
[1
]
Al
Ag
h
a
K,
B
e
rti
n
M
,
Dan
g
T
,
G
u
i
tt
o
n
A,
M
i
n
e
t
P,
Va
l
T
,
e
t
a
l
.
W
h
i
c
h
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
fo
r
In
d
u
s
tri
a
l
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
S
e
n
s
o
r
N
e
tw
o
rk
s
?
T
h
e
Dev
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
O
CAR
I
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
IEEE
Tra
n
s
In
d
El
e
c
tr
o
n
.
2
0
0
9
;
5
6
(
1
0
):
4
2
6
6
–
42
78.
[2
]
G
u
n
g
o
r
VC,
Han
c
k
e
G
P.
I
n
d
u
s
tri
a
l
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
n
s
o
r
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