TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.12, No
.4, Dece
mbe
r
2014, pp. 11
42~115
2
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v12i4.1132
1142
Re
cei
v
ed Se
ptem
ber 24, 2014; Revi
se
d No
vem
ber
22, 2014; Accepted Decem
ber 2, 201
4
A Review of Pa
rabolic Dish-Stirling Engine System
Based on Concentrating Solar Power
Lia
w
Geok
P
h
eng
1
, Rosn
ani Affandi
2
, Mohd Rud
d
in Ab Gha
n
i*
3
, Chin Kim Gan
4
,
Zanariah J
a
n
o
5
, Tole Sutikno
6
1,2,
3,4
Facult
y
of
Eletrical En
gin
e
rin
g
, Univers
i
ti T
e
knikal Malay
s
ia Melaka (UT
e
M)
761
00, Duri
an
T
unggal, Mela
ka, Mala
ysi
a
5
Centre for La
ngu
ag
es and H
u
man D
e
vel
o
p
m
ent, Univ
ers
i
ti T
e
knikal Mala
ysi
a
Mel
a
ka (U
T
e
M)
761
00, Duri
an
T
unggal, Mela
ka, Mala
ysi
a
6
Department o
f
Electrical Eng
i
ne
erin
g, F
a
cul
t
y
of I
ndustria
l T
e
chnolog
y, U
n
iversit
a
s Ahm
ad Da
hla
n
(UA
D
)
3
rd
UAD Camp
us, Jln. Prof. Dr. Soepomo,
Ja
nturan, Yo
g
y
ak
arta 551
64, Ind
ones
ia
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, em
ail
:
dpdrud
in@
u
tem.edu.m
y
A
b
st
r
a
ct
A solar ther
mal tech
nol
ogy
w
h
ich is a
l
so
know
n as c
o
n
c
entratin
g
so
la
r pow
er (CSP
) use
s
thermal
ener
gy
from th
e su
n
to gen
er
ate
el
ectricity. T
he e
l
ectricity g
ener
ation fro
m
s
o
l
a
r thermal c
an
be
produced with
four technol
ogies of c
oncentrating solar syst
em
s
whic
h
are par
abolic trough,
linear Fres
nel
reflector, sol
a
r
tow
e
r, and p
a
r
abo
lic d
i
sh-Sti
rling
en
gi
ne sy
stem. T
h
is
pa
per rev
i
ew
s the par
ab
olic
dis
h
-
stirling b
a
se
d o
n
CSP techno
l
ogy by takin
g
i
n
to acco
u
n
t the perfor
m
a
n
ce,
the glob
al perf
o
rmanc
e, site for
para
bol
ic dis
h
and lev
e
l
i
z
e
d
cost of ener
gy (LCOE)
. Gener
ally,
the
para
bol
ic
dis
h
appl
icatio
ns
have
barriers i
n
ter
m
s of the technol
ogy an
d the hi
gh cap
i
tal cost
compar
ed to th
e others CSP techn
o
lo
gi
es.
Ke
y
w
ords
: concentrating solar power (CSP
),
parabolic dis
h
-stirling system
, perfor
m
anc
e
, leveli
z
e
d cost of
ener
gy (LCOE)
1. Introduc
tion
Solar e
nergy can
be u
s
e
d
with rene
wable
so
la
r te
chn
o
logie
s
to
repla
c
e
co
n
v
entional
energy syste
m
s that con
s
ume fo
ssil
fuels, thus h
e
lp red
u
ce harmful emi
s
sion
s into the
atmosp
he
re
and
help
re
d
u
ce
green
ho
use
effect
an
d
glo
bal wa
rming.
Con
c
e
n
trating sol
a
r power
(CSP) u
s
e
s
therm
a
l ene
rg
y from the
su
n to generate
electri
c
ity [1].
Parab
o
lic di
sh–stirli
ng
syst
em is the o
n
e
of the CSP tech
nolo
g
y that have bee
n
studied
and d
e
velop
e
d
for te
rrestri
a
l appli
c
atio
n
s
that all
o
ws
to rea
c
h
high
tempe
r
ature
s
con
c
ent
rati
ng
the radiatio
n i
n
a
focus [2].
Parab
o
lic di
sh–stirl
i
n
g
sy
stem tracks the sun and focu
s sola
r ene
rg
y
into cavity receive
r
, the
n
the re
ceiv
er ab
so
rb
s
the ene
rgy
and tra
n
sfe
r
s it to a h
eat
engin
e
/gene
rator that g
e
n
e
rate
s el
ectri
c
al p
o
we
r. T
he be
havior
of the therm
a
l ma
chine
s
is
based on the
r
modyn
a
mic
cycle
s
that take a
d
v
anta
ges fro
m
the
cycle maxim
u
m temperature
achi
eved by the wo
rki
ng fluid (WF) [3].
The Stirlin
g
engin
e
con
s
i
s
ts of
a sea
l
ed sy
stem f
illed with
wo
rkin
g g
a
s
(typically
hydrog
en or
helium
)
that is altern
atively heat
ed an
d coole
d
. It is kn
own a
s
a workin
g ga
s
becau
se it i
s
contin
ually re
cycle
d
in
side
t
he engi
ne
a
nd is not
co
n
s
ume
d
. Th
e
engin
e
works
b
y
comp
re
ssing
the working
g
a
s
wh
en it i
s
cool,
and
exp
andin
g
it whe
n
it is
hot [4]. More po
we
r
is
prod
uced by
expandin
g
the hot ga
s than is
req
u
ired to com
p
ress the co
ol
gas. Thi
s
a
c
tion
prod
uces a
ri
sing a
nd falli
ng pre
s
su
re
on the engi
n
e
’s pi
ston, the motion of whi
c
h is
conv
erted
into mechani
cal po
we
r. T
he direct
con
v
ersio
n
of so
lar po
we
r int
o
mechani
cal
powe
r
redu
ces
both the co
st and complexi
ty of
the prim
e mover [5].
In theo
ry, the
pri
n
cip
a
l a
d
vantage
s
of Stirli
ng
engi
ne
s are thei
r u
s
e
of an
extern
al he
at
sou
r
ce an
d th
eir hig
h
effici
ency. Stirling
engin
e
would
obtain the
economy of sca
l
e and
co
uld
be
built as a ch
eap po
we
r source for d
e
v
eloping
co
u
n
tries. Hen
c
e
,
the Dish/Stirling ha
s be
en
investigate
d
in-de
p
th an
d
achi
eved go
o
d
therm
odyn
a
mic p
e
rfo
r
m
ance in comp
arison
with ot
her
CSP Sys
t
ems
[6].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
A Revie
w
of Parab
o
lic
Dish-Stirling En
g
i
ne System
Base
d on …. (Liaw G
e
o
k
Pheng
)
1143
2. Performan
ce of th
e Par
a
bolic Dish-Stirling Sy
stem
1984
-19
88 T
echnology
The 1
984
-19
88 te
chn
o
log
y
is represe
n
t
ed by the
Advanco’
s V
angu
ard
Syst
em an
d
develop
ed
b
y
Advanco
Corpo
r
ation.
Whil
e, 25
kW di
sh/Stirli
ng
system
i
s
d
e
velop
e
d
by
McDonn
ell
Dougla
s
Ae
ro
spa
c
e
Corp
o
r
ation
(M
DA), 50kW Syst
em an
d 9
k
W System
are
develop
ed by
Schlai
ch B
e
rgerm
ann
und
Partne
r
(SB
P
).
Advanco Corpo
r
ation d
e
velope
d
25
kW
Vangua
rd di
sh/Stirling
system at the
Jet Prop
ulsi
o
n
Labo
rato
ry OPL in 198
4. The sy
ste
m
achi
eved a
reporte
d
Worl
d's
Re
co
rd
n
e
t sola
r to
el
ectri
c
conve
r
sion efficien
cy
of
29.4%
a
nd
installe
d at Ran
c
h
o
Mira
ge, Califo
r
nia
[7]. The
rat
ed net ele
c
trical o
u
tput of the pro
d
u
c
tio
n
system
i
s
25
kW. The
V
a
ngua
rd co
ncentrato
r
i
s
a
pproxim
ately 11 m
e
ters i
n
diam
eter
a
nd
integrating
wi
th the
United Stirling AB
(USAB) M
odel 4-95 M
a
rk II
engi
ne. Engi
ne used in this
system is a f
our-cylin
der
Stirling engin
e
[8]. T
he workin
g ga
s is h
y
droge
n at a maximum me
an
workin
g pressure of 20 M
P
a and temp
eratu
r
e of 72
0°C [9].
Schlai
ch, Bergerm
ann un
d
Partner (SB
P
) of
Stuttgart, developed and co
nst
r
u
c
ted three
50kW SBP
sys
tems
in Germany in 1984. The firs
t
sys
tem is operated in E
u
rope and the
other
two system
s
are lo
cated i
n
the Solar Village of
the Saudi Arabi
a
n
Nation
al Center for Sci
e
nce
and T
e
chnolo
g
y nea
r Riya
dh. The
rated
net ele
c
tri
c
al
output of the
pro
d
u
c
tion
system is
52.5
k
W
[10]. The Schlaich con
c
e
n
trator i
s
a
single-fa
cet
stretch
ed m
e
m
b
ran
e
di
sh a
pproxim
ately 17
meters in di
a
m
eter a
nd i
s
i
n
tegrate
d
wit
h
Un
ite
d
Stirling 4-275
eng
ines. A fou
r
-cylinder, do
ubl
e-
acting Stirling
engine is u
s
ed in this sy
stem [
11]. The working g
a
s is hydrog
en
at a maximum
mean
wo
rki
n
g pressu
re of
15MPa
and
620°
C. Th
e
Schl
ai
ch
dish
/Stirling re
cei
v
er is
a di
re
ctly
illuminated tube receiver that has
many small-di
am
eter heater tu
bes located i
n
the back of
the
receiver
cavi
ty to absorb
the con
c
ent
rated
sunlig
h
t. The entire
Schlaich-Be
r
ge
rman
n un
d
Partner 5
0
kW dish/Stirling
system h
a
s a
maximum ne
t s
o
lar to electric
effic
i
enc
y
of 23.10% [12].
McDonn
ell Dou
g
la
s Co
rp., Aerosp
ace Divisi
on,
of Huntingto
n
Beach, California
(MDA
C), d
e
velope
d a 2
5
kW di
sh/Stirlin
g syste
m
in
1984. M
c
Don
nell Dougl
as
afterwa
r
d
s
so
ld
the manufa
c
t
u
ring
and m
a
rketin
g ri
ghts
for the sy
st
e
m
to Southern Califo
r
nia E
d
iso
n
Co.
(S
CE)
of Ros
e
mead, Californi
a, in 1986 [13]. Southern California Edis
on c
o
ntinued t
o
evaluate and
improve th
e
dish/ Stirlin
g
system at th
eir Sola
r On
e facility nea
r Barstow,
California, th
ro
ugh
Septembe
r 1
988. Th
e
rat
ed n
e
t ele
c
tri
c
al
output
of
the p
r
od
ucti
on
system i
s
25
kW [14].
The
con
c
e
n
trato
r
is
a sph
e
ri
ca
lly
curved gl
ass
mirr
o
r
fa
cets
dish ap
proximately
10.57 mete
rs in
diamete
r
and
is integ
r
ated
with Unite
d
Stir
ling 4-95
Mark II engin
e
as u
s
e
d
in
the Vangu
ard
system. T
he
workin
g g
a
s
is hyd
r
og
en
at a ma
ximu
m mea
n
working
pressu
re of 20
MPa
and
720°
C. The e
n
tire McDo
nn
ell Dou
g
la
s di
sh/Stirli
ng
system ha
s a
maximum net
sola
r to electric
effic
i
enc
y
of 29% to 30% [15].
1991
-19
98 T
echnology
Schlai
ch, Bergerm
ann u
n
d
Partner (SB
P
) of
Stuttgart develope
d
a 9kW
dish/
S
tirling
system in Ge
rmany in 199
1. Three unit
s
are in
op
eration at the Plataforma S
o
lar in Almeri
a,
Spain, aiming to test the
system's long-t
e
rm
re
liability under
every
day op
erating conditions [17].
Two m
o
re uni
ts are in
stalle
d in Stuttgart,
Germ
any: a
prototype
on
the ca
mpu
s
o
f
the Unive
r
si
ty
of Stuttgart a
nd an
other u
n
it at the Cen
t
er fo
r Sol
a
r
Energy a
nd
Hydro
gen
Re
sea
r
ch (ZSW) test
facility. The rated net
electrical
output of
the
producti
on system i
s
9kW. T
he
concentrator
is a
singl
e facet stret
c
hed m
e
mbra
ne dish approximatel
y 7.5 meter in diameter a
nd is integ
r
at
ed
with V-1
60 e
ngine. Th
e
workin
g ga
s
is hydroge
n
at a maximu
m mean
wo
rking
pre
s
su
re of
15MPa and 6
30°
C. The en
gine ha
s an
efficien
cy
of 30%. The entire Schl
aich
-Berge
rma
nn und
Partner 9
k
W
dish/Stirlin
g system ha
s a maximum net
solar to ele
c
t
r
ic efficie
n
cy
of 23.30% [18].
Cummi
ns Po
wer G
ene
rati
on, Inc.
(CP
G
), of
Col
u
mbus,
Indian
a, a
sub
s
idi
a
ry of
Cummi
ns E
n
gine
Com
pan
y, is the first
comp
any in
t
he worl
d to p
u
t togethe
r a
nd op
erate o
n
-sun
a di
sh/Stirling
system
that
use
s
a fre
e
-p
iston
Stirli
ng
engin
e
for so
lar el
ect
r
ic
po
wer ge
neratio
n
in 199
2 [19].
The
rated
net
elect
r
ical out
put of t
he
pro
ductio
n
sy
ste
m
is
7.5kW. T
he
con
c
ent
rat
o
r
is a stret
c
he
d- memb
ra
n
e
facets a
p
p
r
oximatel
y 7.3 meter an
d
integrating
with free
-pi
s
ton
Stirling engin
e
. The workin
g gas is heli
u
m at a
maximum mean worki
ng pressu
re of 4MPa an
d
629°
C. Thi
s
i
s
al
so the first applicatio
n
of a
liquid-me
tal heat-pi
pe
receiver. Th
e
entire
Cumm
ins
Powe
r G
ene
ration di
sh/Stirling
syste
m
has a m
a
xi
mum net
sol
a
r to ele
c
tri
c
ef
ficien
cy of 19
%
[20].
Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd. built
the NS30A 3
0
-kW en
gine
unde
r the Ja
pane
se gove
r
nme
n
t'
s
Ne
w Ene
r
gy
and In
du
strial
Devel
opme
n
t
Orga
nizati
o
n
(NEIDO
) p
r
oject
at Kariy
a
City, Japa
n
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
4: 114
2 – 1152
1144
1992. Th
e rat
ed net ele
c
tri
c
al outp
u
t of the produ
ction
system will b
e
8.5kW. The
con
c
ent
rators
are
Cu
mmin
s
Powe
r Gen
e
r
ation CPG
-
4
60 stret
c
hed
membrane
di
she
s
and
are
integrated
wi
th
Aisin Seiki'
s
NS30A engi
n
e
. The engin
e
is a four
-cy
linder fixed swa
s
h plate ki
nematic e
ngi
ne.
The working
gas i
s
heliu
m
at a maximum mean
working p
r
e
s
sure
of 14.5MPa and 68
3°
C. The
engin
e
ha
s
a dire
ctly illuminated tu
be-type
re
ce
iver. This i
s
develop
ed
by Meiden
sha
Corpo
r
ation
o
f
Japa
n. The
corpo
r
ation
al
so d
e
velop
e
d
zin
c
-bro
mine
batterie
s
in
corpo
r
atin
g two
pumpe
d-circu
l
ation an
d tan
k
-storage
loo
p
s
used to i
n
corpo
r
ate 3
0
kWh
ele
c
tro
c
h
e
mical
batteri
e
s
to ea
ch
di
sh,
engin
e
, an
d a
l
ternato
r
syst
em. The
s
e
p
r
ovide p
o
wer
after
sun
s
et
a
nd d
u
ri
ng
clo
ud
transi
ents. Th
e entire Aisi
n
Seiki Miyako
Island di
sh/S
tirling syste
m
has a maxim
u
m net sol
a
r
to
elec
tric
effic
i
enc
y
of 16% [21].
Stirling The
r
mal Motors,
Inc, and
Detroit Die
s
el Co
rpo
r
ation
of Detroit d
e
si
g
ned a
nd
tested a sola
r powe
r
conve
r
sio
n
sy
stem inco
rpo
r
ating
the STM4-1
2
0
Stirling engi
ne in Michiga
n
in 1993. Thi
s
, prototype p
a
ckag
e wa
s first s
un teste
d
in 1993
wh
ich was mo
u
n
ted on San
d
ia
Nation
al Lab
orato
r
ie
s' Te
st Bed Con
c
entrato
r [22]. The Stirling
Therm
a
l Mo
tors
sola
r p
o
w
e
r
conve
r
si
on
system pa
cka
ge in
clud
es t
he STM4
-12
0
engin
e
in
co
rporatin
g vari
a
b
le di
spla
ce
ment
power
co
ntro
l. The p
o
wer co
nver
sion
system
also
inclu
d
e
s
a
di
rectly i
rra
diat
ed tub
e
-b
an
k
receiver, a
n
alternato
r
, an
d the e
ngin
e
cooli
ng
syst
em [23]. The
wo
rki
ng g
a
s is h
e
lium
at a
maximum m
ean
workin
g
pre
s
sure of
14.5MPa a
n
d
683°
C. The
entire m
a
ximum net
sol
a
r to
electri
c
effici
e
n
cy Scie
nce
Applicatio
ns I
n
ternat
io
nal
Corpo
r
ation 2
5
kW di
sh/Stirling sy
stem h
a
s
to depen
d on
the con
c
e
n
tra
t
or use
d
[24].
SES tec
h
nology is a
dish Stirling unit
c
a
lled SunCat
c
h
er. S
unCatc
h
er
has
been
constructed
by SES in Pheonix, USA
together
wi
th the sister company, Tessera Solar
North
America in
1996. T
he
rated net
ele
c
tri
c
al o
u
t
put
of the p
r
od
uction
syste
m
is 2
5
kW.
The
con
c
e
n
trato
r
is an a
r
ray of curved gl
ass mirror
fa
cet
s
app
roximat
e
ly 11.28 me
ter in diam
ete
r
and i
s
i
n
teg
r
a
t
ed with
United Stirlin
g Ki
nematic en
gi
ne. Engin
e
u
s
ed
in thi
s
sy
stem i
s
a d
o
u
b
le-
acting
Stirlin
g en
gine.
T
he
workin
g g
a
s i
s
hydro
g
en o
r
h
e
lium
at a m
a
xim
u
m me
an
wo
rkin
g
pressure of 20MPa and 720°C. The entire Stirli
ng Energy Systems (SES) di
sh/Stirling syst
em
has a maxim
u
m net sola
r to electri
c
efficiency of 30% [25].
Schlai
ch
bergerm
ann
und
partn
er
and
Euro
pean
p
a
rtne
rs devel
oped th
e Eu
roDi
sh i
n
1998. T
he
rated net
ele
c
tri
c
al o
u
tput
of t
he p
r
o
ductio
n
sy
st
em will
be
10kW [2
6]. The
con
c
e
n
trato
r
is mad
e
up
of a sa
nd
wich sh
ell from
fibre gla
s
s re
inforced pl
ast
i
c 8.5 mete
r
in
diamete
r
and
is integrate
d
with a singl
e-acting
SOL
O
Stirling 161.
The wo
rking
gas i
s
helium
at
a maximum
mean
workin
g pre
s
sure of 20-5
0ba
r a
n
d
650°
C. The
entire Eu
ro
Dish Stirling
system
has a maxim
u
m net sola
r to electr
i
c
efficiency of 22-2
4
.5% [27].
2007
-20
13 T
echnology
Infinia Corpo
r
ation is a priv
ately owne
d te
ch
nolo
g
y co
mpany that develope
d free
-pisto
n
Stirling engi
n
e
s in 1
967 a
t
Ogden, Uta
h
, USA. Infinia wa
s de
sig
ned togeth
e
r with Schlai
ch
Berge
r
ma
nn und Partne
r in 2006. The
rated net ele
c
tri
c
al output
of the produ
ction system
will
be 3.2
k
W [2
8]. The PowerDi
s
h
co
nce
n
trator i
s
ma
de up of a
mirro
r p
anel
approximatel
y 4.7
meter in dia
m
eter an
d is
integrate
d
wit
h
a
self-devel
oped, lo
w-co
st, long-life a
nd mainte
nan
ce-
free 3.2
k
W free-pi
ston
s St
irling
engi
ne.
The fi
rst
pro
t
otype wa
s
e
r
ecte
d in
20
0
7
. The
wo
rki
n
g
gas i
s
heliu
m and the e
n
tire PowerDish Stirling
system ha
s a
maximum n
e
t sola
r to el
ectri
c
efficien
cy of 24% [29].
The ANU SG
4 (Sola
r
Ge
n
e
rato
r 4)
wa
s develop
ed a
nd built by A
NU i
n
collab
o
ration
with Can
b
e
r
ra-ba
s
e
d
Co
mpany Wi
zard Power, an
d supp
orte
d by an AusIndustry Rene
wab
l
e
Energy Deve
lopment Initia
tive (REDI) g
r
ant. Co
n
s
tru
c
tion of the SG4 dish
wa
s com
p
leted
in
Jun
e
20
09. T
he rated n
e
t
electri
c
al
out
put of t
he
pro
ductio
n
sy
ste
m
is
50kW. T
he con
c
ent
rat
o
r
is mad
e
up
o
f
mirro
r pa
nel
approximatel
y 25 meter
in
diamete
r
an
d is integ
r
ate
d
with a
stea
m
engin
e
. The
workin
g ga
s i
s
air at a ma
ximum mean
workin
g pressure of 5Mba
r and 5
50°
C [30].
Simultaneo
usly, Wizard Powe
r ha
s co
mmen
c
ed a
con
s
tru
c
tion
of a pilot sy
stem of 4
such
dish
es i
n
Wh
yalla in South
Australi
a. It is ex
pe
cted th
at upon th
e completion
of this
system fu
ll
comm
ercial p
o
we
r station
can b
e
reali
z
ed in the nea
r future [31].
HelioF
o
cus L
t
d of Ness Zi
ona
and S
c
hl
aich
Bergerm
ann
und P
a
rt
ner
co
mplete
d a l
o
w
co
st, large
scale dish devel
opment
in Israel in 200
7. T
he first p
r
otot
ype wa
s erec
ted in mid-20
11
as pa
rt of a sola
r boo
stin
g experim
ent
with t
he Israel utility company. The
con
c
e
n
trato
r
is a
Fre
s
nel
a
rra
n
gement
of th
e mirro
r
fa
cet
s
a
n
d
is integ
r
ated
with
ste
a
m e
ngine.
T
he
system
was
develop
ed un
der a contra
ct with HelioF
o
cu
s of Te
l Aviv and with 500 m² mirro
r
surfa
c
e, one
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
9
30
A Revie
w
of Parab
o
lic
Dish-Stirling En
g
i
ne System
Base
d on …. (Liaw G
e
o
k
Pheng
)
1145
the
both
l
a
rg
est su
ch con
c
entrators globally.
Th
e
p
r
inci
ple
of a
Fre
s
nel
arra
ngeme
n
t of t
h
e
mirro
r fa
cets wa
s ap
plied
on a
sola
r
con
c
e
n
trato
r
of this
type for the firs
t time. 219
c
u
rved
mirro
rs focus the su
nlight,
con
c
e
n
tratin
g up to 4
0
0
k
W the
r
mal p
o
we
rs
on the
receiver. Th
is
prod
uces h
o
t air up to 100
0
°C to rea
c
h h
i
gh effi
cien
cy (up to 24%) a
nd com
petitive co
sts [29].
SouthWe
s
t Solar Te
ch
nol
ogie
s
of Phoenix, Ar
izon
a
,
USA, also develope
d a la
rge di
sh
con
c
e
n
trato
r
and the p
r
oto
t
ype was
com
m
issi
one
d in
2011. Th
e rat
e
d net ele
c
tri
c
al outp
u
t of the
prod
uctio
n
system will b
e
5kW. The con
c
e
n
trato
r
is made u
p
of mirro
r pa
nel in flat metal
stru
cture ap
p
r
oximately 20
meter in di
a
m
eter a
nd
is
integrate
d
wit
h
micro turbi
n
e from B
r
ay
ton
Energy LL
C.
The Au
stralia
n-ba
se
d
com
pany Sola
r S
y
stems
Pty. Ltd, no
w o
w
n
ed by Sil
e
x
Systems
Ltd, has
bee
n wo
rki
ng in
CPV with di
sh co
ncent
rat
o
rs sin
c
e th
e
late 199
0s.
Their
CS50
0
dish
gene
rate
s 35
kW
an
d
i
s
pylon
m
ounte
d
. The rated
n
e
t
ele
c
tri
c
al
out
p
ut of th
e p
r
o
ductio
n
syste
m
will be 53kW.
Several proj
ects
with a total of 40
units have been realized.
Today, the system
i
s
c
a
lled
‘D
e
n
s
e
Ar
ra
y Co
n
v
er
te
r
’
,
w
i
th
a
s
i
mila
r
d
i
sh
des
ig
n me
as
ur
in
g
14
0
m
2
an
d a PV
ge
nerator
with 40% effi
cien
cy. According to Silex, a 60 u
n
it/2 MW pl
ant sh
all be
commi
ssi
one
d
in e
a
r
ly
2013 in Mild
u
r
a, and an
oth
e
r 102 M
W
(4
0 kW p
e
r di
sh
) will follow [2
9].
Figure 1 a
nd
2 sh
ows the
comp
ari
s
o
n
o
f
t
he most
-de
v
eloped
syst
em efficie
n
cy
and n
e
t
electri
c
ity p
r
o
duced
by different te
ch
nol
ogy of
st
irling
dish
system
from 1
9
80
to
2013. Be
sid
e
s
,
the system
efficien
cy in 1984-
198
8 techn
o
logy inclu
d
e
s
thre
e types of system which is
develop
ed
b
y
Advanco
Corpo
r
atio
n, M
c
Donn
ell
Do
ugla
s
Ae
ro
sp
ace
Corp
oration (MDA
), a
nd
Schlai
ch B
e
rgerm
ann
un
d Partn
e
r
(S
BP). T
he Ad
vanco’
s Va
n
guard Syste
m
produ
ce
d
the
highe
st perce
ntage of syst
em e
fficien
cy compa
r
ed
wi
th McDo
nnell
Dougla
s
an
d
50kW Schlai
ch
Bergermann
und Partner (SBP) whi
c
h i
s
29.4% a
nd 25kW
net el
ectri
c
ity. However, Cummi
ns
Powe
r Ge
neration (CPG
)
prod
uced the
highe
st pe
rcentage
of system efficien
cy for 199
1
-1
9
8
8
techn
o
logy with 19% but prod
uced o
n
l
y
7kW
wh
i
c
h
wa
s the lo
west net ele
c
tricity prod
uce
d
when compared
with 8.5kW Aisin Seiki sy
stem, and 9kW SBP in 1991-1988 technology.
Furthe
rmo
r
e,
as the
sti
r
lin
g
dish
sy
ste
m
continu
e
to improve, there are co
nsi
s
t of several
new
system d
e
si
g
n
. CS500
De
nse Array p
r
odu
ced the
h
i
ghe
s
t perce
n
t
age of syste
m
efficien
cy and
wa
s a
b
le to
prod
uce 3
5
kW n
e
t ele
c
tri
c
ity whi
c
h
was th
e
se
con
d
hig
h
e
s
t of
the net
ele
c
tricity
prod
uced
wh
en
comp
are
d
with ot
her sy
stem
s in
200
7-
20
13. Be
si
des,
over th
e
last fifteen ye
ars,
several
parabolic dish-sti
rling system
s
have
been built. However, the
reliability of
the
Dish/Stirling
System ha
s to be imp
r
ove
d
before
con
s
ide
r
ing it
s “real”
comm
ercial a
ppli
c
ation.
Table 1 sho
w
the desig
n a
nd perfo
rma
n
c
e spe
c
ific
ati
on for differe
nt Dish/Stirlin
g Systems.
Figure 1. The
compa
r
i
s
on
of system efficien
cy
among diffe
re
nt technol
ogi
es.
Figure 2. The
compa
r
i
s
on
of net electri
c
ity
prod
uced by different tech
nologi
e
s.
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
Advanco’
s
M
c
Donnel
l
-
Do
ug
l
a
s
CPG
SAIC
25kW
EuroDish
ANU
Solar Cat
1984-1
9
8
8
Tecnol
ogy
1991-1
9
9
8
Technol
ogy
2000-2
0
1
7
Technol
ogy
29%
23.10%
29%
20.30%
19%
16%
30%
24.50%
24%
24%
40%
Percentage
Types of system
System Efficiency
0
20
40
60
Advanco’
s
M
c
Donnel
l
-
…
CPG
SAIC
25kW
EuroDish
ANU
Solar Cat
1984-1
9
8
8
Tecnol
ogy
1991-1
9
9
8
Technol
ogy
2007-2
0
1
3
Technol
ogy
25
52.5
25
9
7.5
8.5
25
25
10
3.2
50
5
35
kW
Types of System
Net Electricity
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
4: 114
2 – 1152
1146
3. Global Parabolic Dish
Dev
e
lopment
The develo
p
m
ent of CSP Techn
o
logi
e
s
espe
cia
lly the paraboli
c
dish te
chn
o
lo
gy is still
at the e
a
rly
stage [32]. At
the en
d of
20
10, tota
l
worl
dwid
e o
peration of th
e
CSP cap
a
city
was
amountin
g ab
out 1,300 me
gawatts (M
W) [33]. Mean
wh
ile, in 20
1
2
the glob
al installe
d ca
pa
city
of CSP plants increa
sed to
2 giga
watts
(GW). Ho
wev
e
r, by 201
5 there i
s
an a
ddi
tional of 12 G
W
being pl
ann
e
d
for the in
st
allation. Ho
wever, mo
st
of the CSP pro
j
ects th
at are
unde
rgoi
ng
or
curre
n
tly und
er
co
nstructio
n
a
r
e
ba
sed
on the
p
a
ra
b
o
lic t
r
ou
gh te
chn
o
logy [3
4] in
whi
c
h, m
o
re
than 90% are
using p
a
ra
bo
lic troug
h technolo
g
y (as T
able 2).
Parab
o
lic tro
ugh i
s
th
e d
o
minant
and
mo
st matu
re technol
ogy
in
CSP, followe
d by
Powe
r T
o
wer. Mean
while
the othe
r t
w
o
tech
nolo
g
ie
s whi
c
h
a
r
e
Li
near F
r
e
s
nel
and
Parabol
ic
dish a
r
e
still in the early growth of pha
ses. Gl
obally, the installe
d cap
a
city for solar po
we
r to
we
r
is 70M
W
whe
r
ea
s line
a
r F
r
esnel h
a
ve a
cap
a
city of 3
1
MW in S
pai
n and
4MW i
n
Australia [3
4].
The el
ect
r
icit
y gene
ration
co
sts fo
r p
a
raboli
c
di
sh i
s
quite hi
ghe
r com
p
a
r
ed to
the othe
r
CSP
techn
o
logie
s
su
ch a
s
para
bolic tro
ugh o
r
towe
r po
wer plants de
spit
e its high efficienci
e
s.
In 2010, th
e
global
in
stal
led capa
city
for
pa
rab
o
lic dish
was 1.
5MW
and
lo
cated
in
Arizo
na. In 2
013, the i
n
st
alled
cap
a
city
of t
he Pa
rab
o
lic
Dish in
creased to
3M
W
with ad
ditional
plant lo
cated
in Uta
h
an
d a fe
w nu
mber
of
prototype dish e
ngine
sy
st
e
m
s a
r
e
cu
rr
ent
l
y
operating in
Nevad
a
, Arizona, Col
o
ra
d
o
and Spain.
Table 1. De
si
gn and Pe
rformance Spe
c
if
ication for
Dish/Stirling Systems
[8][10][12][15][19][21][23][25][27][28]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
A Revie
w
of Parab
o
lic
Dish-Stirling En
g
i
ne System
Base
d on …. (Liaw G
e
o
k
Pheng
)
1147
Table 2. List
of Countri
es
with CSP Plant [34]–[36]
*Unde
r devel
opment
Cou
n
tr
y
Installe
d
Capaci
t
y
(MW
)
Start Year
Tech
nol
og
y
DNI v
a
lu
e
(kWh
/
m
2
/
y
ear
)
Algeria
25
2011
Parabolic Trough
2,700
Austr
a
lia
3 2011
Power
T
o
w
e
r
2,600
9
2012
Linear F
r
esnel
44 2013*
Linear
F
r
esnel
Chile
360
2015*
Parabolic Trough
2,900
China
1.5
2012
Power T
o
w
e
r
2,000 - 2,1
0
0
50
*
Power T
o
w
e
r
Eg
y
p
t
20
2011
Parabolic Trough
2,431
France
12
2014*
Linear F
r
esnel
1,800 - 1,9
3
0
250 2012
Linear
F
r
esnel
9 2015*
Linear
F
r
esnel
Germa
n
y
1.5
2008
Power T
o
w
e
r
902
India
50 2013*
Parabolic
Trough
2,200
2.5
2011
Power T
o
w
e
r
100
2013*
Linear F
r
esnel
100 2013*
Parabolic
Trough
50 2013*
Parabolic
Trough
25 2013*
Parabolic
Trough
100 2013*
Parabolic
Trough
50 2013*
Parabolic
Trough
Ital
y
5
2010
Parabolic
Trough
1,936
Mexico
14
2013*
Parabolic Trough
2,050 - 2,3
0
Mor
o
cco
3 2013*
Parabolic
Trough
2,400 - 2,6
0
0
1 2014*
Linear
F
r
esnel
20 2010
Parabolic
Trough
160 2015*
Parabolic
Trough
South Africa
50 2015*
Parabolic
Trough
2,700
100 2014*
Parabolic
Trough
50 2014*
Power
T
o
w
e
r
Spain
50 2008
Parabolic
Trough
1,950 - 2,2
9
1
50 2009
Parabolic
Trough
50 2011
Parabolic
Trough
49.9 2011
Parabolic
Trough
50 2013*
Parabolic
Trough
Thailand
5
2012
Parabolic Trough
1,400
United Arab Emir
ates
100
2013
Parabolic Trough
1,934
United States
1 2010
Parabolic
Dish
2,636 - 2,7
2
5
1.16 2006
Parabolic
Trough
280 2013*
Parabolic
Trough
600 2016-201
7*
Power
T
o
w
e
r
250 2014*
Parabolic
Trough
392 2013*
Power
T
o
w
e
r
5 2008
Linear
F
r
esnel
280 2014*
Parabolic
Trough
250 2014*
Parabolic
Trough
500 2016*
Power
T
o
w
e
r
50 2013*
Parabolic
Trough
150 2016*
Power
T
o
w
e
r
5 2009
Power
T
o
w
e
r
13.8 1984
Parabolic
Trough
30 1985
Parabolic
Trough
30 1985
Parabolic
Trough
120 1989
Parabolic
Trough
89 1989
Parabolic
Trough
89 1990
Parabolic
Trough
50 2013*
Parabolic
Trough
2 2010
Parabolic
Trough
75 2010
Parabolic
Trough
2.0 2009
Parabolic
Trough
200 2014*
Power
T
o
w
e
r
200 2015*
Power
T
o
w
e
r
110 2013*
Power
T
o
w
e
r
75 2007
Parabolic
Trough
1.5 2013
Parabolic
Dish
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
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Vol. 12, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
4: 114
2 – 1152
1148
4. Site selection for the P
a
rabolic Dis
h
techn
o
log
y
Parab
o
lic
dish ha
s a fe
w a
d
vantage
s
su
ch a
s
it is mo
dular,
suitabl
e for
small
scale pla
n
t
and
mo
st so
phisti
c
ated
fo
r
small
CSP
plant. Howeve
r, sele
cting
a
suitable
site
is
o
ne of the
most cru
c
ial
parts fo
r d
e
veloping
a
viable sol
a
r CSP plant
su
ch a
s
th
e paraboli
c
dish
techn
o
logy. In selectin
g a
site o
r
the
lo
cation, th
e ai
m is to
maxi
mize
pro
d
u
c
tion an
d mini
mize
co
st
.
Funda
mental to the siting of CSP technol
ogie
s
, the parab
olic di
sh
facilities req
u
ire
s
abun
dant direct sol
a
r
rad
i
ation in ord
e
r to gen
era
t
e electri
c
ity as only st
rong di
re
ct solar
irra
diation
ca
n be fo
cu
sed
to gene
rate
highe
st temp
eratu
r
e
s
re
qu
ired fo
r ele
c
tricity gene
rati
on.
Mean
while,
t
he
indi
re
ct su
nlight cann
ot be con
c
ent
ra
ted an
d lo
cati
ons with
co
n
s
ide
r
abl
e
clo
u
d
cover a
r
e un
suitable for pa
raboli
c
di
sh p
l
ant [37].
The electri
c
ity generatio
n of any of the plant is
mostly influe
nce
d
by the
sola
r i
rra
dian
ce. Mo
re
over, more
than
5
kWh/m
2
/day of
Direct No
rmal
Irradi
an
ce (DNI) is requi
re
d in orde
r to functio
n
and b
e
eco
nomi
c
.
Figure 3. Wo
rld Dire
ct No
rmal Irradi
an
ce
Source: Mete
onorm 7.0 (www.mete
ono
rm.com
)
Globally, a
fe
w
site o
r
lo
ca
tions
with
an
exce
lle
nt sola
r resource
an
d mo
st de
si
ra
ble for
developin
g
the paraboli
c
dish ba
sed
CSP plant
s
exist; North
Africa, Middl
e East, Southern
Africa, Aust
ra
lia, Weste
r
n
of the United
States
America an
d pa
rts of South America. Even so,
this appa
re
ntly depend
s o
n
averag
e meteorol
ogi
cal
condition
s o
v
er a year. Mean
while, the
dire
ct sol
a
r irradia
n
ce will
be influen
ce
d by me
teorologi
cal facto
r
s
su
ch a
s
t
he clo
ud
cov
e
r,
humidity and
local e
n
viron
m
ental facto
r
s su
ch a
s
de
bris a
nd ai
r contaminatio
n.
5.
Cos
t
and Le
v
e
lized Cos
t
of Electricity
(LCOE
)
Gene
rally, go
od re
sou
r
ce
s for developi
ng CSP plan
t are wid
e
ly distrib
u
ted in
several
locatio
n
s.
Ho
wever, th
e a
bund
an
ce of
re
sou
r
ces
i
s
not an attra
c
tive facto
r
to develo
p
CSP,
unle
ss the costs
start to decline [33]
. Nevert
hele
ss, si
nce 2
0
06 as a re
sult of declini
ng
investment costs a
nd LCOE, as well as ne
w su
pp
ort polici
e
s from seve
ral countrie
s
such
as
Australi
a, Uni
t
ed States a
nd Spai
n, a
new num
be
r
of CSP pl
ant
s h
a
ve b
een
brought
on
l
i
ne
[34], [38].
Parab
o
lic di
sh and linea
r Fre
s
nel a
r
e a
s
sumed to ha
ve higher ri
sk in both techn
o
logi
cal
and fin
a
n
c
ial
.
Neve
rthele
ss,
pa
rab
o
lic trou
gh i
s
t
he m
o
st m
a
ture te
ch
nolo
g
y; has lo
west
developm
ent
risk an
d ha
s t
he lo
wer te
ch
nologi
cal
risk
.
This i
s
followed by
po
we
r towe
r, in w
h
ic
h
the technolo
g
y
is
closest to
the
comme
rcial matu
rity stage. Th
erefore, the inve
st
ment, ope
rati
ng
and man
age
ment co
sts (O&M) for pa
raboli
c
thro
u
gh and for p
o
we
r towe
r tech
nolo
g
ies
are
k
n
ow
n in
r
e
du
c
i
ng
th
e fin
a
n
c
ia
l r
i
s
k
s
[39
]. F
u
r
t
he
rmo
r
e, p
r
eviou
s
asse
ssm
ents indi
cate th
at
the
LCOE i
s
dom
inated by the para
boli
c
trou
gh and p
o
wer tower
capital
cost [40].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
A Revie
w
of Parab
o
lic
Dish-Stirling En
g
i
ne System
Base
d on …. (Liaw G
e
o
k
Pheng
)
1149
Curre
n
tly, the levelized co
st of electri
c
ity
(LCOE) fo
r the CSP plants is high. Howeve
r,
LCOE for th
e CSP tech
n
o
logie
s
u
s
ual
ly varies
by its techn
o
logy
, country, re
newable e
n
e
r
gy
resou
r
ce, op
erating
co
sts and the efficien
cy or
p
e
rform
a
n
c
e
of the CSP techn
o
logy [33].
No
wad
a
ys, by assumi
ng that the capita
l cost is
10%,
LCOE for pa
raboli
c
trou
gh
plants is in the
rang
e US
D 0.20 - US
D 0.36/kWh an
d LCOE fo
r
sola
r towe
rs is between
USD 0.17
- US
D
0.29/kWh.
Ne
verthele
ss,
L
C
OE i
n
a
r
ea
s with
exce
ll
en
t
sola
r
re
sou
r
ce
s
coul
d b
e
as l
o
w
a
s
US
D
0.14 to
USD
0.18/kWh. Th
e co
st r
ang
es given a
r
e in
clusive fo
r all
of the CSP te
chn
o
logie
s
su
ch
as pa
ra
boli
c
trough, po
wer to
we
r, linear F
r
e
s
n
e
l
and pa
rab
o
lic dish. The
different CSP
technologies
will show diff
erent perf
orm
ance under di
fferent DNI level.
Primarily, L
C
OE de
pend
s
on the
capita
l co
sts an
d
solar
re
so
urce
in
whi
c
h, th
ere
is a
stron
g
relatio
n
shi
p
am
ong
DNI, p
o
wer
output an
d L
C
OE [36]. Pl
ants lo
cate
d i
n
high
DNI a
r
eas
will yield mo
re ene
rgy, all
o
w g
r
eate
r
el
ectri
c
ity gene
ration a
nd h
a
v
e lowe
r L
C
OE com
pare
d
to
the CSP plan
ts that are lo
cated in lo
wer
DNI area
s [34], [36], [41],[42].
Figure 4. Tariff/LCOE development over DNI level [41]
The
LCOE of
identi
c
al
CS
P plants
will
be a
r
ou
nd
on
e-qu
arte
r lo
wer fo
r l
o
catio
n
s
with
highe
r DNI su
ch as
Uni
t
ed
States, Algeria
or
South Afri
ca
with the
DNI level of 2
7
0
0
kW
h/
m
2
/year or 8 kWh/m
2
/day comp
are
d
to the locations such as
Spain with DNI level of 2100
kW
h/
m
2
/year or 5.
8 kWh
/
m
2
/day [34]. Neverth
e
le
ss, the prac
ti
cal impa
ct on
the LCOE o
f
a
given CSP plant, with individuality desi
gn and capi
t
a
l co
sts, of higher
DNI ca
n be sub
s
tan
t
ial
[34].
Co
sts of elect
r
icity from CS
P plant such as t
he pa
rab
o
lic dish syst
em are relatively high
and currently
it is still higher tha
n
the
conventio
nal
fossil fuel t
e
ch
nolo
g
ies.
Ho
wever,
co
st
reduction opportunities
will
be better if
the
plant
designs are
perfect
and
the CSP
plant
s
operat
e
in a large
r
si
ze of CSP plant [34]. Meanwhile,
co
st re
ductio
n
s op
p
o
rtunitie
s
due
to advance
s
in
R&D, compet
itive in supply
chain, imp
r
o
v
ements in
th
e sola
r field p
e
rform
a
n
c
e, sola
r-to
-
ele
c
tric
efficien
cy as well as the
thermal en
e
r
gy st
orage
system
s are signifi
cant, a
nd the LCO
E
is
expecte
d to redu
ce [33].
CSP plants
which h
a
s a th
ermal e
nergy stor
ag
e su
ch
as paraboli
c
trough, po
we
r towe
r
and li
nea
r fresn
e
l h
a
ve
simila
r o
r
l
o
wer L
C
OE
than
CSP pl
ants
witho
u
t sto
r
ag
e
su
ch a
s
para
boli
c
dish [34],[40]. T
he thermal e
nergy sto
r
ag
e system in CSP plant he
lp to increa
se the
reliability, cap
a
city facto
r
s
and th
e di
sp
a
t
ch a
b
ility req
u
irem
ents de
mand [3
9]. F
u
rthe
rmo
r
e, t
he
total installati
on co
st for CSP plants wit
hout stor
age i
s
high
er than
for PV and it is expe
cted th
at
the co
sts
will
fall aroun
d 1
5
% by 2015
owin
g to
tech
nology lea
r
ni
ng, eco
nomie
s of scale, a
nd
improvem
ent
s in manufa
c
t
u
ring a
nd pe
rforman
c
e.
Th
erefo
r
e, red
u
c
ing of the le
velized cost
s
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
4: 114
2 – 1152
1150
electri
c
ity fro
m
CSP
plant
s to
aroun
d
USD 0.15
-0.2
4/kWh. By 20
20, expe
ct
ati
ons of the
ca
pital
co
st re
du
ctio
ns of 3
5
% -
50% could b
e
achiev
ed
a
nd even th
e
highe
r redu
cti
ons
of 40
-55
%
by
2025
will be possible [34],[33],[43],[44].
Figure 5. Proj
ected ta
riff development for C
SP Plant by measu
r
e or
over time [41]
Figure 6. The
r
mal sto
r
ag
e and utility demand [33]
More
over, th
e gro
w
th of t
he CSP sect
or falter
ed a
s
a re
sult of price
s
de
cline f
o
r the PV
module. T
h
is
is indi
re
ctly driving seve
ral
high p
r
ofile
s
CSP proj
ect
s
conve
r
t to PV. Neverthel
ess,
in the lo
ng t
e
rm, the
abil
i
ty of CSPs to co
mbine
the en
ergy
storage
an
d to suppl
e
m
ent
conve
n
tional
power ge
ne
ra
tion offers be
nefit
s beyon
d
the kilowatt-hour g
ene
rat
ed [45].
As the e
nerg
y
stora
ge
ca
n be
come
a
key fo
r
brid
gi
ng the g
ap b
e
twee
n en
ergy sup
p
ly
and
dema
nd
across th
e gl
obe; n
e
verth
e
less, mai
n
o
b
sta
c
le i
n
re
achi
ng th
e "g
rid p
a
rity" exi
s
t.
Grid
pa
rity o
r
the
poi
nt at
whi
c
h
ele
c
tricity gen
erate
d
from
Rene
wabl
e Ene
r
g
y
(RE
)
sou
r
ce
s
c
o
s
t
s
th
e same
as
e
l
ec
tr
ic
ity p
r
od
uc
e
d
b
y
fo
ss
il-
fuel
led po
we
r pl
a
n
ts. Gri
d
pa
ri
ty occurs
wh
en
the co
sts of
gene
rating
RE is equivale
nt or lowe
r than the cost
of generatin
g elect
r
icity from
conve
n
tional fossil
fuel
s.
Rapi
d cost
re
ductio
n
for th
e solar ele
c
tri
c
ity to a
c
hiev
e gri
d
p
a
rity i
s
the
glob
al o
b
jective.
Ho
wever,
co
mpared to th
e CSP sy
ste
m
s, the g
r
id
p
a
rity has
bee
n achieved in
many pla
c
e
s
with
PV panels. In
Malaysia, it is expe
cted th
at the sola
r g
r
id pa
rity for the re
sid
ential
con
s
um
ers
will
be in year 2
026, whi
c
h i
s
one year e
a
r
lier tha
n
the
proje
c
ted
so
lar gri
d
parity
determin
ed
b
y
Sustaina
ble
Energy Deve
lopment Authority (SED
A
)
by using feed-i
n
tariff (FiT) rate [45].
Obviou
sly, the FiT system
in Malaysia i
s
desig
ned ma
inly for achiev
ing the grid p
a
rity.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
A Revie
w
of Parab
o
lic
Dish-Stirling En
g
i
ne System
Base
d on …. (Liaw G
e
o
k
Pheng
)
1151
To get a
cl
ea
rer vie
w
of where
the
CSP stand
s i
n
the
ra
ce to
grid
par
ity, it is necessary
to evaluate a
nd co
mpa
r
e t
he co
st of bot
h CSP
and P
V
powe
r
ge
n
e
ration. Seve
ral facto
r
s sh
ould
be co
nsi
d
e
r
e
d
whe
n
a
s
se
ssi
ng the
co
st competit
ive
ness of PV a
nd CSP such
as L
C
OE. Afte
r
grid pa
rity is reached, the feed-in ap
prov
al hol
ders will be pai
d base
d
on
the prevailin
g
displ
a
ced cost for the rema
ining effective
peri
od of thei
r RE po
wer p
u
rcha
se ag
re
ements[4
4
].
6. Conclusi
on
This p
ape
r re
views th
e pa
raboli
c
di
sh-st
i
rling b
a
sed
on CSP te
ch
nology by ta
king into
accou
n
t the
p
e
rform
a
n
c
e, t
he gl
obal
pe
rforman
c
e,
sit
e
for pa
rab
o
li
c di
sh
an
d
Le
velized
Cost
of
Energy
(L
COE). Ge
ne
ra
lly, the Para
bolic Di
sh
a
pplication
s
h
a
ve ba
rri
ers in terms of
the
techn
o
logy
a
nd the
hig
h
capital
cost
compa
r
ed
to t
he oth
e
rs
CSP techn
o
log
i
es. T
h
u
s
, when
con
s
id
erin
g
scena
rio
s
of
the Parab
o
lic Di
sh te
chn
o
logy de
velopment a
nd depl
oym
ent;
esp
e
ci
ally in
the context o
f
helping
in
scalin
g
do
wn
the glo
bal
env
ironm
ent poll
u
tion, the initi
a
l
highe
r co
sts
sho
u
ld not be
counted a
s
b
a
rri
ers
to the deployme
nt. The focal p
o
int should b
e
on
wheth
e
r lea
r
ning cu
rve
s
can give a
s
suran
c
e that
the techn
o
log
y
is able to
achi
eve desi
r
able
co
st red
u
ctio
ns
within an
accepta
b
le timefr
ame, a
n
d
ho
w mu
ch
the pace of
deployme
nt is
expec
ted to alter the pace of pric
e reduc
t
ion. Therefore, an i
nnovative development and
resea
r
ch of
Parab
o
lic Di
sh CSP
sh
oul
d be
carried
out with
deta
il co
nsi
deration b
o
th o
n
t
he
techni
cal a
n
d
econ
omic a
s
pect
s
to assu
re that
the Parab
o
lic
Dish
technol
ogy d
e
velopme
n
t one
day will be m
a
tured as the
other CSP technologies.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
The a
u
thors
woul
d like to
gratefully a
c
kn
o
w
le
dge th
e fundin
g
su
pport
provid
e
d
by the
Ministry
of Educa
t
ion Mala
ysia und
er the
research gra
n
t No:
FRGS/2/20
1
3
/
TK02/FKE/01/F0016
7.
Referen
ces
[1]
Dino. R
ene
w
a
ble Gree
n Ener
g
y
P
o
w
e
r.
Sol
a
r Energy F
a
cts
. 2011
–2
014.
[2]
N. Noor, S.
Mune
er.
Conc
entratin
g
solar
pow
er (CSP) and its pro
s
pect in Ban
g
la
desh.
in
Devel
opm
ents
in R
ene
w
a
b
l
e
Energ
y
T
e
chn
o
l
og
y (ICD
RET
)
, 200
9 1st Inter
natio
nal
Co
nfer
ence
on th
e.
200
9: 1–5..
[3]
W
i
nter CJ., Si
zmann
RL., V
ant-Hu
ll
LL. S
o
lar P
o
w
e
r Pl
ants-F
und
ame
n
tal, T
e
chnol
o
g
y
, S
y
st
ems,
Econom
ics, Ed. Sprin
ger-V
e
r
lag, 1
9
9
1
. Ya
min L, W
anm
i
ng C.
I
m
pl
e
m
entatio
n of Si
n
g
le Pr
ecisi
o
n
F
l
oatin
g Poi
n
t Squar
e Ro
ot o
n
F
P
GAs
. IEEE S
y
mp
osium
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