TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.12, No
.3, Septembe
r 2014, pp. 6
65~674
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v12i3.105
665
Re
cei
v
ed Ma
rch 1
3
, 2014;
Re
vised July
15, 2014; Accepted Augu
st
2, 2014
An Alte
rnative Method for Determining
Critical Success Facto
r
s of Information System Project
A’ang Subiy
akto
1
, Ab
d. Rahm
an
Ahl
a
n
2
, Husni Teja Sukmana
3
1,3
Sy
ar
if Hid
a
y
atull
ah State Islamic Un
iversit
y
Jak
a
rta
Jl. Ir. H, Juand
a No. 95, 15
41
2,
T
angera
ng, I
ndo
nesi
a
Ph./F
ax: +
6
2
21 7
4
0
192
5/+
622
1 74
933
15
2
Internation
a
l I
s
lamic Un
iversi
t
y
Mala
ys
ia
Jl. Gombak, 50
728, Kua
l
a L
u
m
pur, Mala
ys
ia
. Ph./F
ax: +
60 361
96
400
0 /+
60 361
96
405
3
e-mail: a
ang
_s
ubi
ya
kto@u
i
njk
t.ac.id
1
, arahman@i
i
um.e
du.
m
y
2
, husnit
e
ja
@uin
jkt.ac.id
3
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Historica
lly, i
n
formatio
n
system (IS) res
e
a
r
cher
s h
a
ve b
een
deter
mi
ni
ng d
e
d
u
ctively
critic
a
l
success factors (CSF
s) since 1970s. Mea
n
w
hile, most of
them h
a
ve als
o
bee
n perfor
m
i
ng in
ductiv
e
l
y
the
CSF
s
deter
min
a
tion i
n
their IS
project p
e
rfor
ma
nce st
ud
ies.
Definite
ly, eac
h of both
meth
ods has stre
ng
ths
and
w
eakn
e
ss
es, but
w
e
ar
gue
that r
e
se
a
r
chers
and
pr
actition
ers w
ill
get
an
a
l
tern
ative c
hoic
e
if th
e
meth
ods
are c
o
mbi
ned to s
h
are car
a
cteristi
cs. T
h
is
study has co
nduct
e
d to resp
on
d this issu
e thro
u
g
h
combi
natio
n o
f
the abov
e
m
entio
ne
d CSF
s
deter
min
a
tio
n
metho
d
s to
improve th
e
result val
i
dity
. It
contrib
u
tes i
n
to the
de
bates
on e
n
sur
i
ng
int
e
rrelati
ons
hip
betw
een th
e I
S
proj
ect succ
es criteri
a
a
nd
thei
r
CSF
s
, incor
por
ating
the
new
f
a
ctors, dec
o
m
posi
ng c
o
mp
le
xity of the
pr
oj
ect, and
u
n
d
e
rstandi
ng
focus
of
the stake
hol
de
rs in the
IS pr
oject e
n
vir
o
n
m
ent. Al
tho
ugh, the
pro
pos
ed meth
od has o
n
ly
a
c
o
mb
inat
io
n
meth
od,
but
its i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
tatio
n
feas
ibi
lity w
i
l
l
be
a
g
ood
refe
rence
p
o
int for
the u
p
co
ming
s
t
udies
es
peci
a
l
l
y
in the CSF
s
de
termi
nati
on
me
thod sel
e
ctio
n.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
CS
F
s
, determinati
on, method, IS, project
1. Introduc
tion
Proje
c
t perf
o
rman
ce
stud
ies in IS e
n
vi
ronm
ent
have be
en t
he interest
of both
resea
r
chers a
nd practitione
rs fo
r m
any years [1], but few of t
hem fo
cu
sed o
n
the
methodol
ogi
cal
asp
e
ct
s in
pa
rticula
r
ly the
CS
Fs
dete
r
m
i
nation m
e
tho
d
. This
meth
od de
scri
bed
how to ide
n
tify
critical are
a
s that
affect sig
n
ific
antly p
e
rf
orma
nces of t
he p
r
oje
c
t
[2].
Although,
thi
s
m
e
thod
a
s
an
IS methodolo
g
y has intro
d
u
ce
d by
Joh
n
Ro
ckart [3]
u
s
ing to
p-do
wn app
ro
ach in
the late 1
9
7
0
s,
but nume
r
o
u
s
rese
arch
ers [4]-[12] have
been
usi
ng t
he bottom
-
up
in their
studi
es. Boynton
and
Zmud [2]
d
e
scrib
ed th
a
t
the top
d
o
wn
ap
pro
a
c
h l
end
s
a
se
nse of
con
s
i
s
ten
c
y
and
compl
e
tene
ss. On the
oth
e
r
side,
they
have al
so in
d
i
cated th
at this no
nautom
ated metho
dolo
g
y
is difficult to
use and needs di
rection from a skilled analyst. It is
m
a
y be one of
the reasons
why
numerous researchers
[4]-[
12] utilized the bottom
up i
n
thei
r
st
udies because it
s easiness in t
he
utilization, even by non–p
rofession
a
l au
dien
ce
s [
13].
Neverth
e
le
ss,
rese
arche
r
s [14] who use
d
this metho
d
in their em
piri
cal
studie
s
co
nclu
ded that
t
hey did not
succe
ssful to
prove the
criti
c
al
con
n
e
c
tion b
e
twee
n mo
st
of the u
s
ed
CSFs an
d
th
e proje
c
t out
come.
Ho
wev
e
r, ea
ch
of th
ese
method
s ha
s stren
g
ths a
nd we
akne
sses, but t
he chall
enge
s h
e
re a
r
e ho
w the IS project
manag
ers
ca
n dete
r
min
e
the rig
h
t CS
Fs th
at affe
ct signifi
cantly
in thei
r p
r
oj
ects u
s
ing
th
e
approp
riate method.
In additio
n
, rese
arche
r
s a
nd p
r
a
c
tition
ers will
get
an alte
rnativ
e choi
ce to
determi
ne
CSFs
of thei
r proje
c
ts if
both meth
od
s a
r
e
com
b
i
ned in
term
of sha
r
in
g th
e strength
s
and
wea
k
n
e
sse
s
.
This
com
b
in
ation is
aime
d to
give a
new
persp
ect
i
ve on un
derstandi
ng the
IS
proje
c
t envi
r
o
n
ment relate
d to the o
r
ga
nizatio
nal, m
anag
erial, a
n
d
enviro
n
me
ntal issue
s
.
This
pape
r presen
ts com
b
inatio
n of two met
hod
s
above
m
entione
d usi
n
g the co
mpat
ibility analysi
s
.
As d
e
scri
bed
by Belo
ut a
nd G
auvreau
[15]
that
m
o
st of
mod
e
l
s
a
r
e
devel
o
ped
usi
ng th
e
previou
s
th
e
o
rie
s
rathe
r
t
han on empi
rical
p
r
oof
s.
Based
on
thi
s
d
e
scri
ption,
autho
rs trie
d to
make
a
logi
cal
sen
s
e
to combine
the
to
p
do
wn
[2] an
d the bottom up [4]-[12] method
s. The aim
is to provid
e an alternative method in o
r
de
r to
deal
a new m
e
tho
d
in the CSF
s
dete
r
minati
o
n
pro
c
e
ss. T
h
e
following
se
ction
s
de
scri
be literatu
r
e
review,
re
se
arch meth
od,
the pro
p
o
s
e
d
method, its i
m
pleme
n
tatio
n
in a
ca
se
st
udy, and l
a
stl
y
, this articl
e
is con
c
lud
ed
with sugg
esti
on
for the furthe
r studie
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 20
14: 66
5 – 674
666
2. Literature
Rev
i
e
w
2.1. CSFs an
d Its De
termi
n
ation Me
th
ods
The CSF
s
concept as
an
IS methodol
ogy
has i
n
tro
duced by Ro
ckart [3] in the end
1970
s
ba
sed
on
Dani
el’s [1
6] study
ab
ou
t the ma
nag
e
m
ent info
rmat
ion
cri
s
i
s
in
th
e ea
rly 1
960
s.
This
co
ncept
ha
s b
een
u
s
ing
by rese
arche
r
s an
d
pra
c
titione
rs i
n
the IS p
r
oj
ect p
e
rfo
r
ma
nce
studies across industri
es and di
fferent countries [9],[12],[14],[17]
-[22] to till date [1]. Two m
a
in
rea
s
on
s of th
ese utili
zation
s are: first, main ch
ara
c
te
ri
stics of the IS proje
c
t reg
a
rding its failures,
con
s
trai
nts, d
i
fficulties, co
mplexities, a
nd
u
n
certainti
e
s [1
3], an
d
se
con
d
, both
re
se
arche
r
s
and
pratitione
rs n
eed to
contin
ue thei
r effo
rts to ex
pl
ore
ne
w p
o
ssibil
ities of th
e p
r
oje
c
t succe
ss
attainments [23]. The
con
c
ept h
e
lpe
d
how to
und
erstand th
e criti
c
al a
r
ea
s tha
t
have sig
n
ificant
influen
ce
s to
wards pe
rformance of
the
proje
c
t [2].
F
u
rther, De
Wit
[24]
wh
o refe
rre
d Haifield
[25]
interp
reted
CSFs as
“a nu
mber of facto
r
s that
dete
r
mine the su
cce
ssful o
u
tco
m
e of a proje
c
t”.
Mean
while,
Lim and Mo
hamed [26] descri
bed
cl
early distin
cti
on betwe
en
su
ccess
crite
r
ia
and
its fa
ctors. Th
e
y
also
defin
e
d
succe
s
s
crit
eria
as sta
n
d
a
rd fo
r j
udgi
n
g
the
su
cce
s
s of
a proje
c
t [26]. Jugdev an
d Muller [27] el
ucid
ated hist
orically that
most of
the CSFs studie
s
h
a
ve
been fo
cu
se
d
on imp
o
rtan
ce of th
e sta
k
eh
olde
r sati
sfactio
n
s
as the succe
s
s i
ndicators du
ri
ng
1980
s-199
0s.
Their arti
cle
s
have also indicated
that the studies
applie
d the bottom-up met
hod
throug
h id
ent
ifying and
cla
ssifying fin
d
in
gs of th
e p
r
e
v
ious
re
sea
r
ches to
dete
r
mine the
CS
Fs.
Therefore, th
ey mentione
d that
rese
a
r
ch
ers in this era
contri
b
u
ted on iden
tification of the
su
ccess
cate
gorie
s, but h
a
ve lack on i
n
tegrat
in
g th
e frame
w
o
r
k
and have
co
n
c
entrated o
n
l
y
on
the bu
sine
ss
operational l
e
vel [27]. Furtherm
o
re, b
a
sed on m
e
tho
dologi
cal
revi
ew a
r
ou
nd th
is
field stu
d
y in
re
gard to
several
acade
mic
publi
c
ati
ons that h
a
ve be
en
publi
s
he
d d
u
rin
g
the
1980
s to the
early 20
10
s, authors
fou
n
d
that few of schol
ars con
c
entrated i
n
the method
olog
ical
asp
e
ct
s reg
a
rding the CSF
s
determinati
on pro
c
e
s
s.
Two
method
categ
o
rie
s
of this p
r
o
c
e
s
s are
top-do
wn and
bottom
-
up m
e
thod
s.
First, a
number of researchers [2],[3],[13
],[28] indicated ut
ilization of
the top-down
method in their
proje
c
t pe
rformance stu
d
ie
s. T
hey ap
pli
ed the meth
o
d
throu
gh formulating the
proje
c
t succe
s
s
dimen
s
ion
s
a
nd de
riving th
is level into th
e CSF
s
level
to determi
ne
the su
cce
ss f
a
ctors. Seve
ral
resea
r
chers [
2
],[13] descri
bed that thi
s
dedu
ct
ive m
e
thod le
nd
s a se
nse of consi
s
ten
c
y a
nd
compl
e
tene
ss to MIS efforts by emp
hasi
z
in
g
and
then refinin
g
the import
ant orga
nizational
issue
s
. Th
ey de
scribe
d th
at this metho
d
is u
s
eful
fo
r p
r
oje
c
t m
a
n
agers wh
o
are skille
d in
the
orga
nizationa
l
and man
a
g
e
rial persp
ectives,
helpful
as a
comm
unication too
l
between t
h
e
proje
c
t m
ana
gers a
nd th
e
proje
c
t
stake
holde
rs [2
], a
nd p
o
we
rful t
o
re
present a
com
p
lex p
r
oj
ect
environ
ment [
13]. Mea
n
whi
l
e, two
main
wea
k
n
e
sse
s
of
this
method are: firs
t, it
is
relative diffic
u
lt
to use be
cau
s
e it need
s expert in its impleme
n
tati
o
n
[2]; and secon
d
, it is criticize
d
relate
d to
tendencies of
the human bi
as especially
in
the interpretation phase [2],[14],[19].
Secon
d
, aut
hors foun
d that
most
scholars [4]-[1
2
]
has b
een
applie
d the
bottom-u
p
method on
determi
ning
CSFs d
u
rin
g
approxim
atel
y thirty ye
ars. Th
ese schola
r
s utili
zed
indu
ctively this metho
d
through i
dentifying an
d cl
a
s
si
fying an amo
unt of
the previous
re
sea
r
ch
finding
s to find out the fact
ors i
n
their
st
udie
s
. The
m
a
in strength
s
of this metho
d
is ea
sy to u
s
e,
even by n
o
n
–profe
s
sion
al
audie
n
ce, e
a
sy to in
co
rp
orate
ne
w fa
ctors [33], e
a
s
y to find
wh
ich
factor
sh
ould
be mo
dified a
nd cl
ose to th
e way
of hum
an pe
rceiving
it. In contrast, rese
arch
e
r
s
[14]
wh
o re-st
udied
a re
sea
r
ch
which co
ndu
cted by
Chow an
d
Cao
[21], co
ncl
u
d
ed that th
ey d
i
d
not succe
s
sful to p
r
ove
th
e critical inte
rrelatio
n
s
hi
p b
e
twee
n the
p
r
oje
c
t
su
ccess
crite
r
ia
and
its
CSFs.
Definitely, ea
ch of the
s
e a
bovementio
n
ed
metho
d
s
has
stre
ngth
s
and wea
k
ne
sses, but
authors a
r
gu
e that re
sea
r
che
r
s
and p
r
actitione
rs
wi
ll get an alte
rnative choi
ce to determi
ne
CSFs
of thei
r proje
c
ts if
both meth
od
s a
r
e
com
b
i
ned in
term
of sha
r
in
g th
e strength
s
and
wea
k
n
e
sess.
Thi
s
combi
n
ation
will ext
end th
e
CSF
s
d
e
termi
nati
on meth
od
choices. M
o
re
over
,
this com
b
inat
ion method
may be more valid rath
e
r
the two previous meth
ods, but mo
st of
resea
r
chers and
p
r
a
c
tition
ers
did not converg
e
in
m
e
thodol
ogical
asp
e
ct
of this dete
r
min
a
tion
pro
c
e
ss.
The
r
efore, it is re
aso
nabl
e that
the
combi
nat
ion i
s
d
one i
n
ord
e
r to imp
r
ove validity
of
t
he pro
c
e
ss
r
e
sult
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
An Alternative Method for
Determ
inin
g Critic
al Succe
ss F
a
cto
r
s of
…. (A'ang Su
biya
kto)
667
2.2. Dimensions of th
e IS Project Suc
cess
Numerous
scholars
[5],[10],[27
],[29]-[34] indic
a
ted that an
overall
framework
c
an be
develop
ed t
h
rou
gh
com
b
ining
seve
ral pe
rspe
ctives in
orde
r to re
pre
s
e
n
t the success
dimen
s
ion
s
.
Clea
rly, two
meta-a
nalysi
s
stu
d
ie
s by
Petter et al. [30] and
Urba
ch a
nd M
u
ller [34]
descri
bed that the use of
mult
idimensi
ons will produce a
hi
gh content
validit
y.
These
studies
rep
r
e
s
ente
d
that the multidimensi
onal
usag
e is m
o
re rea
s
on
a
b
le rathe
r
th
an sin
g
le on
es
[6],[30],[34] in the p
r
oje
c
t
perfo
rman
ce
measurem
ent
s, but a n
u
m
ber of
schola
r
s [2
3]-[24],[35]-
[38] use
d
pa
rtially the proj
ect dim
ensi
o
ns in
th
eir
st
udie
s
. Subiya
kto an
d Ahla
n [32] presen
ted
coh
e
re
ntly combinatio
n of four dim
ensi
o
n
s
to unde
rsta
nd
a proje
c
t in
information
and
comm
uni
cati
on tech
nolo
g
i
(ICT) e
n
viro
nment. The f
our dim
e
n
s
io
ns a
r
e re
so
urce
s, mana
ge
rial,
dire
ctional, a
nd enviro
n
me
ntal dimen
s
io
ns.
First
, Bela
si and Tu
kel [3
9] con
c
lud
ed
that c
apa
bility of the reso
urces
ownership have
con
s
e
que
nce
s
to
ward the
su
cce
s
s of
a proje
c
t. De Wit [2
4] d
e
scrib
ed th
at this
dimen
s
i
o
n
rega
rdi
ng to the techni
cal
asp
e
ct
s in pa
rticula
r
ly
to attain efficiency of
the proje
c
t [40]. Several
studie
s
[27],[33],[41]-[43] indicat
ed that
the dimen
s
i
on is inp
u
t of the proje
c
t pro
c
e
ss.
Cle
a
rly,
McLe
od a
nd
MacDon
ell m
entione
d that this dime
nsi
on a
s
one
of five dimensi
ons th
at affect
softwa
r
e
syst
ems devel
op
ment proj
ect
outcom
e
s in t
heir survey re
sults.
Sec
o
nd
, researches [24],[27],[38],[39],[4
4] ment
ioned that one of the dimensi
o
ns whi
c
h
affects the p
r
oje
c
t perfo
rmance is ma
nage
rial a
s
p
e
cts. Me
an
while, De Witt
[24] explained a
contradi
ction;
althoug
h the
proj
ect
i
s
su
ccessful in
thi
s
dim
e
n
s
ion,
but there is p
r
oba
ble th
at its
product
will futile. Therefore,
schol
ars [24],[44] separated betw
een the proj
ect
performance
and
the proj
ect m
anag
ement p
e
rform
a
n
c
e t
o
red
u
ce t
he
compl
e
xity. In the processional
sepa
rati
on,
a nu
mbe
r
of
resea
r
chers [24],[27],[33],[44],[45]
distin
guished
bet
ween th
e p
r
oj
e
c
t life
cycl
e a
nd
the prod
uct life cycle.
Third
, numerous
res
e
arc
h
ers
[5],[22],[24],[37],[43]
indic
a
ted that the direc
t
ional is
sues
of the
proj
ect
strategi
c m
a
nagem
ent
are pa
rt of t
he
CSFs in
thei
r studi
es.
Fo
r
example, Bel
a
si
and Tu
kel [3
9] record
ed t
hat schola
r
s cla
ssifie
d
CS
Fs ba
se
d on
strategi
c a
n
d
tactical a
s
p
e
c
ts.
Wate
ridge
[4
4] described
that ea
ch o
f
stake
hol
d
e
rs ha
s
differe
nt attentions in ea
ch
sta
g
e
becau
se of their natu
r
e
s
. Therefore, t
he succe
s
s ca
n be measured b
a
se
d on various
stakehol
der i
n
tere
sts [47]
according t
o
the tech
ni
cal issu
es
(short-te
rm
),
the tactical issues
(medi
um-te
r
m), and the st
rategi
c issue
s
(long
-term
)
.
Fourth
, several schola
r
s [1
9],[48] explained that
CSF
s
are in
he
rite
d from the p
a
rticul
ar
environ
ment
wh
ere
they
have
ope
ra
ted. Vari
o
u
s studi
es [5],[22],[24],[37],[43] sho
w
n t
he
environ
ment
influen
ce
s af
fect sig
n
ifica
n
tly
a proje
c
t. Specifically
, Lim and M
ohamm
ed [2
6]
decbrib
ed thi
s
dim
e
n
s
ion
in two mai
n
pa
rts:
mi
cro a
nd
ma
cro environm
e
n
ts. In a
dditi
on,
Ho
wsawi et
al. [10] desig
ned a p
r
oje
c
t
measure
m
e
n
t con
c
ept b
a
se
d on thi
s
dimen
s
ion i
n
four
influen
ce lev
e
ls: co
ntext, busin
ess, d
e
liverabl
e,
a
nd proje
c
t levels [10]. They have
also
con
c
lu
ded
th
at their con
c
epts
co
ntrib
u
t
e towa
rd
s th
e bo
dy of
kn
owle
dge
by
highlightin
g t
he
effect of the context-rel
a
ted
criteri
a
on th
e
proje
c
t su
cce
ss d
e
finitio
n
s an
d plan
s
[10].
In short, it is unavoidabl
e
that the use of mult
idimensio
n con
c
e
p
t
s is more
re
aso
nabl
e, rather
than the singl
e
dimensi
on
usage
in the
IS project measurem
ent
studies [6],[30],[34]. Utilization
of this multidimensi
on meaurem
ent will ensure a
high content validity in
the proj
ect performance
resea
r
che
s
[30],[34], esp
e
cially if one
can
develo
p
cohe
re
ntly the interrela
tionshi
p between
su
ccess crite
r
ia an
d su
cce
ss fa
ctors a
s
sug
g
e
s
t
ed by
Stankovic et
al. [14] who
con
c
lu
ded th
at
they did not repre
s
e
n
ted th
is interrelatio
nshi
p in their
studie
s
.
3. Rese
arch
Metho
d
The re
se
arch
process is p
e
rform
ed in four sta
g
e
s
(Fi
gure 1
)
:
Stage 1: Literature revie
w
; stage of this rese
arch ha
s
been pe
rform
ed throu
gh literatu
r
e
review of
se
conda
ry
sou
r
ces th
at h
e
ld
durin
g
De
se
mber 20
12 til
l
March
20
13
. The lite
r
atu
r
es
con
s
i
s
t of
bo
oks, jou
r
n
a
ls,
and
confe
r
en
ce
pr
oceedin
g
s th
at h
a
ve
been
pu
blish
ed d
u
ri
ng th
e
end
1970
s to the
early 20
10
s. Based
on n
a
ture
s of th
e
s
e
schola
r
ly arti
cle
s
, autho
rs identified an
d
analyzed the
CSFs
determination m
e
thod
s in o
r
de
r
to ca
pture
a holi
s
tic ap
proa
ch. A
s
it ha
s
use
d
by X
u
et al. [23], t
he te
rm IS p
r
oje
c
t ha
s al
so
used i
n
te
rch
ang
eably
with info
rmati
on
techn
o
logy (I
T) proj
ect re
ferrin
g
to IS
developme
n
t
for deploying busi
n
e
s
s processe
s and
servi
c
e
s
. In addition, the u
s
e of multipe
r
sp
ective
ap
p
r
oa
ch ha
s al
so impleme
n
te
d in this stud
y
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668
based on
s
u
gges
t
ions
of the previous
s
t
udies
[5
],[6],[10],[27],[29]
-[34] in order to produc
e
t
h
e
highe
r re
sult
validity than the singl
e perspe
c
tive usag
e.
Stage 2: The m
e
thod con
c
eptu
a
lization
;
authors
co
mbined a
nd dre
w
the co
n
c
ept
s into
the p
r
opo
se
d
metho
d
. As de
scribe
d b
y
Belout
a
n
d
Gauv
reau
[
15] who
sh
o
w
n th
at mo
st
of
model
s a
r
e d
e
velope
d u
s
ing the p
r
evio
us the
o
rie
s
ra
ther
than on empiri
cal pro
o
fs,
autho
rs
trie
d
to com
b
ine
the two p
r
e
v
ious meth
o
d
s to
sh
a
r
e
their stren
g
ths
a
nd weakne
sses. This
combi
nation has developed
usi
ng
a compatibility
an
alysis to m
e
asure the
sem
antic relationship
betwe
en the
derivative CS
Fs an
d
the id
entified one
s.
These wo
rks have bee
n d
one du
ring A
p
ril
2013. At the end of this st
age, autho
rs
prop
os
ed a n
e
w CSF
s
det
ermin
a
tion m
e
thod (Fi
gure
2).
Stage 3: Im
plem
entation of the pro
p
o
s
ed
m
e
thod withi
n
a case stu
d
y
; in orde
r to
ensure
the feasi
b
ility of the metho
d
pro
p
o
s
ed fo
r further
stu
d
ie
s, autho
rs ap
plied the
met
hod th
rou
gh
an
empiri
cal stu
d
y
based on 25
vari
ou
s
pu
blicatio
ns rel
a
ted to the fiel
d such
a
s
surveys re
port
s
,
full
resea
r
ch a
r
ticle
s
, literatu
r
e revie
w
s, an
d theo
retical
pape
rs du
rin
g
198
7-2011.
This case
st
udy
has
been
do
ne from M
a
y till August 2
013. In additi
on, autho
rs
h
a
ve also discussed th
e st
udy
with a
numb
e
r
of
collea
gue
s in
cludi
ng at
least
5 do
cto
r
al
stude
nts a
nd 5
academi
c
ian
s
who
ha
d
experie
nces i
n
the
simil
a
r
resea
r
ch field
in o
r
d
e
r to
g
e
t their com
m
ents and
su
gesstion
s
. At
the
end of this st
age auth
o
rs formul
ated fou
r
proj
ect
dime
nsio
ns with
1
8
measured CSFs (Tabl
e
1).
Stage 4: Rep
o
rt writin
g;
finally, docum
e
n
ting finding
s of the research have
been
carrie
d
out durin
g Se
ptembe
r 201
3.
Figure 1. Re
search p
r
o
c
e
ss
4. The Explanation of
the
Proposed M
e
thod
This
pa
rt el
ucid
ates co
mbination
of
the top
-
do
wn th
e b
o
ttom-up
metho
d
s. Behi
nd
thought of thi
s
combi
natio
n is to
share
stren
g
ths an
d
wea
k
n
e
sse
s
of both
meth
ods to p
r
od
u
c
e
an altern
ative method for rese
arche
r
s a
nd pra
c
titi
one
rs in the IS project environ
ment. Based
on
the literature review, several re
searchers
[2],[3],[13],[28] indic
a
ted that the top-down method
lend
s a
sen
s
e of con
s
iste
ncy an
d
com
p
letene
ss related to
com
p
lexity of the org
ani
zation
al
issue
s
, but it is rel
a
tive difficult to use be
cau
s
e n
eed
s
expert in the i
m
pleme
n
tatio
n
. On the oth
e
r
side, num
ero
u
s stu
d
ie
s [4]-[12]
used
the bottom-up method
bec
au
se of its easi
n
e
ss,
but
schola
r
s
[14] mentione
d
in
their re
sea
r
ch
con
c
lu
si
on
s that thi
s
m
e
thod i
s
defici
e
nt in
stre
ngth
to
rep
r
e
s
ent th
e critical
con
nectio
n
bet
ween th
e
succe
s
s facto
r
s
and it
s success dim
e
n
s
io
ns.
Combi
nation
of these two
method
s is e
x
pect
ed to provide four ma
in sha
r
ing p
o
i
n
ts:
(1)
Lend
s a se
n
s
e of con
s
i
s
t
ency an
d co
mpletene
ss to cover the
importa
nt organi
zational
is
sues
[2],[3],[13],[28] s
u
c
h
as represent
ation of
the
c
r
itic
al
c
o
nnec
tion between t
he
s
u
c
c
ess
factors and it
s success di
mensi
o
ns [2],[14],[19];
(2)
Powe
rful to repre
s
e
n
t a co
mplex proj
ect
environm
ent [13];
(3)
Helpful
n
e
ss
as a co
mm
unication too
l
between th
e proje
c
t manag
ers and
the proje
c
t
stakehol
ders [2];
(4)
Easy to incorporate
ne
w fa
ctors an
d to find
which fact
or shoul
d be
modified a
nd
clo
s
e to the
way of huma
n
perceiving i
t
[13].
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An Alternative Method for
Determ
inin
g Critic
al Succe
ss F
a
cto
r
s of
…. (A'ang Su
biya
kto)
669
Figure 2. The
propo
se
d me
thod
The propose
d
method is consisti
ng three steps (Figure
2):
Stage 1:
Implem
entation
of
the top-down m
e
thod;
this phase is performed
through
identification
of the project
succe
ss
crit
eria bas
ed o
n
the proje
c
t dimensions a
nd bringing
d
o
wn
these criteria
into the CFS level. This step is
cond
uct
ed for lending
a
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
co
n
s
is
te
nc
y
an
d
compl
e
teness the important organi
zat
i
onal or m
a
nageri
a
l i
s
sues [2],[13]
in order
to ensure
interrelationship bet
ween
the s
u
cc
es
s
c
r
iteria
and t
he succ
ess
f
a
c
t
ors
[2],[14],[19]. Outputs
of
this stag
e are
the proje
c
t succe
ss
crite
r
i
a
, it
s proje
c
t dimen
s
ion
s
, and the de
rived CSF
s
lists.
Stage
2:
I
m
plem
ent
at
ion of
t
he bot
t
o
m
-
up m
e
t
hod;
this phase
is performed
through
identify and
collecting a
number of CSFs from pr
e
v
ious studies. Importance of this inductive
method is that researchers and practitioners
will get
a number of the CSFs whi
c
h their validities
have been measure
d
by the prior
re
searchers. Howev
e
r, numerous
project perfo
rmance
studies
have condu
cted by previous re
sear
che
r
s, but similarities between
these studie
sand the current
study is need
ed for en
suri
ng validity of
the CSFs.
O
u
tput of this stage are
list of the identified
CSFs which
will use for th
e further analysis.
Stage 3: Im
p
l
em
enta
t
ion of
the com
pati
b
ility analysis;
this stage is performe
d
through
analyzing the relationship
between the
first CSFs
list
and the
second one in
order to mea
s
u
r
e
their compatibilities. The a
nalysis is con
ducted
by identifying etym
ologically whether "there i
s
a
relationship" or "no relatio
n
ship" using a relati
onship table. The supporting idea for this CSFs
compatibility
analysis are validities o
f
the identif
ied
CSFs from the previous studies and their
relat
i
onships
wit
h
t
he managerial/
organi
zat
i
onal as
pe
ct
s,
as st
at
ed by
Freund
[49]
that
CSFs
analysi
s
wa
s
most effective when it is done top
-
do
wn whi
c
h b
e
g
ins by identi
f
ying the stra
tegic
issue
s
into
t
e
ch
nical o
n
e
s
. O
u
tput of
this la
st st
age i
s
list
o
f
the
comp
a
t
ible CSF
s
that
rep
r
e
s
ente
d
the proj
ect su
ccess criteri
a
.
5.
Resul
t
s and
Discus
s
ion:
Implementation of the Pr
oposed M
e
thod in a Cas
e
Stud
y
In this
ca
se
study, authors sho
w
im
ple
m
entati
on
of the metho
d
a
s
impl
emente
d
in p
r
ior
study [32]. There a
r
e thre
e step
s followe
d the prio
r se
ction:
Stage 1: Implem
entation of the top-down m
e
thod;
authors f
o
rmul
ated fo
ur p
r
oj
ect
success
criteria, nam
ely: effici
ency [5],[40],[50]-[51], effectivene
ss [27],[51], fulfillment of the
functional requirement
s [47],[
52], and stakehol
der sati
sfaction
s [23],[24],[27],[47],[53]. These
crite
r
ia i
s
fo
rmulate
d
b
a
s
ed
on
fou
r
proje
c
t dim
ensi
o
n
s
: re
source
s [2
4],[27],[33],[39]-[43],
manageri
a
l [24],[27],[3
8],[39],[44], directi
onal
[5],[22],[24
],[37],[43],
and environmental
[5],[19],[22],[2
4],[37],[43],[4
8] dimens
ions
. Further, derivation of thes
e s
u
c
c
ess
criteria
level
into
the CSF leve
l is co
ndu
cte
d
throu
gh ide
n
tifies su
b-di
mensi
o
n
s
of their dim
e
n
s
io
ns. Co
heren
tly,
interrelation
s
hip between t
he four p
r
oje
c
t su
cces
s
criteria, the fou
r
proj
ect dim
ensi
o
n
s
, and
the
eightee
n CSF
s
is represent
ed in Figu
re 3
.
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Figure 3. The
cohe
rent rela
tionshi
p between the pr
oje
c
t su
ccess cri
t
eria, the proj
ect dimen
s
io
ns,
and the CSF
s
(adopte
d
fro
m
[32])
Stage
2:
I
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
t
t
o
m
-
up
m
e
t
h
o
d
;
based on literature review in relation
t
o
t
h
e
su
b
j
e
c
t
,
a
u
t
h
o
r
s ide
n
t
ified
app
roxi
mately
176
CSFs f
r
o
m
2
5
sci
entific publ
ication
s
.
Th
e
s
e
publi
c
ation
s
con
s
i
s
t of variou
s stu
d
ie
s on IS/IT
project pe
rform
ance field such a
s
surv
eys
repo
rts, full
resea
r
ch a
r
ticle
s
, literatu
r
e re
vie
w
s, and the
o
retical p
ape
rs that have
be
en
publi
s
hed d
u
ring 198
7-2
0
1
1
.
Stage 3: Im
pl
em
entation of
the com
patib
ility analysis;
this analysis is cond
ucted i
n
order
t
o
identify compatibilities
o
f
two CSF
s
lists: the 1
8
de
rivative CSFs (output of th
e first sta
g
e
)
and
the 17
6
CSF
s
a
s
i
dentifie
d in th
e
se
co
nd
stage
a
s
descri
bed
by
the p
r
opo
se
d
method.
Deg
r
ee
of the relation
ship
s bet
wee
n
both lists i
s
rep
r
e
s
ente
d
by the followi
ng table:
ICT Pro
j
ect
Stakehol
der
s
Consultants
Supplier
s
IC
T
Key
Us
ers
Project Team
Mem
bers
End Users
Busine
ss
Key
Users
Project Ma
nager
s
Top Manager
s
R
esour
ces
D
i
mensi
on
People
Cos
t
/
Budget
Time
Quality
Technolo-
gy
M
a
nageri
a
l
Di
mensi
o
n
Conception
Stage
Planning
Stage
Production
/
Implementa
t
i
-on S
t
age
Handov
er
Stage
Utiliza
t
ion
Stage
Close Dow
n
Stage
The nex
t
Conception
Direct
ional
Di
mensi
o
n
Short Term Dire
ctio
n
Middle Term Dire
cti
on
Long Term
Direc
t
ion
Env
i
r
onmental
Di
mensi
o
n
Project Lev
el
Deliv
erable
Lev
el
Busine
ss
Lev
el
Contex
t
Lev
el
Efficie
n
cy
Fulfill
me
nt o
f
th
e fun
c
ti
onal re
q
u
ireme
n
ts
Stakeh
older s
a
t
i
sfacti
ons
E
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
en
es
s
Efficie
n
cy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
An Alternative Method for
Determ
inin
g Critic
al Succe
ss F
a
cto
r
s of
…. (A'ang Su
biya
kto)
671
Table 1. List
of CSFs com
patibilies
The a
bove t
able
sho
w
s t
hat average
of t
he relatio
n
shi
p
de
gree
between th
e
derive
d
CSFs an
d th
e ide
n
tified
CSFs from th
e
previou
s
literature
s
i
s
rel
a
tive stro
ng
around
54%.
T
h
is
degree indi
ca
ted that the derived
CSF
s
rep
r
e
s
ent the
previou
s
one
s. In addition,
authors arg
u
e
that this re
su
lt represe
n
ts nat
ural tren
ds of a p
r
oje
c
t as in
dicated by presvi
ous
re
sea
r
ch
ers
[24,36] that most of p
r
oje
c
ts a
r
e
con
d
u
c
ted to
p
r
od
u
c
e a p
r
o
d
u
c
t on efficient a
nd effective
ways
and h
o
w the
prod
uct
will f
u
lfill the bu
si
ness fun
c
tion
s [27]. Th
eref
ore, it i
s
rea
s
onabl
e if sup
port
to the short term directio
n
represents t
he highe
st
d
egre
e
of the CSFs in 9
8
.8
6 percenta
g
e
s
.
Conve
r
sely, sup
port to th
e long te
rm
dire
ction
rep
r
ese
n
ts the l
o
we
st deg
ree
of the CSF
s
in
24.43 pe
rcent
age
s.
Methodol
ogi
cally, as m
e
n
t
ioned i
n
the
method
de
velopment section, re
sult
of
this
determi
nation
method dem
onstrates:
(1) Interrelati
onship between the proj
ect su
cce
ss criteria a
n
d
the CSFs levels to cov
e
r
dissatisfa
ctio
ns from
schol
ars
who u
s
e
d
the bottom-u
p
method [14]
;
(2)
Comp
artme
n
tal pro
c
ed
ures to cover com
p
le
xity of the
IS/IT project environ
ment [13];
(3)
Helpful
n
e
ss
to understan
d the stake
holde
r focu
ses in ea
ch
of the project pha
se
s
[24],[27],[54];
(4)
Easine
ss to inco
rpo
r
ate th
e new
CSFs [
13].
These fo
ur
sharin
g a
s
p
e
cts indi
cate
d
that
this
pro
posed m
e
tho
d
imp
r
ove
s
t
he two
previou
s
me
thods. However, there
is a im
provement in
relation to
the mana
gerial
,
orga
nizationa
l, and enviro
n
mental issu
es, but this
study indicate
s that the pro
posed metho
d
i
s
still have weaknesses rel
a
ted to the
expertise
requirem
ents i
n
its implem
entation [2] an
d
tendencies of the human bias es
peci
ally in the interpretation
process [2],[14],[19]. The first
limitation is inevitable
reg
a
rdin
g
cha
r
a
c
teri
stic
s of t
he o
r
ga
nizational a
nd m
a
nage
rial
asp
e
cts,
but utilization
of the automatic
analy
s
i
s
based on
mathemati
c
al
computatio
n
can be one
o
f
alternative
so
lutions fo
r the
se
con
d
limitation su
ch as analytic hie
r
archy process (A
HP) o
r
fu
zzy
cog
n
itive maps (F
CM
) [13] or
index eval
uation sy
ste
m
[55].
6. Conclusio
n
Literatu
re st
udy in IS p
r
oje
c
t perfo
rm
ance studi
es sh
own t
hat few of
schola
r
s
con
c
e
n
trated
in the metho
d
o
logi
cal a
s
pe
cts e
s
p
e
ci
ally in the CSF
s
determi
nation
method
s. On
e
of significant points of the
s
e metho
d
s i
s
their re
sult validities in line with natu
r
e of the proj
ect.
Authors foun
d two catego
ries of this m
e
thod:
top-d
o
wn and b
o
ttom-up meth
od
s. Definitely, ea
ch
of these met
hod
s h
a
s strength
s
a
nd weakne
sses, b
u
t
re
sea
r
che
r
s
a
nd pra
c
titioners will get
an
alternative
ch
oice
if both
method
s a
r
e
combi
ned
to sha
r
e
th
eir chara
c
te
risti
c
s.
This study wa
s
con
d
u
c
ted to
respon
d this issue in
order to
expa
n
d
the altern
a
t
ive choices
for the proje
c
t
manag
ers. T
herefo
r
e, th
e
prop
osed
me
thod i
s
the
m
a
jor contrib
u
tion of
this work. Althou
gh t
h
e
result of the
study i
s
only
a combin
atio
n of bot
h
pre
v
ious m
e
thod
s, but it h
a
s
prop
osed
wit
h
a
ca
se stu
d
y to prove the propo
sition in o
r
de
r to sho
w
i
t
s impleme
n
tation.
Success
Dimensions
Sum of relationship/%
CSFs
Code
Relationships
%
S
y
stematical
439/47.95
%
Factor relate
d to
cost
Factor relate
d to
time
Factor relate
d to
quality
Factor relate
d to
people
Factor relate
d to
technolog
y
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
91
71
71
121
68
51.70
40.34
40.34
68.75
38.64
Managerial
482/ 53.98
%
Factor relate
d to
conception
Factor relate
d to
planning
Factor relate
d to
implementation
Factor relate
d to
handover
F
a
ctor
r
e
lated to
utilization
Factor relate
d to
close dow
n
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
44
94
101
113
111
107
25.00
53.42
57.39
64.20
63.07
60.80
Environmental
457/62.93
%
Factor relate
d to
project Process
Factor relate
d to
deliverable level
Factor relate
d to
business leve
l
Factor relate
d to
context level
E1
E2
E3
E4
160
137
90
56
90.91
77.84
51.14
31.82
Directional
283/51.52
%
Support to sho
r
t t
e
rm direction
Support to middl
e term direction
Support to long t
e
rm direction
D1
D2
D3
174
55
43
98.86
55. 86
24.43
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 20
14: 66
5 – 674
672
The pro
pose
d
method is consisting thre
e steps
throu
g
h implementation of the top-do
wn
to produce a
number of d
e
rivative CSF
s
, implem
entation of the b
o
ttom-up methods to identify
CSFs from the previous
studies, and
implementati
on of the compatibility an
alysis in ord
e
r to
analyze com
patibility of both CSF grou
ps. As indica
ted in the
case study, implementation of the
method
provided
fo
u
r
ma
in
s
h
a
r
ing
p
o
i
n
t
s
:
(
1
)
In
te
rre
la
tio
n
s
h
ip
be
tw
e
e
n
th
e
pr
o
j
ec
t s
u
cc
ess
crite
r
ia a
nd th
e CSF
s
level
s
that
cove
re
d di
ssa
ti
sfa
c
tions from
sch
o
lars
who
used the
botto
m-u
p
method; (2) Com
partme
n
tal pro
c
e
d
u
r
es for di
se
ntanglin
g co
mplexity of the IS proj
ect
environ
ment;
(3)
Helpful
n
ess for u
nde
rstandi
ng fo
cu
se
s of the p
r
oject
stakeho
lders a
s
lon
g
as
the proj
ect life cycle; a
nd
(4) Ea
sin
e
ss to inco
rpo
r
a
t
e the new
CSFs in line
with the dom
ain
growth.
Ho
wever, th
ese
sha
r
in
g points in
dicated im
provem
ent of the two p
r
eviou
s
method
validities, but
this study al
so
represent
ed we
akne
se
s re
garding t
o
the formul
a
t
ion of the project
su
ccess crite
r
ia and the
compatibility analysi
s
meth
od. The form
ulation nee
d
s
the experti
se
requi
rem
ents in its implementation an
d the analys
i
s
may be stil
l contain bia
s
interp
retati
ons.
Therefore, in
orde
r to imp
r
ove validity of this
pro
p
o
s
e
d
method, it i
s
re
co
mmen
d
ed for the
ne
xt
studie
s
to f
o
rmulate the
a
ppro
p
ri
ate su
ccess
crite
r
ia, to foc
u
s
on
the CSFs
identific
a
tion
related
to the stu
d
y subj
ect, an
d
to improve
th
e co
mpatibilit
y analysi
s
. In
brief, this m
e
thod
sho
w
s
an
alternative ch
oice
fo
r
both resea
r
chers and
p
r
a
c
ti
tion
ers i
n
the co
ntext for cho
o
sin
g
the CS
Fs
determi
nation
method.
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
An Alternative Method for
Determ
inin
g Critic
al Succe
ss F
a
cto
r
s of
…. (A'ang Su
biya
kto)
673
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