T
E
L
KO
MNIK
A
, V
ol
.
17
,
No.
6,
Dec
e
mb
er
20
1
9,
p
p.2
71
3~
27
21
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
,
accr
ed
ited
F
irst
Gr
ad
e b
y
K
em
en
r
istekdikti,
Decr
ee
No: 2
1/E/
K
P
T
/20
18
DOI:
10.12928/TE
LK
OM
N
IK
A
.v
1
7
i
6
.
12087
◼
27
13
Rec
ei
v
ed
Dec
e
mb
er
18
,
20
1
8
; R
ev
i
s
ed
J
a
nu
ary
2
1
, 2
0
1
9
;
A
c
c
ep
ted
Ma
r
c
h
12
,
20
1
9
Enhan
ceme
nt
al
go
rit
hm
fo
r r
eve
rse l
oo
p t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
on
pl
anar re
v
erse
loo
p an
ten
na
Moh
amad H
ar
r
is
Mis
r
an
*
1
, S
h
a
r
u
l Kam
al
Ab
d
u
l R
ah
im
2
, M
a
iz
atu
l Alic
e
M
eor
S
aid
3
,
Moh
d
Az
lis
h
ah
O
t
h
man
4
1
,2
Wi
re
l
e
s
s
Co
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
Ce
n
tre
(W
CC
),
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
El
e
c
tr
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
T
e
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
8
1
3
1
0
UTM
S
k
u
d
a
i
J
o
h
o
r
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
1
,3
,4
Fa
k
u
l
ti
Ke
j
u
ru
t
e
ra
a
n
El
e
k
tri
k
d
a
n
Ke
j
u
ru
te
r
a
a
n
K
o
m
p
u
te
r,
Uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
T
e
k
n
i
k
a
l
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
M
e
l
a
k
a
,
Han
g
T
u
a
h
J
a
y
a
,
7
6
1
0
0
Du
ri
a
n
T
u
n
g
g
a
l
,
M
e
l
a
k
a
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
*C
o
rre
s
p
o
n
d
i
n
g
a
u
th
o
r,
e
-
m
a
i
l
:
h
a
rri
s
@ut
e
m
.e
d
u
.m
y
1
,
s
h
a
ru
l
k
a
m
a
l
@fk
e
.u
t
m
.
m
y
2
,
m
a
i
z
a
tu
l
@ut
e
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
3
Ab
strac
t
Fi
n
d
i
n
g
a
tra
d
e
-
o
ff
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
b
e
twe
e
n
wir
e
l
e
s
s
tra
n
s
fe
r
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
WT
E)
a
n
d
d
i
s
ta
n
c
e
i
s
a
k
e
y
i
s
s
u
e
i
n
wir
e
l
e
s
s
e
n
e
rg
y
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
(W
ET).
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
p
r
e
s
e
n
ts
a
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
th
e
ra
d
i
c
a
l
a
l
te
r
a
ti
o
n
i
n
WT
E
v
e
rs
u
s
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
re
v
e
rs
e
l
o
o
p
te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
o
n
p
l
a
n
a
r
re
v
e
rs
e
l
o
o
p
a
n
te
n
n
a
(PRLA).
Th
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
1
3
.5
6
M
Hz
Nea
r
F
i
e
l
d
Com
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
(NFC).
Th
e
fi
rs
t
s
ta
g
e
u
s
e
s
m
a
th
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
,
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
a
n
a
n
a
l
y
ti
c
a
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
to
d
e
te
rm
i
n
e
th
e
s
i
z
e
o
f
t
h
e
re
v
e
r
s
e
l
o
o
p
u
s
i
n
g
M
a
tl
a
b
.
Th
e
p
ro
p
o
s
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
p
re
d
i
c
t
s
th
e
s
i
z
e
o
f
t
h
e
re
v
e
rs
e
l
o
o
p
to
s
ta
b
i
l
i
z
e
th
e
WT
E
a
t
a
c
l
o
s
e
r
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
.
Nex
t,
fu
l
l
-
wav
e
e
l
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
re
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
,
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(CST
)
M
ICRO
WAVE
STUDIO
®
,
to
d
e
te
rm
i
n
e
th
e
WT
E
e
ff
e
c
t
wit
h
d
i
s
ta
n
c
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
wit
h
m
i
s
m
a
tc
h
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
.
Pl
a
n
a
r
l
o
o
p
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
(P
L
A
s
)
a
re
fa
b
r
i
c
a
te
d
o
n
g
l
a
s
s
-
re
i
n
fo
r
c
e
d
e
p
o
x
y
l
a
m
i
n
a
te
d
s
h
e
e
ts
(
FR4
).
A
v
a
l
i
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
re
s
u
l
t
i
n
a
re
a
l
te
s
t
s
c
e
n
a
ri
o
,
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
e
PL
A
s
a
n
d
PRLA,
c
o
n
f
i
rm
s
a
s
ta
b
i
l
i
ty
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
WT
E
a
t
c
l
o
s
e
r
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
l
o
o
p
te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
s
i
g
n
s
.
Key
w
ords
:
n
e
a
r
fi
e
l
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
(NFC)
,
p
l
a
n
a
r
l
o
o
p
a
n
te
n
n
a
(PL
A)
,
p
l
a
n
a
r
re
v
e
rs
e
l
o
o
p
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
(PRLA),
wir
e
l
e
s
s
e
n
e
rg
y
t
ra
n
s
f
e
r (W
ET),
wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
tra
n
s
fe
r
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(W
TE)
Copy
righ
t
©
2
0
1
9
Uni
v
e
rsi
t
a
s
Ahm
a
d
D
a
hl
a
n.
All
rig
ht
s
r
e
s
e
rve
d
.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
W
i
t
h
t
he
ev
ol
uti
on
of
hi
gh
-
en
d
tec
hn
ol
og
y
,
po
r
ta
bl
e
d
ev
i
c
es
ha
v
e
b
ec
om
e
wi
de
l
y
us
ed
.
Us
ua
l
l
y
,
the
s
e
d
ev
i
c
es
r
eq
u
i
r
e
po
w
er
fr
om
r
ec
h
argea
bl
e
ba
tt
erie
s
to
e
n
ab
l
e
mo
bi
l
i
ty
.
T
he
b
att
er
i
es
o
nl
y
s
u
pp
o
r
t
the
s
e
de
v
i
c
es
for
l
i
m
i
t
ed
d
urat
i
on
s
,
aft
er
wh
i
c
h
the
y
r
e
qu
i
r
e
r
ec
ha
r
gi
n
g
us
i
ng
w
i
r
ed
p
ower
de
l
i
v
ery
me
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
.
Cons
um
ers
us
ua
l
l
y
ne
ed
to
wa
i
t
for
the
c
om
p
l
et
i
o
n
of
th
e
c
ha
r
g
i
ng
proc
es
s
be
fore
th
e
de
v
i
c
es
c
an
be
us
ed
wi
r
el
es
s
l
y
.
In
i
ts
mo
o
ted
c
ou
nte
r
ac
t
i
on
of
th
i
s
pro
bl
e
m,
w
i
r
el
es
s
en
ergy
tr
an
s
f
er
(
W
E
T
)
ha
s
ga
r
n
ered
s
i
gn
i
f
i
c
an
t
r
es
ea
r
c
h
i
nte
r
es
t.
H
owev
er,
ev
e
n
wi
t
h
the
l
ate
s
t
tec
h
no
l
og
i
es
,
t
he
r
e
are
o
bs
tac
l
es
to
b
e
ov
erc
om
e
be
fore
the
f
ul
l
c
om
me
r
c
i
a
l
i
z
at
i
o
n o
f W
E
T
c
an
b
e
i
mp
l
e
me
nt
ed
[1
].
Ind
uc
t
i
v
e
c
ou
pl
i
ng
of
W
E
T
ha
s
at
tr
ac
ted
a
great
de
al
of
a
tte
n
ti
o
n,
du
e
to
i
t
s
s
i
mp
l
i
c
i
ty
an
d
s
af
ety
.
It
i
s
al
r
e
ad
y
us
ed
i
n
tec
h
no
l
og
i
es
s
uc
h
as
RF
ID
a
nd
NF
C
[2]
;
NF
C
-
en
a
bl
e
d
s
ma
r
tph
o
ne
s
are
ev
en
n
ow
e
mp
l
oy
i
ng
i
n
du
c
ti
v
e
c
ou
p
l
i
n
g
f
or
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
i
n
c
o
nta
c
t
l
es
s
tr
an
s
ac
ti
o
ns
at
13
.
56
MHz
[3]
.
T
h
eo
r
et
i
c
al
l
y
,
NF
C
c
an
al
s
o
be
us
ed
to
t
r
a
ns
fer
e
ne
r
gy
be
twee
n
de
v
i
c
es
us
i
ng
i
nd
uc
ti
v
e c
o
u
pl
i
ng
at
a res
on
a
nt
fr
eq
ue
n
c
y
as
s
ho
wn i
n Fi
gu
r
e 1
.
T
he
r
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
mp
r
ov
e
me
nts
i
n
the
pe
r
f
ormanc
e
of
i
nd
uc
ti
v
e
c
o
up
l
i
n
g
a
nd
s
tr
on
g
ma
gn
eti
c
c
o
up
l
i
ng
W
E
T
s
c
he
me
s
[
4
-
6].
H
owev
er,
as
d
em
o
ns
tr
ate
d
i
n
ma
ny
s
t
u
di
es
,
the
w
i
r
el
es
s
tr
an
s
fer
eff
i
c
i
e
nc
y
(
W
T
E
)
i
s
r
ed
uc
ed
gr
ea
tl
y
wi
t
h
a
l
tere
d
d
i
s
tan
c
es
[
6
-
11
].
I
n
ord
er
to
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
the
i
ns
en
s
i
ti
v
i
ty
to
the
d
i
s
ta
nc
e
of
th
e
tr
an
s
mi
tt
i
ng
an
d
r
ec
e
i
v
i
ng
a
nte
n
na
s
,
a
ha
nd
f
ul
of
tec
h
ni
qu
es
ha
s
be
e
n
d
e
v
el
op
ed
,
s
uc
h
as
us
i
n
g
a
l
o
ad
ed
c
ap
ac
i
tor
or
a
pp
l
y
i
ng
mo
r
e
t
ha
n
tw
o
c
oi
l
s
i
n a
s
y
s
tem
[6
,
11
,
12
]
.
Coup
l
i
ng
c
o
eff
i
c
i
en
t
i
s
di
r
e
c
tl
y
prop
orti
o
na
l
to
m
utu
a
l
i
nd
uc
tan
c
e;
M.
M
v
a
l
u
e
s
tr
on
g
l
y
de
pe
nd
s
o
n
th
e
d
i
s
tan
c
e
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
a
nte
nn
as
.
In
s
h
ort,
c
l
os
er
di
s
ta
nc
e
w
i
l
l
g
en
erate
hi
g
he
r
M
tha
n
f
arther
d
i
s
tan
c
e
.
B
o
th
an
te
nn
as
are
pe
r
fec
t
l
y
m
atc
he
d
at
op
erati
ng
d
i
s
tan
c
e
for
op
t
i
mu
m
r
es
on
an
t
eff
ec
t.
Howev
er,
t
he
W
T
E
w
i
l
l
r
ad
i
c
al
l
y
drop
when
t
he
tr
a
ns
mi
tte
r
a
nd
r
e
c
ei
v
er
be
c
om
e
c
l
os
er.
T
h
i
s
p
he
n
om
e
no
n
h
ap
pe
ns
b
ec
au
s
e
of
fr
eq
u
en
c
y
s
pl
i
tt
i
ng
c
on
di
t
i
o
n
c
au
s
e
d
by
c
o
up
l
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
MNIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
6,
D
ec
em
b
er 20
19
:
27
1
3
-
2721
2714
c
oe
ffi
c
i
en
t
i
nf
l
at
i
on
[
13
].
In
order
to
m
ai
nta
i
n
a
c
on
s
t
a
nt
tr
an
s
fer
w
i
th
i
n
th
e
ov
er
-
c
ou
pl
ed
r
eg
i
o
n,
s
om
e
r
es
e
arc
he
r
s
prop
os
ed
dy
n
am
i
c
i
mp
e
da
nc
e
ma
tc
hi
ng
arr
an
g
em
en
ts
t
o
e
i
the
r
tr
ac
k
the
r
es
o
na
nc
e
fr
eq
u
en
c
y
[
14
-
17
]
or
ad
a
p
ti
v
e
l
y
i
mp
ed
an
c
e
ma
tc
h
to
ma
i
nta
i
n
a
s
t
ate
d
fr
eq
ue
nc
y
[
18
].
T
he
s
e
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
m
atc
hi
ng
arr
an
g
em
en
ts
wer
e
i
m
pl
e
me
nte
d
us
i
n
g
e
i
th
er
l
um
pe
d
r
ea
c
tan
c
e
[
14
,
19
,
20
]
or
tu
ni
n
g
a
l
go
r
i
th
ms
i
n
c
o
ntrol
l
ers
[
21
–
23
].
A
n
a
l
ter
na
t
i
v
e
arr
an
ge
me
n
t,
h
owev
er,
i
s
to
c
o
ntrol
t
he
r
an
ge
-
pr
ofi
l
e
of
t
he
mu
tu
al
i
nd
u
c
tan
c
e
w
i
th
i
n
the
ov
er
-
c
ou
pl
e
d reg
i
o
n
.
B
es
i
d
es
,
op
ti
ma
l
l
o
ad
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
v
a
l
ue
ex
i
s
ted
,
wi
th
whi
c
h
t
he
c
o
up
l
i
n
g
eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
c
an
be
ma
x
i
m
i
s
ed
[2
4].
T
o
ac
hi
ev
e
t
hi
s
,
t
he
r
es
on
an
t
c
a
pa
c
i
tor
at
th
e
l
o
ad
s
i
de
w
as
r
ep
l
ac
e
d
by
a
mo
r
e
c
om
pl
ex
i
mp
ed
an
c
e
ma
tc
hi
ng
n
etwo
r
k
i
n
[
16
,
25
].
T
hi
s
m
atc
hi
ng
n
etwo
r
k
tun
ed
the
r
ec
e
i
v
er
c
oi
l
a
nd
tr
a
ns
formed
the
l
oa
d
r
es
i
s
t
an
c
e
v
al
ue
i
nt
o
o
ne
t
ha
t
i
s
op
ti
mu
m.
T
he
m
atc
hi
ng
ne
t
wor
k
was
al
s
o
i
n
tr
od
uc
e
d
i
nt
o
th
e
s
o
urc
e
s
i
de
i
n
[2
5
-
27
]
.
In
[2
5]
,
the
m
atc
hi
ng
ne
twork
de
s
i
gn
was
i
nte
gr
ate
d
i
nto
W
E
T
s
y
s
tem
an
d
di
s
p
l
ay
e
d
a
g
oo
d
p
erfor
m
an
c
e.
Ma
tc
h
i
n
g
ne
twork
c
an
be
de
s
i
gn
e
d t
o
ma
x
i
mi
s
e t
he
ou
tp
ut
p
ower
fo
r
trans
fer
eff
i
c
i
en
c
y
.
T
hi
s
pa
pe
r
foc
us
es
on
13
.
56
MHz
W
E
T
,
i
n
ord
er
to
tak
e
a
dv
an
ta
ge
of
th
e
f
a
c
t
tha
t
al
m
os
t
a
l
l
mi
d
-
an
d
h
i
gh
-
en
d
s
ma
r
t
ph
o
ne
s
are
al
r
ea
dy
NF
C
-
en
ab
l
ed
.
T
he
r
ev
ers
e
l
oo
p
tec
hn
i
qu
e
i
s
us
e
d
to
s
tab
i
l
i
z
e
th
e
W
T
E
w
he
n
the
di
s
tan
c
e
b
etwe
en
bo
t
h
an
ten
na
s
i
s
s
ho
r
t
er
tha
n
o
pti
mu
m
o
pe
r
at
i
n
g
di
s
tan
c
e,
wi
t
ho
ut
a
ny
further
s
y
s
tem
ad
j
us
tme
nt.
T
he
M
pro
du
c
e
d
i
s
c
on
tr
ol
l
ed
by
i
ntrod
uc
i
ng
a
r
ev
ers
e
l
oo
p
i
nto
a
p
l
a
na
r
l
oo
p
an
te
nn
a
(
P
L
A
)
to
m
i
ni
mi
z
e
t
he
r
a
di
c
a
l
c
ha
ng
es
i
n
W
T
E
wi
t
h
d
i
s
t
an
c
e
v
ari
an
c
e.
T
hi
s
me
t
h
od
y
i
el
ds
the
d
ev
el
o
pm
en
t
of
t
he
pl
an
ar
r
ev
ers
e l
oo
p a
n
ten
na
(
P
RL
A
)
.
F
i
g
ure
1.
NF
C
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
s
y
s
tem
[2
]
2.
An
t
enn
a D
es
ign
T
he
i
nd
uc
t
i
v
e
c
ou
pl
i
ng
l
i
nk
c
on
s
i
s
ts
of
t
wo
a
nte
nn
as
wi
th
s
e
pa
r
at
e
ex
ter
na
l
ma
t
c
hi
ng
c
i
r
c
ui
ts
.
E
ac
h
ma
tc
hi
n
g
c
i
r
c
ui
t
us
es
pa
r
al
l
el
a
nd
s
e
r
i
al
c
ap
ac
i
tors
t
o
t
un
e
t
he
an
t
en
na
s
f
or
ma
x
i
m
um
W
T
E
at
t
he
op
erati
n
g
fr
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
he
an
ten
na
s
are
de
s
i
gn
e
d
to
be
s
qu
are
i
n
ord
er
to
fi
t
i
nt
o
mo
b
i
l
e
ph
on
es
,
the
r
eb
y
o
pti
mi
z
i
ng
th
e
av
ai
l
ab
l
e
are
a.
T
he
P
LA
s
are
s
i
ng
l
e
s
qu
are
l
o
op
s
,
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
gu
r
es
2
(
a
)
and
(
b
)
.
T
he
i
r
s
i
de
-
l
en
g
ths
are
s
et
at
60
mm
a
n
d
40
mm
for
the
tra
n
s
mi
t
ter an
d rec
e
i
v
er, r
es
pe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
, fo
r
a
n o
pe
r
at
i
ng
di
s
ta
nc
e d
of
5
0
m
m.
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
g
ure
2
.
(
a) T
r
an
s
m
i
tt
er P
LA
a
nd
(
b)
r
ec
e
i
v
er
P
LA
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
MNIK
A
IS
S
N:
1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
E
nh
an
c
em
en
t
al
go
r
i
t
hm
for
r
ev
ers
e l
oo
p t
ec
h
ni
qu
e
on
pl
a
na
r
... (
M
oh
am
a
d Ha
r
r
i
s
Mi
s
r
an
)
2715
A
c
ou
pl
ed
pa
i
r
o
f
o
ne
-
tur
n
s
qu
are
l
oo
ps
i
n
a
w
i
r
e
l
es
s
en
ergy
tr
an
s
fer
l
i
nk
c
an
be
i
l
l
us
tr
ate
d
i
n
a
s
i
m
pl
i
fi
ed
e
qu
i
v
a
l
en
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t,
as
s
h
own
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
3
[2
8]
.
T
he
i
nd
u
c
tan
c
e
of
ea
c
h
P
L
A
c
an
be
c
a
l
c
ul
a
ted
us
i
n
g (1)
, a
l
s
o s
tat
e
d i
n [
29
]
:
,
=
0
.
635
[
ln
(
2
.
07
)
+
0
.
18
+
0
.
13
2
]
(
1)
where
µ
i
s
th
e c
on
d
uc
tor (
c
op
pe
r
)
p
erme
ab
i
l
i
ty
, a
n
d
=
−
+
(
2)
F
i
g
ure
3.
E
qu
i
v
al
en
t c
i
r
c
ui
t
for ant
en
n
as
[
28
]
T
he
av
era
ge
s
i
de
l
en
gth
of
the
P
L
A
i
s
g
i
v
en
by
=
0
.
5
(
+
)
(
3)
wi
th
l
a
a
nd
l
b
de
no
t
i
ng
t
he
l
arges
t
an
d
s
ma
l
l
es
t
s
i
de
l
e
ng
ths
,
r
es
pe
c
t
i
v
el
y
.
T
ak
i
ng
the
s
k
i
n
e
ffe
c
t
i
nto
c
on
s
i
d
erat
i
on
,
th
e
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e o
f th
e P
LA
,
R
at
f
=
1
3.5
6
MHz
, c
an
be
c
o
mp
u
te
d a
s
:
=
4
(
1
−
−
)
(
4)
=
√
√
(
5)
where
ρ
i
s
the
r
es
i
s
ti
v
i
ty
of
c
op
pe
r
(
1.
7
×
10
-
8
W
m),
A
i
s
the
c
r
os
s
-
s
ec
ti
on
a
l
are
a
o
f
the
l
o
op
a
nd
l
i
s
t
he
t
ota
l
l
en
g
th
of
th
e
P
L
A
.
t
i
s
th
e
th
i
c
k
ne
s
s
of
t
he
c
on
du
c
tor.
A
r
a
nd
l
c
an
be
d
ete
r
m
i
n
ed
by
us
i
ng
=
×
(
6
)
=
4
−
+
2
(
7
)
where
w,
l
s
,
g
a
nd
p
are
t
h
e
wi
dth
,
s
i
d
e
l
en
gth
,
g
ap
l
e
ng
th
an
d
p
ort
l
i
n
e
l
en
gth
of
the
c
on
d
uc
tor
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
.
T
he
W
T
E
o
f th
e e
s
ta
bl
i
s
he
d l
i
nk
i
s
c
a
l
c
ul
a
ted
as
[1
1]:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
MNIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
6,
D
ec
em
b
er 20
19
:
27
1
3
-
2721
2716
=
(
1
+
√
1
+
)
2
(
8
)
=
2
(
9
)
where
Q
TX
i
s
the
q
ua
l
i
ty
f
ac
tor
of
the
tr
an
s
mi
tt
i
n
g
a
nte
n
na
an
d
Q
RX
i
s
the
qu
al
i
ty
fac
tor
of
the
r
ec
e
i
v
i
n
g a
n
ten
na
;
bo
th
are de
fi
n
ed
as
=
2
(1
0
)
=
2
(1
1
)
k
i
s
th
e c
o
up
l
i
n
g c
oe
ff
i
c
i
en
t
be
twe
en
bo
th
an
t
en
na
s
an
d c
an
b
e d
ete
r
m
i
ne
d u
s
i
ng
:
=
√
(1
2
)
t
he
m
utu
al
i
n
du
c
tan
c
e
be
t
w
ee
n
bo
th
an
t
en
n
as
,
M
,
c
an
be
o
bta
i
ne
d u
s
i
ng
[
29
]
:
=
2
2
2
(
2
+
2
+
2
)
3
2
(
1
+
15
32
2
+
315
1024
4
)
(
4
)
1
+
(1
3
)
=
2
2
2
2
+
2
+
2
(1
4
)
r
min
and
r
ma
x
are
t
he
c
orr
e
s
po
nd
i
ng
s
ma
l
l
er
an
d
l
arg
er
s
i
de
l
e
ng
ths
of
th
e
s
qu
are
an
t
en
na
s
,
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
.
H
ere,
X
i
s
th
e
ha
l
f
s
i
d
e
l
e
ng
t
h
of
t
he
tr
an
s
mi
t
ter
an
ten
na
a
nd
Y
i
s
the
ha
l
f
s
i
d
e
l
en
gth
of
th
e
r
ec
e
i
v
er
a
nte
nn
a.
d
de
no
t
es
th
e
di
s
ta
nc
e
b
etwe
en
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
er
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
er
of
the
P
L
A
s
y
s
tem
.
In
terms
of
m
utu
al
i
nd
uc
ta
nc
e
be
tw
ee
n
tr
a
ns
mi
tte
r
a
nd
r
ec
ei
v
er
P
LA
,
M
i
s
i
nv
ers
el
y
proport
i
on
al
to
th
e
d
i
s
tan
c
e
,
as
s
h
own
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
In
t
he
ory
,
hi
g
h
v
a
l
ue
s
of
M
wi
l
l
prod
uc
e
hi
g
h
W
T
E
;
ho
wev
er,
thi
s
i
s
on
l
y
tr
ue
i
f
bo
th
P
LA
s
are
pe
r
fec
tl
y
m
atc
he
d
.
I
n
f
i
x
ed
ma
tc
h
i
ng
c
i
r
c
u
i
ts
for
i
nd
uc
ti
v
e
W
E
T
,
t
he
h
i
gh
es
t
W
T
E
wi
l
l
b
e
o
bta
i
n
e
d
at
a
ma
tc
hi
ng
op
erat
i
ng
d
i
s
tan
c
e,
w
hi
c
h
i
n
th
i
s
c
as
e
i
s
5
0
mm
.
Dev
i
ati
o
n
fr
om
th
i
s
o
pe
r
at
i
ng
d
i
s
tan
c
e
w
i
l
l
great
l
y
r
ed
uc
e
the
W
T
E
of
the
s
y
s
tem
.
F
urt
he
r
d
i
s
ta
nc
e
fr
om
t
he
o
pe
r
at
i
n
g
p
oi
nt
wi
l
l
r
e
du
c
e
M
v
al
u
e,
al
s
o
c
au
s
i
ng
W
T
E
r
e
du
c
ti
on
.
F
i
gu
r
e
4
.
M
utu
al
i
n
du
c
tan
c
e,
M
v
ers
us
d
i
s
tan
c
e
be
tw
e
en
P
LA
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
MNIK
A
IS
S
N:
1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
E
nh
an
c
em
en
t
al
go
r
i
t
hm
for
r
ev
ers
e l
oo
p t
ec
h
ni
qu
e
on
pl
a
na
r
... (
M
oh
am
a
d Ha
r
r
i
s
Mi
s
r
an
)
2717
Me
an
wh
i
l
e
,
a
c
l
os
er
d
i
s
ta
nc
e
fr
om
th
e
op
erat
i
ng
p
oi
nt
w
i
l
l
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
th
e
M
b
etwe
e
n
P
L
A
s
an
d
c
r
ea
t
e
the
ov
e
r
-
c
ou
pl
i
ng
c
on
di
t
i
on
,
as
c
ha
r
ac
teri
z
e
d
by
fr
eq
u
en
c
y
s
pl
i
tt
i
ng
[13
]
.
T
he
ov
er
-
c
ou
p
l
i
ng
ph
en
o
m
en
a
wi
l
l
de
c
r
ea
s
e
the
W
T
E
greatl
y
,
ev
en
whe
n
M
i
s
hi
g
h a
t
tha
t
po
i
nt
.
In
the
ory
,
the
W
T
E
c
an
b
e
s
tab
i
l
i
z
ed
by
m
ai
nta
i
n
i
ng
a
c
on
s
tan
t
M,
i
r
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
e
o
f
the
di
s
t
an
c
e.
T
hi
s
c
an
b
e
ac
hi
ev
ed
by
i
ntrod
uc
i
n
g
a
r
ev
ers
e
l
oo
p
i
n
t
he
tr
a
ns
mi
t
ter
an
ten
na
,
pro
du
c
i
ng
a
P
RL
A
,
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
g
ure
5
(
a).
T
he
r
ec
ei
v
er
an
te
n
na
wi
ll
b
e
us
i
n
g
i
n
i
ti
al
s
i
n
gl
e
s
qu
are
l
o
op
an
te
nn
a
as
pres
en
te
d
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
5
(
b).
T
h
i
s
r
ev
ers
e
l
o
op
wi
l
l
ge
n
erate
a
n
op
po
s
i
t
e
M,
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
6.
T
he
n
et
r
es
ul
t
wi
l
l
be
a
r
ed
uc
t
i
on
i
n
t
he
a
l
t
erati
o
n
of
M
as
the
c
o
up
l
ed
an
ten
na
s
are
broug
ht
c
l
os
er t
og
e
the
r
.
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gu
r
e
5
.
(
a) T
r
an
s
m
i
tt
er P
RLA
an
d
(
b)
r
ec
ei
v
er
P
RL
A
F
i
gu
r
e
6
.
M
utu
al
i
n
du
c
tan
c
e,
M
v
ers
us
d
i
s
tan
c
e
be
tw
e
en
P
RL
A
s
T
he
fi
r
s
t
s
ta
ge
i
n
ob
t
ai
n
i
n
g
the
s
i
de
l
en
gth
of
t
he
r
ev
er
s
e
l
oo
p
r
eq
ui
r
es
t
he
c
h
oi
c
e
of
tw
o
po
i
nts
of
di
s
t
an
c
e.
T
he
f
i
r
s
t
po
i
nt
i
s
a
n
op
ti
mu
m
op
erat
i
ng
di
s
t
an
c
e,
whi
l
e
the
s
ec
on
d
i
s
a
c
l
os
er
d
i
s
tan
c
e
t
ha
n
t
he
form
er.
B
as
ed
o
n
(
13
)
,
ma
i
nt
ai
ni
n
g
the
v
al
ue
of
M
at
t
he
s
e
two
po
i
nts
wi
l
l
r
es
ul
t
i
n
a
s
t
ab
l
e
W
T
E
.
T
h
e
s
i
z
e
o
f
t
he
r
ev
ers
e
l
oo
p
to
ma
i
nta
i
n
a
c
o
ns
tan
t
M
at
b
oth
po
i
nts
c
a
n
be
o
bta
i
ne
d b
y
s
ol
v
i
ng
(
15
)
. M
at
l
ab
i
s
us
e
d t
o s
o
l
v
e t
h
e p
r
op
os
ed
eq
u
ati
on
.
M1
,2
are c
a
l
c
ul
a
ted
us
i
n
g:
1
,
2
=
1
,
2
2
1
,
2
2
2
(
1
,
2
2
+
1
,
2
2
+
1
,
2
2
)
3
2
(
1
+
15
32
+
315
1024
1
,
2
4
)
(
4
)
1
+
(
15
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
MNIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
6,
D
ec
em
b
er 20
19
:
27
1
3
-
2721
2718
1
,
2
=
2
1
,
2
2
1
,
2
2
1
,
2
2
+
1
,
2
2
+
1
,
2
2
(
16
)
where
A
1,
2,
B
1,2
an
d
d
1,
2
are
t
he
ha
l
f
-
s
i
de
l
e
ng
t
h
of
th
e
tr
an
s
mi
tt
er,
th
e
h
al
f
-
s
i
de
l
en
g
th
of
the
r
ec
ei
v
er
an
d
the
d
i
s
tan
c
e
be
twee
n
P
R
LA
s
at
d
i
ffe
r
en
t
po
i
nts
,
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
If
A
1,
B
1,
d1
,
A
2
an
d
d2
ar
e
k
no
w
n,
th
e
o
p
ti
mu
m
s
i
z
e
of
t
he
r
ev
ers
e
l
oo
p
s
i
d
e
l
en
g
th,
B
2
c
a
n
be
c
al
c
u
l
at
ed
.
T
he
c
al
c
u
l
at
ed
v
a
l
ue
of
B
2
i
s
a
n
op
ti
mu
m
v
al
u
e
of
r
ev
ers
e
l
oo
p
s
i
de
l
en
gth
tha
t
produc
es
hi
g
he
s
t a
nd
mo
s
t s
tab
l
e
W
T
E
at
a d
i
s
tan
c
e
be
tw
ee
n
a
nte
n
na
s
c
l
os
er t
ha
n
ma
tc
h
i
ng
d
i
s
tan
c
e.
T
o
tun
e
t
he
s
y
s
tem
for
op
ti
mu
m
p
erf
orm
an
c
e
at
f
=
1
3.5
6
MHz
,
bo
t
h
P
L
A
s
an
d
P
RL
A
s
wer
e
ma
tc
h
ed
t
o
50
Ω
i
mp
ed
an
c
es
us
i
ng
ex
t
erna
l
c
a
pa
c
i
tor
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
6.
F
ul
l
-
w
av
e
s
i
mu
l
at
i
o
ns
wer
e
c
arr
i
ed
o
ut
i
n
CS
T
to
as
c
ertai
n
t
he
eff
ec
t
on
W
T
E
wi
th
d
i
s
tan
c
e
.
T
he
an
ten
na
s
were
th
e
n f
a
bric
a
ted
to
v
a
l
i
da
t
e t
h
e s
i
m
ul
at
ed
r
es
u
l
ts
.
3.
Re
sult
s
a
n
d
An
aly
s
is
S
i
mu
l
ate
d
an
t
en
n
as
are
ma
tc
he
d
us
i
n
g
M
i
ni
Ma
tc
h
ma
tc
h
i
ng
t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
i
n
CS
T
.
T
wo
c
ap
ac
i
tors
ar
e
us
e
d
at
ea
c
h
an
t
en
n
a
t
o
el
i
m
i
na
t
e
t
he
r
ea
c
tan
c
e
c
om
p
on
en
t
a
nd
ge
t
a
r
es
on
an
c
e
a
t
13
.
56
MH
z
,
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
g
ure
3.
T
hi
s
ma
tc
h
i
ng
s
ta
ge
i
s
v
e
r
y
i
mp
ortan
t
to
en
s
ure
th
e
ma
x
i
mu
m
po
s
s
i
bl
e
o
utp
ut
po
wer
wi
l
l
be
de
l
i
v
ere
d.
T
he
f
ab
r
i
c
at
ed
tr
a
n
s
m
i
tte
r
’
s
P
L
A
an
d
P
RL
A
are
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
7,
wi
th
th
e
ma
tc
h
i
n
g
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
ho
w
n
i
n
th
e
i
ns
e
t.
T
he
c
ap
ac
i
tan
c
e
v
al
ue
s
ar
e s
ho
w
n i
n Tab
l
e
1,
wh
i
l
e Fi
gu
r
e 8
s
ho
ws
th
e
l
ab
me
as
urem
en
t s
et
up
.
F
i
gu
r
e
7.
F
a
bric
ate
d
P
LA
a
nd
P
RL
A
F
i
gu
r
e
8
.
M
ea
s
ure
me
n
t s
et
up
i
n l
ab
us
i
ng
v
ec
tor ne
tw
ork
an
al
y
s
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
MNIK
A
IS
S
N:
1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
E
nh
an
c
em
en
t
al
go
r
i
t
hm
for
r
ev
ers
e l
oo
p t
ec
h
ni
qu
e
on
pl
a
na
r
... (
M
oh
am
a
d Ha
r
r
i
s
Mi
s
r
an
)
2719
T
ab
l
e
1.
C
ap
ac
i
tor v
a
l
ue
s
f
or matc
h
i
ng
c
i
r
c
ui
t
P
L
A
P
R
L
A
C
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
V
a
lue
(
p
F)
C
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
V
a
lue
(
p
F)
C
S
T
A
c
t
u
a
l
C
S
T
A
c
t
u
a
l
C
1
7
4
.
5
75
C
1
5
2
.
5
8
52
C
2
6
5
0
.
3
651
C
2
541
545
C
3
1
0
8
5
.
8
1090
C
3
1117
1120
C
4
1
0
4
.
9
105
C
4
69
68
T
he
M
of
th
e
s
y
s
tem
us
i
n
g
P
R
LA
i
s
s
h
own
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
9.
E
v
e
n
th
ou
g
h
t
he
P
R
L
A
h
as
a
l
ower
M
c
o
mp
ar
ed
to
the
P
L
A
,
the
M
for
the
P
RL
A
l
oo
p
i
s
mu
c
h
m
ore
s
ta
bl
e
ov
er
di
s
t
an
c
e.
T
hi
s
e
ns
ures
th
e
r
e
du
c
ti
on
o
f
t
he
ov
er
-
c
ou
pl
i
n
g
eff
ec
t
at
c
l
os
er
d
i
s
tan
c
es
;
ac
c
ordi
ng
l
y
,
fr
eq
ue
nc
y
-
s
pl
i
tt
i
ng
ph
e
no
m
en
a
c
a
n
be
mi
ni
mi
z
e
d.
T
h
e
W
T
E
a
l
terat
i
o
n,
w
i
th
s
h
orter
c
ou
p
l
i
ng
di
s
tan
c
es
t
ha
n
th
e
ma
tc
hi
n
g d
i
s
t
an
c
e,
i
s
th
us
r
e
du
c
ed
.
In
F
i
g
ure
9,
t
he
to
tal
M
pro
du
c
ed
by
th
e
P
LRA
i
s
s
ho
wn.
T
ota
l
M
i
s
de
c
r
ea
s
e
d
b
ec
au
s
e
the
r
ev
ers
e
l
oo
p
i
n
P
RL
A
i
n
tr
od
uc
e
d
ne
g
ati
v
e
M.
T
he
ma
x
i
mu
m
M
o
bta
i
ne
d
i
nd
i
c
ate
s
tha
t
the
op
t
i
mu
m
W
T
E
c
an
be
ac
hi
ev
e
d
a
t
p
erfec
tl
y
ma
tc
he
d
c
on
d
i
ti
on
s
.
Her
e,
the
ma
x
i
m
um
W
T
E
c
an
be
r
ea
c
he
d
a
t
a
ma
tc
h
i
ng
d
i
s
tan
c
e
eq
ua
l
to
25
m
m.
F
i
gu
r
e
10
s
h
ows
th
e
W
T
E
a
l
terat
i
o
n
of
bo
th
P
LA
s
an
d
P
RLA
s
an
t
en
na
s
for
v
ari
ou
s
di
s
ta
nc
es
.
E
v
e
n
th
ou
gh
t
he
W
T
E
f
or
P
RL
A
i
s
l
ower
tha
n
P
L
A
at
ma
tc
h
i
ng
di
s
t
a
nc
e,
W
T
E
f
or
P
RL
A
ha
s
be
tte
r
s
tab
i
l
i
ty
th
an
P
L
A
.
F
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
s
pl
i
tt
i
ng
ph
en
om
en
a
h
as
be
en
r
ed
u
c
ed
gre
atl
y
by
i
ntro
du
c
i
ng
r
ev
ers
e
l
oo
p
i
nto
P
RL
A
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
l
t,
W
T
E
for P
R
LA
at
c
l
os
er
di
s
ta
nc
e
from m
atc
hi
ng
di
s
ta
nc
e i
s
hi
g
he
r
th
an
P
L
A
.
F
i
gu
r
e
9.
T
ot
al
mu
t
ua
l
i
nd
u
c
tan
c
e,
M
v
ers
us
d
i
s
tan
c
e
be
twe
en
P
RL
A
s
F
i
gu
r
e
10
.
T
r
a
ns
fer eff
i
c
i
en
c
y
wi
th
d
i
s
tan
c
e
al
t
erat
i
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
MNIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
6,
D
ec
em
b
er 20
19
:
27
1
3
-
2721
2720
F
i
gu
r
e
1
1
c
om
p
ares
the
W
T
E
p
erfor
ma
nc
e
of
t
he
P
RL
A
an
d
c
on
v
en
t
i
o
na
l
P
LA
as
the
op
erati
ng
d
i
s
tan
c
e
i
s
v
a
r
i
ed
.
Di
ffe
r
e
nc
es
i
n c
a
pa
c
i
t
or v
al
ue
s
w
i
t
hi
n
a
5%
t
ol
er
a
nc
e
c
on
tr
i
b
ute
to
di
f
ferenc
es
b
etwe
en
t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
ti
o
n
an
d
me
as
u
r
em
en
t
r
es
u
l
ts
.
No
n
-
ex
i
s
t
en
t
v
al
ue
s
for
r
eq
ui
r
e
d c
ap
ac
i
tors
i
n t
h
e
ma
r
k
et
a
l
s
o l
ed
t
o t
h
i
s
d
i
s
s
i
mi
l
arit
y
.
Howev
er,
the
r
e
i
s
ac
c
ep
tab
l
e
ag
r
e
em
e
nt
be
t
wee
n
t
he
me
as
ure
d
an
d
s
i
m
ul
ate
d
pr
ofi
l
es
of
W
T
E
.
O
v
era
l
l
,
th
e
P
LR
A
i
s
s
ho
w
n
to
s
tab
i
l
i
s
e
th
e
W
T
E
at
c
l
os
er
d
i
s
tan
c
es
.
A
n
i
mp
r
ov
em
en
t
of
15
0%
for
S
21
a
t
a
d
i
s
ta
nc
e
of
1
0m
m
i
s
r
ec
orded
.
In
ad
di
t
i
on
,
the
P
LR
A
i
s
a
bl
e
t
o
ma
i
nt
ai
n
S
21
ov
er
0.
5
at
a
gr
ea
ter
d
i
s
tan
c
e
tha
n
the
c
on
v
e
nti
on
al
P
LA
.
P
L
A
ha
s
S
21
l
arger
tha
n
0.
5
fr
om
25
mm
t
o
75
m
m
wh
i
l
e
P
R
LA
m
an
a
ge
to
m
ai
nta
i
n
S
2
1
ab
ov
e
0
.5
fr
om
0
up
to
60
mm
,
whi
c
h
produc
e ra
ng
e
i
mp
r
ov
em
en
t o
f 2
0%.
F
i
gu
r
e
11
.
T
r
a
ns
fer eff
i
c
i
en
c
y
wi
th
v
arie
d d
i
s
tan
c
es
4.
Co
n
clus
ion
W
T
E
c
an
be
s
ta
bi
l
i
s
e
d
o
v
er
s
ho
r
ter
c
ou
pl
i
n
g
di
s
ta
nc
es
by
us
i
ng
t
he
r
ev
ers
e
l
o
op
tec
hn
i
qu
e
a
t
a
c
l
os
er
d
i
s
ta
nc
e.
B
y
c
on
tr
ol
l
i
n
g
the
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
i
n
m
utu
a
l
i
n
du
c
ta
nc
e
be
twe
en
a
pa
i
r
of
c
ou
p
l
ed
a
nte
nn
as
at
s
ho
r
ter
di
s
t
an
c
es
,
the
al
t
erati
o
n
of
W
T
E
i
s
r
ed
uc
ed
.
T
hi
s
l
ea
ds
to
an
i
mp
r
ov
e
me
n
t i
n t
h
e s
tab
i
l
i
ty
of
W
E
T
.
Ackno
w
ledg
em
ent
s
T
he
au
t
ho
r
s
wou
l
d
l
i
k
e
t
o
tha
nk
Un
i
v
ers
i
t
i
T
ek
ni
k
al
Ma
l
ay
s
i
a
Me
l
ak
a
(
UT
e
M
)
for
s
up
po
r
ti
ng
thi
s
r
es
e
arc
h
w
ork
un
de
r
t
he
grant
P
J
P
/
2
01
7/F
K
E
K
K
/HI1
3/S
01
5
41
.
T
hi
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h
al
s
o w
as
s
up
po
r
t
ed
by
Uni
v
ers
i
ti
Tek
n
ol
og
i
Ma
l
ay
s
i
a
.
Ref
er
en
ce
s
[1
]
Sh
o
k
i
H
.
Is
s
u
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
i
ti
a
t
i
v
e
s
fo
r
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
wir
e
l
e
s
s
p
o
wer
tra
n
s
f
e
r
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
in
J
a
p
a
n
.
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
I
EE
E
.
2013
;
1
0
1
(
6
)
:
1312
–
1
3
2
0
.
[2
]
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w.m
o
u
s
e
r
.c
o
m
/p
d
f
d
o
c
s
/.
.
.
..
.ST
M
i
c
ro
e
l
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
In
t
r
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
NFC.p
d
f
.
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
2
1
st
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
6
a
t
4
:
0
0
p
m
.
[3
]
Stro
m
m
e
r
E,
J
u
rv
a
n
s
u
u
M
,
Tu
i
k
k
a
T,
Y
l
i
s
a
u
k
k
o
-
O
j
a
A,
Rap
a
k
k
o
H,
Ve
s
te
ri
n
e
n
J
.
NFC
-
En
a
b
l
e
d
Wi
re
l
e
s
s
C
h
a
rg
i
n
g
.
2
0
1
2
4
th
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Wo
rk
s
h
o
p
o
n
Nea
r
Fi
e
l
d
Co
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
(NFC)
.
2012
:
36
–
41.
[4
]
J
o
l
a
n
i
F,
Yu
Y,
C
h
e
n
Z
.
A
Nov
e
l
Pl
a
n
a
r
Wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
Po
we
r
Tra
n
s
fe
r
S
y
s
te
m
wit
h
Stro
n
g
Cou
p
l
e
d
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Re
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
s
.
2
0
1
4
I
EEE
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Wi
re
l
e
s
s
S
y
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
(I
WS).
2
0
1
4
:
1
-
4.
[5
]
M
o
ri
K,
L
i
m
H,
Ig
u
c
h
i
S,
I
s
h
i
d
a
K,
Ta
k
a
m
i
y
a
M
,
S
a
k
u
r
a
i
T
.
Po
s
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
-
fr
e
e
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
wir
e
l
e
s
s
p
o
w
e
r
tra
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
h
e
e
t
wit
h
s
ta
g
g
e
re
d
re
p
e
a
t
e
r
c
o
i
l
a
rra
y
(
SRC
A)
.
IEEE
An
te
n
n
a
s
a
n
d
Wi
re
l
e
s
s
Pro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
L
e
t
te
r
.
2
0
1
3
;
11
:
1710
-
1
7
1
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
MNIK
A
IS
S
N:
1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
E
nh
an
c
em
en
t
al
go
r
i
t
hm
for
r
ev
ers
e l
oo
p t
ec
h
ni
qu
e
on
pl
a
na
r
... (
M
oh
am
a
d Ha
r
r
i
s
Mi
s
r
an
)
2721
[6
]
L
e
e
WS,
O
h
KS,
Y
u
J
W
.
Di
s
t
a
n
c
e
-
i
n
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
e
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
p
o
w
e
r
tra
n
s
fe
r
a
n
d
n
e
a
r
-
fi
e
l
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
a
c
u
rre
n
t
-
c
o
n
tro
l
l
e
d
l
o
o
p
wit
h
a
l
o
a
d
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
ta
n
c
e
.
IEEE
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
An
te
n
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
.
2
0
1
4
;
62
(
2
)
:
936
-
940.
[7
]
M
a
i
R,
Zh
a
n
g
Y,
Dai
R
e
t
a
l
.
A
th
re
e
-
c
o
i
l
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
p
o
we
r
tra
n
s
fe
r
s
y
s
te
m
wit
h
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
u
tp
u
t
.
En
e
r
g
i
e
s
J
o
u
rn
a
l
.
2
0
1
8
;
1
1
(3
)
:
637
-
649
.
[8
]
Ric
k
e
tt
s
DS,
Cha
b
a
l
k
o
M
J
,
Hi
l
l
e
n
i
u
s
A
.
O
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
P
o
wer
Tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
fo
r
M
o
b
i
l
e
Rec
e
i
v
e
r
s
Us
i
n
g
Au
t
o
m
a
ti
c
Dig
i
t
a
l
Cap
a
c
i
ta
n
c
e
T
u
n
i
n
g
.
2
0
1
3
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
M
i
c
r
o
wav
e
Con
fe
r
e
n
c
e
(Eu
M
C)
.
2013
;
1
:
515
-
518
.
[9
]
Ki
m
Y,
L
i
m
S
.
Hig
h
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
m
i
s
a
l
i
g
n
e
d
wi
re
l
e
s
s
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r u
s
i
n
g
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
.
As
i
a
-
Pa
c
i
fi
c
M
i
c
ro
wav
e
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
AP
M
C
.
2
0
1
2
:
1
0
4
9
-
1051.
[1
0
]
Ah
n
D
,
Ho
n
g
S
.
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
Po
wer
Tra
n
s
fe
r
Res
o
n
a
n
c
e
Co
u
p
l
i
n
g
A
m
p
l
i
fi
c
a
ti
o
n
b
y
L
o
a
d
-
M
o
d
u
l
a
ti
o
n
Swit
c
h
i
n
g
Co
n
tro
l
l
e
r
.
IEEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
tri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
.
2
0
1
4
;
62
(
2
)
:
898
-
9
0
9
.
[1
1
]
L
e
e
WS
,
So
n
WI
,
O
h
KS,
Y
u
J
W
.
Con
ta
c
tl
e
s
s
e
n
e
rg
y
tr
a
n
s
fe
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
t
i
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
re
s
o
n
a
n
t
l
o
o
p
s
.
IEEE
Tr
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
tri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
.
2
0
1
1
;
60
(
1
):
3
5
0
-
3
5
9
.
[1
2
]
Zh
o
n
g
WX,
Z
h
a
n
g
C,
L
i
u
X,
Hui
SR
.
A
M
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
fo
r
M
a
k
i
n
g
a
3
-
Coi
l
Wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
Po
we
r
Tra
n
s
fe
r
Sy
s
te
m
M
o
r
e
E
n
e
rg
y
E
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
Th
a
n
a
2
-
Coi
l
Cou
n
te
r
p
a
rt
fo
r
Ex
t
e
n
d
e
d
Tra
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
Di
s
ta
n
c
e
.
IEE
E
Tra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
Po
wer
El
e
c
tr
o
n
i
c
s
.
2
0
1
4
;
30
(
2
)
:
933
-
9
4
2
.
[1
3
]
Im
u
ra
T,
Hori
Y
.
M
a
x
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
Ai
r
G
a
p
a
n
d
Eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
M
a
g
n
e
ti
c
Re
s
o
n
a
n
t
Co
u
p
l
i
n
g
f
o
r
Wi
re
l
e
s
s
Po
wer
Tra
n
s
fe
r
Us
i
n
g
Eq
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
Cir
c
u
i
t
a
n
d
Neu
m
a
n
n
Fo
rm
u
l
a
.
IEEE
Tra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
s
tr
i
a
l
El
e
c
tr
o
n
i
c
s
.
2
0
1
1
;
58
(
10
)
:
47
46
-
4
7
5
2
.
[1
4
]
Be
h
TC,
Ka
to
M
,
I
m
u
ra
T,
O
h
S,
Hori
Y.
Au
to
m
a
t
e
d
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
m
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
ro
b
u
s
t
wir
e
l
e
s
s
p
o
wer
tra
n
s
f
e
r
v
i
a
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
.
IEEE
Tra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
s
tri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
.
2
0
1
2
;
60
(
9
)
:
3689
–
3
6
9
8
.
[1
5
]
Pa
rk
J
,
T
a
k
Y,
Ki
m
Y,
K
i
m
Y,
Nam
S
.
In
v
e
s
ti
g
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
m
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
n
e
a
r
-
f
i
e
l
d
wir
e
l
e
s
s
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
fe
r
.
IEEE
Tra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
An
te
n
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
.
2
0
1
1
;
59
(
5
)
:
1
7
6
9
–
1
7
7
3
.
[1
6
]
Sa
m
p
l
e
AP,
W
a
te
rs
BH,
Wi
s
d
o
m
ST
,
S
m
i
th
J
R
.
En
a
b
l
i
n
g
s
e
a
m
l
e
s
s
wir
e
l
e
s
s
p
o
wer
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
i
n
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
.
Pro
c
.
I
EEE
.
2013
;
1
0
1
(
6
)
:
1
3
4
3
–
1
3
5
8
.
[1
7
]
Sa
m
p
l
e
AP,
M
e
y
e
r
DT,
S
m
i
th
J
R
.
An
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
ta
l
re
s
u
l
t
s
,
a
n
d
ra
n
g
e
a
d
a
p
ta
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
a
l
l
y
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
re
s
o
n
a
to
rs
f
o
r
wir
e
l
e
s
s
p
o
wer
tra
n
s
fe
r
.
IEEE
Tra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
s
tri
a
l
El
e
c
tr
o
n
i
c
s
.
201
0
;
58
(
2
)
:
5
4
4
–
554
.
[1
8
]
J
a
n
g
B
J
,
L
e
e
S,
Yo
o
n
H
.
Hf
-
Ba
n
d
Wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
Po
wer
Tr
a
n
s
fe
r
Sy
s
te
m
:
Con
c
e
p
t
,
Is
s
u
e
s
,
a
n
d
Des
i
g
n
.
Pro
g
.
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
.
Re
s
s
.
2
0
1
2
;
124
:
2
1
1
–
2
3
1
.
[1
9
]
Tri
g
u
i
A
,
Ha
c
h
e
d
S
,
M
o
u
n
a
i
m
F
,
Am
m
a
ri
AC
,
Sa
wa
n
M
.
In
d
u
c
ti
v
e
Po
wer
Tra
n
s
f
e
r
Sy
s
te
m
wit
h
Se
l
f
-
Cal
i
b
ra
t
e
d
Pr
i
m
a
r
y
Re
s
o
n
a
n
t
Fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
.
IEEE
Tr
a
n
s
.
Po
wer
E
l
e
c
tro
n
.
2
0
1
5
;
30
(
11
)
:
6078
–
6
0
8
7
.
[2
0
]
Zh
a
o
C,
Wa
n
g
Z
,
Du
J
,
Wu
J
,
Zo
n
g
S
,
He
X
.
Ac
ti
v
e
re
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
wir
e
l
e
s
s
p
o
wer
tra
n
s
fe
r
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
p
h
a
s
e
s
h
i
ft
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tra
t
e
g
y
.
Ap
p
l
.
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
.
Con
f.
Ex
p
o
.
(APEC)
.
2
0
1
4
Twe
n
t
y
-
Nin
th
An
n
u
,
IEEE
.
2
0
1
4
:
1
3
3
6
–
1341
.
[2
1
]
Hu
W,
Zh
o
u
H,
Den
g
Q
,
G
a
o
X
.
O
p
ti
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
th
m
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
ta
t
i
o
n
fo
r
2
-
c
o
i
l
wir
e
l
e
s
s
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
fe
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
2
0
1
4
Am
.
C
o
n
tro
l
Co
n
f
.
2
0
1
4
:
4
3
3
0
–
4
3
3
5
.
[2
2
]
Rol
a
n
d
M
,
Wi
t
s
c
h
n
i
g
H,
M
e
rl
i
n
E,
Sa
m
i
n
g
e
r
C
.
Au
to
m
a
t
i
c
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
m
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
fo
r
1
3
.5
6
M
Hz
NFC
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
.
Pro
c
.
6
th
I
n
t.
S
y
m
p
.
Com
m
u
n
.
Sy
s
t.
Net
work
s
D
i
g
i
t.
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pr
o
c
e
s
s
-
CSN
DSP
0
8
.
2
0
0
8
:
288
–
2
9
1
.
[2
3
]
Wi
ts
c
h
n
i
g
H,
Rol
a
n
d
M
,
G
o
s
s
a
r M
,
En
z
i
n
g
e
r H
.
Pa
r
a
m
e
te
r c
h
a
ra
c
t
e
ri
s
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
u
to
m
a
t
i
c
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
m
a
tc
h
i
n
g
o
f
1
3
.5
6
M
Hz
NF
C
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
.
El
e
k
tr
o
te
c
h
n
i
k
u
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
s
te
c
h
n
i
k
.
2
0
0
9
;
126(
11
)
:
415
–
4
2
2
.
[2
4
]
Yi
l
m
a
z
M
,
Kr
e
i
n
PT
.
R
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
h
a
rg
e
r
to
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
p
o
wer
l
e
v
e
l
s
,
a
n
d
i
n
fr
a
s
tru
c
tu
r
e
fo
r p
l
u
g
-
i
n
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
.
IEEE
Tr
a
n
s
.
Po
wer
E
l
e
c
tro
n
.
2
0
1
3
;
28
(
5
)
:
2
1
5
1
–
2
1
6
9
.
[2
5
]
Cov
i
c
GA
,
Bo
y
s
J
T
.
In
d
u
c
ti
v
e
Po
wer
Tra
n
s
fe
r
.
Pro
c
.
IEEE.
2
0
1
3
;
1
0
1
(6
)
:
1
2
7
6
–
1
2
8
9
.
[2
6
]
Ku
rs
A,
Ka
ra
l
i
s
A,
M
o
f
fa
tt
R
,
J
o
a
n
n
o
p
o
u
l
o
s
J
D,
F
i
s
h
e
r
P,
So
l
j
a
č
i
ć
M
.
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
p
o
wer
t
ra
n
s
f
e
r
v
i
a
s
tro
n
g
l
y
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
re
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
s
.
J
.
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
.
2
0
0
7
;
3
1
7
(5
8
3
4
)
:
83
–
86.
[2
7
]
M
a
y
o
rd
o
m
o
I
,
Dräg
e
r
T,
Sp
i
e
s
P,
B
e
rn
h
a
r
d
J
,
Pf
l
a
u
m
A
.
A
n
o
v
e
rv
i
e
w
o
f
te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
o
f
i
n
d
u
c
ti
v
e
wi
re
l
e
s
s
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
.
Pr
o
c
.
IE
EE.
2
0
1
3
;
1
0
1
(6
)
:
1302
–
1
3
1
1
.
[2
8
]
We
i
X,
Wa
n
g
Z,
Da
i
H
.
A
Cr
i
ti
c
a
l
Re
v
i
e
w
o
f
Wi
re
l
e
s
s
Po
wer
Tra
n
s
fe
r
v
i
a
Stro
n
g
l
y
Cou
p
l
e
d
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
Res
o
n
a
n
c
e
s
.
E
n
e
rg
i
e
s
J
o
u
r
nal
.
2014
:
4
3
1
6
-
4
3
4
1
.
[2
9
]
Raj
u
S,
Wu
R,
Cha
n
M
,
Yu
e
CP
.
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
M
u
tu
a
l
Co
u
p
l
i
n
g
Be
twe
e
n
Pl
a
n
a
r
In
d
u
c
to
r
s
i
n
Wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
Po
wer
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
.
IEEE
Tra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
wer
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
.
2
0
1
3
;
29(
1
)
:
481
–
4
9
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.