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s
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K
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w
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s
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Netwo
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life
tim
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R
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rticle
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CC B
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C
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A
uth
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h
am
m
ed
Ali T
awf
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p
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ter
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en
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s
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ah
Un
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ag
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r
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ail: d
r
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u
o
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t
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ah
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ed
u
.
iq
1.
I
NT
RO
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UCT
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T
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ap
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p
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5
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ter
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n
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atica
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ter
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D
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esti
m
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th
at
b
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2
0
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5
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t
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4
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ices
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tr
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s
m
it
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o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
a
b
o
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t
186
Z
ettab
y
tes
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
will
u
n
d
o
u
b
ted
ly
lead
to
th
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n
ee
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f
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lar
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o
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ir
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ec
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f
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t
t
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lo
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etwo
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k
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W
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r
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atter
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th
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ticu
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ly
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a
r
s
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e
n
v
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o
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m
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t.
Hen
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alg
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ith
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to
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th
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life
tim
e
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
s
u
ch
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
2
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
c
h
es
an
d
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
b
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co
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d
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in
t
h
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f
ield
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f
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d
u
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g
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g
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c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
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in
W
SNs
to
ex
ten
d
th
eir
life
[
3
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
ese
ar
ch
tr
en
d
s
in
th
is
f
ield
is
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
(
C
Hs)
to
r
e
p
r
esen
t a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
,
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d
to
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alan
ce
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
en
er
g
y
.
E
ac
h
C
H
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
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KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
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m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
8
2
9
-
8
3
7
830
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
c
o
llectin
g
d
ata
,
m
an
a
g
in
g
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an
s
m
is
s
io
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o
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t
h
e
ass
o
ciate
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n
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es,
elim
in
atin
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ed
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a
n
cies a
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d
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m
p
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ess
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e
d
ata,
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d
th
en
tr
an
s
m
itti
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g
t
h
e
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
d
ata
t
o
a
b
ase
s
tatio
n
[
4
,
5
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
r
esear
ch
es,
th
e
lo
w
en
er
g
y
ad
ap
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
h
ier
ar
c
h
y
(
L
E
AC
H)
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
W
SN
s
[
6
,
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
tr
i
es
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
lo
a
d
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
u
s
in
g
s
to
ch
asti
c
f
o
r
m
u
la
to
s
elec
t
C
Hs
in
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
.
E
ac
h
C
H
allo
ca
tes
tim
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
T
DM
A)
s
ch
ed
u
les
to
its
r
elate
d
n
o
d
e
m
em
b
er
s
,
in
wh
ich
ea
ch
m
em
b
er
n
o
d
e
tr
an
s
m
its
its
d
ata
in
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
tim
e
s
lo
t.
I
n
[
8
]
a
s
ec
u
r
e
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
r
esen
ted
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
C
H
is
n
o
t
a
m
alicio
u
s
o
n
e.
T
h
e
elec
tio
n
o
f
a
n
y
C
H
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
m
etr
ics
in
clu
d
ed
b
eh
av
io
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
es,
waitin
g
tim
e,
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
d
eg
r
ee
,
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
A
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
as
th
e
b
ase
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
in
[
9
,
1
0
]
,
in
wh
i
c
h
th
e
ce
n
tr
a
lity
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n
o
d
es
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en
s
ity
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n
s
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t
h
e
m
ai
n
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
h
o
wed
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
life
tim
e
co
m
p
ar
in
g
to
s
o
m
e
well
-
k
n
o
wn
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
A
m
o
d
if
ied
K
-
m
ea
n
s
alg
o
r
i
th
m
is
u
s
ed
in
[
1
1
]
to
d
ec
id
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
s
u
itab
le
to
b
e
a
C
H
o
r
n
o
t,
ta
k
in
g
in
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
at
th
e
s
elec
ted
n
o
d
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
with
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
m
e
ex
is
tin
g
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
ter
m
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e,
an
d
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
e
r
y
.
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
atio
o
f
n
o
d
e
d
is
tan
c
e
to
r
esid
u
al
en
e
r
g
y
as
th
e
b
as
e
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tin
g
C
H
in
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
W
SN
s
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
ac
h
ie
v
es
lo
n
g
e
r
n
etw
o
r
k
life
tim
e
a
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ess
ag
es.
A
s
elf
-
o
r
g
an
izin
g
m
a
p
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
clu
s
ter
in
g
in
[
1
3
]
.
Sp
atial
co
o
r
d
in
ates
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
wer
e
u
s
ed
as
tr
ai
n
in
g
in
p
u
t
d
ata
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
ea
ch
f
o
r
m
e
d
clu
s
ter
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
h
ig
h
-
en
er
g
y
n
o
d
e
an
d
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
clo
s
est
n
o
d
es
with
a
lo
wer
en
er
g
y
.
A
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
s
ch
em
a
with
clu
s
ter
in
g
an
d
s
in
k
m
o
b
ilit
y
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
4
]
i
n
wh
ich
a
m
em
b
er
weig
h
t
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
o
r
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
t
o
d
ec
i
d
e
o
n
th
e
C
Hs.
T
h
r
ee
r
u
les
wer
e
u
s
ed
t
o
ca
lcu
lat
e
th
e
m
em
b
er
weig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
ly
o
n
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
e
r
g
y
o
f
n
o
d
e
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
u
le
is
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
e
r
g
y
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
to
its
d
is
tan
ce
to
th
e
s
in
k
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
th
ir
d
r
u
le
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
a
tio
o
f
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
to
its
d
is
tan
ce
to
th
e
s
in
k
.
I
t is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
th
i
r
d
r
u
le
h
as a
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
n
e
two
r
k
life
tim
e.
I
n
[
1
5
]
a
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
lled
R
-
L
E
AC
H
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
wh
ic
h
i
s
a
m
o
d
if
ied
v
er
s
io
n
to
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
c
o
l.
I
n
R
-
L
E
AC
H
a
C
H
s
elec
tio
n
s
ch
em
e
tak
es
in
its
co
n
s
id
er
at
io
n
th
e
n
o
d
es
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
v
alu
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ig
n
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
C
Hs.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
L
E
AC
H
b
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
W
SN
life
tim
e
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
b
y
a
b
o
u
t
6
0
-
6
6
%.
A
s
am
p
lin
g
-
b
ased
s
p
id
er
m
o
n
k
ey
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
en
er
g
y
-
efficien
cy
is
u
s
ed
in
[
1
6
]
to
s
elec
t
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
an
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
life
tim
e
an
d
s
t
ab
ilit
y
o
f
W
SNs
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
im
ilar
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
life
tim
e
an
d
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
C
H
elec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
a
n
d
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
7
]
,
tak
in
g
in
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
with
h
ig
h
est
en
er
g
y
lev
el
to
b
e
th
e
C
H.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
b
etter
th
an
L
E
AC
H.
T
h
e
B
ellm
an
-
Fo
r
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
tili
ze
d
in
[
1
8
]
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
c
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
in
d
s
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
le
s
o
u
r
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
/co
s
t.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
ts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
b
etter
th
an
th
e
K
-
m
ed
io
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
in
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
an
d
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
An
en
e
r
g
y
aw
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
9
,
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
h
y
b
r
id
m
eta
h
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Sev
er
al
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
p
ac
k
et
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
en
er
g
y
,
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
ity
,
clu
s
ter
d
is
tan
ce
,
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
el
ay
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
s
im
ilar
p
r
o
to
co
ls
s
h
o
wed
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t i
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
id
n
o
t
tak
e
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
wee
n
th
e
elec
ted
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
a
n
d
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
,
an
d
th
is
m
ay
lea
d
to
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
in
th
e
e
v
en
t
o
f
ch
o
o
s
in
g
an
e
d
g
e
n
o
d
e.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
s
o
m
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es h
av
e
ad
o
p
ted
a
r
an
d
o
m
v
a
lu
e
to
g
en
er
ate
a
th
r
esh
o
ld
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
,
wh
ile
o
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
r
elied
o
n
th
e
lin
k
b
et
wee
n
th
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
an
d
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es.
On
th
e
wh
o
le,
th
ese
r
esear
ch
es h
av
e
s
u
cc
ee
d
e
d
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
ex
ten
d
i
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e,
b
u
t
th
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
was
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
an
d
d
id
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
asp
ir
atio
n
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
lo
n
g
ev
ity
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
ass
o
ciativ
e
v
alu
e
is
ex
tr
ac
ted
b
ased
o
n
a
r
atio
co
m
b
in
ed
two
p
a
r
am
et
er
v
ec
to
r
s
;
n
o
d
es
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
o
d
es
to
th
e
s
in
k
/b
ase
s
tatio
n
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
with
th
e
b
est
ass
o
ciativ
e
v
alu
es
will
b
e
elec
ted
to
b
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
.
A
f
ter
th
e
en
d
o
f
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
e
ass
o
ciativ
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
r
ec
alcu
lated
,
as
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
(
C
Hs
an
d
n
o
n
-
C
Hs)
h
av
e
ch
an
g
e
d
.
I
n
th
e
r
em
ain
d
er
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
,
s
ec
tio
n
2
in
tr
o
d
u
c
es
th
e
ad
o
p
ted
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
o
d
els.
Sectio
n
3
e
x
p
lain
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
t
h
e
d
etails
o
n
h
o
w
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
ass
o
ciativ
e
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
a
n
d
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
with
s
o
m
e
class
ical
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
,
wh
ile
s
ec
tio
n
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
P
r
o
lo
n
g
in
g
WS
N
s
lifetime
in
I
o
T a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
co
n
s
is
ten
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
(
Mo
h
a
mme
d
A
li Ta
w
feeq
)
831
2.
NE
T
WO
RK
AND
E
NE
RG
Y
M
O
DE
L
S
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
is
as
s
u
m
ed
to
ad
o
p
t
a
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
with
s
tatic
an
d
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
h
a
v
in
g
id
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h
a
v
e
a
s
m
all
ass
o
ciativ
e
v
alu
e
d
esp
ite
t
h
eir
p
r
o
x
im
ity
to
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
An
illu
s
tr
ativ
e
ex
am
p
le
o
f
f
iv
e
n
o
d
es
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
r
an
d
o
m
ly
in
a
s
en
s
in
g
f
ield
with
a
B
S
lo
ca
ted
in
its
ce
n
ter
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
,
in
wh
ich
,
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
b
u
b
b
les
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
wh
ile
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
in
d
icate
s
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
th
e
ass
o
ciativ
e
v
alu
e
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
th
at
h
as
th
e
B
AV
i
s
th
e
o
n
e
with
th
e
lar
g
e
s
t
r
ad
iu
s
.
Af
ter
s
o
m
e
wh
ile
an
d
d
u
e
to
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
th
e
n
o
d
es
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
u
n
eq
u
al
en
er
g
ies
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
h
o
w
f
a
r
th
e
tar
g
et
is
an
d
wh
eth
er
th
e
n
o
d
e
ta
k
es
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ac
tin
g
as
C
H
o
r
n
o
t.
As a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
Av
’
s
o
f
th
ese
n
o
d
es we
r
e
ch
a
n
g
e
d
,
an
d
th
e
n
o
d
e
with
t
h
e
B
AV
m
ay
also
ch
an
g
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
.
(
a
)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
No
d
es a
s
s
o
ciativ
e
v
alu
es
;
(
a)
eq
u
al
en
e
r
g
ies
,
an
d
(
b
)
d
if
f
er
e
n
t e
n
er
g
ies
Af
ter
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
s
en
s
in
g
f
ield
,
it
is
as
s
u
m
ed
th
at
th
e
B
S
an
d
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
k
n
o
w
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
ea
ch
o
th
er
a
n
d
t
h
eir
in
itial
en
er
g
ies
b
y
s
h
ar
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
t
o
c
a
l
c
u
l
at
e
t
h
e
Av
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
.
A
m
o
n
g
t
h
es
e
v
a
l
u
es
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
wi
t
h
t
h
e
B
A
V
a
r
e
el
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
b
e
C
Hs
.
T
h
e
d
ec
i
s
i
o
n
o
n
h
o
w
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
BAV
is
b
as
e
d
o
n
a
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
Av
o
w
h
i
c
h
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
m
a
i
n
l
y
o
n
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
o
f
Av
,
t
h
a
t
is
:
=
{
≥
|
=
∗
(
)
}
(
1
0
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
P
r
o
lo
n
g
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g
WS
N
s
lifetime
in
I
o
T a
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n
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ith
m
(
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h
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li Ta
w
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833
a
nd
(
)
=
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1)
wh
er
e
k
is
th
e
t
h
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esh
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ld
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d
ju
s
tm
en
t
p
ar
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eter
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d
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≤
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Sev
er
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v
alu
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wer
e
ad
o
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ted
f
o
r
Av
o
an
d
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im
p
ac
t o
n
e
x
ten
d
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
l
if
etim
e
was stu
d
ied
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
tili
ze
d
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
wh
er
e
in
ea
ch
iter
atio
n
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
wit
h
th
e
B
AV
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
an
d
elec
ted
t
o
b
e
C
Hs.
T
h
en
a
lo
o
p
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
ea
ch
elec
ted
C
H
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
to
d
o
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
ea
ch
C
H
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
o
th
er
n
o
d
es th
eir
tim
e
to
tr
a
n
s
m
it d
ata,
r
ec
eiv
e
th
eir
d
ata,
an
d
s
en
d
th
e
ag
g
r
eg
ated
d
ata
to
B
S.
Af
ter
th
e
en
d
o
f
ea
ch
iter
atio
n
,
th
e
ass
o
ciativ
e
v
alu
es
v
ec
to
r
f
o
r
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
ar
e
r
ec
alcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
n
ew
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
th
eir
d
is
tan
ce
s
to
B
S.
T
h
ese
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
r
ep
ea
te
d
u
n
til
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
d
e
p
lete
th
eir
en
e
r
g
ies.
T
h
e
d
etail
s
tep
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
Step
1
: I
n
itialize
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
ar
am
eter
s
Step
2
: D
ep
lo
y
ed
th
e
n
o
d
es in
th
e
s
en
s
in
g
f
ield
Step
3
:
W
h
ile
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ea
d
n
o
d
es<
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es,
d
o
s
tep
4
-
11
Step
4
:
C
alcu
late
n
o
d
es’
Av
Step
5
:
D
eter
m
in
e
th
e
n
o
d
es
with
BAV
: (
Av
>
A
vo
)
,
an
d
s
to
r
e
th
em
in
C
H
-
L
is
t
Step
6
:
W
h
ile
C
H
-
L
is
t n
o
t e
m
p
ty
,
d
o
s
tep
7
-
10
Step
7
:
S
elec
t CH n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
C
H
-
L
is
t
Step
8
:
A
g
g
r
eg
ate
p
ac
k
ets f
r
o
m
n
o
n
-
C
H
n
o
d
es a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
it th
e
d
ata
to
B
S
Step
9
: Co
m
p
u
te
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
Step
1
0
:
R
em
o
v
e
th
e
C
H
f
r
o
m
C
H
-
L
is
t
Step
1
1
:
D
eter
m
in
e
th
e
d
ea
d
n
o
d
es
.
A
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es o
f
elec
tin
g
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
u
s
in
g
B
AV
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Flo
w
ch
a
r
t illu
s
tr
ates CHs
elec
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
B
AV
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
8
2
9
-
8
3
7
834
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
a
W
SN
with
1
0
0
s
tatic
an
d
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
r
an
d
o
m
ly
in
a
s
en
s
in
g
f
ield
o
f
d
im
en
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io
n
s
1
0
0
*
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0
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m
an
d
a
s
tatio
n
ar
y
B
S
m
ed
iat
es
th
e
s
en
s
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tizatio
n
f
ield
.
All
th
e
n
o
d
es
h
av
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
in
itial
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
el
also
ass
u
m
es
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
v
alu
es
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esu
lts
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
t
ed
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
(
R
2
0
1
7
b
)
as
a
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
l
to
c
h
ar
a
cter
ize
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
els.
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
am
eter
v
alu
es o
f
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
N
o
d
e
s i
n
i
t
i
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
0
.
5
J
M
u
l
t
i
-
p
a
t
h
t
r
a
n
smiss
i
o
n
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
(
mp
)
1
.
3
*
1
0
-
15
J
/
b
i
t
/
m
4
F
r
e
e
s
p
a
c
e
t
r
a
n
smiss
i
o
n
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
(
f
s)
0
.
1
*
1
0
-
12
J
/
b
i
t
/
m
2
C
o
n
s
u
me
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
r
b
i
t
(
E
e
l
e
c
)
5
0
*
1
0
-
9
J/
b
i
t
En
e
r
g
y
o
f
D
a
t
a
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
i
o
n
p
e
r
b
i
t
(
E
D
A
)
5
*
1
0
-
9
J
/
b
i
t
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
b
i
t
s
p
e
r
p
a
c
k
e
t
(
L)
4
0
0
0
b
i
t
4
.
1
.
Net
w
o
rk
a
na
ly
s
is
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
,
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
o
n
elec
tin
g
C
Hs
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
with
BAV
wh
ic
h
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
Av
o
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
(
1
0
)
,
Av
o
ca
n
b
e
a
d
ap
t
ed
b
y
ch
a
n
g
in
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
t
p
ar
am
eter
k
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
Av
o
v
al
u
es
o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
p
ac
k
ets
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
o
d
es
to
C
Hs
an
d
f
r
o
m
C
Hs
to
B
S,
an
d
o
n
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
.
Fig
u
r
e4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
alu
es
o
f
k
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
o
u
n
d
(
in
av
er
ag
e)
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
u
n
til
th
e
d
e
ath
o
f
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
n
o
d
e
(
n
etwo
r
k
s
tab
ilit
y
)
,
th
e
d
ea
th
o
f
h
alf
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es,
an
d
th
e
d
ea
th
o
f
last
n
o
d
e
(
n
etwo
r
k
lif
etim
e)
.
T
h
e
s
m
aller
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
k
th
e
m
o
r
e
n
o
d
es
with
BAV
.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
will
b
e
elec
ted
as
C
Hs
w
ill
in
cr
ea
s
e.
Allo
win
g
a
g
r
ea
ter
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
s
as
C
Hs
u
s
in
g
a
co
h
er
en
t
cr
iter
io
n
lead
s
with
o
u
t
an
y
d
o
u
b
t
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
an
d
ex
te
n
d
its
life
,
an
d
th
is
is
wh
at
'
s
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
ca
s
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
Av
o
v
alu
es
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
m
a
l
-
n
o
d
es
to
C
Hs
an
d
f
r
o
m
C
Hs
to
B
S
(
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t)
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
r
m
al
n
o
d
es
in
cr
ea
s
es
as
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
Av
o
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
is
w
ill
u
n
d
o
u
b
te
d
ly
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
m
a
l
-
n
o
d
es
to
C
Hs.
B
y
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
Hs
will
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
as
Av
o
in
cr
ea
s
es,
wh
ich
will
r
e
d
u
ce
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
C
Hs
to
B
S.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
b
ased
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
Av
o
v
alu
es
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
As
it
is
n
o
ticed
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e,
th
e
en
er
g
y
lev
el
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
co
n
tin
u
es
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
er
p
er
i
o
d
as
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
k
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
in
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
n
o
d
es th
at
h
a
v
e
BAV
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
if
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
r
e
q
u
ir
es
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
o
d
es
an
d
n
ee
d
s
h
ig
h
n
etwo
r
k
s
tab
il
ity
,
th
en
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
k
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
m
all.
B
u
t
if
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
life
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
a
s
m
u
ch
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
th
en
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
k
m
u
s
t b
e
h
ig
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
f
f
ec
t o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
Av
o
v
alu
es o
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
life
tim
e
4
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
re
s
ults
T
o
ch
ec
k
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
B
AV
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
k
i
s
s
et
to
0
.
5
wh
ich
r
etu
r
n
s
th
e
m
e
d
iate
v
alu
e
o
f
Av
o
,
i.e
.
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
Av
o
=
0
.
5
*
m
ea
n
(
Av
)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
L
E
AC
H
an
d
R
-
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
s
am
e
in
itial
d
ata
as
well
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
P
r
o
lo
n
g
in
g
WS
N
s
lifetime
in
I
o
T a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
co
n
s
is
ten
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
(
Mo
h
a
mme
d
A
li Ta
w
feeq
)
835
as
th
e
s
am
e
co
o
r
d
in
ates
o
f
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
n
o
d
es'
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
in
ea
ch
s
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
th
r
ee
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
All
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
av
er
ag
e
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
iter
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
es
id
u
al
en
er
g
y
is
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
in
wh
ich
its
v
alu
es
in
b
o
th
L
E
AC
H
an
d
R
-
L
E
AC
H
ar
e
alm
o
s
t
clo
s
e
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
an
d
d
e
p
lete
in
ab
o
u
t r
o
u
n
d
1
5
0
0
,
wh
er
ea
s
BAV
c
an
co
n
s
er
v
e
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
a
m
u
ch
lo
n
g
er
p
er
io
d
as
it
co
n
tin
u
es
to
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
r
o
u
n
d
8
5
0
0
.
T
h
is
co
n
s
titu
tes
ab
o
u
t
4
5
0
%
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
i
n
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
b
o
th
L
E
AC
H
an
d
R
-
L
E
AC
H.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
B
AV
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
b
alan
cin
g
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
co
n
s
u
m
ed
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
E
f
f
ec
t o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
Av
o
v
alu
es o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
p
ac
k
ets f
r
o
m
n
o
d
es to
C
Hs an
d
f
r
o
m
C
Hs to
B
S
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
f
f
ec
t o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
Av
o
v
alu
es o
n
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
life
tim
e,
in
wh
ich
th
e
d
ea
th
o
f
f
ir
s
t
n
o
d
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
ab
o
u
t
r
o
u
n
d
9
0
0
an
d
1
0
0
0
in
L
E
AC
H
an
d
R
-
L
E
AC
H
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
er
ea
s
in
B
A
V
th
e
f
ir
s
t
n
o
d
e
d
ies
o
u
t
in
av
er
ag
e
at
r
o
u
n
d
5
8
0
0
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
d
ea
th
o
f
th
e
last
n
o
d
e
is
in
av
er
ag
e
at
r
o
u
n
d
2
0
0
0
,
8
0
0
0
,
an
d
1
3
0
0
0
f
o
r
L
E
AC
H,
R
-
L
E
A
C
H,
an
d
B
AV
r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
e
aso
n
b
eh
in
d
t
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
t
h
at
in
L
E
AC
H
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
C
Hs d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
a
th
r
esh
o
ld
ex
tr
ac
te
d
f
r
o
m
r
an
d
o
m
v
alu
e
wh
ic
h
m
ak
e
t
h
is
s
el
ec
tio
n
n
o
t
s
o
ef
f
icien
t,
wh
er
e
as
in
R
-
L
E
AC
H
th
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
is
m
o
d
if
ied
b
y
in
s
er
tin
g
th
e
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
as
a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
to
th
e
L
E
AC
H
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
r
m
u
la,
in
co
n
tr
ast,
in
B
AV
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
C
Hs
is
b
ased
o
n
iter
ativ
ely
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
v
ec
to
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
o
v
e
r
all
o
f
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
n
o
d
es to
e
x
tr
ac
t t
h
e
n
o
d
es with
b
est
ass
o
ciativ
e
v
alu
es.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
etr
ic
th
at
ex
p
r
ess
es
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
p
ac
k
ets
ac
tu
ally
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
B
S
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
en
t
p
ac
k
ets.
As
B
A
V
alg
o
r
ith
m
k
ee
p
s
th
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
a
l
o
n
g
p
er
io
d
wh
ich
lead
s
to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
th
e
n
e
two
r
k
life
tim
e,
as we
ll a
s
it a
llo
w
s
th
e
ex
ch
an
g
e
o
f
r
o
les an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
b
etwe
en
th
e
n
o
d
es
to
wo
r
k
as
a
C
H
o
r
a
s
a
n
o
n
-
C
H,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
h
ig
h
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
b
o
th
L
E
A
C
H
an
d
R
-
L
E
A
C
H.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t a
r
e
a
b
o
u
t
1
2
0
0
0
,
8
6
0
0
,
a
n
d
2
3
0
0
0
f
o
r
L
E
AC
H,
R
-
L
E
AC
H,
an
d
B
AV
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
n
etwo
r
k
lo
n
g
ev
ity
,
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
h
ig
h
b
alan
cin
g
in
lo
ad
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
C
Hs,
as
well
as
allo
win
g
ex
ch
an
g
e
th
e
r
o
les
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ass
o
ciativ
e
v
alu
es.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
C
Hs
to
th
e
B
S
in
B
AV
alg
o
r
ith
m
lead
s
t
o
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
8
2
9
-
8
3
7
836
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
m
al
n
o
d
e
s
to
C
Hs,
in
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
u
m
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itted
p
ac
k
ets
(
p
ac
k
ets f
r
o
m
n
o
d
es to
C
Hs +
p
ac
k
ets f
r
o
m
C
Hs to
B
S)
is
less
th
an
th
e
ca
s
e
in
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Netwo
r
k
life
tim
e
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Netwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
s
u
g
g
ested
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
elec
t
C
Hs
b
y
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
ass
o
ciativ
e
v
al
u
e
to
e
ac
h
n
o
d
e.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
v
alu
es,
th
e
n
o
d
e
s
with
B
AV
(
b
ased
o
n
ca
lcu
lat
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
)
ar
e
elec
ted
as
C
Hs.
Per
m
itti
n
g
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es a
s
C
Hs u
s
in
g
a
r
ig
id
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iter
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n
i
n
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r
ea
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es th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
d
p
r
o
lo
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g
s
its
life
tim
e,
as
well
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in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
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o
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o
r
d
s
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cr
ea
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in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
co
v
er
ed
in
B
AV
r
ef
lecte
d
o
n
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
n
o
d
es
en
er
g
y
lev
el
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
er
tim
e.
T
h
is
i
s
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
m
o
tiv
at
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
B
AV
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
n
th
e
I
o
T
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
.
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n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
ca
p
ab
il
ity
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
m
a
n
ag
in
g
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
th
e
l
o
ad
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
m
ad
e
it
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
to
s
im
ilar
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
L
E
AC
H
an
d
R
-
LEA
C
H,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
s
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
life
s
p
an
.
Sin
ce
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
iter
ativ
el
y
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
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o
d
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ass
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ciativ
e
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ep
en
d
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o
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th
e
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esi
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al
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d
t
h
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is
tan
ce
s
to
B
S,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
it
ca
n
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e
ea
s
ily
ad
ap
te
d
to
b
e
u
ti
lized
in
m
o
b
ile
s
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k
.
ACK
NO
WL
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DG
E
M
E
NT
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T
h
e
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th
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r
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o
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ld
lik
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to
ex
ten
d
h
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th
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n
k
s
an
d
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
Mu
s
tan
s
ir
iy
ah
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
www.
u
o
m
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s
ir
iy
ah
.
ed
u
.
iq
)
B
ag
h
d
ad
,
I
r
aq
f
o
r
its
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Y.
P
e
rwe
j
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
In
tern
e
t
-
of
-
Th
in
g
s
(Io
T
)
S
e
c
u
rit
y
:
A
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
Re
v
iew
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
6
2
-
4
8
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
T.
Ra
u
lt
e
t
a
l.
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
-
e
fficie
n
c
y
in
wire
les
s se
n
so
r
n
e
two
r
k
s,”
C
o
mp
u
ter
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
-
1
2
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
J.
Am
u
th
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
WS
N
S
trate
g
ies
Ba
se
d
o
n
S
e
n
so
rs,
De
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
,
S
e
n
sin
g
M
o
d
e
ls,
Co
v
e
ra
g
e
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
Eff
icie
n
c
y
:
Re
v
iew
,
Ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s a
n
d
O
p
e
n
Is
su
e
s,"
W
ire
les
s P
e
rs
o
n
a
l
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
9
-
1
1
1
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[4
]
F
.
E
n
g
m
a
n
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
r
o
lo
n
g
in
g
t
h
e
li
fe
ti
m
e
o
f
wire
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
t
wo
rk
s:
a
re
v
iew
o
f
c
u
rre
n
t
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s,”
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
]
H.
Ba
g
c
i,
H.
a
n
d
A
.
Ya
z
ici,
“
An
e
n
e
rg
y
a
wa
re
fu
z
z
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
u
n
e
q
u
a
l
c
lu
ste
ri
n
g
in
wire
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
rk
s,”
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
o
ft
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
4
1
-
1
7
4
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[6
]
W.
B.
He
in
z
e
lma
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
An
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
-
sp
e
c
ifi
c
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
fo
r
wire
les
s
m
icro
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
rk
s,”
I
EE
E
Tran
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
6
0
-
6
7
0
,
2
0
0
2
.
[7
]
P
.
S
a
c
h
a
n
a
n
d
F
.
Ah
m
a
d
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
P
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
f
o
r
WS
N
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
Res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
3
5
2
-
7
3
5
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[8
]
E.
Re
h
m
a
n
e
t
a
l.
,
“
E
n
e
rg
y
Eff
icie
n
t
S
e
c
u
re
Tr
u
st
Ba
se
d
Clu
ste
ri
n
g
Alg
o
rit
h
m
fo
r
M
o
b
il
e
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
r
k
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
D.
R.
D
.
Ad
h
i
k
a
ry
a
n
d
K.
M
a
ll
ick
,
“
An
En
e
rg
y
Aw
a
re
Un
e
q
u
a
l
Clu
ste
rin
g
Al
g
o
r
it
h
m
u
sin
g
F
u
z
z
y
L
o
g
ic
fo
r
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
r
k
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
IC
T
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
5
-
7
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
0
]
S
.
Kh
rij
i
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
F
u
z
z
y
Ba
se
d
E
n
e
rg
y
Aw
a
re
Un
e
q
u
a
l
Cl
u
ste
rin
g
fo
r
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s,”
L
e
c
tu
re
No
tes
in
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
26
-
1
3
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
S
.
Kh
e
d
iri
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
No
v
e
l
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
v
it
y
Alg
o
r
it
h
m
Ba
se
d
o
n
S
h
o
rtes
t
P
a
th
f
o
r
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s,”
1
st
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ter
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s &
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
e
c
u
rity (ICCA
IS
)
,
Ri
y
a
d
h
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
2
]
S
.
E.
K
h
e
d
iri
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Cl
u
ste
rin
g
Al
g
o
rit
h
m
in
wire
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
r
k
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
sh
o
rtes
t
p
a
th
,
”
3
0
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
M
icr
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
(
ICM
)
,
T
u
n
isia
,
IEE
E
C
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
P
u
b
l
ica
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
P
r
o
lo
n
g
in
g
WS
N
s
lifetime
in
I
o
T a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
co
n
s
is
ten
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
(
Mo
h
a
mme
d
A
li Ta
w
feeq
)
837
[1
3
]
M
.
H.
S
h
a
fiab
a
d
i
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ne
w
M
e
th
o
d
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
En
e
rg
y
S
a
v
i
n
g
s
in
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s
b
y
Us
in
g
S
O
M
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
two
rk
,
”
J
S
e
rv
S
c
i
Res
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
4
]
J.
Wan
e
t
a
l.
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
Eff
icie
n
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
Alg
o
rit
h
m
with
M
o
b
i
l
e
S
in
k
S
u
p
p
o
rt
fo
r
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
r
k
s,”
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
5
]
T.
M
.
Be
h
e
ra
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Re
sid
u
a
l
En
e
rg
y
-
Ba
se
d
Clu
ste
r
-
He
a
d
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
i
n
WS
Ns
fo
r
Io
T
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
1
3
2
-
5
1
3
9
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
9
[1
6
]
J.
G
.
Lee
e
t
a
l.
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
-
Ef
fi
c
ien
t
Cl
u
ste
r
-
He
a
d
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
fo
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s
Us
in
g
S
a
m
p
li
n
g
-
Ba
s
e
d
S
p
id
e
r
M
o
n
k
e
y
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
”
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
no.
2
3
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
9
.
[1
7
]
F
.
S
a
n
h
a
ji
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Clu
ste
r
He
a
d
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
i
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
r
k
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
W
ire
les
s
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
Emb
e
d
d
e
d
a
n
d
In
tell
ig
e
n
t
S
y
ste
ms
(W
IT
S
)
,
M
o
ro
c
c
o
,
IE
EE
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
P
u
b
l
ica
ti
o
n
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
9
[1
8
]
P
a
n
d
it
,
M
.
,
S
riv
a
sta
v
a
,
L
.
,
Ve
n
k
a
ta,
R.
R.
,
a
n
d
Ba
n
sa
l,
J.,
e
d
s.
,
“
In
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
t
C
o
m
p
u
t
in
g
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s fo
r
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
l
e
Re
a
l
-
Wo
rld
S
y
ste
m
s.
ICS
IS
CE
T
2
0
1
9
,”
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
in
Ad
a
p
t
a
ti
o
n
,
L
e
a
r
n
in
g
a
n
d
Op
t
imiza
ti
o
n
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
9
]
R.
S
h
a
rm
a
e
t
a
l.
,
“
e
e
TM
F
O/G
A:
a
se
c
u
re
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
e
fficie
n
t
c
lu
ste
r
h
e
a
d
se
lec
ti
o
n
i
n
wire
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
rk
s,”
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
vol
.
7
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
-
2
6
8
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
0
]
T.
A.
Alg
h
a
m
d
i,
“
En
e
rg
y
e
fficie
n
t
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
in
wire
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
t
wo
rk
:
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
c
lu
ste
r
h
e
a
d
se
lec
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
,
“
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
7
4
,
p
p
.
3
3
1
-
3
4
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
1
]
T.
V.
M
a
d
h
a
v
a
n
d
N
.
S
a
rm
a
,
“
En
e
rg
y
Eff
icie
n
t
Cl
u
ste
r
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
He
tero
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s,”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s in
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
Ne
two
rk
,
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
e
d
s.,
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
p
p
.
4
5
2
-
4
5
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
S
.
S
.
I
y
e
n
g
a
r
e
t
a
l.
,”
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
s
o
f
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
P
r
o
g
ra
m
m
in
g
:
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
”
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
Sons
,
In
c
.
,
Ho
b
o
k
e
n
,
Ne
w Je
rse
y
.
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
J.
Wan
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
An
As
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
Clu
ste
rin
g
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
Da
ta
Ga
th
e
rin
g
S
c
h
e
m
a
Ba
se
d
o
n
Ti
m
e
r
M
e
c
h
a
n
ism
in
Wi
re
les
s S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s
,
”
CM
C
-
Co
mp
u
ter
s,
M
a
ter
i
a
ls & Co
n
ti
n
u
a
,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
no.
3
,
p
p
.
7
1
1
-
7
2
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
4
]
J.
Wan
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
b
il
it
y
b
a
se
d
e
n
e
rg
y
e
fficie
n
t
a
n
d
m
u
l
ti
-
sin
k
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
fo
r
c
o
n
su
m
e
r
h
o
m
e
n
e
two
rk
s,
“
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Co
n
su
me
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
vol
.
5
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
7
-
8
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
5
]
P
.
K.
Ka
h
y
a
p
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
u
z
z
y
-
Ko
h
o
n
e
n
S
e
lf
-
o
rg
a
n
izin
g
Clu
ste
ri
n
g
Alg
o
rit
h
m
in
Wi
re
les
s S
e
n
s
o
r
Ne
t
wo
rk
s,”
G
a
n
e
sh
Ch
a
n
d
ra
De
k
a
,
Om
p
ra
k
a
sh
Ka
iwa
rty
a
,
P
o
o
ja
Va
sh
isth
,
P
ri
y
a
n
k
a
Ra
th
e
e
,
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
C
o
mp
u
t
in
g
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
:
Fi
rs
t
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
ICACCT
2
0
1
8
,
De
lh
i,
In
d
ia,
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r,
p
p
.
2
2
5
-
2
3
6
,
Au
g
.
2
0
1
8
.
[2
6
]
S
.
G
.
K.
p
a
tro
a
n
d
K
.
K
S
a
h
u
,
“
No
rm
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
:
A
P
re
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
S
tag
e
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
rn
a
l
in
S
c
ien
c
e
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
0
-
2
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
7
]
M
.
A.
Taw
fe
e
q
,
“
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
two
rk
s
Ba
se
d
o
n
M
o
d
ifi
e
d
M
u
l
ti
-
S
o
n
a
r
Ba
t
Un
i
ts
Alg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
-
1
1
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Mo
h
a
m
m
e
d
Ali
Ta
wfe
e
q
is
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
,
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
M
u
sta
n
siriy
a
h
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
S
c
.
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
in
1
9
7
9
a
n
d
h
is
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
in
1
9
8
9
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
in
2
0
0
6
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
b
u
t
li
m
it
e
d
t
o
,
In
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s,
O
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
Te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
W
ir
e
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s,
a
n
d
Io
T
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
Ma
h
m
o
u
d
Za
k
i
Ab
d
u
ll
a
h
is
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r,
h
e
is
a
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
sta
ff
m
e
m
b
e
rs at M
u
sta
n
siriy
a
Un
iv
e
rs
it
y
,
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
a
c
o
m
p
u
ter
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
in
2
0
0
7
fro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
Ira
q
.
H
e
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
a
n
y
b
o
o
k
s
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
s
in
a
C
o
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s,
S
m
a
rt
S
y
ste
m
s
,
Big
Da
ta
An
a
l
y
sis,
Da
ta
S
e
c
u
rit
y
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
,
h
e
h
a
s p
a
rti
c
ip
a
ted
a
s
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
fo
r
m
a
n
y
sc
ien
ti
fic co
m
m
it
tee
s.
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