T
E
L
K
O
M
N
I
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n Co
m
pu
t
ing
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Co
ntr
o
l
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
,
p
p
.
1
85
~1
93
I
SS
N:
1
6
9
3
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6
9
3
0
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DOI
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0
.
1
2
9
2
8
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L
KOM
NI
KA.
v
20
i
1
.
2
2
4
6
3
185
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
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e
:
h
ttp
:
//telko
mn
ika
.
u
a
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a
c.
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Inv
estig
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tion o
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te
mpera
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gra
dient
be
twee
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am
bie
nt
a
ir and
so
il t
o
power u
p
wireless s
enso
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ne
twork dev
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usin
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thermoelec
tric
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tor
K
ha
lil Az
ha
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o
hd
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nn
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1
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Ra
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izi
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Yus
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ticle
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Dec
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ep
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3
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is
p
a
p
e
r
p
ro
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s
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h
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rv
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stin
g
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m
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wire
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
rk
(
WS
N)
d
e
v
ice
s.
Th
e
th
e
rm
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
sy
ste
m
u
se
d
is
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
b
e
twe
e
n
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
a
ir
a
t
th
e
so
il
su
rfa
c
e
with
fiv
e
d
e
p
th
l
e
v
e
ls.
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
wa
s
tak
e
n
fo
r
4
6
d
a
y
s
in
a
g
a
rd
e
n
a
re
a
lo
c
a
ted
i
n
M
e
l
a
k
a
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
A
fe
a
sib
il
it
y
st
u
d
y
o
f
so
il
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
to
o
b
t
a
in
a
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
g
ra
d
ien
t
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
f
o
r
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
b
y
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
rm
o
e
lec
tri
c
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs
(TE
G
)
m
o
d
u
les
.
Th
e
n
,
t
h
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
TE
G
with
se
v
e
ra
l
d
iffere
n
t
c
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
ti
o
n
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
g
ra
d
ien
t
d
a
ta
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
tes
ted
in
th
e
lab
o
ra
t
o
ry
.
T
h
e
re
su
l
ts
re
v
e
a
led
th
a
t
t
h
e
d
e
p
t
h
o
f
so
il
6
c
m
b
e
twe
e
n
se
n
so
rs
1
a
n
d
3
wi
ll
g
a
v
e
th
e
b
e
st r
e
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
o
f
lev
e
l
a
v
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ra
g
e
tem
p
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ra
tu
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d
iffere
n
t
a
r
o
u
n
d
1
℃.
Ba
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
g
ra
d
ien
t
d
a
ta,
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
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o
f
t
h
re
e
TE
G
S
P
1
8
4
8
i
n
a
se
ries
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
with
DC
-
DC
ste
p
-
u
p
c
ircu
it
DC1
6
6
4
will
p
ro
d
u
c
e
a
n
o
p
ti
m
u
m
v
o
l
tag
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o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
b
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t
3
V
.
Th
is
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
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g
h
to
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p
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te l
o
w
p
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r
I
o
T
d
e
v
ice
d
e
r
iv
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d
fr
o
m
th
e
rm
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
So
il d
ep
th
So
il tem
p
er
atu
r
e
T
h
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
T
h
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
W
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Kh
alil A
zh
a
Mo
h
d
An
n
u
ar
Fak
u
lti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i K
eju
r
u
ter
aa
n
E
lek
tr
ik
&
E
lek
tr
o
n
ik
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
ik
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
lak
a
Han
g
T
u
ah
J
ay
a,
7
6
1
0
0
Du
r
ia
n
T
u
n
g
g
al,
Me
lak
a,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail: k
h
alilazh
a@
u
tem
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
n
etwo
r
k
(
W
SN)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
a
p
o
p
u
lar
to
p
ic
o
v
er
t
h
e
y
ea
r
s
.
Sin
ce
th
e
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
R
ev
o
lu
tio
n
4
.
0
(
I
R
4
.
0
)
er
a,
W
SN
h
as
b
ee
n
a
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
i
n
ter
n
et
o
f
t
h
in
g
(
I
o
T
)
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
th
at
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
f
u
tu
r
e
wir
eless
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Gen
er
ally
,
W
SN
an
d
I
o
T
d
e
v
ice
is
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
ap
p
licatio
n
to
co
llect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
en
th
is
d
ata
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
will
b
e
s
en
t
o
v
er
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
to
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
a
n
d
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
s
[
1
]
–
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
an
ex
am
p
le
o
f
a
W
SN
o
p
er
atio
n
in
a
f
o
r
est
to
o
b
tain
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ata
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
f
o
r
est.
Ma
n
y
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
W
SN
ar
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
as
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal,
au
t
o
m
atio
n
,
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
h
ea
lth
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
m
ilit
ar
y
,
h
o
m
e,
an
d
o
th
e
r
co
m
m
e
r
cial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
5
]
–
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
co
n
ce
p
t
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
e
twee
n
h
u
m
an
s
,
c
o
m
p
u
te
r
s
,
an
d
th
in
g
s
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
er
e
ar
e
c
h
alle
n
g
es
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
W
SN
d
ev
ices,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ch
allen
g
e
is
f
r
o
m
th
e
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
o
wer
th
e
d
ev
ice.
Fo
r
n
o
w,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
is
p
o
s
ab
l
e
b
atter
ies
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
k
ee
p
in
g
it
f
u
n
ct
io
n
in
g
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
er
tim
e
is
e
x
tr
em
ely
d
if
f
icu
lt.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
ar
e
av
ailab
l
e
to
u
s
e
alter
n
ativ
e
en
er
g
y
,
s
u
ch
as
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le
th
e
en
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
/lig
h
t
[
9
]
–
[
1
3
]
,
win
d
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
6
]
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
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3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
85
-
1
93
186
h
ea
t
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
,
p
iez
o
v
ib
r
atio
n
s
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
2
]
,
an
d
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
ig
n
als
(
R
F)
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
will
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
is
en
er
g
y
in
ta
k
e
u
s
in
g
t
h
er
m
al.
As
it
is
well
k
n
o
wn
,
t
h
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
is
a
n
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t su
p
p
ly
an
d
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
an
y
wh
er
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
A.
N.
Z
.
San
u
s
i
et
a
l
.
,
n
atu
r
e
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
m
icr
o
clim
ate,
to
p
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
th
e
p
lan
ts
,
a
n
d
a
r
r
an
g
em
en
t
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
all
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
am
b
ien
t
air
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
[
2
6
]
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
I
.
S.
Mu
h
am
m
a
d
et
a
l
.
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Go
m
b
ak
,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
His
s
tu
d
y
'
s
r
e
s
u
lt
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
as
th
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
s
o
il is
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
am
b
ien
t a
i
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
g
en
er
ato
r
(
T
E
G)
m
o
d
u
les
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
as
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
est
in
g
s
o
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f
o
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tem
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m
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ito
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in
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ap
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licatio
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s
in
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o
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ests
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ir
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m
en
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o
T
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etwo
r
k
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Pu
llwitt
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l
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co
n
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cted
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er
atu
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o
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ito
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o
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Ger
m
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y
(
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
ea
s
o
n
s
)
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
eig
h
t
lay
e
r
s
o
f
d
ep
th
r
ea
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ay
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n
ig
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h
r
o
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g
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s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
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E
G
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
an
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
to
p
o
wer
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tr
o
n
ic
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ev
ices
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
J
.
C
h
en
a
n
d
Z
.
L
.
W
an
g
[
2
9
]
h
as
m
ad
e
a
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
s
tu
d
y
with
h
ea
t
p
ip
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d
esig
n
o
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th
e
g
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o
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s
u
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ac
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ap
p
licatio
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e
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tp
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tain
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8
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two
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
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y
s
to
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ag
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[
3
0
]
.
T
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er
e
is
p
r
im
ar
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s
to
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C
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d
e
So
u
za
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O.
B
aio
cc
h
i
[
3
1
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h
av
e
co
n
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u
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ted
a
s
t
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et
o
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I
o
T
d
ev
ices [
3
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
m
an
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al,
t
h
is
cir
cu
it
is
ca
p
ab
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atin
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V
to
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ce
3
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3
V,
wh
ich
ca
n
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o
T
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h
er
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r
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at
co
m
b
in
es
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s
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o
f
co
m
m
er
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r
m
al
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g
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at
o
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s
with
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in
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h
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h
e
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lts
o
f
th
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ex
p
er
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m
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ts
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n
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u
cted
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h
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g
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atin
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m
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at
3
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5
x
1
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lu
x
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m
in
atio
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u
r
in
g
f
u
ll
d
ay
lig
h
t
[
3
2
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
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is
n
o
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
th
e
ac
t
u
al
s
itu
atio
n
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
A
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
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cte
d
b
y
A.
Prijic
et
a
l
.
u
s
ed
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
f
o
r
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
m
ea
s
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r
em
e
n
ts
with
s
m
all,
co
m
p
ac
t
cir
cu
its
an
d
r
ig
id
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
[
3
3
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
b
ased
o
n
a
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
T
E
G
(
cu
s
to
m
T
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G)
an
d
a
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it d
o
es
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
th
at
co
m
m
e
r
cial
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en
s
o
r
s
s
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cc
ess
f
u
lly
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er
ate
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tr
icity
b
y
T
E
G.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
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a
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
u
tili
zin
g
a
th
er
m
o
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tr
i
c
d
ev
ice
t
o
co
n
v
er
t
th
er
m
al
e
n
er
g
y
in
to
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
,
as
well
a
s
a
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
s
tu
d
y
o
n
wh
eth
er
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
u
l
d
s
u
p
p
ly
a
W
SN.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
co
v
er
ag
e
is
at
th
e
g
ar
d
en
lo
ca
ted
in
Me
lak
a,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
T
h
e
s
o
il
'
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
f
iv
e
d
ep
th
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
o
p
tim
u
m
d
e
p
th
f
o
r
m
ax
im
u
m
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
am
b
ien
t
air
an
d
th
e
s
o
il.
Usi
n
g
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
,
th
e
T
E
G
ef
f
icien
cy
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
was
test
ed
in
th
e
lab
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
will
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
er
m
o
el
ec
tr
ic
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
t
h
at
in
v
o
lv
es
g
e
n
er
atin
g
s
m
all
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
to
d
r
iv
e
cir
c
u
its
in
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
ty
p
ical
I
o
T
-
W
SN
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
f
o
r
est ar
ea
2.
B
AS
I
C
P
RINC
I
P
L
E
O
F
T
H
E
RM
O
E
L
E
C
T
RI
C
E
N
E
RG
Y
G
E
NE
R
AT
I
O
N
I
n
1
8
2
1
,
T
h
o
m
as
J
o
h
an
n
Seeb
ac
k
was
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
er
s
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n
to
co
n
d
u
ct
r
esear
ch
an
d
in
v
en
ted
th
e
T
h
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
o
r
Seeb
ac
k
e
f
f
ec
t
m
eth
o
d
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
ex
p
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i
m
en
t,
two
m
etal
wir
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
with
o
n
e
p
late
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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p
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187
en
d
o
f
th
e
h
ea
ted
s
id
e
an
d
a
n
o
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s
id
e
p
late
with
lo
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p
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atu
r
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(
c
o
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)
wer
e
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o
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n
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ce
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icity
.
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ic
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w
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er
at
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tr
a
n
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itio
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o
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tr
o
n
s
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r
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t
in
th
e
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
tr
an
s
itio
n
m
o
v
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
-
ty
p
e
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th
e
p
-
ty
p
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
ese
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
will
g
en
er
ate
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
cir
cu
it.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
to
t
h
is
elec
tr
icity
wh
en
a
th
er
m
al
g
r
a
d
ien
t b
etwe
en
tw
o
p
lates o
r
f
ee
t
o
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th
e
t
h
er
m
o
e
l
ec
tr
ic
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ice
o
cc
u
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
n
ce
p
t o
f
t
h
er
m
o
el
ec
tr
ic
g
en
er
ato
r
s
T
h
e
b
asic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
p
-
t
y
p
e
a
n
d
n
-
ty
p
e
m
ate
r
ials
.
B
o
th
o
f
th
ese
m
ater
ials
will
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
elec
tr
ically
a
n
d
i
n
p
a
r
a
llel
with
h
ea
t.
As
it
is
k
n
o
wn
,
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
ca
n
wo
r
k
in
two
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
n
a
m
ely
h
ea
tin
g
an
d
co
o
lin
g
.
E
lectr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
th
e
r
e
is
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
n
t
h
e
two
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
p
lates.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
is
g
en
er
ated
wh
e
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
p
u
t is su
p
p
lied
.
T
h
e
th
er
m
al
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
a
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
is
d
er
iv
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
th
er
m
al
ef
f
ec
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
e
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
th
at
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
n
d
er
iv
in
g
th
er
m
al
m
o
d
els
o
f
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
icity
a
r
e
th
e
th
e
r
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
ef
f
ec
ts
,
J
o
u
le
,
Peltier
,
Seeb
ac
k
an
d
T
h
o
m
s
o
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
t
h
e
T
h
o
m
s
o
n
ef
f
ec
t
illu
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
d
er
iv
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
Seeb
ac
k
ef
f
ec
t
in
tim
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
n
eg
lecte
d
d
u
e
t
o
its
s
m
all
v
alu
e
[
3
4
]
.
Mo
s
t th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
m
o
d
u
les
h
av
e
h
ig
h
th
e
r
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
v
al
u
es b
etwe
en
th
e
two
p
lates.
T
h
is
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
h
ea
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
e
v
en
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
T
h
e
h
ea
t
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
is
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
Fo
u
r
ier
law
o
f
h
ea
t tr
an
s
f
er
,
Qtc
is
p
r
esen
ted
as
(
1
)
.
Q
tc
=
-
Δ
T
K
tc
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
Ktc
is
th
e
th
er
m
al
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
Δ
T
is
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
p
lates
(
h
o
t
a
n
d
co
ld
p
lates).
T
h
en
,
th
e
h
ea
t
J
o
u
le
ef
f
ec
t
(
Q
joule
)
is
g
en
er
ated
wh
en
an
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
)
f
lo
ws
o
n
b
o
th
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
p
lates.
T
h
ese
m
ath
em
atica
l e
q
u
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
r
ess
e
d
as
(
2
)
.
Q
joule
= I
2
R
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
R
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
elec
t
r
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
h
e
atin
g
r
esu
lts
wh
en
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
elec
tr
icity
at
two
d
if
f
er
en
t in
te
r
s
ec
tio
n
s
is
ca
lled
a
Peltier
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
e
Peltier
ef
f
ec
t c
an
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
(
3
)
.
Q
Peltier
=
α
Δ
T
I
(3
)
W
h
er
e
α
is
th
e
Seeb
ac
k
co
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic.
T
h
e
Seeb
ac
k
ef
f
ec
t
is
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
p
lates
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
ese
two
ju
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
th
is
Seeb
ac
k
ef
f
ec
t o
r
co
e
f
f
icien
t is g
iv
en
as
(
4
)
.
α
=
V
/ ΔT
(
4
)
wh
er
e
V
is
th
e
v
o
ltag
e,
T
H
is
h
o
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
T
C
is
co
ld
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
A
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ca
n
b
e
s
im
p
lifie
d
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
(
4
)
ca
n
b
e
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
t
o
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
with
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
g
en
er
ate
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
p
lates'
h
ea
t a
n
d
co
l
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
85
-
1
93
188
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
d
el
o
f
th
ev
en
i
n
e
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
cu
it i
n
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
d
iv
id
ed
in
t
o
two
p
ar
ts
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
d
ata
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
g
r
ad
ie
n
t
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
an
d
T
E
G
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
as we
l
l a
s
lab
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t b
ased
o
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ile
d
ata.
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
t
e
m
pera
t
ure
m
o
ni
t
o
ring
Mo
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ile
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
a
n
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
p
r
o
f
ile
(
h
ea
t)
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
o
il
s
u
r
f
ac
e
with
s
ev
er
al
la
y
er
s
o
f
s
o
il
d
ep
th
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
g
ar
d
e
n
ar
ea
in
Me
lak
a
f
o
r
4
6
d
a
y
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ile
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ex
p
er
im
en
t
f
o
r
f
iv
e
d
ep
th
le
v
els
in
th
e
s
o
il.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
s
ix
J
K
ty
p
e
th
er
m
o
c
o
u
p
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
was
u
s
ed
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t.
T
h
is
s
en
s
o
r
was
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
W
SN
d
ev
ice
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
Ar
d
u
in
o
UNO
an
d
LO
R
A
s
h
ield
I
o
T
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
So
il tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ile
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
W
SN f
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
h
ar
d
war
e
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
ata
was
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
wir
eless
ly
u
s
in
g
th
e
lo
n
g
r
an
g
e
wid
e
ar
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
L
o
R
aWAN)
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
d
ata
will
g
o
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
to
co
ls
th
e
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
d
ata
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
L
o
R
aWAN
p
r
o
t
o
co
l.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
I
o
T
L
o
R
aWAN
Gate
way
is
a
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
d
ev
ice
b
etwe
en
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
an
d
th
e
clo
u
d
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
g
r
ap
h
o
f
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
d
ep
t
h
lay
er
with
t
h
e
s
o
il
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
tem
f
lo
w
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
en
tire
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
f
r
o
m
s
o
il d
ep
th
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
to
I
o
T
n
et
wo
r
k
ap
p
licatio
n
Tem
p
e
ra
t
u
re
se
n
so
r
Ard
u
i
n
o
+
LORA
sh
ield
I
o
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
f te
mp
era
tu
r
e
g
r
a
d
ien
t b
etw
ee
n
a
mb
ien
t
a
ir
a
n
d
s
o
il to
…
(
K
h
a
lil A
z
h
a
Mo
h
d
A
n
n
u
a
r
)
189
3
.
2
.
T
E
G
co
nfig
ura
t
io
n a
nd
la
b m
ea
s
urem
ent
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
v
er
if
ies
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
o
f
T
E
G
m
o
d
u
les
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
b
ased
o
n
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ile
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
d
ata.
I
n
th
is
s
etu
p
,
th
e
T
E
G
SP
1
8
4
8
was
u
s
ed
to
c
o
m
b
in
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
in
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
T
E
G
SP
1
8
4
8
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
h
as b
ee
n
im
p
l
em
en
ted
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
wer
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
in
t
h
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
er
m
al
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
t
o
b
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
m
o
d
u
le.
Fiv
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
test
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
T
E
G
with
th
e
m
o
d
el
T
E
G
SP
1
8
4
8
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
at
4
0
x
4
0
m
m
,
to
e
v
alu
ate
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
test
s
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
as
f
o
ll
o
w:
1
)
s
in
g
le
T
E
G,
(
2
)
two
T
E
G
in
s
er
ies,
3
)
th
r
ee
T
E
G
in
s
er
ies,
4
)
two
T
E
G
in
p
ar
allel
an
d
5
)
th
r
ee
T
E
G
in
p
ar
allel.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
test
s
etu
p
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
d
ata
b
ased
o
n
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
g
r
ap
h
p
r
o
f
ile
ag
ain
s
t th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
was o
b
tain
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
E
G
SP
1
8
4
8
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
est s
etu
p
f
o
r
T
E
G
t
esti
n
g
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
t
h
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
h
as
b
ee
n
test
ed
to
p
o
wer
u
p
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
wh
ic
h
is
th
e
A
r
d
u
in
o
Un
o
.
3
.
1
.
Da
t
a
t
e
m
pera
t
ure
m
o
ni
t
o
ring
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
s
o
il
b
y
t
h
e
g
ar
d
en
in
Me
la
k
a
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
f
o
r
1
.
5
m
o
n
t
h
s
b
etwe
en
1
5
J
u
ly
2
0
2
0
u
n
til 3
0
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
0
(
4
6
d
ay
s
)
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
d
e
p
th
s
wer
e
f
ix
ed
at
3
cm
,
6
cm
,
9
cm
,
1
2
cm
an
d
1
5
cm
.
Fro
m
th
e
g
r
ap
h
p
lo
tted
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
ata
wer
e
tak
en
f
o
r
4
6
d
ay
s
.
T
h
e
p
atter
n
is
alm
o
s
t
th
e
s
am
e
ev
er
y
d
ay
,
with
an
av
er
ag
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
b
etwe
en
2
5
℃
an
d
2
9
℃.
T
h
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ev
en
d
ay
d
ata
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
wh
en
th
e
d
ee
p
er
th
e
d
ep
th
o
f
s
o
i
l,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
(
s
en
s
o
r
3
,
s
en
s
o
r
4
,
s
en
s
o
r
5
a
n
d
s
en
s
o
r
6
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
g
i
v
es
a
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
y
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
.
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n
f
ac
t,
t
h
e
d
e
p
th
b
etwe
en
s
en
s
o
r
1
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
3
(
6
cm
)
s
h
o
ws a
s
im
ilar
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ile
p
atter
n
as th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
il.
Fro
m
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
p
lo
tted
f
o
r
o
n
e
d
ay
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
,
it
ca
n
b
e
clea
r
ly
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
d
ee
p
er
th
e
d
ep
th
o
f
s
o
il,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
g
iv
es
a
b
ig
g
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
o
f
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
with
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
y
r
e
f
er
en
ce
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
e
d
ep
th
o
f
1
0
cm
s
h
o
ws
a
s
im
ilar
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
p
r
o
f
ile
p
atter
n
as th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
il.
Δ
T
=
1
℃.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
4
6
-
d
a
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
(
1
5
J
u
ly
2
0
2
0
to
3
0
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
0
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
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o
m
p
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t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
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ar
y
20
22
:
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85
-
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93
190
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u
r
e
1
0
.
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-
d
a
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ea
s
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r
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m
en
t
(
2
5
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g
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s
t 2
0
2
0
to
3
1
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
0
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u
r
e
1
1
.
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e
-
d
a
y
ch
ar
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t (
2
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Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
0
)
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ased
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n
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
d
ep
th
p
o
s
itio
n
b
etwe
en
s
en
s
o
r
1
a
n
d
s
en
s
o
r
3
will
g
iv
e
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
av
er
ag
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
o
th
er
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
.
W
h
er
e
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
1
an
d
3
is
as
m
u
ch
as
6
cm
.
T
h
e
esti
m
ated
a
v
er
a
g
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
is
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
1
℃.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
b
ased
o
n
th
ese
d
at
a
r
esu
lts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
th
at
th
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
6
cm
d
is
tan
ce
ca
n
g
iv
e
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
to
th
e
T
E
G
o
p
er
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
th
is
d
ata
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
it
ca
n
h
a
r
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est
en
er
g
y
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
d
ay
o
r
n
i
g
h
t
as
th
er
e
will b
e
a
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
wh
e
n
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ile
s
witch
ed
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
d
ep
th
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
D
a
t
e
Δ(
T
S1
-
T
S2
)
Δ(
T
S1
-
T
S3
)
Δ(
T
S1
-
T
S4
)
Δ(
T
S1
-
T
S5
)
Δ(
T
S1
-
T
S6
)
Δ(
T
S2
-
T
S3
)
Δ(
T
S2
-
T
S4
)
Δ(
T
S2
-
T
S5
)
Δ(
T
S2
-
T
S6
)
Δ(
T
S3
-
T
S4
)
Δ(
T
S3
-
T
S5
)
Δ(
T
S3
-
T
S6
)
Δ(
T
S4
-
T
S5
)
Δ(
T
S4
-
T
S6
)
Δ(
T
S5
-
T
S6
)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
0
.
5
1
1
.
0
7
0
.
9
6
0
.
9
6
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
2
0
.
7
2
0
.
6
2
0
.
6
6
0
.
3
0
0
.
4
4
0
.
4
5
0
.
1
5
0
.
1
8
0
.
1
0
3
.
2
.
T
E
G
1
8
4
8
la
b
m
ea
s
urem
ent
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
b
ased
o
n
f
i
v
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
test
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
T
E
G
h
as
b
ee
n
an
aly
s
ed
an
d
p
lo
tted
o
n
to
a
g
r
ap
h
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel
o
f
h
ea
t
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
with
s
er
ies
elec
tr
ically
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
test
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
A
g
r
ap
h
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
al
lel
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
T
E
G
SP
1
8
4
8
m
o
d
el.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
clea
r
ly
s
ee
n
th
at
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
T
E
G
i
n
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
en
er
ated
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
lin
ea
r
ly
to
o
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ca
lin
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
T
E
G.
B
ased
o
n
r
esu
lt f
r
o
m
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
1
,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
esu
lts
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
im
p
lifie
d
to
T
ab
le
2
.
Va
r
iatio
n
o
f
d
ata
will
b
e
s
h
o
wn
f
r
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
tar
t
at
1
-
2
℃.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lt,
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
r
ee
T
E
G
in
s
er
ies s
h
o
ws in
1
℃
it will p
r
o
d
u
ce
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
a
r
o
u
n
d
0
.
1
V.
I
t is im
p
r
o
v
in
g
6
0
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
2
T
E
G
i
n
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
4
0
m
V.
Sin
g
le
T
E
G
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
lo
west o
u
tp
u
t o
f
v
o
ltag
e.
W
h
ile,
s
er
ies co
n
n
ec
tio
n
will p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
o
m
p
ar
e
to
p
ar
allel
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
DC
1
6
6
4
b
o
ar
d
f
ea
t
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
L
T
C
3
1
0
9
I
C
f
r
o
m
L
in
ea
r
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
a
s
im
p
le
D
C
-
DC
s
tep
u
p
co
n
v
er
ter
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
a
m
in
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
0
m
V.
Fro
m
th
is
b
o
ar
d
,
it
s
elec
tab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
p
to
5
V.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
b
o
ar
d
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
[
3
5
-
3
6
]
,
wh
ich
lo
o
k
ed
in
t
o
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
u
ltra
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
d
ep
icts
an
ex
am
p
le
o
f
a
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
o
f
T
E
G
b
ased
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
Petr
P.
Haw
licze
k
et
a
l.
[
3
7
]
,
r
ev
iewe
d
s
ev
er
al
u
ltra
l
o
w
v
o
ltag
e
s
te
p
u
p
co
n
v
er
ter
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
in
to
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
w
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ev
ices.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
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ir
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(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
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e)
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Var
iatio
n
o
f
T
E
G
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
with
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n
n
ec
tio
n
: (
a)
s
in
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le
T
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G,
(
b
)
2
T
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G
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er
ies,
(
c)
3
T
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s
er
ies,
(
d
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2
T
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G
p
ar
allel,
an
d
(
e)
3
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G
p
ar
allel
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
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G
SP
1
8
4
8
p
er
f
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r
m
an
ce
test
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ab
le
2
.
T
E
G
SP
1
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4
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r
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ased
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e
r
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i
f
f
er
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t
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No
Te
mp
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r
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t
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f
f
e
r
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n
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(
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e
r
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mV
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e
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ased
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CO
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n
g
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tem
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ased
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e
tem
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er
at
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e
o
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t
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h
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e
is
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d
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l
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in
Me
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h
er
e
ar
e
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iv
e
d
if
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er
e
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t
d
ep
th
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y
with
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d
ep
t
h
b
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n
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en
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r
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d
3
(
6
cm
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iv
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m
ax
im
u
m
r
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in
g
in
a
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er
ag
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er
atu
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e
r
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d
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o
f
1
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T
h
en
,
T
E
G
c
h
ar
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ter
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tics
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av
e
b
ee
n
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d
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ased
o
n
tem
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er
at
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e
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ad
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en
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ata
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e
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ce
s
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u
r
f
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e
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1
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N
.
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,
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B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
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F
AUTH
O
RS
K
h
a
li
l
Az
h
a
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h
d
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n
u
a
r
re
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e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
El
e
c
t
rica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(El
e
c
tro
n
ic)
fr
o
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UTM
),
in
2
0
0
6
,
a
n
d
M
.
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g
d
e
g
re
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i
n
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e
c
h
a
tro
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ics
a
n
d
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u
to
m
a
ti
c
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o
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tro
l
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g
in
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g
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lso
fro
m
UT
M
,
in
2
0
1
4
.
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u
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
a
Lec
tu
re
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
ik
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
lak
a
(UTe
M
)
a
n
d
h
is
i
n
tere
sts
a
re
in
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
,
re
n
e
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
e
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e
rg
y
e
fficie
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c
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sy
ste
m
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
k
h
a
li
laz
h
a
@u
tem
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Pro
f.
M
a
d
y
a
Dr
.
R
a
m
izi
Mo
h
a
m
e
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
se
n
i
o
r
lec
tu
re
r
i
n
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l,
E
lec
tro
n
ic
&
S
y
ste
m
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Bu
il
t
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
K
e
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
h
o
ld
s
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
th
e
re
n
o
wn
e
d
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
a
lfo
rd
,
M
a
n
c
h
e
ste
r,
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
lay
sia
a
n
d
late
r
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
fr
o
m
S
o
u
t
h
a
m
p
to
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
with
a
P
h
D.
In
h
is
y
e
a
rs
lec
tu
rin
g
e
x
p
e
r
ien
c
e
s,
h
e
sp
e
c
ialize
s
in
P
o
we
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
I
n
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
a
n
d
En
e
r
g
y
Ha
rv
e
sti
n
g
.
S
o
m
e
o
f
h
is
m
a
in
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
Tran
sfo
rm
e
r
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n
d
it
io
n
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o
n
i
to
ri
n
g
,
S
o
lar
Hy
b
rid
E
n
e
rg
y
Ha
rv
e
stin
g
a
n
d
P
iez
o
e
lec
tri
c
En
e
rg
y
Ha
rv
e
ste
r.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ra
m
izi@u
k
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Dr
.
Yush
a
iza
d
Yus
o
f
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
wo
rk
in
g
i
n
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
&
S
y
ste
m
s
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
&
Bu
il
t
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
Un
i
v
e
rsit
i
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
lay
sia
(UK
M
)
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r.
In
tere
sts
i
n
re
se
a
rc
h
in
g
a
n
d
stu
d
y
in
g
t
h
e
field
s
o
f
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
m
o
t
o
r
d
r
iv
e
,
c
o
n
tro
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
G
ra
d
u
a
ted
with
a
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
&
e
le
c
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(B.
E
n
g
)
fr
o
m
Ka
g
o
sh
ima
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ja
p
a
n
;
m
a
ste
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(M
.
En
g
)
f
ro
m
U
TM
,
J
o
h
o
r;
a
n
d
a
d
o
c
to
r
o
f
p
h
il
o
s
o
p
h
y
(P
h
D)
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
UM,
Ku
a
la
Lu
m
p
u
r
in
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
y
u
sh
a
iza
d
@u
k
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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