T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
,
pp.
1731
~
1737
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No
:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i4.
15729
1731
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
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nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
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n
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eeri
n
g
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T
i
k
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n
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v
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Iraq
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t
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o
AB
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CT
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ti
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le
h
is
tor
y
:
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e
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e
ived
F
e
b
2,
2020
R
e
vis
e
d
F
e
b
18
,
2020
Ac
c
e
pted
M
a
r
2
,
2020
In
cel
l
u
l
ar
s
y
s
t
ems
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
p
ro
b
ab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
b
l
o
c
k
i
n
g
rep
r
es
en
t
s
a
b
i
g
p
r
o
b
l
em
fo
r
u
s
er
s
,
t
h
e
p
ro
p
o
s
ed
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
b
y
red
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
b
l
o
ck
i
n
g
p
ro
b
ab
i
l
i
t
y
an
d
i
n
v
e
s
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i
g
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t
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o
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ce
l
l
u
l
ar
s
y
s
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em
s
b
y
met
h
o
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ch
a
n
n
e
l
s
as
s
i
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n
m
en
t
.
T
h
e
a
i
m
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m
ap
ap
er
i
s
s
t
u
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y
i
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h
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effec
t
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h
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n
el
a
s
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t
o
n
t
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al
u
e
o
f
b
l
o
ck
i
n
g
p
ro
b
ab
i
l
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
re
s
u
l
t
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
fi
x
e
ch
an
n
el
d
as
s
i
g
n
men
t
g
i
v
es
a
l
arg
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
b
l
o
c
k
i
n
g
fo
r
h
i
g
h
l
o
a
d
s
,
w
h
i
l
e
(FCA
)
red
u
ce
p
ro
b
ab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
b
l
o
ck
i
n
g
fo
r
h
a
n
d
o
ff
an
d
cal
l
s
acco
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
cl
u
s
t
er
s
i
ze.
T
h
e
cel
l
u
l
ar
s
y
s
t
em
rep
re
s
en
t
at
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
cas
e
o
f
(
D
CA
),
i
n
(3
-
ce
l
l
re
u
s
e)
a
n
d
(7
-
cel
l
reu
s
e),
t
h
e
res
u
l
t
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
e
fi
r
s
t
b
e
s
t
w
ay
t
o
re
d
u
ce
b
l
o
ck
i
n
g
p
ro
b
ab
i
l
i
t
y
an
d
l
ead
t
o
red
u
ce
t
o
ap
p
ro
x
i
ma
t
el
y
zero
w
h
en
l
o
ad
s
t
h
a
t
are
l
es
s
t
h
a
n
2
0
0
%
.
In
cre
as
i
n
g
t
h
e
cl
u
s
t
er
s
i
ze
cau
s
e
s
t
o
re
d
u
ce
b
l
o
ck
i
n
g
p
ro
b
ab
i
l
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
res
u
l
t
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
b
l
o
ck
i
n
g
fo
r
h
a
n
d
o
ff
l
es
s
t
h
an
fro
m
p
ro
b
ab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
b
l
o
c
k
i
n
g
fo
r
n
ew
cal
l
s
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
locking
pr
oba
bil
it
y
Dyna
mi
c
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
F
ixed
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
s
ign
ment
Ha
ndof
f
T
r
a
f
f
ic
load
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
S
ha
hir
F
leye
h
Na
wa
f
,
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
E
lec
tr
ica
l
E
nginee
r
ing,
T
kr
it
Unive
r
s
it
y,
S
a
ll
a
h
-
AL
-
De
e
n/Al
a
la,
I
r
a
q.
E
mail:
s
ha
hir
735@gmail
.
c
om
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
C
e
ll
ular
ne
twor
ks
a
r
e
ba
s
e
d
on
divi
ding
the
a
r
e
a
to
be
s
e
r
vice
d
int
o
a
number
of
c
e
ll
s
.
C
e
ll
s
in
c
e
ll
ular
s
ys
tems
a
r
e
divi
de
d
int
o
gr
oups
of
e
a
c
h
gr
oup
c
ons
is
ti
ng
of
a
number
of
c
e
ll
s
[
1]
.
T
he
c
ha
nne
ls
a
s
s
igned
to
the
c
e
ll
ular
s
ys
tem
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
e
nti
r
e
ly
in
the
gr
oup
a
nd
r
e
us
e
d
in
a
nother
gr
oup
in
a
n
or
de
r
ly
manne
r
to
e
ns
ur
e
that
ther
e
is
no
ove
r
lap
be
twe
e
n
s
im
il
a
r
c
ha
nne
ls
in
a
djac
e
nt
c
e
ll
s
.
I
n
or
de
r
to
maximi
z
e
c
a
pa
c
it
y
u
s
ing
the
s
a
me
numbe
r
o
f
c
ha
nne
ls
a
nd
t
o
r
e
duc
e
ove
r
he
a
ti
ng
,
s
e
ve
r
a
l
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
s
tr
a
tegie
s
ha
ve
e
mer
ge
d.
C
a
ll
blocking
oc
c
ur
s
whe
n
a
va
c
a
n
t
c
ha
nne
l
is
not
a
va
il
a
ble
ba
s
e
s
tation
(
B
S
)
to
be
a
ll
oc
a
ted
to
the
us
e
r
[
2]
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
two
types
of
blocking
c
a
ll
s
;
the
f
ir
s
t
is
to
block
ne
w
c
a
ll
s
a
nd
the
s
e
c
ond
blocking
the
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
of
a
ny
c
ont
inuous
c
a
ll
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
moveme
nt
of
the
us
e
r
a
nd
move
f
r
om
one
c
e
ll
to
a
nother
or
f
r
om
one
s
e
c
ti
on
to
a
nother
.
I
n
2001,
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
[
3]
p
r
e
s
e
nted
a
s
tudy
on
c
a
ll
e
ntr
y
c
ontr
ol
methods
.
T
he
im
por
tanc
e
of
thes
e
methods
in
wir
e
les
s
ne
twor
ks
with
a
s
m
a
ll
c
e
ll
s
ize
whe
r
e
ha
ndof
f
s
a
r
e
f
r
e
que
nt.
T
he
s
e
methods
ha
ve
de
mons
tr
a
ted
high
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
in
pr
ovidi
ng
t
he
be
s
t
qua
li
ty
of
s
e
r
vice
(
QoS)
f
o
r
HO
c
a
ll
s
w
it
h
li
tt
le
a
nd
s
li
ght
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
ne
w
c
a
ll
s
.
I
n
2003
,
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
[
4]
s
tudi
e
d
methods
of
de
te
r
mi
ning
the
ba
ndwidth
of
a
mul
ti
-
s
e
r
vice
c
e
ll
ular
ne
twor
k
a
nd
the
dyn
a
mi
c
s
e
gmenta
ti
on
method,
s
howing
that
both
methods
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
1731
-
1737
1732
wor
ke
d
we
ll
with
the
c
or
r
e
c
t
de
a
li
ngs
with
the
c
ontr
ol
p
a
r
a
mete
r
s
.
T
he
f
or
mer
p
r
ovided
(
QoS)
a
c
c
e
ptable
but
with
mor
e
r
e
quir
e
ments
.
T
he
s
e
c
ond
is
higher
c
ha
nne
l
c
ha
nne
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
I
n
2004,
M
a
r
kopoulo
e
t
a
l
[
5
]
int
r
oduc
e
d
a
s
e
t
o
f
a
lgor
it
hms
f
or
tr
a
ns
por
t
with
the
he
lp
of
loca
ti
on
a
nd
s
a
f
e
s
pa
c
e
inf
o
r
mation
to
make
c
or
r
e
c
t
t
r
a
ns
por
t
de
c
is
ions
that
we
r
e
im
pleme
nted
in
GSM
s
ys
tems
.
S
wing
,
i
n
2005,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
[
6]
r
e
view
e
d
a
th
e
or
e
ti
c
a
l
s
umm
a
r
y
of
the
ini
ti
a
ti
on
o
f
the
ha
n
dof
f
a
nd
the
de
c
is
ion
to
c
a
r
r
y
out
the
dis
c
us
s
ion
of
the
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
types
of
ha
ndof
f
.
I
n
2012
,
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
in
[
7]
s
tudi
e
d
a
s
ys
t
e
m
f
or
im
pr
oving
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
in
c
e
ll
ular
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
.
T
he
s
tudy
wa
s
a
bout
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
DC
A
dis
tr
ibut
ion
s
c
he
m
e
f
or
c
e
ll
ular
ne
twor
ks
(
mu
lt
i
-
a
ge
nt
s
ys
tem)
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
dis
tr
ibut
ion
of
the
F
C
A
s
c
he
me,
whe
r
e
s
im
ulations
s
howe
d
methods
a
nother
is
to
unde
r
s
tand
t
he
DC
A
dis
tr
ibut
ion
s
c
he
me
mor
e
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y
than
the
F
C
A
dis
tr
ibut
ion
s
c
he
me.
I
n
2017,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
in
[
8]
s
tudi
e
d
de
s
ign
c
ompl
ica
ted
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
tems
us
ing
na
no
-
ba
s
e
d
de
vice
s
.
B
e
s
ides
,
s
ince
ther
e
is
a
c
r
it
ica
l
manne
r
of
tempe
r
a
tur
e
in
QC
A
de
vice
s
.
I
n
2019,
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
in
[
9
]
s
how
that
A
nu
mber
o
f
c
a
s
e
s
tudi
e
s
will
be
pr
e
s
e
nt
to
de
mons
tr
a
te
the
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
the
s
ys
tem.
2.
P
ROB
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
OF
B
L
OCKI
NG
HAND
OF
F
AN
D
CA
L
L
S
M
obil
it
y
is
the
mos
t
im
por
tant
f
e
a
tur
e
in
c
e
ll
ular
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
a
nd
us
ua
ll
y
the
c
onti
nua
ti
on
of
the
s
e
r
vice
is
a
c
c
ompl
is
he
d
by
a
s
s
igni
ng
de
li
ve
r
y
f
r
om
one
c
e
ll
to
a
nother
.
S
ignal
in
the
c
omm
unica
ti
on
c
ha
nne
l
,
w
he
n
ne
w
c
a
ll
s
a
r
r
ive,
M
S
s
hould
c
ontac
t
the
a
ppr
opr
iate
B
S
a
nd
a
ls
o
whe
n
ther
e
a
r
e
s
ympt
oms
withi
n
the
c
e
ll
bounda
r
ies
th
a
t
r
e
quir
e
a
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
with
in
the
s
a
me
c
e
ll
o
f
the
a
c
c
e
ptable
li
nk
qua
li
ty
s
o
that
it
c
a
n
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
with
a
djac
e
nt
a
nd
c
ha
nne
ls
us
ing
the
s
a
me
f
r
e
que
nc
y
[
10]
.
C
e
l
l
ha
ndof
f
int
r
a
is
de
s
ir
a
ble
whe
n
the
c
onne
c
ti
on
to
the
B
S
s
e
r
ve
r
is
a
f
f
e
c
ted
by
e
xc
e
s
s
ive
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
while
a
nother
c
onne
c
ti
on
to
the
s
a
me
B
S
c
a
n
be
e
quipped
with
be
tt
e
r
qua
li
ty
[
11,
12]
.
T
he
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
p
r
oc
e
s
s
invo
lves
two
pha
s
e
s
:
the
f
ir
s
t
is
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
t
he
qua
li
ty
of
c
omm
un
ica
ti
on
a
nd
ini
ti
a
te
the
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
a
nd
the
s
e
c
ond
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
on
of
r
a
dio
ne
twor
k
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
[
13]
C
e
ll
s
ys
tems
that
a
r
e
s
maller
in
c
e
ll
s
ize
s
a
r
e
f
a
s
ter
a
nd
mor
e
e
va
luate
d
f
or
r
e
li
a
ble
c
omm
unica
ti
on
qua
li
ty
a
nd
tr
a
ns
por
t
a
lgo
r
it
hm.
T
he
a
mpl
i
tude
is
low
due
to
e
xc
e
s
s
ive
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
in
c
ha
nne
ls
us
ing
the
s
a
me
f
r
e
que
nc
y
[
14
,
15
]
.
2.
1.
Re
as
on
of
h
an
d
o
f
f
T
he
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
pr
oc
e
s
s
is
ini
ti
a
ted
by
the
ba
s
e
s
tation
(
B
S
)
or
(
M
S
)
;
a.
T
ype
of
C
a
r
r
iage
T
he
r
a
dio
c
omm
unica
ti
on
t
r
a
ns
por
t
is
c
a
us
e
d
by
the
mobi
le
(
M
S
)
tec
hnology
wi
thi
n
the
c
ove
r
a
ge
a
r
e
a
[
16]
.
-
Numbe
r
of
M
S
S
pe
r
c
e
ll
.
-
Numbe
r
of
ne
w
c
a
ll
s
in
the
c
e
ll
.
-
T
he
number
of
c
a
ll
s
take
n
to
the
c
e
ll
f
r
om
ne
ighbo
r
ing
c
e
ll
s
a
s
a
r
e
s
ult
o
f
the
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
.
-
Numbe
r
of
incomplete
c
a
ll
s
.
-
Dw
e
ll
ti
me
on
c
e
ll
.
b.
Ne
twor
k
mana
ge
ment
wor
ks
on
the
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
in
the
e
ve
nt
of
a
n
im
ba
lanc
e
in
the
de
ns
it
y
o
f
tr
a
f
f
ic
be
tw
e
e
n
ne
ighbor
ing
c
e
ll
s
,
the
r
e
is
the
be
s
t
ba
lanc
e
o
f
c
ha
nne
ls
a
nd
other
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
r
e
quir
e
d
be
twe
e
n
th
os
e
c
e
ll
s
[
17]
.
c.
S
e
r
vice
-
r
e
late
d
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
s
oc
c
ur
a
s
a
r
e
s
ult
o
f
poo
r
s
e
r
vice
.
2.
2
.
T
yp
e
s
of
h
an
d
of
f
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
two
types
of
ha
ndof
f
[
18
,
19]
;
-
Ha
r
d
ha
ndof
f
:
mea
ns
the
c
onne
c
ti
on
be
f
or
e
c
utt
in
g
a
ny
c
ontac
t
with
the
ne
w
c
e
ll
be
f
or
e
dis
c
onne
c
ti
ng
f
r
om
the
s
e
r
va
nt
c
e
ll
.
T
he
us
e
r
c
a
n
c
omm
unica
te
with
mor
e
than
one
c
e
ll
dur
ing
the
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
nd
c
ompl
e
te
whe
n
B
S
s
e
lec
ts
it
s
tar
ge
t
f
r
om
the
B
S
s
.
T
his
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
is
im
por
tant
be
c
a
us
e
the
B
S
will
s
e
lec
t
the
s
tr
onge
s
t
s
ignal
f
r
om
the
e
xis
ti
ng
B
S
s
.
-
S
of
t
ha
ndof
f
:
Dis
c
onne
c
ti
on
be
f
or
e
c
onne
c
ti
ng
mea
ns
a
ny
dis
c
onne
c
ti
on
f
r
om
the
s
e
r
va
nt
c
e
ll
b
e
f
or
e
c
ontac
ti
ng
the
ne
ighbor
ing
c
e
ll
,
a
s
the
M
S
doe
s
n
ot
c
onne
c
t
to
mor
e
than
one
ba
s
e
s
tation
a
t
a
ny
ti
me
a
nd
is
c
onti
nuous
a
nd
dis
c
onti
nuous
.
Ac
tual
be
c
a
u
s
e
M
S
c
onne
c
ts
to
only
one
B
S
a
t
a
ny
ti
me
[
20
]
.
2.
3
.
Han
d
o
f
f
in
it
iat
ion
T
he
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
de
c
is
ion
is
ba
s
e
d
on
the
B
S
s
ignal
o
ve
r
ti
me
a
nd
ba
s
e
d
on
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
mea
s
ur
e
ments
of
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal,
ie
the
r
e
lative
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth.
I
f
the
s
ignal
is
we
a
k
a
nd
be
low
the
thr
e
s
hold
li
mi
t
,
the
two
s
tr
onge
s
t
B
S
s
to
be
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
a
r
e
c
omp
a
r
e
d
a
t
the
point
whe
r
e
the
s
ignals
a
r
e
e
qua
l
if
the
t
hr
e
s
hold
is
higher
than
thi
s
va
lue
(
e
qua
l
poin
t)
[
21]
.
I
f
th
e
thr
e
s
hold
li
mi
t
is
les
s
than
thi
s
va
lue
(
T
2
)
,
the
M
S
will
de
lay
the
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
unti
l
the
s
ignal
leve
l
c
r
os
s
e
s
the
thr
e
s
hold
a
t
pos
it
ion
B
.
I
n
the
c
a
s
e
of
T
3,
it
may
be
de
laye
d
s
o
that
the
M
S
r
e
a
c
he
s
a
ne
w
c
e
ll
.
I
n
c
a
s
e
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
is
s
tr
ong
a
nd
with
the
ba
c
ke
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
R
e
duc
e
the
pr
obabil
it
y
of
block
ing
for
handoff
and
c
all
s
in
c
e
ll
ular
s
y
s
tem
s
on
…
(
Shahir
F
ley
e
h
N
aw
af
)
1733
by
the
mobi
le
s
tation,
the
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
oc
c
ur
s
a
t
point
C
,
a
nd
thi
s
pr
ophylaxis
pr
e
ve
nts
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
f
r
e
que
nt
s
wings
a
nd
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
s
be
twe
e
n
B
S
s
c
a
us
e
d
by
r
a
p
id
f
luctua
ti
ons
in
the
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
r
e
c
e
ived
f
r
om
B
S
s
.
I
f
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
with
the
hys
ter
e
s
is
is
the
thr
e
s
hold
li
mi
t
,
then
the
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
to
a
ne
w
c
e
ll
is
pe
r
f
or
med
only
whe
n
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
f
r
om
t
he
s
e
r
vicing
ba
s
e
s
tation
f
a
ll
s
be
low
the
thr
e
s
ho
ld
li
mi
t
a
nd
the
s
ignal
r
e
c
e
ived
f
r
om
the
M
S
to
whic
h
the
M
S
will
move
is
gr
e
a
ter
than
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
,
the
ha
ndove
r
will
oc
c
ur
a
t
po
int
whe
ne
the
M
S
r
e
a
c
h
to
r
e
c
e
ve
d
s
ignal
domaine
[
22,
23]
.
2.
4
.
B
locked
c
all
s
c
lear
e
d
W
he
n
the
us
e
r
r
e
que
s
ts
the
s
e
r
vice
a
r
r
ives
di
r
e
c
tl
y
to
the
c
ha
nne
l
if
ther
e
is
a
n
a
va
il
a
ble
c
ha
nne
l
a
nd
the
r
e
ve
r
s
e
of
the
c
a
ll
r
e
que
s
t
is
blocke
d
dir
e
c
tl
y
a
nd
that
the
a
r
r
ival
o
f
c
a
ll
s
is
c
a
lcula
ted
by
the
B
os
nian
dis
tr
ibut
ion
(
P
ois
s
on
d
is
tr
ibut
ion)
a
nd
a
s
s
ume
that
ther
e
is
a
n
unli
mi
ted
number
o
f
us
e
r
s
in
a
dd
it
ion
to
f
oll
ow
-
up,
a
nd
the
r
e
is
a
s
tor
e
doe
s
not
s
tor
e
r
e
que
s
ts
e
mpl
oye
d
f
or
a
ll
us
e
r
s
include
s
.
B
locking
us
e
r
r
e
que
s
ts
f
or
the
c
ha
nne
l
a
t
a
ny
ti
me
a
nd
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
of
the
c
ha
nne
l
ope
r
a
ti
ng
f
or
us
e
r
s
f
oll
ow
the
e
xpone
nti
a
l
dis
tr
ibut
ion
a
nd
ther
e
a
r
e
a
li
m
it
e
d
number
of
c
ha
nne
ls
a
va
il
a
ble
in
s
ys
tems
c
ontaining
the
t
he
or
y
of
pa
r
ti
c
ipation,
a
nd
thes
e
s
ys
tems
u
s
e
the
E
r
lang
B
model
to
c
a
lcula
te
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
of
blocki
ng
c
a
ll
s
a
nd
mea
s
ur
e
the
de
gr
e
e
of
s
e
r
vice
[
24
,
25]
.
T
he
p
r
oba
bil
it
y
of
r
e
pe
ll
ing
is
c
a
lcula
ted
unde
r
;
P
r
[
blocking
]
=
!
∑
!
=
Pr
:
pr
oba
bi
li
ty
.
P
r
:
pr
oba
bi
li
ty.
Ac
:
T
r
a
f
f
ic
load
pe
r
c
ha
nne
l.
C
:
Numbe
r
of
c
ha
nne
ls
pe
r
c
e
ll
s
.
2.
5
.
B
locked
c
all
d
e
lay
W
a
it
ing
is
us
e
d
whe
n
ther
e
is
no
va
c
a
nt
c
ha
nne
l.
T
he
s
e
r
vice
r
e
que
s
t
is
de
laye
d
unti
l
a
va
c
a
nt
c
ha
nne
l
is
a
va
il
a
ble.
I
t
mea
s
ur
e
s
the
de
gr
e
e
of
s
e
r
vice
a
nd
de
f
ines
the
pr
oba
bil
i
ty
of
blocking
the
c
a
ll
a
f
ter
wa
it
ing
f
or
a
s
pe
c
if
ied
ti
me
in
the
que
ue
.
T
he
f
or
m
f
o
r
c
a
lcula
ti
ng
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
of
de
laying
t
he
c
a
ll
is
E
r
lang
C
a
s
f
oll
ows
[
26]
:
P
r
[
de
lay
>
0
]
=
!
[
{
1
−
}
!
∑
!
+
]
−
1
=
0
I
f
ther
e
is
no
c
ha
nne
l
a
va
il
a
ble,
the
c
a
ll
is
de
laye
d
a
nd
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
of
de
laying
the
c
a
ll
las
ts
mor
e
than
t
s
e
c
onds
a
c
c
or
ding
to
the
f
oll
owing
[
21]
:
P
r
[
de
lay
>
]
=
Pr
[
>
0
]
∗
Pr
[
>
/
>
0
]
3.
CHAN
NE
L
S
ASS
I
GNM
E
N
T
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
s
e
ve
r
a
l
wa
ys
to
a
s
s
ign
c
ha
nne
ls
w
he
n
ne
w
c
a
ll
s
a
r
r
ive,
or
a
tt
e
mpt
to
tr
a
ns
mi
t.
T
he
e
f
f
icie
nt
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
a
lgor
it
hm
pr
od
uc
e
s
high
s
pe
c
tr
um
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
f
or
a
s
pe
c
if
ic
s
e
r
vice
s
c
or
e
that
include
s
c
a
ll
qua
li
ty,
the
pr
oba
bi
li
ty
of
block
ing
the
ne
w
c
a
ll
a
nd
the
pr
oba
bil
i
ty
of
s
hor
t
te
r
mi
na
ti
on.
F
igur
e
1
s
hows
the
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
of
c
ha
nne
ls
[
27]
.
-
F
ixed
c
ha
ne
l
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt:
I
n
thi
s
s
tr
a
tegy,
a
s
e
t
of
voice
c
ha
nne
ls
is
a
ll
oc
a
ted
to
a
ny
c
omm
unica
ti
on
a
tt
e
mpt
withi
n
the
c
e
ll
that
c
a
n
be
s
e
r
ve
d
by
unu
s
e
d
c
ha
nne
ls
in
the
c
e
ll
.
I
f
a
ll
c
ha
nne
ls
in
the
c
e
ll
a
r
e
bus
y,
c
a
ll
s
will
be
blocke
d.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
s
e
ve
r
a
l
va
r
i
a
ti
ons
of
the
f
ixed
c
ha
nne
l
s
tr
a
tegy
a
nd
one
meth
od
is
c
a
ll
e
d
a
hypothet
ica
l
s
tr
a
tegy
that
a
ll
ows
the
c
e
ll
to
bor
r
ow
c
ha
nne
ls
f
r
om
th
e
a
djac
e
nt
c
e
ll
i
f
the
c
ha
nne
ls
a
r
e
bus
y.
T
he
M
S
C
s
upe
r
vis
e
s
the
l
e
nding
method
to
a
void
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
with
a
ny
c
a
ll
in
the
donor
c
e
ll
[
28]
.
I
n
the
F
C
A
s
ys
tem,
a
f
ixed
s
e
t
of
c
ha
nne
ls
is
a
ll
oc
a
ted
a
nd
c
a
nnot
be
c
ha
nge
d
f
or
e
f
f
icie
nt
ope
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
a
ls
o
r
e
d
uc
e
s
the
int
e
r
s
ti
ti
a
l
ha
e
mor
r
ha
ge
that
us
e
s
the
s
a
me
c
ha
nne
l
to
r
e
duc
e
the
r
e
us
e
dis
tanc
e
.
T
he
pr
oblem
with
the
F
C
A
s
ys
tem
is
due
to
ir
r
e
gular
tr
a
f
f
ic
in
the
B
S
s
ne
twor
k.
K
us
e
r
s
in
the
f
ir
s
t
c
e
ll
will
be
blocke
d
by
c
a
ll
s
while
m
c
ha
nne
ls
in
the
s
e
c
ond
c
e
ll
will
not
be
u
s
e
d,
thi
s
method
is
a
ppli
e
d
a
t
a
wide
s
pr
e
a
d
leve
l
[
28
,
2
9]
.
-
Dyna
mi
c
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt:
I
n
thi
s
s
tr
a
tegy,
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
ha
nne
ls
a
r
e
not
pr
e
-
a
s
s
igned
to
the
c
e
ll
of
the
c
e
ll
ular
ne
twor
k
a
nd
a
ll
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
ha
nne
ls
a
r
e
ke
pt
in
a
c
e
ntr
a
l
s
tor
a
ge
.
W
he
n
ther
e
is
a
c
ha
nne
l
de
mand
a
t
one
o
f
the
ba
s
e
s
tations
,
M
S
C
s
e
lec
ts
the
a
ppr
opr
iate
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
ha
nne
l
that
gives
the
hig
he
s
t
c
ha
nne
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
T
he
c
ha
nne
l
is
a
ll
oc
a
ted
dur
in
g
the
dur
a
ti
on
of
the
c
a
ll
a
nd
a
f
ter
the
c
a
ll
is
r
e
tur
ne
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
1731
-
1737
1734
to
the
c
e
ntr
a
l
s
tor
e
of
c
ha
nne
ls
or
a
ll
oc
a
ted
a
ga
in
to
a
us
e
r
withi
n
the
s
a
me
c
e
ll
th
a
t
wa
s
c
ontr
o
ll
e
d
by
the
c
ha
nne
l
be
f
o
r
e
.
T
h
is
s
tr
a
tegy
r
e
duc
e
s
the
pr
oblem
mentioned
a
bove
in
the
F
C
A
whe
n
tr
a
f
f
i
c
is
ir
r
e
gular
.
I
n
DC
A
s
ys
tems
,
ther
e
is
no
r
e
lations
hip
be
twe
e
n
c
ha
nne
ls
a
nd
c
e
ll
s
.
W
he
n
the
c
ha
nne
l
is
r
e
quir
e
d
in
the
c
e
ll
,
it
is
a
ll
oc
a
ted
unde
r
the
r
e
q
uir
e
ments
of
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
us
e
pr
ovided
that
i
t
is
not
viol
a
ted.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
two
p
r
oblems
in
thi
s
type
:
f
i
r
s
t,
thi
s
method
c
ontains
a
de
gr
e
e
of
r
a
nd
om
pa
r
ti
c
ipation
be
twe
e
n
us
e
r
s
,
a
nd
the
s
e
c
ond
that
include
s
c
ompl
e
x
a
lgor
it
hms
to
de
ter
mi
ne
the
a
va
il
a
ble
c
ha
nne
l
that
is
mor
e
e
f
f
icie
nt
[
30,
31]
.
-
Hybr
id
C
ha
nne
l
As
s
ignm
e
nt:
T
his
type
mi
xe
s
the
t
wo
types
a
bove
.
-
F
lexible
C
ha
nne
l
As
s
ignm
e
nt:
e
a
c
h
c
e
ll
a
ll
oc
a
tes
a
f
ixed
s
e
t
o
f
c
ha
nne
ls
,
but
the
c
ha
nne
l
r
e
pos
it
or
y
is
r
e
taine
d
f
or
f
lexible
a
ll
oc
a
ti
on
.
T
hi
s
is
e
it
he
r
s
p
e
c
if
ic
or
p
r
e
dictive.
T
he
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
ll
oc
a
ti
on
s
c
he
mes
de
pe
nd
on
the
known
c
ha
nge
in
the
s
ha
pe
of
tr
a
f
f
ic
.
Of
c
e
ll
s
a
c
c
or
ding
to
mea
s
ur
e
ments
[
32]
.
F
igur
e
1.
C
ha
nne
ls
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
4.
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
ON
AN
D
RE
S
UL
T
S
A
s
im
ulation
model
of
a
c
e
ll
ular
s
ys
tem
wa
s
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
to
s
tudy
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
on
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
of
r
e
puls
ion
in
W
C
DM
A.
T
he
mobi
le
s
tations
we
r
e
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
in
thes
e
c
e
ll
s
a
nd
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
r
a
ndoml
y
on
a
r
e
gular
ba
s
is
.
T
he
nu
mber
of
mob
il
e
s
tations
us
ing
c
omm
uni
c
a
ti
on
c
ha
nne
ls
in
e
a
c
h
c
e
ll
is
va
r
iable
de
pe
nding
on
the
ins
tant
a
ne
o
us
load
but
is
les
s
than
or
e
qua
l
to
the
number
of
c
ha
nne
ls
in
e
a
c
h
c
e
ll
(
20)
c
ha
nne
ls
.
T
he
number
of
c
a
ll
s
dur
ing
the
s
im
ulation
pe
r
iod
de
pe
nds
on
the
tr
a
f
f
ic
lo
a
d
va
lue
s
hown
in
the
f
ol
lowing
e
qua
ti
on:
T
r
a
f
f
ic
L
oa
d
=
(
ne
w
c
a
ll
a
r
r
ived
*
holdi
ng
ti
me)
/n
umber
of
c
ha
nne
ls
T
his
law
s
hows
th
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
load
withi
n
one
hour
that
the
us
e
d
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
in
the
s
im
ulation
a
r
e
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
1.
F
or
mobi
le
s
tations
,
they
move
a
t
a
s
pe
e
d
r
a
nging
f
r
om
(
0
-
20)
m
/
s
e
c
with
a
un
if
or
m
r
a
ndom
dis
tr
ibut
ion,
the
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
d
ir
e
c
ti
on
o
f
us
e
r
s
c
ha
nge
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
pr
oba
bil
it
ies
f
o
r
s
pe
c
ial
a
ngles
(
45
a
nd
90)
.
T
h
is
c
ha
nge
in
dir
e
c
ti
on
oc
c
ur
s
pe
r
i
odica
ll
y
e
ve
r
y
60
s
e
c
onds
.
T
he
p
r
oba
bil
it
y
of
a
c
ha
nge
in
dir
e
c
ti
on,
s
top,
a
nd
s
pe
e
d
c
ha
nge
is
in
a
c
c
or
da
nc
e
with
a
n
a
ppr
ove
d
moveme
nt
model
.
T
a
ble
2
s
hows
the
pos
s
ibi
li
ty
of
c
ha
nging
the
dir
e
c
ti
on
a
nd
a
ng
les
us
e
d
in
th
is
pa
pe
r
t
hr
ough
s
im
ulation,
the
lo
c
a
ti
on
of
mobi
le
s
tations
is
t
r
a
c
ke
d
pe
r
iodi
c
a
ll
y
e
ve
r
y
1
s
e
c
ond
a
nd
the
loca
ti
on
mea
s
ur
e
ment
is
a
s
s
umed
to
b
e
a
lr
e
a
dy
known
by
GPS
.
T
a
ble
1.
Us
e
d
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
on
s
im
ulation
V
a
lu
e
P
a
r
a
me
te
r
2000
m
C
e
ll
r
a
di
us
(
R
)
3
N
umbe
r
of
c
e
ll
s
20
N
umbe
r
of
c
ha
nne
ls
pe
r
c
e
ll
3.84 M
c
hi
p pe
r
s
e
c
.
B
a
ndw
id
th
[0
-
20]
m/
s
e
c
S
pe
e
d
1 s
e
c
.
P
e
r
io
d t
im
e
of
me
a
s
ur
e
me
nt
s
15%
S
of
t
ha
ndof
f
ove
r
he
a
d
50
N
umbe
r
of
s
im
ul
a
ti
ons
r
uns
5 hour
s
T
im
e
of
s
im
ul
a
ti
on
180 s
e
c
.
H
ol
di
ng t
im
e
(
60
–
150)
T
r
a
f
f
ic
l
oa
d
T
a
ble
2.
P
r
oba
bil
it
y
of
c
ha
nge
dir
e
c
ti
on
a
nd
a
ngle
P
a
r
a
me
te
r
V
a
lu
e
P
r
oba
bi
li
ty
w
it
h w
hi
c
h a
M
S
s
to
ps
10%
P
r
oba
bi
li
ty
of
ke
e
pi
ng or
ig
in
a
l
movi
ng di
r
e
c
ti
on
60%
P
r
oba
bi
li
ty
of
ma
ki
ng a
45° t
ur
n
10%
P
r
oba
bi
li
ty
of
ma
ki
ng 90° tu
r
n
20%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
R
e
duc
e
the
pr
obabil
it
y
of
block
ing
for
handoff
and
c
all
s
in
c
e
ll
ular
s
y
s
tem
s
on
…
(
Shahir
F
ley
e
h
N
aw
af
)
1735
T
hr
ough
the
loca
ti
on
a
nd
s
pe
e
d
of
the
mobi
le
s
tati
on,
it
is
pos
s
ibl
e
to
know
the
a
r
r
ival
o
f
the
s
tation
to
the
tr
a
ns
por
t
a
r
e
a
.
T
he
s
im
ulation
model
of
the
c
e
ll
s
ys
tem
wa
s
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
f
or
6
hour
s
a
s
the
s
i
mul
a
ti
on
ti
me.
A
r
a
te
of
45
r
e
a
dings
wa
s
take
n
be
c
a
u
s
e
the
y
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
r
a
ndoml
y
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
r
e
s
ult
s
s
ince
the
s
ys
tem
is
ba
s
ica
ll
y
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
r
a
ndom
dis
tr
ibut
ions
a
nd
the
c
or
r
e
c
t
va
lues
c
a
n
only
be
known
a
f
ter
f
indi
ng
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
of
the
r
e
s
ult
s
va
lues
.
4
.
1.
E
f
f
e
c
t
c
h
an
n
e
ls
as
s
ign
m
e
n
t
on
p
r
ob
ab
il
it
y
of
b
locki
n
g
T
he
f
ixed
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
o
f
c
ha
nne
ls
wa
s
a
ppli
e
d
to
the
s
im
ulation
model
to
c
a
lcula
te
the
r
a
ti
o
f
or
pr
oba
bil
it
y
o
f
blocking
a
nd
the
ne
w
c
a
ll
,
in
a
ddit
ion
to
the
ha
ndof
f
s
e
quipm
e
nt
a
nd
f
or
d
if
f
e
r
e
nt
loads
r
a
nging
f
r
o
m
70%
to
160
%
,
a
s
s
hown
in
the
F
igu
r
e
s
2
a
nd
3
.
W
e
no
te
f
r
om
the
F
igur
e
2
that
the
pr
o
ba
bil
it
y
of
blocking
inc
r
e
a
s
e
s
with
incr
e
a
s
ing
load
a
nd
is
ve
r
y
li
tt
le
a
t
loads
c
los
e
to
70%
.
W
e
a
ls
o
n
ote
that
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
of
blocking
ne
w
c
a
ll
s
is
gr
e
a
ter
th
a
n
the
r
a
te
of
blocking
the
ha
ndof
f
due
to
the
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
a
pr
ior
it
y
f
or
the
t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
ove
r
ne
w
c
a
ll
s
,
if
a
ne
w
c
a
ll
c
omes
,
you
look
a
t
the
va
c
a
nt
c
ha
nne
ls
I
f
ther
e
is
a
va
c
a
nt
c
ha
nne
l,
it
gives
to
thi
s
c
a
ll
(
the
us
e
r
)
,
but
if
a
ll
th
e
c
ha
nne
ls
a
r
e
bus
y,
the
c
a
ll
will
be
blocke
d,
a
s
will
the
c
a
s
e
f
or
the
ha
ndof
f
ope
r
a
ti
ons
.
I
t
is
kn
own
that
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
o
f
blocking
ha
ndof
f
s
hould
be
les
s
than
the
pos
s
ibi
li
ty
of
blocking
ne
w
c
a
ll
s
,
be
c
a
us
e
f
or
the
s
ubs
c
r
ipt
ion,
the
c
onti
nua
ti
on
of
t
h
e
c
a
ll
is
a
pr
ior
it
y
ove
r
the
ne
w
c
a
ll
.
I
n
F
igur
e
3
we
note
th
a
t
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
in
the
load
lea
ds
to
a
n
inc
r
e
a
s
e
in
the
number
of
ha
ndof
f
s
,
a
nd
thi
s
is
a
logi
c
a
l
r
e
s
ult
.
W
he
n
th
e
load
incr
e
a
s
e
s
,
the
incoming
c
a
ll
s
will
incr
e
a
s
e
a
nd
thi
s
lea
ds
to
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
in
the
number
of
ha
ndof
f
s
.
T
he
s
tr
a
tegy
of
d
yna
mi
c
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
wa
s
a
ppli
e
d
to
two
types
of
c
e
ll
ular
s
ys
tems
,
the
f
ir
s
t
o
f
3c
e
ll
s
(
3
-
c
e
ll
r
e
us
e
)
a
nd
the
s
e
c
ond
of
7
c
e
ll
s
(
7
-
c
e
ll
r
e
us
e
)
to
s
tudy
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
c
ha
nne
l
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
on
the
p
r
oba
bil
it
y
of
blocking
.
I
n
F
igu
r
e
4
,
we
s
e
e
that
the
blocking
p
r
oba
bil
it
y
is
a
ve
r
y
low
va
lue
whe
n
the
loads
a
r
e
les
s
than
100%
a
nd
whe
n
the
tr
a
f
f
ic
load
incr
e
a
s
e
s
,
we
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
of
blocking
a
nd
r
e
a
c
h
a
r
a
te
o
f
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
1.
7%
f
or
ne
w
c
a
ll
s
a
nd
0.
25%
f
or
t
he
c
a
r
r
ier
s
whe
n
c
a
r
r
ying
160%
.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ult
s
s
how
a
lar
ge
r
e
duc
ti
on
r
a
te
in
p
r
oba
bil
it
y
of
blocking
c
ompar
e
d
to
F
C
A
s
tr
a
tegy.
As
f
or
the
F
C
A
s
tr
a
tegy
a
t
10
0%
load
,
it
is
c
los
e
to
0
%
in
th
is
s
ys
tem,
a
nd
the
r
e
a
s
on
f
or
thi
s
is
that
a
s
ingl
e
c
lus
ter
th
a
t
include
s
3
c
e
ll
s
wil
l
c
ontain
a
s
tor
e
of
a
ll
c
ha
nne
ls
s
o
that
they
a
r
e
a
va
il
a
ble
in
the
c
lus
ter
,
a
nd
f
or
a
ny
r
e
que
s
t
(
f
o
r
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
or
c
a
ll
)
in
a
ny
c
e
ll
.
W
e
a
ls
o
s
e
e
in
the
f
igur
e
a
bove
that
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
of
blocking
the
c
a
r
r
y
is
les
s
than
the
pos
s
ibi
l
it
y
of
blocking
the
ne
w
c
a
ll
,
be
c
a
us
e
ther
e
is
a
n
a
dva
ntag
e
to
c
a
r
r
y
ove
r
the
ne
w
c
a
ll
.
F
igur
e
2.
P
r
oba
bi
li
ty
o
f
blocking
f
or
f
ixed
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
of
c
ha
nne
ls
vs
load
c
ha
nging
F
igur
e
3.
Ha
ndof
f
s
r
a
ti
o
vs
f
ixed
a
s
s
ignm
e
nt
of
c
ha
nne
ls
F
igur
e
4.
P
r
oba
bi
li
ty
o
f
blocking
vs
tr
a
f
f
ic
load
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
4
,
Augus
t
2020
:
1731
-
1737
1736
5.
CONC
L
USI
ON
W
he
n
the
tr
a
f
f
ic
load
incr
e
a
s
e
s
,
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
o
f
blocking
a
nd
the
number
of
ha
ndof
f
s
incr
e
a
s
e
s
.
W
he
n
c
ompar
ing
the
s
tr
a
tegie
s
of
F
C
A
a
nd
DC
A,
we
s
e
e
that
the
pr
oba
bil
i
ty
of
blocking
in
the
us
e
of
DC
A
is
much
lowe
r
than
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
of
blocking
i
n
the
c
a
s
e
of
F
C
A.
T
he
s
ize
of
the
c
lus
ter
in
the
c
e
ll
ular
s
ys
tem
a
f
f
e
c
ts
the
va
lue
of
the
pr
oba
bil
i
ty
of
r
e
pu
ls
ion
in
the
c
a
s
e
of
the
us
e
of
DC
A.
T
he
lar
ge
r
th
e
c
lus
ter
,
the
lowe
r
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
o
f
r
e
pe
ll
ing.
I
n
the
DC
A
s
tr
a
tegy,
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
o
f
r
e
pe
ll
ing
in
ve
r
y
f
e
w
loads
is
ve
r
y
low
to
z
e
r
o.
T
he
pr
oba
bil
it
y
o
f
blocking
a
c
a
r
r
iage
is
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
lowe
r
than
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
o
f
blocking
ne
w
c
a
ll
s
in
the
c
a
s
e
of
DC
A
due
to
the
pr
ior
it
y
o
f
the
c
a
r
r
iage
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[1
]
T.
S.
Rap
p
ap
o
rt
,
“
W
i
rel
e
s
s
Co
mm
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
Pri
n
ci
p
l
e
s
&
Pract
i
ce,
”
P
r
e
n
t
i
ce
H
a
l
l
P
TR
,
s
ec
o
n
d
ed
i
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
0
2
.
[2
]
J
i
n
g
a
o
W
.
,
“
Perfo
rma
n
ce
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
H
y
b
r
i
d
Re
s
er
v
at
i
o
n
H
a
n
d
o
ff
Sch
eme
f
o
r
In
t
eg
ra
t
ed
W
i
re
l
es
s
Mo
b
i
l
e
N
et
w
o
r
k
,
”
Ms
c
T
h
e
s
i
s
,
U
n
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
o
f
Ci
n
c
i
n
n
at
i
,
2
0
0
1
.
[3
]
J.
Hou
,
an
d
Y
.
Fan
g
,
“Mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
-
Bas
e
d
Cal
l
A
d
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
Co
n
t
r
o
l
Sc
h
emes
fo
r
W
i
re
l
es
s
Mo
b
i
l
e
N
et
w
o
r
k
s
,”
W
i
r
e
l
es
s
Co
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
M
o
b
i
l
e
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
9
-
2
8
2
,
2
0
0
1
.
[4
]
B.
Li
,
L
.
L
i
,
Bo
l
i
,
an
d
X
.
R.
Cao
,
“O
n
H
an
d
o
ff
Perf
o
rman
ce
f
o
r
an
I
n
t
e
g
ra
t
ed
V
o
i
i
ce
/
D
a
t
a
Cel
l
u
l
ar
Sy
s
t
e
m
,”
W
i
r
el
e
s
s
Net
w
o
r
k
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
3
9
3
-
4
0
2
,
2
0
0
3
.
[5
]
Mark
o
p
o
u
l
o
s
,
P.
Pi
s
s
ar
i
s
,
S.
K
y
ri
aza
k
o
s
,
A
.
K
o
u
t
s
o
r
o
d
i
,
“
Perfo
rma
n
ce
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
Ce
l
l
u
l
ar
N
et
w
o
rk
s
b
y
S
i
mu
l
at
i
n
g
L
o
cat
i
o
n
A
i
d
ed
H
an
d
o
v
er
A
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
s
,
”
5
t
h
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
co
n
f
e
r
en
ce;
M
o
b
i
l
e
&
W
i
r
el
e
s
s
S
ys
t
e
m
s
B
eyo
n
d
3
G
,
2
0
0
4
.
[6
]
N.
E
k
i
z
.
,
T
.
Sal
i
h
,
S.
K
u
c
u
k
o
n
er
,
an
d
K
.
F.
i
n
a
n
b
o
y
l
u
,
“
An
O
v
erv
i
ew
o
f
H
a
n
d
o
ff
T
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
i
n
Cel
l
u
l
ar
N
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
”
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
In
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
5
-
2
2
1
,
2
0
0
5
.
[7
]
R
.
R
.
Sed
amk
ar,
Sw
at
i
So
n
av
a
n
e,
“Imp
ro
v
ed
Ch
an
n
el
A
s
s
i
g
n
men
t
Sch
eme
i
n
Cel
l
u
l
ar
Mo
b
i
l
e
Co
mmu
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
,
”
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
Tech
o
l
o
g
y,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
415
-
4
2
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
Mo
h
amma
d
Mah
d
i
A
b
d
o
l
l
a
h
i
,
M
o
h
amma
d
T
e
h
ran
i
,
“
D
es
i
g
n
i
n
g
a
N
o
v
e
l
Rev
er
s
i
b
l
e
Sy
s
t
o
l
i
c
A
rra
y
U
s
i
n
g
Q
C
A
,
”
It
a
l
i
a
n
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
ci
e
n
ce
&
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
8
-
1
6
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
Sh
u
j
u
n
Z
h
a
n
g
,
Mi
c
h
ael
C
l
ark
,
X
u
el
e
i
L
i
u
,
D
o
n
g
h
u
i
Ch
en
,
“
T
h
e
E
ffe
ct
s
o
f
Bi
o
-
i
n
s
p
i
re
d
E
l
ec
t
ro
ma
g
n
et
i
c
Fi
el
d
s
o
n
H
eal
t
h
y
E
n
h
an
ceme
n
t
w
i
t
h
Cas
e
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
”
E
m
e
r
g
i
n
g
S
c
i
en
ce
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
6
9
-
3
8
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
1
0
]
C
.
O
d
i
me
g
w
u
,
I
.
Z
a
k
a
r
i
a,
M
.
M.
A
b
o
o
d
,
C
.
B.
K
.
N
k
e
t
s
i
a
h
,
M.
A
h
ma
d
,
“R
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
D
i
ff
er
e
n
t
Be
n
ef
i
c
i
a
l
W
a
y
s
o
f
Applying
Alum
S
ludge
in
a
S
ust
a
ina
bl
e
Dispos
a
l
M
a
nne
r
,
”
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
2230
-
2241
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
M.
H
.
Ch
i
u
a
n
d
M.
A
.
Ba
s
s
i
o
u
n
i
,
“
Pred
i
c
t
i
v
e
Sch
eme
s
fo
r
H
an
d
o
ff
Pr
i
o
r
i
t
i
zat
i
o
n
i
n
Cel
l
u
l
ar
N
e
t
w
o
rk
s
Ba
s
e
d
o
n
Mo
b
i
l
e
Po
s
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
,”
IE
E
E
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
S
el
ec
t
ed
A
r
ea
s
i
n
Co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
1
0
-
5
2
2
,
2
0
0
0
.
[
1
2
]
S
u
b
r
am
a
n
y
a
S
.
R
.
,
Y
i
B
.
K.
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
-
a
n
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
,”
I
E
E
E
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
,
v
o
l
.
24
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
36
-
40
,
2
0
0
5
.
[1
3
]
Sard
d
ar
D
.
,
Ch
at
t
erj
ee
S
.
,
Mazu
md
er
S
.
P
.
,
Mu
k
h
er
j
ee
M
.
,
Mal
l
i
k
M
.
S
.
,
Bi
s
w
as
U
.
,
N
a
s
k
ar
M
.
K.
,
“
Mi
n
i
mi
za
t
i
o
n
o
f
cal
l
b
l
o
c
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
u
x
i
l
i
ary
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
,”
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
er
A
p
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
25
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
50
-
56
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
4
]
Sh
ah
i
r
Fl
e
y
eh
N
aw
af
,
“
C
h
an
n
el
Ca
p
aci
t
y
Imp
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
MIMO
C
o
mmu
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
Sy
s
t
em
s
u
s
i
n
g
D
i
ffer
en
t
T
ech
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
”
Ti
kr
i
t
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
S
c
i
en
ce
s
,
v
o
l
.
25
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
35
-
40
,
2
0
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.
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5
]
Y
.
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“
St
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,”
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.
[1
6
]
B.
O
.
O
mi
j
eh
,
M.
I.
U
d
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h
,
“
Perfo
rma
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A
n
a
l
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2
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p
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5
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1
5
.
[1
7
]
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at
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an
d
M.
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ag
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eh
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an
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me
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r
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mp
re
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v
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E
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[1
8
]
Y
.
Park
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F.
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ach
i
,
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n
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Rad
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.
[1
9
]
Sami
A
.
Maw
j
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d
,
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a
d
E
.
Mah
mo
o
d
,
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a
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ah
i
r,
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v
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0
]
L
u
j
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ct
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.
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1
]
Mi
s
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.
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.
,
Sax
en
a
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.
C.
,
“
Su
rv
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earch
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l
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,”
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n
t
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a
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m
m
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s
,
v
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l
.
2,
n
o.
5,
pp.
57
-
8
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
Ch
en
g
-
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an
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L
.
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.
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Ch
en
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Imp
ro
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Pri
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[2
3
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R.
R.
Sed
mk
ar,
“
Imp
ro
v
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d
Ch
an
n
el
A
s
s
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g
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men
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eme
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b
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mm
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3,
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p
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.
[2
4
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Pramu
k
a
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ro
E
.
S
.
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s
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.
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.
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et
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TE
LKO
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NIKA
Tel
ec
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[2
5
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Sal
am
A
l
-
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h
amma
s
i
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D
h
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l
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l
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ab
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ff
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Se
n
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et
w
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TE
LKO
M
NIK
A
Tel
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Co
m
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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handoff
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2
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8
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Pred
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ct
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