TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.12, No
.4, Dece
mbe
r
2014, pp. 94
2~9
4
9
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v12i4.537
942
Re
cei
v
ed Au
gust 11 2
014;
Revi
se
d Sep
t
em
ber 26, 2014; Accepte
d
Octob
e
r 20,
2014
Wireless Senso
r
Based Hybrid Architecture for
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks
Kashi
f
Na
se
er Qures
h
i
1
, Abdul Hana
n Abdullah*
2
, Raja Waseem An
w
a
r
3
F
a
cult
y
of Com
putin
g, Univ
ersiti T
e
knologi M
a
la
ysi
a
, Skud
ai
, Johor Mala
ys
ia
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: kashifnq
@g
mail.com
1
, han
an@
utm.m
y
2
A
b
st
r
a
ct
A vehic
u
lar A
d
hoc n
e
tw
ork is an e
m
ergi
ng a
nd w
i
de
ly
ado
pted tech
nol
ogy b
e
ca
us
e of thei
r
potenti
a
lity for
inn
o
vative
ap
pl
icatio
ns in tr
an
sportati
o
n
sect
or. Rece
ntly, the tech
no
logy
has b
e
e
n
face
d
vario
u
s chal
le
n
ges an
d rely
o
n
expe
nsiv
e ar
chitec
ture. T
h
e
imp
l
e
m
entati
o
n of W
i
reless
Sensor N
e
tw
ork
(W
SN) in veh
i
cular
netw
o
rks reduces th
e
requir
ed i
n
ve
stment a
nd i
m
pr
oves i
n
tell
i
gent a
ppl
icati
o
ns
perfor
m
a
n
ce f
o
r drivi
ng s
a
fe
ty and traffic e
fficiency. In thi
s
pap
er, w
e
pr
opos
e a w
i
re
le
ss sensor
bas
ed
hybrid arc
h
itec
ture for
nav
igation system
s
for vehicula
r
A
d
hoc
networks. The arc
h
itec
ture is
suit
able for
mo
unta
i
n r
ang
e roa
d
s, w
here
vehic
l
es c
a
n
n
o
t co
mmun
ic
ati
on pr
op
erly. T
he pr
op
ose
ar
chitecture
is u
s
e
d
to excha
n
g
e
a
nd p
e
rceiv
e
ro
adsi
de i
n
for
m
a
t
ion a
nd h
e
l
p
ful in
navi
gati
o
n dec
isio
n pro
c
ess an
d for a
l
ert
mess
ag
es.
Ke
y
w
ords
: WSN, VANET, applications,
safety, GPS
1. Introduc
tion
The vehicular Ad hoc network aim at en
han
ci
ng the traffic safety and efficien
cy throug
h
the u
s
e
of
co
mmuni
cation
and
ele
c
troni
c te
chn
o
logi
e
s
a
n
d
one
of t
he im
porta
nt
part
of intellig
ent
transportation s
y
s
t
em [1],[2]. The applic
ations
of V
A
NET provide sec
u
re effic
i
ent and
well-
orga
nized
co
mmuni
cation
system
s to
deal
with
traffic p
r
obl
e
m
s. The t
r
a
d
itional vehi
cular
comm
uni
cati
on sy
stems f
a
ce va
riou
s
chall
enge
s
su
ch a
s
hi
gh
mobility, larg
e amou
nt of data
transmitted, exclu
s
iveinfra
stru
cture an
d
navigation
device
s
, co
st
ly-wired com
m
unication
e
t
c.
The m
any a
pplication
s
o
n
ly su
ppo
rts coll
ectio
n
a
few types
of data
su
ch
as glo
bal t
r
affic
informatio
n g
e
t from cam
e
ra
s and mi
cro
w
ave
se
n
s
ors, but th
ey cann
ot provide a
c
curate
information.It is difficult f
o
r
centralized tra
ffic management system (TMS) t
o
dissemi
n
ate
messag
es to
vehicle
s
no
de
s and recogni
ze the nei
ghb
or.
Wirel
e
ss S
e
n
s
or Netwo
r
ks (WSNs) is o
ne of
th
e b
o
o
sting,
co
st
effective, uno
btrusive
and u
n
supe
rvised te
ch
nolo
g
y and
widely
adopte
d
fo
r
data mo
nitori
ng. The
WS
N based
syste
m
s
con
s
i
s
t to large and me
dium netwo
rks
of inex
pensiv
e node
s, whi
c
h are ca
pabl
e for pro
c
e
ssi
ng,
sen
s
in
g, and
distrib
u
ting i
n
formation. A
numbe
r
of project
s
h
a
ve b
een im
pleme
n
ted, which a
r
e
based on
Wireless sen
s
o
r
netwo
rks (WSNs) in VAN
ET applicatio
ns. The m
o
st
popula
r
proj
ects
are: Fleetnet [3], Car TALK
[4], SAFE
S
P
O
T [5]. To
overcome the
challen
ges
of VANET vario
u
s
types of
sol
u
tions have
been
pr
opo
sed su
ch as
wi
rele
ss se
nso
r
pa
cka
g
e
to
in
strum
ent
roadway
s
system [6], WSN based
roadsi
de architecture [7], Wirele
ss
sensor for ITS (intelligent
transpo
rtation
system
)[8]
etc. The
s
e
sol
u
tions
are
b
e
tter an
d mo
re flexible in
efficien
cy a
n
d
perfo
rman
ce.
But these sy
stem
s are no
t using fo
r na
vigation de
ci
sion p
r
o
c
e
s
s, the navigati
on
system u
s
uall
y
use digital
map and g
e
o
g
rap
h
ic
al po
sitioning sy
ste
m
(GPS) to n
a
vigate.
2. WSN based Applications
Wirel
e
ss
se
n
s
or ba
se
d a
pplication
s
for intellig
ent
tran
spo
r
tation sy
stem
s
and fo
r
VANET provides
significant advant
ages in
cost and in di
stribu
ted intelligence. The
cost
of
installatio
n
and mainten
a
n
c
e are red
u
ced, but t
he WSN cann
ot use a
s
a sta
ndalo
ne syst
em, it
need
some
a
dditional
com
pone
nts
and
work a
s
a
he
teroge
neo
us
system
an
d
collabo
rate
wit
h
other te
ch
nol
ogie
s
. On th
e othe
r h
a
n
d
, WSN sy
stems h
a
ve
some limitatio
ns
su
ch
as
in
pro
c
e
ssi
ng a
nd withlight energy
resou
r
ce
s etc.
T
h
e VANET
en
vironme
n
t is highly m
obil
e
,
dynamic,
and partitions occur very
often. The predictable mobility
of vehicl
es
n
eeds additional
resou
r
ces an
d
effects on
d
e
tection and estimation of
data. Addition
al re
so
u
r
ce
s i
n
roa
d
s
provide
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Wirel
e
ss Sen
s
or Ba
se
d Hybrid Ar
chite
c
ture for Vehi
cular Ad ho
c
…. (Kashif Nase
er Qu
re
sh
i)
943
traffic flow, traffic lights, and power so
urce and
roa
d
sid
e
unit (RSU) and rece
ivers in vehicles
etc. The
wi
rel
e
ss sen
s
o
r
b
a
se
d ap
plications
mainly
d
i
vided into fo
ur type
s: traffic control, traf
fic
safety, parkin
g
and traffic l
a
w enfo
r
cem
ent appli
c
atio
ns. WS
N based appli
c
atio
ns are interesting
and b
e
st
alternate be
ca
use
of low i
n
stall
a
tion an
d
mai
n
tenan
ce
co
st. Some of th
e mo
st rel
e
va
nt
appli
c
ation
s
a
nd their fun
c
tions
sho
w
in table 1 bel
ow.
Table 1. Wi
re
less se
nsor b
a
se
d vehicula
r appli
c
ation
s
S/
N
o
A
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
Pu
rp
o
s
e
Ma
i
n
Fu
n
c
t
i
on
1 iRoad[9]
Overtaking
assistance
The iRoad ap
plication is roads
ide WSN based and
used for
w
a
rn
upstream vehicle nodes about p
r
e
s
ence of other ve
hicle nodes.
2
Qin et al [10]
Animal
detection for
traffic safet
y
In this applicatio
n the vehicle are equipped to
w
a
rn
driver about
presence of anim
a
ls around the r
o
ads
, the messages are in the for
m
of w
a
rning
ale
r
ts.
3
Weingärtner
et al [11]
Monitoring
road conditions
In this applicatio
n the road con
d
ition is store in WSN nodes and
deliver the inform
ation to incoming v
ehicles to slow
the car or tu
rn
etc.
4
Sung et al [12]
Collision
Warning
In this applicatio
n sensor nodes
measure the spe
ed and ro
ute the
data to base station and thr
ough b
a
se station w
a
rn
vehicles about
colli
sion.
5 DGS
[13]
Weather and
speed
monitoring
In this applicatio
n the sensor nod
es w
a
rn the d
r
iver about
weather
and speed thr
o
u
gh camera and
r
eport via WAN.
The traffic
safety appli
c
a
t
ions
used f
o
r p
r
eve
n
tio
n
from
a
cci
dents [14]. In the
s
e
appli
c
ation
s
sen
s
o
r
devices used to warn driv
e
r
about any d
ange
rou
s
sit
uation like a
d
verse
road
conditio
n
, pre
s
e
n
ce
of ob
stacl
e
s,
driving i
n
wro
ng di
re
ction
etc. Th
estati
c se
nsor
nod
e
is
use
for dete
c
t
i
on of
arrival
of a ve
hicle
a
nd the
n
a
c
tivates th
e
sub
s
eque
nt stati
c
node
s fo
r
attain
the con
d
ition
of road stre
tche
s. This
method
u
s
ed
in many applicatio
ns to
sup
port ani
m
a
l
detectio
n
[8] and ove
r
taki
ng a
ssi
stan
ce [7]. Ther
e i
s
an
other
ap
proa
ch
wh
ere the traffic
and
road i
n
form
ation is avail
a
b
l
e in advan
ce and
whe
n
some
data a
c
qui
red, it broad
ca
st withi
n
a
certai
n are
a
and vehicl
es gather
e
d
that data. This appro
a
ch is efficient for non-e
phem
e
r
al
events like o
c
curren
ce of
dang
ero
u
s
ro
ad co
ndition
s. The traffic l
a
w enfo
r
cem
ent appli
c
atio
ns
offers pe
rma
nent monito
ring automate
s
the pro
c
e
s
s and repo
rt infraction
s. In traffic cont
ro
l
appli
c
ation
s
t
he
sen
s
o
r
n
o
des are d
epl
oyed o
n
roa
d
segme
n
ts
and m
e
a
s
u
r
e
the traffic fl
ow,
den
sity and
speed. T
he
se
nso
r
n
ode
s al
so
deploye
d
on inte
rsectio
n
s
and
ma
kin
g
a d
e
ci
sio
n
t
o
dire
ct traffic.
The smart p
a
rki
ng a
ppli
c
ations
co
ncerns
with illega
l parki
ng,
sp
ace. Th
e sen
s
or
node
s u
s
ed f
o
r dete
c
ting the va
ca
nt parking
slots.
Some ap
plications
are
use for travel
er navi
gation t
o
red
u
cethe
travel time, cost, and
efficient in fuel con
s
um
ption. Xia et al. [15]
prop
osed a system for pat
h planni
ng
and navigati
on,
whe
r
e
ve
hicl
es equip
ped
with sen
s
o
r
s and
th
ese
se
nso
r
s
commu
nicate
with ro
ad sen
s
o
r
s
a
nd
dissemin
ate road conditio
n
to sink n
ode
su
ch a
s
s
pee
d, dire
ction et
c. Route
ch
a
nging an
dtraf
f
ic
jam
dete
c
tion
appli
c
ation
s
are mo
stly
used
navig
at
ion
.
The Fi
gure
1 illust
rate
s t
he a
r
chitectu
re
of WSN ba
se
d VANET app
lication
s
.
Figure 1. Architecture of WSN b
a
se
d VANET appli
c
ation
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
9
30
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 12, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
4: 942
– 949
944
3. Sy
stem Architec
ture
3.1 Usag
e
Our p
r
op
ose
d
architectu
re is be
st for
sparse hi
gh
way enviro
n
m
ent, whe
r
e
the base
station
cove
rage i
s
li
mited
be
cau
s
e
of
mountain
s
ra
nge
s a
nd l
o
n
g
turns.
The
wirel
e
ss se
nsor
node
s
wo
rk e
fficiently there an
d
cove
r
t
he
o
b
sta
c
le
s and ra
nge
s. The archite
c
ture
al
so cove
rs
the lon
g
turn
on m
ountai
ns
wh
ere
al
ways traffic j
a
m be
ca
use
of heavy veh
i
cle
s
, where
the
vehicle
nod
e
s
cann
ot co
mmuni
cate p
r
ope
rly wi
th base
statio
n and with
oth
e
r
vehi
cle
s
, and
sen
s
o
r
nod
es sen
s
e the d
ensity inform
ation and di
ssemin
ate the informatio
n to serve
r
via base
station to
sto
p
be
hind
vehi
cle
s
in
time
with al
e
r
t me
ssage
s. Anoth
e
r
featu
r
e
of p
r
opo
s
ed
sy
stem
is h
andl
e traffic ja
m a
nd
di
sseminate
s
traffic info
rmati
o
n in
real tim
e
mo
de. In
propo
sed
sy
ste
m
vehic
l
e can
detec
t
the traffic
ja
m info
rma
t
ion from
GP
S and
from
ot
her sen
s
ors in vehi
cle
s
su
ch
as
sp
eed
is l
o
we
r tha
n
a
threshold
certain time
peri
od. Th
en veh
i
cle
se
nd th
e
inform
ation t
o
near
WS
N se
nso
r
s
and th
e
n
pa
ss to
sin
k
no
de. Anot
her u
s
a
g
e of
our
system i
s
preventin
g from
accide
nts, b
e
c
au
se
vehi
cle
s
a
r
e
interch
a
nge
se
nsor
d
a
ta continu
o
u
s
ly ove
r
a
pe
riod of tim
e
. By
inco
rpo
r
ate the informatio
n into digital map the
neig
hbor vehi
cle
s
position is a
ppea
r
on a di
gital
map. Easily
cal
c
ulate the
distan
ce, p
o
sition
s,
and
dire
ction of
neighb
ori
n
g
vehicle
s
. T
h
is
informatio
n i
s
furthe
r u
s
e
d
for p
r
eventin
g
accid
ent
s.
T
he Fig
u
re 2
shows th
e flo
w
diag
ram
of o
u
r
prop
osed a
r
chitecture.
Figure 2. Flow Dia
g
ra
m of propo
s
e
d
Archite
c
ture
3.2 Sy
stem Compon
ents
The wirel
e
ss sensor
based
proposed sy
stem
i
s
an int
e
lligent naviga
tion deci
sion system
for VANET. The sy
stem
con
s
i
s
ts of four mai
n
pa
r
t
s:
v
e
hicle n
ode
s,
wir
e
le
s
s
se
ns
or
s,
B
a
se
station and Sever illust
rated in Figure 3.
The vehi
cle
n
ode
s
can
co
mmuni
cate
with ea
ch oth
e
r
throug
h wi
reless
netwo
rk a
nd thi
s
side of co
mm
unication is b
a
se
d on VANET. The
vehicle
s
are eq
ui
pped with o
n
board unit wi
th
navigation an
d path planni
ng appli
c
atio
ns. The vehi
cl
e
s
excha
n
g
e
different ki
nd of messa
ges
with e
a
ch ot
her like
text, video, a
udi
o an
d GPS.
The
second
main
comp
onent i
s
wi
re
less
sen
s
o
r
s
belo
ng to WS
N d
o
main. The
sensors are
di
vided into two categ
o
ri
es:
sink
and
sou
r
ce
node
s. The functio
n
of so
urce nod
es is to measur
e road
side traffi
c con
d
ition
s
su
ch as velo
city,
dire
ction, a
n
d
send thi
s
i
n
formatio
n to
sin
k
n
ode
fo
r furth
e
r
pro
c
ess. The
mul
t
i-hop
routin
g
is
use
d
for this com
m
uni
cati
on a
nd
sin
k
node
wo
rk a
s
a
gate
w
ay.
The
sin
k
no
des an
d sou
r
ce
node
s al
so communi
cate
with vehicl
e n
ode
s and
with
base statio
n. The sin
k
n
ode
s are po
werful
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Wirel
e
ss Sen
s
or Ba
se
d Hybrid Ar
chite
c
ture for Vehi
cular Ad ho
c
…. (Kashif Nase
er Qu
re
sh
i)
945
comp
are with
source n
ode
s and have
more p
r
o
c
e
s
sing po
we
r a
nd ca
pacity. The third pa
rt is
base station,
whe
r
e the ba
se statio
n is u
s
e to gat
he
r the data from
sen
s
o
r
s a
nd from vehi
cle
s
.
The serve
r
or data cente
r
i
s
used for g
a
t
her
an
d stored all the traf
fic and envi
r
o
n
mental
informatio
n t
h
rou
g
h
ba
se
station.
Th
ese
info
rmat
ion a
nd
dat
a can
be
u
s
ed
for traff
i
c
manag
eme
n
t and for fo
re
ca
sting. The
all comp
one
nts of propo
sed
system
are illu
strate
s i
n
belo
w
Figu
re
3.
Figure 3. Pro
posed Syste
m
Comp
one
n
t
s
3.3 Rou
t
ing
The two Ad
hoc te
chn
o
logie
s
WS
N and VA
NET are imp
l
emented
wi
th their
Diverg
entcha
r
chte
rstics. T
he en
ergy i
s
not a
challe
n
ge in VANE
T
due to
ca
r b
a
tteries but
WSN
node
s have this problem.
The VANET topology is
d
y
namic an
d WSN topol
og
y is static. The
architectu
re of
pro
p
o
s
ed
system ba
sed on
n
e
twork
com
m
u
n
icatio
n, ro
u
t
ing tech
niqu
es,
middle
w
a
r
e, and ap
plicati
ons.
The IEEE 802.11p as
arevisi
on of
IEEE
802.11 standard is implemented for
Comm
uni
cati
on be
ca
use o
f
its co
st effici
ency a
nd
wid
e
ly usa
ge. Th
e stan
da
rd m
a
ke
po
ssi
ble
to
comm
uni
cate
between
ve
hicle
to vehi
cle
and
with
roa
d
si
de via
5.9 G
H
z b
a
nd. In
WSN
we
acq
u
ire IEEE
802.15.4
sta
ndard be
ca
u
s
e of its lo
w
data rate, lo
w cost an
d e
nergy
-optimi
z
ed
wirel
e
ss te
ch
nology. We
a
dopt multicast Geoca
s
t [1
6
]
routing p
r
ot
ocol
s for d
e
liver information
to
a g
r
oup
of
d
e
stinatio
n. In
this type
s
o
f
prot
o
c
ol
s t
he info
rmatio
n b
r
oad
ca
sti
ng to
a
spe
c
ific
geog
rap
h
ic region
and
b
e
st fo
r lo
cati
on-b
a
sed
an
noun
cem
ents and
re
gion
-spe
cific re
so
urce
discovery
an
d qu
erie
s. In
WS
N
side
we
ado
pt
Zig
B
ee [17] fo
r
comm
uni
cati
on, be
ca
use
this
techn
o
logy i
s
be
st for
sh
o
r
t-range, l
o
w po
wer.
Th
e
middle
w
a
r
e
colle
cts an
d
store
the
dat
a,
whi
c
h i
s
com
e
f
r
om
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
su
ch
a
s
ra
dar
s,
c
a
me
ra
s, GPS, which are in
stalle
d in vehi
cle
s
.
The
data is furth
e
r
used for n
a
v
igation and
digital m
ap.
The WS
N da
ta come from
sou
r
ce se
nsor
node
s an
d co
llect in si
nk
n
ode
s. The p
r
opo
sed m
ode
l covers b
o
th things n
a
viga
tional data a
n
d
messag
es
al
erts in
mou
n
tain ra
nge
ro
ads. T
he la
st
comp
one
nt is ap
plication
s
in VANET,
the
appli
c
ation la
yer su
ppo
rt
voice
control
navigat
ion,
route pl
anni
n
g
, simulatio
n
navigationet
c.
WSN n
ode
s
are u
s
e
d
for sensi
ng, de
cisi
on ma
ki
ng a
n
d
as a
sup
porting module f
o
rdete
c
tion
a
nd
dynamic p
a
th
plannin
g
. The compl
e
te protocol a
r
chite
c
ture
sho
w
s in Figure 4.
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946
Figure 4. Protocol Archite
c
t
u
re
3.4 Sy
stem Hard
w
a
re a
n
d Soft
w
a
re
We u
s
e th
e HP ProLiant
DL580
Gen
8
S
e
rver [1
8]
as
a co
re
of the
VANET nod
e. This i
s
a ne
w ge
n 3
techn
o
logy
HP serve
r
with
more
memo
ry capa
city an
d 2X faste
r
in
ternal
storag
e.
Other
co
mpone
nts attach
with th
is serve
r
like
L
CD
(tou
ch
scre
en),
Bluetooth,ca
mera,mi
c
roph
one, GPS, 8
02.11
wirel
e
ss
card
as
sh
ows in Fig
u
re
5. The wi
rel
e
ss
sen
s
o
r
si
de
we u
s
e TI'
s
CC243
0 chi
p
set wo
rk as
a
sou
r
ce nod
e
s
. This tiny n
o
de contain
s
low
power
805
1
micro
co
ntroller, Zi
gBee
, memo
ry et
c. Th
e
sin
k
nod
e i
s
u
p
g
rad
ed PXA
270
pro
c
e
s
sor SD card, GPS,L
CD, USB po
rt
and touch screen et
c.
Figure 5. System Hardware
In softwa
r
e
side, the three
layers a
r
e t
here
data li
n
k
, service, a
n
d p
r
e
s
entati
o
n laye
r.
The data li
nk
layer gath
e
r
different type
s of data
fro
m
GPS and from othe
r sen
s
ors. Th
e second
servi
c
e l
a
yer analy
s
e
s
th
e colle
cted
data a
nd m
a
ke
availabl
e intellige
n
t
navigation, p
a
th
planni
ng, and
messagin
g
like text, voice and video.
4. Performan
ce Ev
aluation
In this se
ctio
n we p
r
e
s
ent
simulatio
n
re
sults of
simpl
e
VANET architecture an
d
our
propo
sed
WS
N ba
se
d
VANET a
r
ch
itecture
an
d
comp
are p
r
o
posed
archite
c
ture
with
so
me
previou
s
a
r
ch
ituctire
s. The
routing ta
sk
is pe
rform
ed
usin
g the Ge
oCa
s
t ro
uting
proto
c
ol
s an
d
with different
vehicle
s
sp
eed a
nd
net
work
si
ze
s.
The
simulati
on results
are ba
sed
on
data
su
ccess rate,
delay, packe
t delivery ratio, and time.
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TELKOM
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930
Wirel
e
ss Sen
s
or Ba
se
d Hybrid Ar
chite
c
ture for Vehi
cular Ad ho
c
…. (Kashif Nase
er Qu
re
sh
i)
947
4.1 Simulation Scenario
The sim
u
latio
n
is ba
se
d on
highway sce
nar
io
and ex
ecute a
strai
g
ht highway model for
ve
h
i
c
l
e mo
b
ility. W
e
us
e NS-
3
[1
9
]
fo
r te
s
t
in
g th
e h
i
gh
w
a
y
e
n
v
ir
onme
n
t
s w
i
th or w
i
th
ou
t
W
S
N
,
with the
hel
p of VANET
mobility generator and
NS-3 sim
u
lat
i
on.
NS-3
i
s
a di
screte-event
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
mu
la
to
r
w
r
itte
n in
C+
+
,
and
mo
re
ac
cu
rate an
d efficient
simulat
o
r. Fo
r high
way
scena
rio
we
i
m
pleme
n
t Intelligent
Drive
r
Mo
del
(IDM
) a
nd M
O
BIL
lane
chan
ge
mod
e
l [20] i
n
NS-3.
Table 2. Simulation Setup
Parameters
Value
Length of High
w
a
y
10,000 mete
rs
Number of lan
e
s
1,5
Number of vehicles
20-40
Vehicle speed
50km/h-120km/h
Transmission range
200m
MAC Protocol
IEEE802.11p
4.2 Data suc
cess ra
te
In firs
t sc
enario the
s
i
mulation tes
t
is
based on ve
hicle
s
no
de
s to the base
station
without sen
s
ors
and b
e
lo
w graph
sho
w
s the
aver
a
ge data pa
ckets re
ceive
d
on se
rver
sid
e
.
Then in second sce
nari
o
, same test with impl
em
entation of wirel
e
ss sen
s
ors in bet
ween
vehicle
s
n
ode
s a
nd b
a
se
station. In ou
r
exper
im
ents, we will
u
s
e
re
al-time audio
comm
uni
cati
on
via VANET. In experime
n
t the vehicles node
s
are e
quipp
ed with
802.11
g Wi-F
i adaptor
cards
with om
nidire
ctional
external ante
nna.
The
belo
w
grap
hs sho
w
s the
better
averag
e
rate
of
prop
osed WS
N ba
sed a
r
ch
itecture
com
p
are to witho
u
t WSN sy
stem
.
Figure 6. Average d
e
livery
su
cces
s rate
with and
with
out WSN
4.3 Av
erage End-to
-en
d
time dela
y
The average
end-to
-e
nd d
e
lay is a cal
c
ulation of
time co
st of packet cove
ring i
t
s journ
e
y
from sou
r
ce
vehicle to
destin
a
tion v
ehicl
e.
The
averag
e en
d
-
to-e
nd time
delay cont
ains
compl
e
te del
ays like tran
smissi
on d
e
la
y, proce
s
s d
e
lay, pro
r
og
a
t
ion and
que
uing d
e
lay. From
the re
sult
s we found
that
WSN
ba
sed
VANET arch
i
t
ecture
is
bet
ter to
comp
are witho
u
t WS
N.
The b
e
lo
w g
r
aph
s sho
w
s the data,
whi
c
h is
evaluat
e
d
with m
any
simulatio
n
re
sults. T
he
graph
sho
w
s the be
tter perfo
rma
n
ce of WS
N
based VANE
T
.
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ISSN: 16
93-6
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TELKOM
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Vol. 12, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
4: 942
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948
Figure 7. Average e
n
d
-
to-e
nd time delay
4.4 Discus
s
ion
The above
section illustrated
the
proposed architecture re
sults and performance in
compli
cate
d road
senviron
ments.Th
e p
r
opo
sed
archit
ecture i
s
bett
e
r in
data
deli
v
ery, end-to
-end
time delay. In rece
nt years
any author p
r
opo
sed
different architectu
res fo
r vehicu
lar enlivenm
e
n
t
esp
e
ci
ally for urban o
r
me
tropolitan a
r
e
a
s. We
di
scu
ss h
e
re
som
e
of them and comp
are
with
our p
r
op
osed
archite
c
tu
re.
The one of th
e main pro
b
le
m in previou
s
syst
ems a
r
e
obsta
cle ha
n
d
ling espe
cial
ly in hill
area
s where
the short curve
s
an
d
l
ong turns present.Through WS
N based propo
se
d
architectu
re t
he exch
ang
e
of informati
on between
vehicle
s
o
r
infrast
r
u
c
ture
will improve the
driving securi
ty and efficiency as
well.
The mu
ch a
r
chite
c
ture
ha
ve been p
r
o
posed but th
ey
focused on hi
ghways plain
road environment
s and ignored the h
ill areas [21],[22].
5. Conclusio
n
In this
pap
er,
more
efficie
n
t and
hybri
d
sensor
archite
c
ture
for vehi
cula
r Ad
ho
c
netwo
rk
is
pr
op
os
e
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
op
os
ed
ar
ch
ite
c
ture
is e
ffi
ci
ent
in mo
untain
road
s,
whe
r
e the
ba
se
station
not cove
r th
e long
rang
e
.
We discu
ssed the sy
ste
m
archite
c
ture its ha
rd
ware and
softwa
r
e
comp
one
nts
and impl
eme
n
tation as
well. The re
sul
t
s prove
d
tha
t
WSN ba
se
d archite
c
ture is
most effici
en
t and b
e
tter in pe
rforma
nce
compa
r
e
to witho
u
t
WSN
syste
m
. The p
r
op
o
s
ed
architectu
re
can me
et the requi
rem
e
nt of
data tran
smi
ssi
on and re
al time audio dat
a
transmissio
n.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ment
This research is sup
p
o
r
ted by the Mini
stry ofEducation Mal
a
ysia (M
OE) and in
colla
boration
with Re
sea
r
ch Manag
eme
n
t Centre
(RMC)
Universi
ti Teknolo
g
i Malaysia
(UT
M
).
This pa
pe
r is
funded by the
GUP Gr
a
n
t (vote Q.J130
0
00.252
8.06
H00).
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ces
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hang,
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i
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TELKOM
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ISSN:
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Wirel
e
ss Sen
s
or Ba
se
d Hybrid Ar
chite
c
ture for Vehi
cular Ad ho
c
…. (Kashif Nase
er Qu
re
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