T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
,
pp.
552
~
561
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930
,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i1.
13196
552
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
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nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
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.
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p
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t
FR
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s
u
b
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ra
t
e
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er
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K
u
-
b
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fo
r
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l
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s
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c
h
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ex
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ep
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i
s
s
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o
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t
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zat
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h
e
s
i
mu
l
at
e
d
an
d
meas
u
re
d
res
u
l
t
s
are
p
res
e
n
t
e
d
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
FR
-
4
Ku
-
ba
nd
L
ow
nois
e
a
mpl
if
ier
S
teppe
d
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
B
e
r
na
r
d
J
our
ne
t
,
Qua
ntum
a
nd
M
olec
ular
P
hotoni
c
s
L
a
bor
a
tor
y,
E
NS
P
a
r
is
-
S
a
c
lay,
61
Ave
nue
du
P
r
é
s
ident
W
il
s
on,
94230
C
a
c
ha
n,
F
r
a
nc
e
.
E
mail:
be
r
na
r
d.
jour
ne
t@en
s
-
c
a
c
ha
n.
f
r
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
L
ow
nois
e
a
mpl
if
ier
(
L
NA
)
ha
s
be
e
n
wide
ly
a
ppli
e
d
in
va
r
ious
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
in
the
r
a
dio
r
e
c
e
iver
’
s
f
r
ont
-
e
nds
.
I
ts
main
a
dva
ntage
is
to
a
mpl
if
y
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
s
ignals
whic
h
ha
ve
ve
r
y
low
a
mpl
it
ude
to
a
n
a
c
c
e
ptable
powe
r
leve
l
that
c
a
n
be
f
ig
u
r
e
d
out
by
the
r
e
c
e
iver
without
c
a
us
ing
de
tr
im
e
ntal
e
f
f
e
c
ts
to
the
tot
a
l
s
ignal
-
to
-
nois
e
(
S
NR
)
r
a
t
io
o
f
the
r
e
c
e
iver
unit
.
W
he
n
go
thr
ough
the
L
NA
,
bot
h
s
ignal
a
nd
nois
e
a
r
e
a
mpl
if
ied
,
thus
,
the
L
NA
is
us
ua
ll
y
i
ntegr
a
ted
togethe
r
with
a
ba
ndpa
s
s
f
il
ter
in
or
de
r
t
o
r
e
tr
ieve
the
s
ignal
f
r
om
the
unwa
nted
f
oll
owing
nois
e
s
.
F
or
r
a
dio
li
nks
s
uc
h
a
s
s
a
telli
te
c
omm
unica
ti
on,
t
he
L
NA
of
the
r
e
c
e
iver
is
c
omm
only
f
a
br
ica
ted
in
pr
int
e
d
c
ir
c
uit
boa
r
d
(
P
C
B
)
tec
hnology,
in
whic
h,
the
M
icr
os
tr
ip
ha
s
a
p
r
e
domi
na
nc
e
ove
r
o
ther
types
of
e
lec
tr
ica
l
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
li
ne
.
T
he
mos
t
popular
mate
r
ial
to
us
e
d
f
or
the
P
C
B
M
icr
os
tr
ip
is
the
f
lame
-
r
e
tar
da
nt
#4
(
F
R
-
4)
e
poxy
glas
s
.
T
his
diele
c
tr
ic
mate
r
ial
ha
s
s
ome
a
dva
ntage
s
ove
r
the
other
s
whe
n
us
ing
a
s
a
s
ubs
tr
a
te
f
or
R
F
a
nd
P
C
B
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
low
c
os
t,
good
mec
ha
nica
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
,
pr
ov
ides
c
ons
tant
los
s
tange
nt
ove
r
a
wide
ba
nd
o
f
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
[
1]
.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
s
igni
f
ica
nt
d
r
a
wba
c
ks
of
the
F
R
-
4
is
it
s
high
ins
e
r
ti
on
los
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
De
s
ign
and
f
abr
ication
of
a
K
u
-
band
low
no
is
e
amplif
ier
us
ing
F
R
-
4
s
ubs
tr
ate
(
L
inh
T
a
P
huong
)
553
a
t
high
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
;
f
r
om
the
e
lec
tr
ica
l
pe
r
f
o
r
ma
nc
e
point
of
view
,
the
F
R
-
4
is
not
t
r
uly
a
high
f
r
e
que
nc
y
c
ir
c
uit
mate
r
ial
[
2]
.
T
he
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
of
the
R
F
s
ignal
(
dB
/i
nc
h)
whe
n
r
unning
t
hr
ough
a
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
li
n
e
c
a
n
be
c
a
lcula
ted
a
s
f
oll
ow
[
3]
:
α
=
2.
3
f
⋅
tan
(
δ
)
⋅
ε
e
f
f
(
1)
whe
r
e
:
α
–
Attenua
ti
on
in
dB
/
I
nc
h.
f
–
F
r
e
que
nc
y
in
GH
z
tan(
δ
)
–
L
os
s
T
a
nge
nt
of
the
mate
r
ial
ε
e
f
f
–
E
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
R
e
lative
diele
c
tr
ic
c
ons
tant
of
the
ma
ter
ial
B
a
s
e
d
on
(
1)
,
f
or
a
s
tanda
r
d
F
R
-
4
with
di
e
lec
tr
ic
c
ons
tant
(
ε
r
)
=
4.
35
a
nd
tan(
δ
)
=
0.
0023
,
the
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
α
is
0.
04
a
t
2
GH
z
a
nd
0
.
2
a
t
10
GH
z
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
F
o
r
o
ther
mate
r
ial,
s
uc
h
a
s
R
o
ge
r
s
R
T
Dur
oid
5880
with
(
ε
r
)
=
2.
2
a
nd
tan
(
δ
)
=
0
.
0004,
t
his
va
lue
is
a
bout
0.
004
a
t
2
GH
z
a
nd
0.
02
a
t
10
GH
z
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
E
.
L
.
Holz
man
s
howe
d
that
f
or
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
p
a
r
a
ll
e
l
-
c
oupled
r
e
s
ona
tor
us
ing
F
R
-
4
s
ubs
tr
a
te
with
a
diele
c
tr
ic
c
ons
tant
of
4.
5,
the
ins
e
r
ti
on
los
s
(
S
21
)
incr
e
a
s
e
d
r
a
pidl
y
f
r
om
2
GH
z
to
15
GH
z
[
4]
,
a
s
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igur
e
1
.
F
igur
e
1.
T
he
mea
s
ur
e
d
ins
e
r
ti
on
los
s
of
mi
c
r
os
tr
i
p
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
-
c
oupled
r
e
s
ona
tor
ve
r
s
us
s
im
ulate
d
ins
e
r
ti
on
los
s
of
Adva
nc
e
d
De
s
ign
S
ys
tem
(
AD
S
)
[
4
]
I
t
is
c
lea
r
ly
s
e
e
n
f
r
om
F
igur
e
1
that
the
incr
e
a
s
e
of
S
21
is
a
bout
3.
5
dB
f
r
om
2
GH
z
to
15
GH
z
,
thi
s
is
e
ve
n
mor
e
dr
a
s
ti
c
a
ll
y
whe
n
c
ompar
ing
the
S
21
a
t
th
e
r
e
s
ona
nt
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
2.
7
GH
z
(
a
r
ound
1
.
9
dB
)
with
that
of
13.
4
GH
z
(
a
r
ound
11
.
9
dB
)
.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ult
s
s
how
that
whe
n
us
ing
the
F
R
-
4,
it
is
r
e
a
ll
y
c
ha
ll
e
nging
t
o
de
s
ign
a
n
L
NA
of
ove
r
10
GH
z
without
c
a
us
ing
s
igni
f
i
c
a
nt
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
to
the
s
ignal
.
T
o
a
void
the
a
mbi
guit
y
in
ter
mi
nolo
gy,
the
S
21
pa
r
a
mete
r
he
r
e
by
c
a
n
be
unde
r
s
tood
a
s
ins
e
r
ti
on
los
s
f
or
non
-
a
mpl
if
ying
c
ir
c
uit
s
a
nd
a
s
ga
in
f
or
a
mpl
if
ying
c
i
r
c
uit
s
,
both
a
r
e
mea
s
ur
e
d
i
n
dB
.
T
he
other
s
S
-
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
,
S
1
1
a
nd
S
2
2
,
a
r
e
t
he
input
r
e
tur
n
los
s
a
nd
output
r
e
tur
n
los
s
of
the
2
-
por
t
ne
t
wor
k.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
pr
e
vious
wor
ks
r
e
late
d
to
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
de
s
ign
a
nd
f
a
br
ica
te
the
L
NA
us
ing
F
R
-
4,
but
only
li
mi
ted
in
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
of
unde
r
6
GH
z
:
J
.
R
a
jendr
a
l
a
nd
R
.
P
e
ter
(
2014)
[
5
]
de
s
igned
a
n
L
-
b
a
nd
L
NA
us
ing
the
AT
F
-
58143
high
e
lec
tr
on
mob
il
it
y
tr
a
ns
i
s
tor
f
or
R
F
f
r
ont
e
nd,
with
a
moder
a
te
ga
in
o
f
a
bo
ut
13
dB
a
nd
input
r
e
tur
n
los
s
of
10
dB
in
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
be
twe
e
n
0.
9
a
nd
1.
5
GH
z
.
M
.
A
r
s
a
lan
a
nd
F
.
W
u
[
6]
de
mons
tr
a
ted
a
nove
l
im
pleme
ntation
o
f
a
pHE
M
T
L
NA
that
c
a
n
be
a
ppli
e
d
to
s
a
telli
te
c
omm
u
nica
ti
ons
tr
a
c
king
r
e
c
e
iver
.
T
he
L
NA
ha
s
one
s
tage
,
wor
kin
g
be
twe
e
n
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
pa
n
of
2
-
2.
2
GH
z
with
the
t
r
a
ns
duc
e
r
ga
in
of
ove
r
10
dB
.
A
wide
ba
nd,
th
r
e
e
c
a
s
c
a
de
d
L
NA
wor
ke
d
in
L
-
ba
nd
a
nd
S
-
b
a
nd
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
J
.
L
v
e
t
a
l.
[
7]
,
in
whic
h,
a
nove
l
e
qua
li
z
a
ti
on
wa
s
pr
opos
e
d
a
nd
de
mons
tr
a
ted.
T
his
L
NA
,
due
to
the
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
the
e
qua
li
z
a
ti
on,
a
tt
a
ined
a
n
im
pr
e
s
s
ive
high
ga
in
in
the
ope
r
a
ti
ng
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
,
a
bout
38
d
B
,
while
the
input
a
nd
out
r
e
tur
n
los
s
e
s
a
r
e
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
7
dB
a
nd
8
dB
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
v
e
ly.
M
.
Z
.
A.
A.
Az
iz
e
t
a
l.
[
8
]
de
ve
loped
a
s
ingl
e
s
tage
low
no
is
e
a
mpl
if
ier
c
i
r
c
uit
de
s
ign
f
o
r
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
nd
o
f
5
GH
z
to
6
GH
z
,
with
the
ga
in
o
f
a
r
ound
7
.
78
dB
in
the
whole
s
pa
n,
the
S
1
1
of
be
low
-
10
dB
f
r
o
m
5
.
5
GH
z
to
6
GH
z
.
G.
L
.
Ning
e
t
a
l.
[
9]
p
r
e
s
e
nted
a
de
s
ign
o
f
c
o
nc
ur
r
e
nt
L
NA
f
o
r
mul
t
i
-
ba
nd
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
in
whic
h,
a
2
c
a
s
c
a
de
d
c
omm
on
-
s
our
c
e
s
tage
d
L
NA
is
matc
he
d
by
s
teppe
d
-
im
pe
da
nc
e
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
s
.
B
y
us
ing
thi
s
tec
hnique,
the
ga
in
a
nd
input
r
e
tu
r
n
los
s
ove
r
the
whole
de
s
igned
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
nd
o
f
2
–
6
GH
z
a
r
e
a
r
ound
21
dB
a
nd
10
dB
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
552
-
561
554
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
a
ls
o
s
ome
L
NA
de
s
igns
a
t
X
-
ba
nd
a
nd
ove
r
,
but
none
us
ing
F
R
-
4:
Gi
r
lando
e
t
a
l
.
[
10]
pr
e
s
e
nted
a
L
NA
topol
ogy
f
or
X
-
ba
nd
a
nd
the
b
e
ginni
ng
of
Ku
-
ba
nd
ba
s
e
d
on
the
46
GHz
-
f
T
pur
e
bipol
a
r
tec
hnol
ogy
,
with
the
ga
ins
o
f
11
.
5
dB
a
nd
8
dB
a
t
8
GH
z
a
nd
12
GH
z
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
C
.
W
a
ng
[
11
]
int
r
oduc
e
d
a
wide
ba
nd
L
NA
us
ing
nois
e
ne
utr
a
li
z
ing
tec
hniq
ue
,
whic
h
is
e
xpe
c
ted
to
a
pply
to
3
–
10
GH
z
u
lt
r
a
wide
ba
nd
s
ys
tem.
T
his
topol
ogy
ha
d
a
ga
in
of
a
r
ound
12
d
B
,
wit
h
ve
r
y
good
ga
in
f
latne
s
s
f
r
om
2
GH
z
to
10
GH
z
.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
ga
in
va
lues
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
r
a
pidl
y
a
t
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
ove
r
12
GH
z
,
thus
,
thi
s
topol
ogy
c
a
nn
ot
c
ove
r
the
Ku
-
ba
nd.
T
he
s
c
ope
of
our
wor
k
is
to
de
s
ign
a
nd
f
a
br
ica
te
a
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
L
NA
us
ing
F
R
-
4
that
c
a
n
be
int
e
gr
a
ted
to
Ku
-
ba
nd
r
e
c
e
iver
f
r
ont
-
e
nds
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
f
or
s
mall
s
a
telli
te
(
S
mallS
a
t)
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
whe
r
e
low
c
os
t
a
nd
s
hor
t
lea
d
ti
me
a
r
e
two
ins
e
pa
r
a
ble
f
a
c
tor
s
of
the
S
mallS
a
t
de
ve
lopm
e
nt.
F
o
r
de
tails
,
the
F
R
-
4
mate
r
i
a
l
c
a
n
be
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntally
us
e
d
ins
tea
d
of
tr
a
dit
ional
high
f
r
e
que
nc
y
mate
r
ials
,
thus
of
f
e
r
ing
major
c
os
t
r
e
duc
ti
on.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
the
de
s
ign
p
r
oc
e
dur
e
a
nd
tec
hnique
a
r
e
be
ing
s
im
pli
f
ied
in
o
r
de
r
to
e
a
s
il
y
pr
oduc
e
in
a
ny
r
a
diocommuni
c
a
ti
ons
labor
a
tor
y,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
a
p
ply
to
mas
s
-
pr
oduc
ti
on
f
or
s
mall
s
a
telli
tes
’
tes
ti
ng
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
a
s
s
ur
a
nc
e
a
t
s
ubs
ys
tem
leve
l
[
1
2]
.
T
his
pa
pe
r
is
o
r
ga
nize
d
a
s
f
oll
ows
:
s
e
c
ti
on
2
is
the
int
r
oduc
ti
on
of
tec
hnology
us
e
d
f
o
r
the
a
mpl
if
ier
’
s
a
c
ti
ve
de
vice
a
nd
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing
te
c
hnique,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
the
de
s
ign
a
nd
s
im
ulation
of
the
pr
op
os
e
d
L
NA
.
T
he
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
r
e
s
ult
s
a
r
e
de
mons
tr
a
ted
in
s
e
c
ti
on
3
a
nd
the
c
onc
lus
ions
a
r
e
dr
a
wn
in
s
e
c
ti
on
4.
2.
DE
S
I
GN
AN
D
S
I
M
UL
AT
I
ON
RE
S
UL
T
S
OF
T
HE
L
OW
NOI
S
E
AM
P
L
I
F
E
R
T
he
de
s
ir
e
d
L
NA
ha
s
one
s
tage
only,
the
b
lock
diagr
a
m
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
2
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
va
r
ious
tec
hnologi
e
s
us
e
d
in
de
s
igni
ng
the
a
c
ti
ve
de
vice
f
or
the
L
NA
a
t
Ku
-
ba
nd:
De
ng
e
t
a
l.
[
13
]
,
Af
s
ha
r
e
t
a
l.
[
14]
,
M
.
Ya
maga
ta
a
nd
H.
Ha
s
he
mi
[
15]
,
L
iou
e
t
a
l
.
[
16]
de
ve
loped
the
X/Ku
-
ba
nd
L
NA
topol
ogies
ba
s
e
d
on
the
C
M
OS
tec
hnology.
T
he
Ga
A
s
M
E
S
F
E
T
wa
s
de
mons
tr
a
ted
in
the
L
NA
de
s
igns
of
B
a
s
hir
e
t
a
l
.
[
17
]
,
I
s
lam
e
t
a
l
.
[
18]
.
F
ur
ther
mo
r
e
,
L
NA
s
us
ing
hig
h
e
lec
tr
on
mobi
li
ty
tr
a
ns
is
tor
(
HE
M
T
)
we
r
e
r
e
por
ted
in
the
jour
na
ls
of
M
.
F
a
ll
a
hne
jad
a
nd
A.
Ka
s
ha
nini
y
a
[
19]
a
nd
S
hoa
ib
e
t
a
l.
[
20]
.
A
two
-
s
tage
d
Ku
-
ba
nd
L
NA
f
or
s
a
telli
te
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
wa
s
pr
e
s
e
nted
by
P
.
B
is
ho
yi
a
nd
S
.
S
.
Ka
r
thi
ke
ya
n
[
21
]
.
F
.
Guo
a
nd
Z
.
Ya
o
de
s
igned
a
GaN
L
NA
in
or
de
r
to
c
ompar
e
the
powe
r
ha
ndli
ng
of
their
modul
e
with
that
of
the
tr
a
dit
ion
a
l
GaA
s
L
NA
[
22]
.
T
he
mea
s
ur
e
d
r
e
s
ult
s
of
thes
e
wor
ks
will
be
s
hown
in
the
ne
xt
s
e
c
ti
on.
I
n
thi
s
de
s
ign,
we
us
e
d
he
ter
o
junction
f
ield
e
f
f
e
c
t
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
(
HJ
F
E
T
)
,
a
nd
the
NE
3515S
02
model
ha
s
be
e
n
c
hos
e
n.
T
hough
pr
ovidi
ng
mi
ddle
output
powe
r
,
the
N
E
3515S
02’
s
a
dva
ntage
s
a
r
e
ve
r
y
low
nois
e
f
igu
r
e
a
nd
high
a
s
s
oc
iate
d
ga
in.
T
his
F
E
T
is
a
s
uit
a
ble
c
hoice
f
or
L
NA
or
buf
f
e
r
a
mpl
if
ier
s
f
r
om
X
to
Ku
-
ba
nd.
I
n
our
c
a
s
e
,
f
or
DC
bias
ing,
we
c
hos
e
the
DC
ope
r
a
ti
on
po
int
(
b
ias
point
)
a
t
V
DS
=
2V,
I
D
=
40
mA
in
o
r
de
r
to
ke
e
p
the
d
e
vice
in
it
s
a
c
ti
ve
r
e
gion
.
T
he
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
ga
te
to
s
our
c
e
volt
a
ge
V
GS
is
-
0.
2V
a
nd
the
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
powe
r
dis
s
ipation
is
les
s
than
150
mW.
F
igur
e
2.
T
he
block
diagr
a
m
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
L
NA
I
n
ge
ne
r
a
l,
the
a
dva
ntage
s
of
J
F
E
T
tec
hnology
i
s
e
xhibi
ti
ng
ve
r
y
high
input
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
a
nd
low
output
r
e
s
is
tanc
e
,
pr
ovidi
ng
high
ther
mal
s
tabili
ty
a
nd
high
de
gr
e
e
of
is
olation
be
twe
e
n
the
input
a
nd
output
of
the
tr
a
ns
is
tor
.
I
t
is
a
good
c
hoice
f
o
r
m
icr
os
tr
ip
L
NA
,
with
r
e
s
pe
c
t
to
the
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing
a
s
pe
c
t.
I
n
or
de
r
to
de
li
ve
r
the
maximum
a
mount
of
p
owe
r
f
r
om
the
s
our
c
e
to
the
load,
the
input
a
nd
output
im
pe
da
nc
e
s
(
Z
in
a
nd
Z
o
u
t
)
o
f
the
tr
a
ns
is
tor
ne
e
d
to
be
matc
he
d
with
the
s
our
c
e
a
nd
load
im
pe
da
nc
e
s
(
Z
S
a
nd
Z
L
)
.
W
e
do
the
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing
f
o
r
the
s
tanda
r
d
Z
S
a
nd
Z
L
of
50
Ohms
.
T
he
f
igur
e
be
low
de
m
ons
tr
a
tes
the
L
NA
with
matc
hing
ne
twor
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
De
s
ign
and
f
abr
ication
of
a
K
u
-
band
low
no
is
e
amplif
ier
us
ing
F
R
-
4
s
ubs
tr
ate
(
L
inh
T
a
P
huong
)
555
I
n
F
igu
r
e
3,
Г
S
,
Г
L
,
Г
in
a
nd
Г
o
u
t
a
r
e
the
r
e
f
le
c
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
icie
nts
of
the
s
our
c
e
,
the
load
,
the
input
a
nd
out
put
of
the
tr
a
ns
is
tor
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
Z
0
is
the
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
im
pe
da
nc
e
of
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
li
ne
s
w
hich
a
r
e
c
onne
c
ted
to
the
s
our
c
e
a
nd
the
load,
in
our
c
a
s
e
,
it
s
va
lue
is
50Ω
.
W
he
n
goe
s
th
r
ough
the
input
a
nd
output
matc
hing
ne
twor
ks
,
the
Z
0
is
tr
a
ns
f
or
med
to
the
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
c
ompl
e
x
im
pe
da
nc
e
s
of
the
t
r
a
ns
is
tor
’
s
input
a
nd
output
.
G
S
,
G
0
a
nd
G
L
a
r
e
the
ga
in
f
a
c
tor
s
of
the
input
matc
hing
ne
twor
k,
the
tr
a
ns
is
tor
i
ts
e
lf
a
nd
the
output
matc
hing
ne
twor
k
in
tu
r
n.
T
he
ove
r
a
ll
tr
a
ns
duc
e
r
ga
in
is
G
T
=
G
S
.
G
0
.
G
L.
S
ince
G
0
is
uni
que
a
t
a
c
e
r
tain
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
a
given
tr
a
ns
is
tor
,
the
ove
r
a
ll
ga
in
o
f
the
a
mpl
i
f
ier
is
only
be
ing
c
ont
r
oll
e
d
by
va
r
ying
the
va
lues
of
G
S
a
nd
G
L
of
the
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing
ne
twor
ks
[
24
]
.
T
he
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing
tec
hniq
ue
us
e
d
f
or
thi
s
L
NA
topol
ogy
is
s
teppe
d
im
pe
da
nc
e
ma
tching.
T
his
is
a
method
in
whic
h
,
the
im
pe
da
nc
e
va
lues
c
ha
nge
d
f
lexibly
f
r
om
the
input
to
the
output
of
th
e
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing
ne
twor
k.
I
t
c
a
n
be
e
a
s
il
y
a
ppli
e
d
to
the
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
P
C
B
by
c
ha
nging
the
width
a
nd
le
ngth
of
the
mi
c
r
os
tr
ip
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
li
ne
s
.
B
y
us
in
g
s
teppe
d
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing,
the
phys
ica
l
length
of
t
he
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
li
ne
s
c
a
n
be
s
hor
tene
d,
thus
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
the
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
o
f
the
R
F
s
ignal
whe
n
tr
a
ve
ll
ing
th
r
ough
thes
e
.
T
his
point
is
ve
r
y
im
po
r
tant
whe
n
f
a
br
ica
ti
ng
the
mi
c
r
owa
ve
c
ir
c
uit
s
with
high
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
s
ub
s
tr
a
te
li
ke
F
R
-
4.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
the
ope
r
a
ti
on
ba
nd
width
of
the
L
NA
c
a
n
be
im
pr
ove
d
whe
n
a
pply
ing
thi
s
ma
tching
tec
hnique
a
nd
the
di
mens
ions
of
the
c
ir
c
ui
t
c
a
n
be
c
ons
ider
a
bly
r
e
duc
e
d.
F
igur
e
4
il
lus
tr
a
tes
a
typi
c
a
l
s
teppe
d
im
pe
da
nc
e
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
.
I
n
F
igur
e
4,
im
pe
da
nc
e
of
the
i
th
s
tage
that
l
ooks
towa
r
d
the
ter
mi
na
ti
on
c
a
n
be
c
a
lcula
ted
a
s
f
oll
ow
[
9
]
:
′
=
+
1
′
+
t
a
n
(
)
+
+
1
′
t
a
n
(
)
(
2)
whe
r
e
i
=
1
,
2,
…
.
,
n
a
nd
β
is
the
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
c
on
s
tant.
l
i
is
the
phys
ica
l
length
a
nd
Z
i
is
the
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
im
pe
da
nc
e
of
the
i
t
h
s
tage
.
I
n
ge
ne
r
a
l
,
the
pr
inciple
in
de
s
igni
ng
our
s
teppe
d
im
pe
da
nc
e
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
i
s
s
im
il
a
r
to
that
of
[
25
]
,
but
f
or
a
much
higher
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
n
ge
.
F
igur
e
3.
T
he
block
diagr
a
m
of
the
s
ingl
e
s
tage
L
NA
with
ma
tching
ne
twor
k
(
r
e
dr
a
wn
f
r
om
[
23
])
F
igur
e
4.
P
r
incipa
l
diagr
a
m
of
the
s
teppe
d
im
pe
da
nc
e
tr
a
ns
f
or
mer
[
9]
F
or
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing
,
the
input
a
nd
output
r
e
f
l
e
c
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
icie
nts
(
S
11
a
nd
S
22
)
o
f
N
E
3515S
02
a
t
the
c
hos
e
n
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
in
Ku
-
ba
nd
wa
s
take
n
f
r
o
m
the
de
vice
’
s
da
tas
he
e
t,
ba
s
e
d
on
thes
e
va
lues
,
t
he
input
a
nd
output
im
pe
da
nc
e
s
of
the
tr
a
ns
is
tor
c
a
n
be
c
a
lcula
ted.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
by
us
ing
(
2)
r
e
c
ur
s
ively,
the
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
im
pe
da
nc
e
s
Z
i
of
e
a
c
h
s
teppe
d
i
mpeda
nc
e
s
e
c
ti
on
c
a
n
be
de
ter
mi
ne
d.
T
he
e
lec
tr
ica
l
length
of
e
a
c
h
s
e
c
ti
on
ha
s
b
e
e
n
c
hos
e
n
e
qua
l
to
a
qua
r
ter
wa
ve
length
or
a
mul
ti
ple
of
thi
s
va
lue,
thus
the
L
NA
c
a
n
be
ope
r
a
ted
in
s
e
ve
r
a
l
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
s
in
the
Ku
-
ba
nd.
T
he
c
or
r
e
s
pondin
g
phys
ica
l
length
a
nd
widt
h
of
e
a
c
h
s
e
c
ti
on
c
a
n
then
be
c
a
lcula
ted,
a
s
s
howe
d
in
T
a
ble
1
.
I
t
is
noti
c
e
d
in
the
a
bove
table
s
that
the
dim
e
ns
io
ns
of
the
s
teppe
d
im
pe
da
nc
e
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
mer
s
va
r
ied
nonli
ne
a
r
ly
ove
r
the
f
ou
r
s
e
c
ti
ons
.
T
his
a
ll
owe
d
u
s
to
ve
r
s
a
ti
lely
modi
f
y
the
i
mpeda
nc
e
va
lues
thr
o
ugh
e
a
c
h
s
e
c
ti
on,
thus
c
ha
nge
the
va
lues
of
the
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
qua
li
ty
f
a
c
tor
(
Q
)
of
them
.
F
or
de
tails
,
whe
n
d
e
gr
a
ding
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
552
-
561
556
the
qua
li
ty
f
a
c
tor
,
the
ga
in
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
but
a
wide
r
ba
ndwidth
ha
s
be
e
n
r
e
a
c
he
d,
a
nd
vice
ve
r
s
a
.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
the
ba
ndwidth
c
a
n
be
a
djus
ted
(
na
r
r
owe
r
or
wide
r
)
with
r
e
s
pe
c
t
to
the
de
s
ign
r
e
quir
e
ment
of
the
L
NA
.
T
he
F
R
-
4
mate
r
ial
us
e
d
f
or
the
L
NA
ha
s
the
f
oll
o
wing
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
:
R
e
lative
diele
c
tr
ic
c
ons
tant:
4.
34,
los
s
tange
nt:
0.
0023,
diele
c
tr
ic
he
ight
:
1
.
6
mm
,
c
onduc
tor
thi
c
kne
s
s
:
0.
035
mm
,
r
oughne
s
s
:
0.
0095.
T
he
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
s
(
in
De
c
ibel)
o
f
the
input
r
e
f
lec
ti
on
c
oe
f
f
icie
nt
(
S
11
)
a
nd
ins
e
r
ti
on
los
s
(
S
21
)
ha
ve
be
e
n
e
xe
c
uted
by
the
Adva
nc
e
d
De
s
ign
S
ys
tem
(
AD
S
)
2014,
pr
ovided
by
Ke
ys
ight
.
T
he
s
c
he
matic
d
e
s
ign
is
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igu
r
e
5
.
T
a
ble
1.
T
he
de
s
ign
va
lues
o
f
s
teppe
d
im
pe
da
nc
e
t
r
a
ns
f
or
mer
f
or
the
input
a
nd
output
br
a
nc
h
matc
hi
ng
S
e
c
ti
on
I
nput
br
a
nc
h
O
ut
put
br
a
nc
h
W
id
th
(
mm
)
L
e
ngt
h (
mm
)
Z
i
(
O
hms
)
W
id
th
(
mm
)
L
e
ngt
h (
mm
)
Z
(
O
hms
)
1
3.87
7.22
43.9
3.87
5.32
43.9
2
9.8
2.12
22.4
7.68
2.12
27.1
3
5.8
11.5
33.3
5.8
10.46
33.3
4
2.75
4.03
54
2.6
10.1
55.8
F
igur
e
5.
T
he
s
im
ulation
s
c
he
matic
of
the
Ku
-
ba
nd
L
NA
us
ing
F
R
-
4,
with
s
teppe
d
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing
ne
twor
k
F
igur
e
6
s
hows
the
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
s
of
the
ga
in
a
n
d
r
e
tur
n
los
s
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
L
NA
in
3
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
s
,
c
e
nter
e
d
a
t
12
.
2
GH
z
,
14.
9
GH
z
a
nd
17
.
6
GH
z
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
I
t
is
c
lea
r
ly
s
e
e
n
that
in
th
e
a
bove
f
igur
e
s
,
the
S
21
a
nd
S
11
is
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
11.
9
dB
a
nd
-
18
dB
a
t
12.
2
GH
z
,
12.
5
dB
a
nd
-
24
dB
a
t
14.
9
GH
z
a
nd
a
r
ound
9.
5
dB
a
nd
-
9
dB
a
t
17
.
6
GH
z
.
I
t
mea
ns
that
our
L
NA
ha
s
the
a
bil
it
y
of
ope
r
a
ti
ng
in
s
e
ve
r
a
l
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
s
f
r
om
the
be
ginn
ing
to
the
e
nd
o
f
the
Ku
-
ba
nd.
F
igur
e
7
s
hows
the
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
s
o
f
the
noi
s
e
f
igur
e
(i
n
dB
)
in
t
he
3
mentioned
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
s
.
As
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
the
a
bove
f
igur
e
,
the
nois
e
f
igur
e
s
of
a
ll
the
mentioned
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
s
a
r
e
be
low
1
dB
.
T
he
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
s
met
the
de
s
ign
r
e
quir
e
me
nt,
thus
,
the
nois
e
is
pr
e
dicte
d
to
ha
ve
no
de
t
r
im
e
ntal
e
f
f
e
c
t
to
the
de
s
igned
L
NA
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
De
s
ign
and
f
abr
ication
of
a
K
u
-
band
low
no
is
e
amplif
ier
us
ing
F
R
-
4
s
ubs
tr
ate
(
L
inh
T
a
P
huong
)
557
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
F
igur
e
6.
T
he
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
s
of
S
11
a
nd
S
21
in
th
e
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
o
f
(
a
)
11
–
14
GH
z
(
b)
14
–
16
GH
z
(
c
)
16
–
19
GH
z
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
F
igur
e
7.
T
he
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
o
f
the
no
is
e
f
igur
e
s
e
e
n
f
r
om
the
input
in
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
s
whic
h
c
e
nter
e
d
at
(
a
)
12
.
2
GH
z
,
(
b
)
14
.
9
GH
z
,
(
c
)
17.
6
GH
z
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
552
-
561
558
3.
M
E
ASURE
D
RE
S
UL
T
S
T
he
L
NA
c
ir
c
uit
wa
s
de
s
igned
a
nd
f
a
br
ica
ted
in
our
labor
a
to
r
y
ba
s
e
d
on
the
AD
S
pa
c
ka
ge
a
nd
the
L
P
KF
P
r
otoM
a
t
C
40
mac
hine.
F
or
tes
ti
ng
a
nd
mea
s
ur
ing,
the
Agilent
E
8257D
S
ignal
Ge
ne
r
a
tor
ha
s
be
e
n
us
e
d
to
pr
ovide
a
n
incoming
s
ignal
to
the
input
of
the
L
NA
mo
dule,
the
Agilent
E
4446A
S
pe
c
tr
um
Ana
lyze
r
then
r
e
c
e
ived
the
output
s
ignal
of
the
L
NA
a
nd
di
s
playe
d
it
in
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
domain
,
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
8
.
F
igur
e
9
s
hows
the
mea
s
ur
e
d
r
e
s
ult
s
of
the
Ku
-
ba
nd
L
NA
,
whic
h
a
r
e
c
or
r
e
s
ponding
to
the
a
bove
s
i
mul
a
ted
r
e
s
ult
s
.
T
he
mea
s
ur
e
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
d
f
r
om
1
2
GH
z
to
18
GH
z
.
T
he
mea
s
ur
e
wa
s
done
by
c
oll
e
c
ti
ng
the
a
mpl
it
ude
va
lues
of
the
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
s
ignal
ove
r
the
mea
s
ur
e
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
s
with
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
tep
of
10
M
Hz
.
(
a
)
(
b)
F
igur
e
8.
(
a
)
T
he
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
mea
s
ur
e
ment
,
(
b)
T
he
f
a
br
ica
ted
L
NA
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
F
igur
e
9.
T
he
mea
s
ur
e
d
r
e
s
ult
s
of
S
21
in
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
of
(
a
)
11
–
4
GH
z
,
(
b
)
14
–
16
GH
z
,
(
c
)
16
–
19
GH
z
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
De
s
ign
and
f
abr
ication
of
a
K
u
-
band
low
no
is
e
amplif
ier
us
ing
F
R
-
4
s
ubs
tr
ate
(
L
inh
T
a
P
huong
)
559
I
n
F
igur
e
9
(
a
)
,
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
is
a
bout
12.
2
GH
z
,
whic
h
is
we
ll
-
matc
h
e
d
with
the
a
bove
pr
e
diction.
T
he
-
10
dB
ba
ndwidth
is
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
400
M
Hz
,
whic
h
is
na
r
r
owe
r
than
that
of
the
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
pe
a
ke
d
ga
in
is
c
ons
ider
a
bly
high
e
r
(
15
dB
c
ompar
e
d
with
11.
9
dB
)
.
As
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
in
F
igur
e
9
(
b
)
,
in
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
gion
of
14
–
16
G
Hz
,
the
ga
in
va
lues
ha
ve
two
maxima
of
a
r
ound
1
1
dB
a
nd
10
dB
a
t
the
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
of
14
.
37
GH
z
a
nd
15
.
1
5
GH
z
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
his
r
e
s
ult
is
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
f
r
om
the
S
21
c
ur
ve
in
F
igur
e
6
(
b
)
,
it
mainly
c
a
us
e
d
by
the
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
the
F
R
-
4
s
ubs
tr
a
te
in
r
e
a
l
e
nvir
onment.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
highes
t
ga
in
va
lues
a
t
thes
e
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
a
r
e
a
c
c
e
ptable
.
L
ike
the
two
a
bove
e
xpe
r
im
e
nta
l
r
e
s
ult
s
,
the
tr
e
nd
of
the
S
21
c
u
r
ve
in
F
igur
e
9
(
c
)
s
howe
d
a
mor
e
s
e
lec
ti
ve
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
than
the
s
im
ulate
d
r
e
s
ult
.
T
he
mea
s
ur
e
d
ga
in
is
a
ppr
oxi
mate
ly
10
dB
a
t
17
.
8
GH
z
,
whic
h
is
a
lm
os
t
s
im
il
a
r
to
the
s
im
ulation.
T
he
f
r
e
que
nc
y
ba
ndwidth
is
be
ing
ti
ghtene
d
a
s
pr
e
d
icte
d
in
the
pr
e
vious
s
e
c
ti
on.
T
he
mea
s
ur
e
d
-
10
dB
ba
ndwidth
is
a
r
ound
200
M
Hz
.
T
he
tr
a
de
-
of
f
be
twe
e
n
ga
in
a
nd
ba
ndwidth
i
s
a
ls
o
be
ing
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igur
e
9
(
a
)
a
nd
F
igur
e
9
(
b)
.
T
a
ble
2
s
hows
the
c
ompar
is
on
be
twe
e
n
our
pur
pos
e
d
L
NA
a
nd
the
L
NA
’
s
pr
e
vious
wor
ks
.
T
a
ble
2.
C
ompar
is
on
of
the
de
s
ign
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
o
f
p
r
opos
e
d
L
NA
a
nd
other
L
NA
s
ope
r
a
te
in
Ku
-
ba
nd
R
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
F
r
e
que
nc
ie
s
(
G
H
z
)
G
a
in
(
dB
)
N
ot
e
T
hi
s
w
or
k
H
J
F
E
T
12.2
14.4 a
nd 15.1
17.6
15
10
15
D
e
mons
tr
a
ti
on f
or
na
r
r
ow
ba
nd f
r
e
que
nc
ie
s
B
a
s
hi
r
e
t.
a
l.
[
17]
G
aA
s
M
E
S
F
E
T
12 G
H
z
14.2
S
im
ul
a
ti
on r
e
s
ul
ts
onl
y
I
s
la
m e
t.
a
l.
[
18]
G
aA
s
M
E
S
F
E
T
12 G
H
z
8.9
M
.F
a
ll
a
hne
ja
d, A
.K
a
s
ha
ni
ni
ya
[
19]
H
E
M
T
10 G
H
z
15 G
H
z
13
15
S
im
ul
a
ti
on r
e
s
ul
ts
onl
y
S
hoa
ib
e
t.
a
l.
[
20]
P
H
E
M
T
12.7 G
H
z
8.4
D
e
ng e
t.
a
l.
[
13]
C
M
O
S
(
0
.
18
µ
m)
14 t
o 15
>
10
B
.A
f
s
ha
r
, A
.M
. N
ik
ne
ja
d [
14]
C
M
O
S
(
0
.
18
µ
m)
11 G
H
z
12 (
2 s
ta
ge
s
)
8 (
s
in
gl
e
s
ta
ge
)
L
io
u e
t.
a
l.
[
16]
C
M
O
S
(
0
.
18
µ
m)
12
15 (
mi
dba
nd)
18
10.1
9.7
8.2
M
.Y
a
ma
ga
ta
, H
.
H
a
s
he
mi
[
15]
C
M
O
S
(
0
.
13
µ
m)
10.1
13
-
14
I
n
ge
ne
r
a
l,
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
S
21
of
ou
r
wo
r
k
f
r
om
12
GH
z
to
18
GH
z
is
not
a
s
good
a
s
that
of
the
mentioned
wo
r
ks
.
T
his
is
due
to
the
f
a
c
t
that
o
ur
f
a
b
r
ica
ted
s
ubs
tr
a
te
is
F
R
-
4,
a
high
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
mate
r
ial
a
t
the
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
of
ove
r
10
GH
z
,
thus
our
topo
lo
gy
c
a
n
ha
r
dly
be
us
e
d
a
s
a
wide
ba
nd
L
NA
a
t
the
Ku
-
ba
nd.
How
e
ve
r
,
whe
n
z
oomi
ng
in
the
na
r
r
ow
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
pa
ns
with
the
c
e
nter
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
de
mons
t
r
a
ted
a
bove
,
the
mea
s
ur
e
d
ga
ins
a
r
e
we
ll
s
uit
e
d
f
o
r
the
na
r
r
ow
ba
nd
L
NA
’
s
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
.
I
n
th
is
c
a
s
e
,
the
ga
in
f
l
a
tnes
s
is
not
a
major
pa
r
a
mete
r
a
s
it
doe
s
in
the
wide
ba
n
d
L
NA
.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
the
na
r
r
owba
nd
ga
ins
c
a
n
be
e
a
s
il
y
tuned
to
the
de
s
ir
e
d
c
e
nter
f
r
e
que
nc
ies
in
the
whole
Ku
-
ba
nd
by
modi
f
ying
the
s
teppe
d
im
pe
da
nc
e
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
li
ne
s
.
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
T
his
pa
pe
r
int
r
oduc
e
d
a
bout
a
Ku
-
ba
nd
low
noi
s
e
a
mpl
if
ier
us
ing
the
c
omm
on
F
R
-
4
s
ubs
tr
a
te.
B
y
us
ing
thi
s
type
of
mate
r
ial,
we
c
a
n
pr
im
a
r
il
y
s
olve
out
the
pr
oblem
of
ba
lanc
ing
be
twe
e
n
c
os
t
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
high
f
r
e
que
nc
y
L
NA
.
F
ur
t
he
r
mor
e
,
by
a
pplyi
ng
the
s
teppe
d
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing
tec
hnique,
the
c
ir
c
uit
’
s
length
is
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
r
e
du
c
e
d
a
nd
it
lea
ds
to
the
a
bil
it
y
of
in
tegr
a
ti
ng
thi
s
wi
th
s
mall
r
e
c
e
iver
’
s
modul
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
the
r
e
c
e
iver
f
r
ont
-
e
nds
of
the
s
mall
s
a
telli
tes
.
T
he
s
im
ulate
d
a
nd
mea
s
ur
e
d
r
e
s
ult
s
a
r
e
be
ing
pr
e
s
e
nted,
a
nd
the
ga
in
va
lues
ove
r
the
e
xpe
r
im
e
ntal
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
s
a
r
e
a
ppr
oxi
mate
d
to
the
maximum
ga
in
va
lue
of
the
NE
3515
S
02
H
J
F
E
T
’
s
da
ta
s
he
e
t
in
Ku
-
ba
nd.
T
hough
ther
e
we
r
e
s
ome
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
of
the
pe
a
ke
d
ga
in
a
t
lowe
r
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
a
nge
s
be
twe
e
n
s
im
ulation
a
nd
mea
s
ur
e
ment,
it
s
ti
ll
pr
ove
d
that
the
pr
opos
e
d
L
NA
modul
e
c
a
n
be
ope
r
a
ted
a
s
a
na
r
r
owba
nd
a
mpl
if
ier
in
the
e
nti
r
e
Ku
-
ba
nd
with
high
s
e
l
e
c
ti
ve
f
r
e
que
nc
y
,
a
nd
the
ba
ndwidth
c
a
n
be
f
lexibly
a
djus
ted
with
r
e
s
pe
c
t
to
the
de
s
ign
r
e
q
uir
e
ment
by
va
r
ying
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
li
ne
s
’
dim
e
ns
ions
of
t
he
im
pe
da
nc
e
matc
hing
ne
twor
k
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
R.
D
j
o
rd
j
e
v
i
c,
R.
M.
Bi
l
j
i
e,
V
.
D
.
L
i
k
ar
-
Smi
l
j
an
i
c
an
d
T
.
K
.
Sark
ar,
"
W
i
d
eb
a
n
d
freq
u
en
c
y
-
d
o
m
ai
n
ch
aract
er
i
zat
i
o
n
o
f
FR
-
4
an
d
t
i
me
-
d
o
mai
n
cau
s
a
l
i
t
y
,
"
IE
E
E
Tr
a
n
s
a
ct
i
o
n
s
o
n
E
l
ec
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
et
i
c
Co
m
p
a
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
6
2
-
6
6
7
,
N
o
v
2
0
0
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2020
:
552
-
561
560
[2
]
J
.
Co
o
n
r
o
d
,
et
.
al
.,
“
Sel
ect
i
n
g
PCB
Mat
eri
a
l
s
fo
r
H
i
g
h
-
Freq
u
e
n
cy
A
p
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
M
i
c
r
o
w
a
ve
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
E
u
r
o
p
e,
p
p
.
18
-
21
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
Ri
ck
H
ar
t
l
ey
,
“
RF
/
M
i
cro
w
av
e
PC
B
o
ard
D
es
i
g
n
an
d
L
ay
o
u
t
Bas
e
Ma
t
eri
al
s
f
o
r
H
i
g
h
Sp
ee
d
,
H
i
g
h
Freq
u
en
c
y
PC
Bo
ard
s
,
”
[O
n
l
i
n
e],
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
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ay
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[4
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o
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zman
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.
[5
]
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.
Raj
en
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ra
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,
R.
Pet
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ri
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p
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[6
]
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A
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p
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[7
]
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Ba
o
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ro
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p
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[8
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.
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M.
K
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A
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4
.
[9
]
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.
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ao
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p
p
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1
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[1
0
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.
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d
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.
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o
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9
th
In
t
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p
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6
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2
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1
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C.
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C.
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2
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p
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2
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[1
3
]
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.
D
en
g
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l
.
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t
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In
t
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r
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Tech
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y:
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t
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r
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t
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&
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p
p
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2
0
0
5
.
[1
4
]
B.
A
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h
ar
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n
d
A
.
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N
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ad
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"
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Ban
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p
p
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2
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2
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0
6
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[1
5
]
M.
Y
amag
a
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d
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,
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D
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p
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8
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ec
2
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[1
6
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W
an
-
R
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o
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d
d
art
h
Rai
Mah
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t
er
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p
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[1
7
]
M.
A
.
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h
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r,
M.
M.
A
h
med
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.
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q
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.
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.
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p
p
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3
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[1
8
]
M.
R.
Is
l
am
et
al
.
,
“
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es
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g
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f
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at
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n
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,
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'
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al
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u
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u
r,
p
p
.
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0
.
[1
9
]
M.
F
al
l
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n
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ad
an
d
A
.
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as
h
an
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n
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G
H
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r
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mmu
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s
,
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S
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Jo
u
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p
.
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an
2
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0
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.
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o
ai
b
,
M.
A
h
mad
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d
I.
Mah
mo
o
d
,
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fab
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2
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8
2
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In
t
e
r
n
a
t
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l
Co
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A
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Tec
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,
p
p
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2
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.
[2
1
]
P.
Bi
s
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o
y
i
an
d
S.
K
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h
i
k
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a
n
,
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2
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1
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In
t
e
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a
t
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Co
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n
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r
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g
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P
)
,
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maru
v
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u
r
,
p
p
.
0
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7
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3
,
2
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1
5
.
[2
2
]
F.
G
u
o
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d
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.
Y
a
o
,
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aN
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o
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er,
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