T
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L
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un
ica
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E
lect
ro
nics
a
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Co
ntr
o
l
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
,
p
p
.
194
~
200
I
SS
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1
6
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6
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v
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194
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Perf
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pro
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Art
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nfo
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ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
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u
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2
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1
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
18
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2
0
2
1
Acc
ep
ted
Dec
27
,
2
0
2
1
Ve
h
icu
lar
a
d
-
h
o
c
n
e
two
rk
(VA
NET)
,
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
is
n
e
two
rk
in
re
c
e
n
t
y
e
a
rs
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
st
imp
o
rtan
t
a
re
a
s
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
.
Th
e
p
rima
ry
g
o
a
l
o
f
u
sin
g
t
h
e
VA
NE
T
n
e
tw
o
rk
is
to
re
d
u
c
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
d
e
a
t
h
s
a
n
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
ro
a
d
sa
fe
ty
.
VA
NET
n
e
two
rk
f
a
c
e
s
so
m
e
p
ro
b
lem
s
wh
e
n
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
a
c
k
e
ts
b
e
twe
e
n
v
e
h
icle
s,
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
h
ig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
v
e
h
icle
s.
Th
e
re
fo
re
,
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
h
a
v
e
b
e
g
u
n
to
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
i
n
t
h
e
VA
NET
n
e
two
rk
t
o
o
v
e
rc
o
m
e
t
h
e
se
p
r
o
b
le
m
s wh
e
n
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
a
c
k
e
ts b
e
twe
e
n
v
e
h
icle
s.
In
t
h
is
stu
d
y
,
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
v
e
h
icle
s
o
n
th
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
d
-
h
o
c
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
d
istan
c
e
v
e
c
to
r
(AO
DV
)
p
ro
to
c
o
l
will
b
e
stu
d
ied
i
n
th
e
h
ig
h
wa
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
in
t
h
e
c
a
se
o
f
v
e
h
icle
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
v
a
riab
le sp
e
e
d
s
b
e
twe
e
n
(4
0
-
1
2
0
k
m
/h
)
a
n
d
th
e
sim
u
latio
n
ti
m
e
is
2
0
0
se
c
.
Th
e
a
d
-
h
o
c
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
d
istan
c
e
v
e
c
to
r
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
wa
s
e
v
a
lu
a
ted
b
y
t
h
re
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
m
e
a
su
re
s
(e
n
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
d
e
lay
,
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
p
a
c
k
e
ts
,
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
a
n
d
p
a
c
k
e
t
d
e
li
v
e
ry
ra
ti
o
).
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
AODV
MA
NE
T
MA
T
L
AB
V2
I
V2
V
VANE
T
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Osam
a
A.
Qasim
C
o
m
p
u
ter
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
E
n
g
in
e
er
in
g
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t,
T
ec
h
n
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
C
o
ll
e
ge
No
r
th
er
n
T
ec
h
n
ical
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
Mo
s
u
l,
I
r
aq
E
m
ail:
o
s
am
a.
h
ass
an
i@
n
tu
.
ed
u
.
iq
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mo
b
ile
ad
-
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
(
MA
NE
T
)
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
MA
NE
T
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
tain
s
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
is
s
elf
-
o
r
g
a
n
izin
g
a
n
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
c
o
n
tain
a
b
ase
s
tatio
n
,
s
o
th
er
e
is
n
o
ce
n
tr
al
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
in
MA
NE
T
n
e
two
r
k
m
o
v
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
a
n
d
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
a
cts
as
a
r
o
u
ter
th
at
d
ir
ec
ts
th
e
p
ac
k
ets
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
u
s
in
g
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
[
2
]
.
Veh
icu
lar
ad
-
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
(
VANE
T
)
,
is
a
s
u
b
cl
ass
o
f
MA
NE
T
,
b
u
t
it
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
it
with
s
o
m
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
as
th
e
n
o
d
es
in
VANE
T
m
o
v
e
at
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
s
p
ee
d
y
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
a
m
en
d
m
e
n
t.
VANE
T
n
etwo
r
k
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
in
tellig
en
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
I
T
s
)
as
it
em
b
o
d
ied
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as c
o
m
f
o
r
t,
en
ter
tain
m
en
t a
n
d
r
o
ad
s
af
ety
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
as n
o
t sto
p
p
ed
d
u
e
to
im
p
o
s
ed
r
estrictio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
b
an
d
wid
th
r
estrictio
n
s
,
p
o
wer
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
h
i
g
h
er
r
o
r
r
ate
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
VANE
T
n
etwo
r
k
allo
ws
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
v
eh
icles
(
V
2
V)
o
r
am
o
n
g
v
eh
icle
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
(
V
2
I
)
an
d
u
s
es
th
e
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
co
n
c
ep
t
wh
en
th
e
v
eh
icle
is
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
wir
eless
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
VA
N
E
T
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
m
o
d
el
in
th
e
VANE
T
n
etwo
r
k
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ly
o
n
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
v
eh
icle
(
V2
V)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
V
ANE
T
.
Oth
er
ty
p
es
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ar
e
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
is
p
ap
e
r
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
c
h
es,
we
n
o
te
th
at
r
esear
ch
ef
f
o
r
ts
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
n
ew
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
f
o
r
th
e
VANE
T
n
etwo
r
k
,
b
u
t
o
n
ly
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
wer
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
[
5
]
.
VANE
T
n
etwo
r
k
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
d
-
h
o
c
o
n
-
d
ema
n
d
d
is
ta
n
ce
ve
ct
o
r
p
r
o
to
co
l in
… (
Osa
ma
A
.
Q
a
s
im
)
195
g
r
o
u
p
is
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
th
e
p
ath
o
n
ly
u
p
o
n
r
eq
u
est.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
,
th
ese
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
wo
r
k
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
wh
er
e
th
e
p
ath
is
d
is
co
v
er
ed
a
n
d
m
ain
tain
ed
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
wh
eth
er
th
e
p
ath
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
r
n
o
t,
wh
er
e
a
r
o
u
tin
g
ta
b
le
is
b
u
ilt
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
e
x
ch
an
g
e
o
f
m
ess
ag
es
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
an
d
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
ta
b
le
is
u
p
d
ated
at
th
e
en
d
o
r
p
er
io
d
ically
.
A
n
o
d
e
s
ea
r
c
h
es
f
o
r
th
e
p
ath
in
its
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
l
e
in
ca
s
e
it
wan
ts
t
o
co
n
tact
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
g
r
o
u
p
is
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
a
d
v
an
tag
es
o
f
r
ea
c
tiv
e
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
p
ath
d
etec
ti
o
n
tim
e
b
y
allo
win
g
n
o
d
es
clo
s
e
to
e
ac
h
o
th
er
to
f
o
r
m
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
r
o
u
tin
g
e
x
p
en
s
es
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
p
ath
d
etec
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
lo
ca
te
th
e
p
ath
s
o
f
d
is
tan
t
n
o
d
es
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
lies
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ad
-
h
o
c
o
n
-
de
m
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
v
ec
t
o
r
(
AODV
)
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
in
th
e
h
ig
h
way
s
ce
n
ar
io
an
d
ca
lc
u
latin
g
th
e
(
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
elay
,
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
p
ac
k
ets
,
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
p
ac
k
e
t d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
)
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
e
r
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
is
a
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
ec
tio
n
is
th
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
s
ec
tio
n
is
th
e
VANE
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
if
th
s
ec
tio
n
is
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
e
s
ix
th
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
ev
en
th
s
ec
t
io
n
is
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
eig
h
th
s
ec
tio
n
is
t
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Hae
r
r
i
et
a
l.
[
6
]
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
o
p
tim
ized
lin
k
s
tate
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
OL
SR
)
an
d
ad
-
h
o
c
o
n
-
d
em
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
v
ec
to
r
(
AODV
)
p
r
o
to
co
l w
as im
p
lem
en
ted
in
a
city
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
ca
r
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
7
2
to
1
2
6
k
m
/s
,
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
r
s
f
r
o
m
4
0
to
8
0
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
two
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
was
ev
alu
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
an
d
E
2
E
d
ela
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
h
o
we
d
th
at
th
e
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
as
th
e
lo
west
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
t
d
e
li
v
e
ry
ra
ti
o
(
PDR
)
th
an
OL
SR
at
lo
w
d
en
s
ity
,
wh
ile
th
e
PDR
o
f
in
AODV
in
cr
ea
s
es wh
en
th
e
d
e
n
s
ity
o
f
v
eh
icles in
cr
ea
s
es.
W
h
ile
th
e
OL
SR
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
as th
e
lo
west p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
d
an
d
E
2
E
d
elay
.
Kh
an
an
d
Qay
y
u
m
[
7
]
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
AODV
an
d
OL
S
R
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
an
u
r
b
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
u
s
in
g
Np
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
Nak
ag
am
i
r
ad
io
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
m
o
d
el
with
th
e
ch
a
n
g
e
in
v
eh
i
cle
d
en
s
ity
b
etwe
en
(
3
0
,
5
0
,
7
0
,
9
0
,
an
d
1
2
0
)
v
e
h
i
cles.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
NS
-
2
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
two
p
r
o
to
co
ls
was
ev
alu
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
PDR
an
d
E
2
E
d
elay
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
OL
SR
p
r
o
to
co
l is b
etter
th
an
AODV
.
L
ag
e
et
a
l.
[
8
]
th
e
AODV
,
d
y
n
am
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
(
DSR
)
,
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
-
s
eq
u
en
ce
d
d
is
tan
ce
v
ec
to
r
(
DSDV)
p
r
o
to
co
ls
wer
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
o
n
th
e
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
v
e
h
icle
in
VANE
T
,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
v
eh
icles
was
ch
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
5
0
k
m
/s
in
th
e
city
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
to
1
0
8
k
m
/s
in
th
e
h
ig
h
way
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
was
ev
alu
ated
b
y
c
h
an
g
in
g
th
e
v
eh
icle
d
en
s
ity
b
etwe
en
1
0
,
2
0
a
n
d
4
0
v
eh
icles.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
s
im
u
lat
io
n
o
f
u
r
b
an
m
o
b
ilit
y
(
SUMO)
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
lato
r
(
NS2
)
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
was
ev
alu
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
p
ac
k
ets,
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ac
k
ets,
PDR
,
r
ec
eiv
ed
p
ac
k
ets,
r
o
u
tin
g
lo
ad
,
an
d
E
2
E
d
elay
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
b
etter
th
a
n
DSR
an
d
DSDV.
Sin
g
h
et
a
l.
[
9
]
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
DSR
,
AODV
,
an
d
OL
SR
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
i
n
th
e
city
an
d
h
ig
h
way
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
was
ev
alu
ated
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
ch
an
g
e
in
v
eh
icle
d
en
s
ity
b
etwe
en
1
5
2
,
3
4
0
,
7
6
7
,
an
d
1
2
1
6
v
eh
icles
in
th
e
h
ig
h
way
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
2
0
,
1
0
2
,
2
5
4
,
an
d
6
1
0
i
n
a
city
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
wer
e
s
im
u
lated
b
y
NS
-
2
.
3
4
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
ev
alu
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
PDR
an
d
E
2
E
d
ela
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
h
o
wed
th
a
t
th
e
OL
SR
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
in
th
e
two
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
its
a
v
er
ag
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
wh
ile
th
e
DSR
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
as
a
h
ig
h
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
r
ate,
s
o
it
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
i
n
th
e
two
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
As
f
o
r
th
e
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l,
it
is
b
etter
th
a
n
DSR
an
d
OL
SR
in
ter
m
s
o
f
PDR
,
b
u
t
it
h
a
s
a
h
ig
h
E
2
E
d
elay
,
s
o
it
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
u
n
s
u
itab
le
in
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
eliv
er
ed
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
tim
e.
W
ad
d
y
an
d
Mo
h
a
m
m
ed
[
1
0
]
,
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
was
m
ad
e
b
et
wee
n
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
o
n
-
d
em
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
im
MD
OR
A
MD
OR
A
an
d
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l in
two
ca
s
e
s
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t i
s
th
e
m
o
v
em
en
t o
f
v
e
h
icles
in
s
ev
er
al
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
th
e
s
e
co
n
d
is
th
e
m
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
v
eh
ic
les
in
o
n
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
wer
e
s
im
u
lated
b
y
MA
T
L
AB
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
was
ev
alu
a
ted
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
PDR
,
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
(
E
2
E
)
d
elay
,
an
d
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
AODV
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
is
th
e
b
est,
wh
ile
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
MD
OR
A
p
r
o
to
co
l is th
e
b
est.
3.
T
H
E
NO
V
E
L
T
Y
O
F
T
H
E
WO
RK
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
s
im
u
lated
in
a
h
ig
h
way
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
s
im
u
lated
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
eh
icle
-
to
-
v
eh
icle
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
u
s
in
g
M
AT
L
AB
.
W
h
er
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
v
eh
i
cle
d
en
s
ity
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
s
tu
d
ied
at
1
0
,
2
0
,
an
d
3
0
v
e
h
icles,
an
d
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
v
eh
icles
v
a
r
ies
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
9
4
-
200
196
b
etwe
en
4
0
-
1
2
0
k
m
/h
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
was
ev
alu
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
PDR
,
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
p
ac
k
ets,
an
d
E
2
E
d
elay
.
4.
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
S
OF
VANE
T
S
−
Saf
ety
ap
p
licatio
n
s
:
s
af
ety
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
v
eh
ic
le
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
av
o
id
in
g
r
o
ad
ac
cid
en
ts
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
r
o
a
d
s
af
ety
.
E
x
am
p
l
es
o
f
th
is
ap
p
licatio
n
ar
e
(
p
o
s
t
cr
ash
n
o
tific
atio
n
[
11
]
,
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
m
ess
ag
e
tr
an
s
f
er
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
o
th
er
v
e
h
ic
les
tr
av
elin
g
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
s
[
12
]
,
v
eh
icle
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
s
ig
n
ex
ten
s
io
n
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
u
b
lic
s
af
ety
an
d
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
co
llis
io
n
av
o
id
a
n
c
e.
−
E
n
ter
tain
m
en
t
a
n
d
co
n
v
en
ie
n
c
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
:
t
h
is
ap
p
licatio
n
aim
s
to
s
h
ar
e
m
u
ltime
d
ia
f
iles
,
elec
tr
o
n
ic
to
ll
p
laza
,
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
n
ea
r
est
r
estau
r
an
t,
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
p
ar
k
in
g
l
o
ts
,
tr
af
f
ic,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
m
f
o
r
t
f
o
r
p
ass
en
g
er
s
an
d
d
r
iv
er
s
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
m
with
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
wea
th
er
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
13
].
−
C
o
m
m
er
cial
o
r
ien
ted
:
t
h
is
ap
p
licatio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
alu
e
-
ad
d
e
d
ad
v
er
tis
em
e
n
t,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
v
id
eo
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
d
ig
ital m
ap
d
o
wn
lo
ad
,
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
f
o
r
s
er
v
ices a
n
d
en
te
r
tain
m
en
t,
an
d
r
em
o
te
v
eh
icle
d
iag
n
o
s
is
[
11
].
−
Pro
d
u
ctiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
:
t
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
lo
o
k
s
f
o
r
f
u
el
s
av
in
g
,
tim
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
b
en
ef
its
[
1
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
1
4
]
5.
RO
UT
I
NG
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
S
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
VANE
T
n
etwo
r
k
is
to
f
o
r
war
d
p
ac
k
ets,
r
o
u
te
estab
lis
h
m
en
t,
an
d
r
esto
r
e
r
o
u
te,
r
o
u
te
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
two
d
ev
ice
s
[
15
].
I
n
VANE
T
Netwo
r
k
,
m
a
n
y
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
an
d
ca
n
b
e
c
lass
if
ied
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice,
r
o
u
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
p
r
o
to
co
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
[
16
].
R
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ec
ei
v
ed
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
in
to
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies
(
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
b
ased
an
d
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ca
n
b
e
d
i
v
id
ed
,
o
n
t
h
e
b
asis
o
f
p
ath
d
etec
tio
n
,
in
t
o
th
r
ee
d
iv
is
io
n
s
:
p
r
ed
ictiv
e,
m
ix
ed
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
an
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
VANE
T
ca
n
b
e
class
if
i
ed
in
to
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical,
p
er
ce
p
t
u
al
an
d
f
lat
wh
en
we
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
q
u
ali
ty
o
f
s
er
v
ic
e
(
Q
o
S
)
[
14
].
B
y
lo
o
k
i
n
g
at
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
in
ts
we
f
in
d
m
an
y
way
s
to
class
if
y
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
VANE
T
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
b
ased
o
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
f
i
v
e
class
es:
clu
s
ter
-
b
ased
,
b
r
o
a
d
ca
s
t,
Geo
ca
s
t,
p
o
s
itio
n
-
b
ased
an
d
to
p
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
1
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws th
e
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
5
.
1
.
T
o
po
lo
g
y
-
ba
s
ed
ro
uting
pro
t
o
co
ls
I
n
to
p
o
lo
g
y
b
ased
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
,
th
e
p
ac
k
ets
ar
e
t
r
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
v
eh
icle
to
in
ter
f
ac
e
u
s
in
g
lin
k
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
n
cu
r
r
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
,
th
e
lin
k
d
ata
is
u
s
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
p
ac
k
et
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
is
ass
o
r
ted
in
to
r
ea
ctiv
e
(
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
)
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
(
AODV
,
DSR
an
d
tem
p
o
r
ally
o
r
d
er
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
th
em
(
T
OR
A
)
)
[
1
8
]
,
p
r
o
ac
ti
v
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
s
u
ch
as (
DSDV,
OL
S
R
an
d
f
is
h
ey
e
s
t
ate
r
o
u
tin
g
(
FSR
)
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
d
-
h
o
c
o
n
-
d
ema
n
d
d
is
ta
n
ce
ve
ct
o
r
p
r
o
to
co
l in
… (
Osa
ma
A
.
Q
a
s
im
)
197
[
1
9
]
,
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
(
z
o
n
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
Z
R
P
)
an
d
zo
n
e
b
ased
h
ier
a
r
ch
ic
al
lin
k
s
tate
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
Z
HL
S
)
)
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
20
]
,
[
21
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
AOD
V
p
r
o
to
co
l w
ill b
e
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
5
.
1
.
1
.
Ad
-
ho
c
o
n
-
dem
a
nd
dis
t
a
nce
v
ec
t
o
r
(
AO
DV)
I
t
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
.
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
e
tects
tr
ac
k
s
b
etwe
en
v
eh
icles
o
n
d
em
an
d
an
d
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
wo
r
k
th
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
to
d
etec
t
an
d
m
ain
tain
th
e
p
ath
[
21
]
.
T
h
e
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
tar
ts
wo
r
k
in
g
wh
en
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
e
h
i
cle
s
en
d
s
a
r
o
u
te
r
e
q
u
est
m
ess
ag
e
(
R
R
E
Q)
af
ter
wh
ich
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
eh
icle
waits
f
o
r
a
r
o
u
te
r
e
p
ly
m
e
s
s
ag
e
(
R
R
E
P)
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
v
eh
icle
.
I
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
eh
icle
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
e
a
m
ess
ag
e
(
R
R
E
P)
with
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
tim
e,
th
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
r
o
u
te.
Usi
n
g
u
n
icast,
th
e
p
ath
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
will b
e
p
ass
ed
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
eh
icle
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
n
o
d
e
wh
en
a
m
ess
ag
e
R
R
E
Q
ar
r
iv
es
at
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
tar
g
et
[
16
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
eh
icle
s
en
d
s
R
R
E
Q
to
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
v
eh
icles,
it
will
eith
er
r
ec
eiv
e
a
m
ess
ag
e
R
R
E
P
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
v
e
h
icles
in
ca
s
e
th
ey
h
av
e
a
p
ath
to
th
e
tar
g
et,
o
r
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
i
n
g
v
e
h
icles
s
en
d
R
R
E
Q
ag
ain
to
th
eir
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
with
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles.
T
o
m
ain
tain
f
r
ee
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
th
e
lo
o
p
s
,
th
e
v
eh
icles
ig
n
o
r
e
th
e
d
u
p
lica
te
R
R
E
Q
m
ess
ag
e
s
th
at
co
n
tain
t
h
e
s
am
e
b
r
o
ad
c
ast
I
D
as
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
eq
u
e
s
t
[
16
]
.
W
h
en
a
m
ess
ag
e
R
R
E
Q
ar
r
iv
es
at
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
v
e
h
icle,
it
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
r
e
q
u
est
m
ess
ag
e
a
n
d
s
en
d
s
R
R
E
P
v
ia
th
e
r
e
v
er
s
e
p
ath
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
eh
icle.
T
h
e
r
e
v
er
s
e
p
ath
is
cr
ea
ted
b
y
k
ee
p
in
g
t
h
e
p
ath
o
f
al
l
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es,
an
d
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
m
ai
n
tain
s
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
p
er
io
d
t
h
e
p
at
h
wit
h
in
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
[
22
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
f
t
h
e
wo
r
k
o
f
AODV
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
[
2
2
]
6.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
E
NV
I
RO
N
M
E
N
T
Ma
tlab
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
u
s
ed
to
s
im
u
late
th
e
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
a
h
ig
h
way
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
h
ig
h
way
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
was
d
esig
n
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
(
r
o
ad
lan
es
,
v
eh
icle
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
v
eh
icle
s
p
ee
d
)
,
th
en
th
e
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
s
im
u
lated
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
w
as
d
esig
n
ed
.
Pro
to
co
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
two
ca
s
es
th
at
d
if
f
er
ed
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
s
im
u
lat
io
n
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
wer
e
a
p
p
li
ed
in
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
AODV
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
1
0
,
2
0
,
3
0
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
Ti
me
2
0
0
s
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
A
r
e
a
5
k
m*
5
k
m
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
S
p
e
e
d
4
0
/
1
2
0
(
k
m/
h
)
D
a
t
a
R
a
t
e
5
P
a
c
k
e
t
/
s
Th
e
S
i
z
e
o
f
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
M
e
ssa
g
e
s
6
4
B
y
t
e
s
Th
e
S
i
z
e
o
f
P
a
c
k
e
t
5
1
2
B
y
t
e
s
7.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
,
n
am
ely
,
e
n
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
el
ay
,
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
p
ac
k
ets:
7
.
1
.
E
nd
-
to
-
end dela
y
Dela
y
is
th
e
tim
e
th
e
b
ea
m
is
cr
ea
ted
in
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
eh
icle
to
th
e
tim
e
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
v
e
h
icle
r
ec
eiv
es
th
e
p
ac
k
et,
an
d
th
e
d
elay
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
[
23
].
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
AODV
p
r
o
to
c
o
l w
as c
o
m
p
ar
ed
v
ia
E
2
E
d
ela
y
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
c
h
an
g
e
in
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
v
eh
icles
b
et
wee
n
(
1
0
,
2
0
an
d
3
0
v
eh
icles)
an
d
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
tim
e
o
f
2
0
0
s
ec
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
r
esu
lt
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
AODV
Pro
to
co
l
is
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles
3
0
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
in
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t w
ith
h
ig
h
v
e
h
icles d
en
s
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
TEL
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
20
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
9
4
-
200
198
7
.
2
.
P
a
ck
e
t
deliv
er
y
ra
t
io
(
P
DR)
I
t
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
th
at
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
v
e
h
icle
h
as
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
s
en
t
b
y
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
eh
icle.
T
h
e
PDR
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
v
ia
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
in
ca
s
e
o
f
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles
b
etwe
en
(
1
0
,
2
0
an
d
3
0
v
eh
icles)
an
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
tim
e
o
f
2
0
0
s
ec
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
r
esu
lt
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
we
d
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
ate
o
f
PDR
is
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles
3
0
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
in
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t w
ith
h
ig
h
v
e
h
icles d
en
s
ity
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
2
E
Dela
y
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pack
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
7
.
3
.
O
v
er
hea
d (
O
H
)
I
t
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
ess
ag
es
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
en
d
s
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
m
ain
tain
r
o
u
tes
[
2
5
]
.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
lo
west
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
o
v
er
h
e
ad
s
ar
e
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
lo
w
v
e
h
icle
d
en
s
ity
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
v
eh
icle
d
e
n
s
ity
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
at
lo
wer
d
en
s
ity
AODV
s
p
en
d
s
f
ewe
r
r
eq
u
est
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
m
ess
ag
es,
an
d
t
h
u
s
lo
wer
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
(
OH)
.
L
o
wer
in
d
icate
s
b
etter
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
7
.
4
.
Dro
pp
ed
pa
ck
et
s
(
DP
s
)
I
t
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
th
at
ar
e
d
r
o
p
p
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
DPs
wa
s
ca
lcu
lated
d
u
e
to
(
p
ac
k
et
life
tim
e,
d
ata
b
u
f
f
er
o
v
er
f
l
o
w,
p
ath
b
r
ea
k
in
g
)
.
T
h
e
T
a
b
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
D
Ps
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
l
o
west
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
DPs
is
in
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles
1
0
,
wh
ile
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
DPs
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
ca
s
e
o
f
2
0
an
d
3
0
v
e
h
icles,
th
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
r
o
p
p
ed
p
ac
k
ets
in
cr
ea
s
ed
with
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles.
Fin
ally
,
T
ab
le
3
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
AODV
p
r
o
to
co
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
d
-
h
o
c
o
n
-
d
ema
n
d
d
is
ta
n
ce
ve
ct
o
r
p
r
o
to
co
l in
… (
Osa
ma
A
.
Q
a
s
im
)
199
T
ab
le
2.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
DPs
D
r
o
p
p
e
d
p
a
c
k
e
t
d
u
e
t
o
p
a
t
h
b
r
e
a
k
D
r
o
p
p
e
d
p
a
c
k
e
t
s
d
u
e
t
o
d
a
t
a
b
u
f
f
e
r
o
v
e
r
f
l
o
w
D
r
o
p
p
e
d
p
a
c
k
e
t
d
u
e
t
o
p
a
c
k
e
t
l
i
f
e
t
i
me
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
0
0
3
0
1
10
0
0
4
5
7
20
1
0
5
1
6
30
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
AODV
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
H
a
e
r
r
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
6
]
O
LSR
a
n
d
AODV
NS
-
2
A
O
D
V
o
u
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
ms O
LS
R
a
s
d
e
n
si
t
y
r
i
ses,
w
h
e
r
e
a
s O
LSR
o
u
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
ms
A
O
D
V
a
t
l
o
w
d
e
n
s
i
t
i
e
s.
K
h
a
n
a
n
d
Q
a
y
y
u
m
[
7
]
A
O
D
V
a
n
d
O
LSR
NS
-
2
A
t
l
o
w
d
e
n
si
t
i
e
s,
O
LS
R
i
s
p
r
e
f
e
r
a
b
l
e
,
w
h
e
r
e
a
s a
s
d
e
n
si
t
y
r
i
ses
,
A
O
D
V
i
s
su
p
e
r
i
o
r
.
La
g
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
8
]
A
O
D
V
,
D
S
R
,
a
n
d
D
S
D
V
NS
-
2
A
O
D
V
h
a
s
p
r
o
v
e
n
t
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
t
h
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
me
t
h
o
d
s.
S
i
n
g
h
e
t
a
l
.
[
9
]
D
S
R
,
A
O
D
V
,
a
n
d
O
LS
R
NS
-
2
.
3
4
Th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
p
r
o
v
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
A
O
D
V
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
i
s
b
e
t
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
D
S
R
a
n
d
O
LS
R
.
W
a
d
d
y
a
n
d
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
[
1
0
]
M
D
O
R
A
a
n
d
AODV
M
A
TLA
B
A
O
D
V
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
i
s
b
e
st
i
n
t
h
e
c
a
se
o
f
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s m
o
v
i
n
g
i
n
se
v
e
r
a
l
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
w
h
i
l
e
M
D
O
R
A
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
i
s
b
e
s
t
i
n
t
h
e
c
a
se
o
f
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s m
o
v
i
n
g
i
n
o
n
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
Th
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
AODV
M
A
TLA
B
Th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
p
r
o
v
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
A
O
D
V
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
h
a
s
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
o
f
l
o
w
d
e
n
si
t
y
.
8.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
AODV
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
a
h
i
g
h
way
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
t
o
co
l’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
r
ee
m
ea
s
u
r
es
(
en
d
t
o
en
d
d
elay
,
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
,
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
a
n
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
r
o
p
p
ed
p
ac
k
ets).
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
was
s
im
u
lated
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
ch
a
n
g
e
in
v
eh
icle
s
d
en
s
ity
,
wh
e
r
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
was
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
th
r
ee
ca
s
es
th
at
d
if
f
er
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
e
h
icles
(
1
0
,
2
0
an
d
3
0
)
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ro
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ica
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,
wo
rk
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t
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ter
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p
u
b
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tern
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tere
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g
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o
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m
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ti
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n
,
n
e
two
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k
s,
M
a
tl
a
b
p
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m
s
,
Io
T
f
u
tu
re
wo
rld
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He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
o
sa
m
a
.
h
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ss
a
n
i@n
tu
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e
d
u
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iq
.
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h
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m
m
e
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a
m
i
No
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re
c
e
iv
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d
h
is
M
S
c
.
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g
re
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in
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o
m
p
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t
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n
g
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rin
g
tec
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l
o
g
y
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n
2
0
2
1
fro
m
No
rt
h
e
rn
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Un
i
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e
rsity
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n
d
B.
E
.
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n
c
o
m
p
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ter
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n
g
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e
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n
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8
fr
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m
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h
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ic
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l
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g
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e
rin
g
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l
leg
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o
f
M
o
s
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l
f
ro
m
No
rth
e
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n
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
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r
k
in
g
n
o
w
a
s
As
si
st
lec
tu
re
r
in
c
o
m
p
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ter
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n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
tec
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lo
g
y
d
e
p
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rtme
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t
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lso
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Di
v
isi
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n
Offic
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r
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n
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m
p
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ter
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ter
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u
b
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sh
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tern
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l
p
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p
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Ra
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m
m
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n
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ti
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n
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n
tere
ste
d
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m
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ter
E
n
g
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,
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m
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ter
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m
m
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n
ica
ti
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n
,
Ne
two
rk
s,
M
a
tl
a
b
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ro
g
ra
m
s
,
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T
F
u
tu
re
wo
r
ld
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
o
h
.
sa
m
i@n
tu
.
e
d
u
.
iq
.
M
o
ha
nd
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o
k
m
a
n Ahm
a
d Al
Da
ba
g
re
c
e
iv
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d
th
e
P
h
D.
P
r
o
g
ra
m
in
Ya
sa
r
Un
iv
e
rsity
(T
u
rk
e
y
)
in
2
0
1
9
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
E
.
i
n
c
o
m
p
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ter
e
n
g
i
n
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e
rin
g
d
e
g
re
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fr
o
m
tec
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n
ica
l
c
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ll
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g
e
\
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su
l
a
n
d
h
is
M
S
c
.
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g
re
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in
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m
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ter
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g
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rin
g
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t
M
o
s
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l
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
,
in
1
9
9
8
a
n
d
2
0
0
2
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
is
wo
rk
in
g
a
t
n
o
rth
e
r
n
tec
h
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ica
l
u
n
iv
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rsit
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m
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ter
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n
g
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l
o
g
y
d
e
p
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rtme
n
t
a
s
a
ss
istan
t
p
r
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f.
He
p
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b
li
sh
e
d
six
in
tern
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ti
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a
l
a
rti
c
les
in
sig
n
a
l
p
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c
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ss
in
g
a
n
d
two
n
a
ti
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n
a
l
a
rti
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les
.
His
re
g
io
n
o
f
i
n
tere
st
sig
n
a
l
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ss
in
g
,
ima
g
e
p
ro
c
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ss
in
g
,
d
a
ta m
in
in
g
a
n
d
AI.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
o
h
a
n
d
a
l
d
a
b
a
g
@n
tu
.
e
d
u
.
i
q
.
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