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IS
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uni
c
a
t
i
on
i
n
w
hi
c
h
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
c
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
roa
ds
i
de
un
i
t
s
(
RS
U
s
).
T
h
i
s
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
on
t
yp
e
c
a
n
b
e
e
xp
e
ns
i
v
e
,
a
n
d
RS
U
s
ha
ve
a
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
c
ov
e
r
a
ge
a
r
e
a
(5
00
m
t
o
800
m
)
a
nd
m
a
y
not
be
a
l
l
ow
e
d
t
o
b
e
i
ns
t
a
l
l
e
d
i
n
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
pl
a
c
e
s
[4
,
5].
Cl
us
t
e
ri
ng
w
a
s
propos
e
d
t
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
t
h
e
s
e
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
e
s
[6]
.
C
l
u
s
t
e
rs
a
re
groups
of
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
i
n
a
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
T
R.
T
hi
s
gr
oup
ha
s
a
l
e
a
de
r
c
a
l
l
e
d
c
l
us
t
e
r
he
a
d
(
CH
),
a
nd
a
l
l
r
e
m
a
i
ni
ng
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
a
r
e
c
a
l
l
e
d
c
l
us
t
e
r
m
e
m
be
rs
(CM
s
).
T
h
e
CH
i
s
t
h
e
m
a
na
ge
r
of
t
h
e
group
,
a
nd
a
l
l
CM
s
c
a
n
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
on
e
a
no
t
he
r
a
nd
s
e
nd
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
t
o
t
he
CH
.
O
n
l
y
t
h
e
CH
c
a
n
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
e
w
i
t
h
t
he
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
(BS
)
a
nd
s
e
nd
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
a
bout
i
t
s
CM
s
[7].
H
i
gh
v
e
hi
c
l
e
m
obi
l
i
t
y
a
ffe
c
t
s
c
l
us
t
e
r
s
t
a
bi
l
i
t
y
a
nd
da
t
a
di
s
s
e
m
i
na
t
i
on
.
T
hus
,
m
os
t
pre
v
i
ous
s
t
udi
e
s
foc
us
e
d
onl
y
on
c
l
us
t
e
r
s
t
a
bi
l
i
t
y
[8
-
1
2],
da
t
a
di
s
s
e
m
i
n
a
t
i
on
a
m
ong
c
l
us
t
e
r
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
[13]
,
d
e
t
e
c
t
e
d
t
he
t
r
a
ffi
c
c
ong
e
s
t
i
on
i
n
t
h
e
c
i
t
y
by
us
i
ng
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
ng
t
e
c
h
ni
que
s
i
n
[14
]
a
nd
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
rou
t
i
n
g
pr
ot
o
c
ol
s
of
c
l
us
t
e
ri
ng
i
n
V
A
N
E
T
s
[15
,
16]
.
O
nl
y
a
f
e
w
s
t
udi
e
s
ha
ve
fo
c
us
e
d
on
c
l
us
t
e
ri
n
g
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
ns
.
W
he
n
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
s
t
op
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
ns
,
m
obi
l
i
t
y
c
e
a
s
e
s
t
o
a
ff
e
c
t
c
l
us
t
e
rs
,
but
c
l
us
t
e
rs
c
ont
i
nu
e
t
o
s
e
nd
v
e
hi
c
l
e
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
t
o
BS
s
.
M
os
t
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
n
t
t
o
BS
s
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
i
s
c
ons
e
qu
e
nt
l
y
dup
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
i
nfo
rm
a
t
i
on.
Cl
us
t
e
rs
s
ho
ul
d
b
e
s
t
opp
e
d
fro
m
s
e
ndi
ng
ve
h
i
c
l
e
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
du
e
t
o
n
e
t
w
ork
s
t
oppi
ng,
a
nd
c
l
us
t
e
rs
s
h
oul
d
be
r
e
for
m
e
d
a
n
d
t
he
CH
b
e
r
e
-
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
a
f
t
e
r
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
.
T
hi
s
s
t
udy
propos
e
s
t
he
dyna
m
i
c
m
ul
t
i
a
ge
nt
(D
M
A
)
m
e
t
ho
d
t
o
s
ol
v
e
t
he
p
robl
e
m
of
dupl
i
c
a
t
e
d
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
be
i
ng
re
c
e
i
ve
d
fro
m
i
m
m
obi
l
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
.
T
he
m
a
i
n
c
ont
ri
bu
t
i
o
ns
of
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
dy
a
re
a
s
fo
l
l
ow
s
:
−
It
pr
opos
e
s
a
ne
w
m
e
t
ho
d
c
a
l
l
e
d
D
M
A
t
o
pre
ve
n
t
un
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
i
nf
orm
a
t
i
on
fro
m
b
e
i
ng
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
o
BS
s
w
he
n
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
s
t
o
p
a
t
a
n
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
n.
−
T
hi
s
i
s
t
he
fi
rs
t
s
t
udy
ba
s
e
d
on
r
e
a
l
d
a
t
a
c
ol
l
e
c
t
e
d
from
m
o
ni
t
or
i
ng
t
h
e
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
i
n
Ba
t
u
P
a
ha
t
C
i
t
y
,
J
ohor
,
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
by
us
i
ng
A
rd
ui
no
U
no,
G
l
ob
a
l
P
os
i
t
i
oni
n
g
S
ys
t
e
m
(G
P
S
)
a
nd
e
x
t
e
r
na
l
a
n
t
e
n
na
s
t
o
for
m
a
c
c
ura
t
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
ns
.
−
It
pro
vi
d
e
s
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
on
a
nd
va
l
i
da
t
i
on
by
c
o
m
pa
r
i
ng
t
he
us
e
a
nd
di
s
us
e
of
D
M
A
us
i
n
g
M
A
T
L
A
B
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
ons
.
2.
R
ELA
TED
WO
R
K
T
hi
s
s
e
c
t
i
on
i
n
t
rodu
c
e
s
pre
v
i
ous
w
or
ks
t
h
a
t
us
e
d
c
l
us
t
e
ri
ng
a
t
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
i
n
V
A
N
E
T
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
i
n
c
ha
l
l
e
nge
a
t
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
ns
i
s
t
he
h
i
gh
nu
m
be
r
of
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
(N
.
O
.
V
)
,
w
h
i
c
h
r
e
s
ul
t
s
i
n
a
l
a
rg
e
nu
m
be
r
of
c
onn
e
c
t
i
ons
t
h
a
t
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
ne
t
w
ork
l
o
a
d
,
di
s
c
onne
c
t
i
ons
,
f
l
oodi
n
g
a
nd
p
a
c
k
e
t
dr
op.
In
[
17]
prop
os
e
d
a
d
i
re
c
t
i
on
-
b
a
s
e
d
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
ng
a
l
gori
t
h
m
t
o
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
ve
h
i
c
l
e
d
e
ns
i
t
y
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
.
T
h
e
a
u
t
hors
a
s
s
um
e
d
t
h
a
t
i
m
m
obi
l
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
do
not
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
na
t
e
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
us
e
s
ne
t
w
ork
di
s
c
onn
e
c
t
i
ons
.
CH
s
m
us
t
know
CM
i
nf
orm
a
t
i
on
dur
i
ng
t
hi
s
t
i
m
e
.
In
[18
]
p
ropos
e
d
a
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
c
o
m
m
u
ni
c
a
t
i
on
(
RT
V
C)
fra
m
e
w
ork
t
h
a
t
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
s
t
a
b
l
e
c
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on
a
m
on
g
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
i
n
urb
a
n
a
nd
hi
ghw
a
y
s
c
e
na
r
i
os
.
I
n
[19]
p
ropos
e
d
a
m
ul
t
i
a
ge
nt
-
dr
i
v
e
n
dyna
m
i
c
c
l
us
t
e
ri
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
t
o
dyn
a
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
f
orm
c
l
us
t
e
rs
a
nd
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
di
s
s
e
m
i
n
a
t
e
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
a
f
t
e
r
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
p
a
s
s
t
hr
ough
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
.
In
[20]
pro
pos
e
d
t
h
e
c
l
us
t
e
r
-
b
a
s
e
d
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
r
vi
c
e
(CB
L
S
)
pr
ot
o
c
ol
t
o
a
voi
d
s
e
n
di
ng
a
nd
re
c
e
i
vi
ng
up
gra
d
e
a
nd
qu
e
ry
pa
c
ke
t
s
f
rom
a
l
o
c
a
t
i
on
s
e
r
ve
r
(BS
s
)
.
In
[
21]
pro
pos
e
d
g
e
ogr
a
ph
i
c
ro
ut
i
ng
ov
e
r
V
A
N
E
T
s
(G
RO
O
V
)
t
o
s
e
l
e
c
t
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
pa
t
h
t
o
s
e
nd
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
ba
s
e
d
on
s
p
e
c
i
fi
c
re
l
a
y
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
.
In
[22]
i
nt
ro
duc
e
d
t
h
e
ne
a
re
s
t
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
l
oc
a
t
i
on
-
d
e
pe
n
de
n
t
di
s
s
e
m
i
n
a
t
i
on
of
t
r
a
ffi
c
i
nfo
rm
a
t
i
o
n
(N
I
L
D
D
)
t
o
re
du
c
e
c
ha
n
ne
l
c
ong
e
s
t
i
on
by
forw
a
r
di
ng
t
ra
ffi
c
upd
a
t
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
t
o
a
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
on.
T
h
i
s
m
e
t
hod
re
du
c
e
s
t
he
num
be
r
of
forw
a
rd
e
d
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
but
dup
l
i
c
a
t
e
s
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
s
e
nt
t
o
t
he
BS
s
a
t
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
.
In
[23]
propos
e
d
t
he
t
r
a
ff
i
c
-
a
w
a
r
e
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
-
ba
s
e
d
g
e
ogr
a
ph
i
c
a
l
rou
t
i
n
g
(
T
IG
e
R)
pro
t
oc
o
l
t
o
i
m
pro
ve
p
a
c
k
e
t
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
na
t
i
on
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
.
In
pr
e
v
i
ous
[24]
s
ugg
e
s
t
e
d
a
n
e
ffi
c
i
e
nt
ro
a
d
-
b
a
s
e
d
d
i
re
c
t
i
ona
l
(E
RD
)
b
roa
d
c
a
s
t
prot
oc
o
l
t
o
di
s
s
e
m
i
na
t
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
i
n
a
l
l
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
ns
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
us
i
ng
a
r
e
l
a
y
ve
h
i
c
l
e
.
T
h
i
s
m
e
t
hod
di
s
s
e
m
i
na
t
e
s
ve
h
i
c
l
e
i
nfo
rm
a
t
i
on
a
t
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
,
bu
t
d
a
t
a
c
on
t
i
nu
e
t
o
b
e
du
pl
i
c
a
t
e
d
w
hi
c
h
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
s
t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
unn
e
c
e
s
s
a
ry
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
s
e
nt
t
o
BS
s
.
M
os
t
pr
e
vi
o
us
w
orks
t
h
a
t
di
s
c
us
s
e
d
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
cl
us
t
e
ri
ng
di
d
not
fo
c
us
on
a
nu
m
be
r
o
f
dupl
i
c
a
t
e
d
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
s
e
n
t
fro
m
c
l
us
t
e
rs
t
o
BS
s
.
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h
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re
f
ore
,
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
s
t
udy
propos
e
s
a
n
e
w
m
e
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hod
n
a
m
e
d
D
M
A
t
o
a
voi
d
u
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ne
c
e
s
s
a
ry
i
nf
orm
a
t
i
on
fro
m
b
e
i
ng
s
e
nt
t
o
BS
s
a
t
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
w
i
t
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no
l
os
t
c
on
ne
c
t
i
ons
a
m
on
g
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
.
T
h
e
D
M
A
m
e
t
hod
us
e
s
a
s
p
e
c
i
fi
c
i
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
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g
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c
l
e
(IA
V
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t
ha
t
re
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e
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s
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nd
s
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or
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e
r
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rm
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t
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on
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o
m
pa
r
i
s
on
w
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t
ure
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on.
T
he
IA
V
drops
du
pl
i
c
a
t
e
d
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
a
nd
onl
y
s
e
n
ds
n
e
w
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
o
n
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o
t
he
BS
.
T
a
bl
e
1
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
e
s
pre
v
i
o
us
s
t
ud
i
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
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(Moham
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I.
H
ab
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a
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615
3.
RE
S
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R
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H
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Ba
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T
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d
D
M
A
m
e
t
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od.
T
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w
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of
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e
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M
A
m
e
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s
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rt
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ft
e
r
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t
e
r
i
s
for
m
e
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t
he
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e
for
e
,
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h
e
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M
A
m
e
t
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e
d
t
he
s
a
m
e
c
l
us
t
e
r
for
m
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
hod
a
s
i
n
[2
5
].
In
t
h
i
s
s
t
udy
propos
e
d
t
h
e
D
M
A
m
e
t
ho
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rol
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t
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s
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o
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t
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t
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c
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T
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bl
e
1
re
pre
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t
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u
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of
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w
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Re
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M
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t
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P
u
rp
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re
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i
m
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l
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t
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d
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re
a
O
u
t
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e
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]
D
i
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t
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n
-
b
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RT
V
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M
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m
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2
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M
u
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Co
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CBL
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]
G
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]
T
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In
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1
.
D
M
A
e
l
e
c
ti
on
E
a
c
h
ve
h
i
c
l
e
a
t
a
n
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t
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s
t
s
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n
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n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
(IN
T
-
M
E
S
)
t
h
a
t
c
ont
a
i
ns
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
on
CM
s
a
nd
t
he
n
um
b
e
r
of
CH
s
(N
.
O
.
CH
)
w
i
t
h
i
n
i
t
s
T
R
.
T
he
ve
h
i
c
l
e
w
i
t
h
t
he
hi
gh
e
s
t
N
.
O
.
CH
broa
d
c
a
s
t
s
a
n
a
g
e
nt
be
a
c
on
(A
gB
)
t
o
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n
form
ot
he
r
ve
h
i
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l
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s
t
o
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h
a
ng
e
t
h
e
i
r
s
t
a
t
e
t
o
a
ge
n
t
CH
(A
CH
).
If
m
or
e
t
ha
n
one
ve
hi
c
l
e
ha
s
t
h
e
h
i
ghe
s
t
N
.
O
.
CH
,
t
he
n
t
h
e
f
i
rs
t
v
e
hi
c
l
e
t
o
br
oa
d
c
a
s
t
a
n
A
gB
be
c
om
e
s
t
he
A
CH
.
O
t
he
r
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
s
t
op
c
om
pe
t
i
ng
a
ft
e
r
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
ng
t
he
A
g
B.
F
i
gur
e
1
s
how
s
a
fl
ow
c
ha
rt
for
A
CH
e
l
e
c
t
i
on.
T
a
bl
e
2
s
how
s
t
h
e
s
y
m
bol
s
us
e
d
i
n
t
hi
s
pa
p
e
r
.
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
L
i
s
t
of
s
ym
b
ol
s
S
y
m
b
o
l
D
e
s
c
ri
p
t
i
o
n
D
M
A
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
m
u
l
t
i
a
g
e
n
t
IN
T
-
M
E
S
In
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
n
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
N
.
O
.
CH
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
CH
s
A
g
B
A
g
e
n
t
b
e
a
c
o
n
A
CH
A
g
e
n
t
CH
BS
CH
Ba
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
CH
IN
CH
In
t
e
r
-
CH
ETM
E
n
d
t
i
m
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
BS
Ba
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
TR
T
ra
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
ra
n
g
e
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ro
a
d
l
a
n
e
s
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
w
o
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
.
.
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
Cl
u
s
t
e
r
m
e
m
b
e
r
Cl
u
s
t
e
r
h
e
a
d
W
-
D
M
A
W
i
t
h
o
u
t
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
m
u
l
t
i
a
g
e
n
t
N
P
S
-
t
o
BS
-
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
t
s
s
e
n
t
t
o
BS
s
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
F
i
gure
1
.
A
CH
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
fl
ow
c
h
a
rt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
K
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c
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Con
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ol
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18
,
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2
,
A
pri
l
2
020:
613
-
6
21
616
3.
2
.
A
C
H
op
e
r
ati
on
s
T
he
op
e
ra
t
i
on
of
A
CH
e
xp
l
a
i
n
i
n
t
h
e
fol
l
ow
i
ng
s
t
e
pe
s
:
−
A
ft
e
r
a
v
e
hi
c
l
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
a
n
A
CH
,
i
t
s
e
nds
a
m
e
s
s
a
ge
t
o
s
t
op
o
t
he
r
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
f
rom
t
ry
i
ng
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
t
he
A
CH
a
nd
i
nf
orm
CH
s
t
o
c
on
t
a
c
t
t
he
A
CH
.
−
T
he
A
CH
bro
a
d
c
a
s
t
s
a
m
e
s
s
a
ge
c
on
t
a
i
ni
n
g
t
h
e
ID
of
t
he
C
H
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
hi
ghe
s
t
re
c
e
i
v
i
ng
s
i
gna
l
s
t
r
e
ng
t
h
(RS
S
).
If
m
ore
t
ha
n
on
e
CH
ha
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
RS
S
,
t
he
n
t
h
e
o
ne
c
l
os
e
s
t
t
o
t
he
BS
i
s
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d.
W
he
n
CH
s
r
e
c
e
i
ve
t
hi
s
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
,
t
he
y
c
h
e
c
k
i
t
s
ID
.
T
h
e
C
H
w
i
t
h
a
m
a
t
c
h
i
ng
ID
r
e
m
a
i
ns
c
onn
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
he
BS
a
nd
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
a
BS
-
CH
(BS
CH
)
;
ot
he
rw
i
s
e
,
i
t
d
i
s
c
on
ne
c
t
s
from
t
h
e
BS
a
nd
be
c
om
e
s
a
n
i
nt
e
r
-
CH
(IN
CH
).
C
l
us
t
e
rs
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
a
t
e
s
e
nd
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
nfo
rm
a
t
i
on
t
o
t
h
e
A
CH
a
nd
n
ot
t
o
t
h
e
BS
.
T
he
IN
CH
s
e
nds
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
nf
orm
a
t
i
on
t
o
t
h
e
A
CH
e
ve
ry
3
s
.
T
h
e
A
CH
fi
l
t
e
rs
t
hi
s
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
by
c
o
m
pa
ri
ng
i
t
t
o
pr
e
vi
ous
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
for
t
he
s
a
m
e
c
l
us
t
e
r.
A
CH
s
drop
ve
h
i
c
l
e
i
nf
orm
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
t
o
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
pre
v
i
ous
l
y
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
fro
m
a
c
l
us
t
e
r.
T
h
e
re
m
a
i
ni
ng
IN
CH
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
i
s
s
e
n
t
t
o
t
he
BS
t
hr
ough
t
he
BS
CH
t
o
pr
e
v
e
nt
unn
e
c
e
s
s
a
ry
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
a
nd
re
du
c
e
t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
BS
upl
i
nks
.
−
W
he
n
a
t
ra
ff
i
c
l
i
gh
t
t
urns
g
re
e
n,
A
CH
s
s
e
nd
e
nd
t
i
m
e
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
(
E
T
M
s
)
be
f
ore
a
r
e
d
t
ra
f
fi
c
l
i
gh
t
c
ha
nge
s
t
o
i
nf
orm
IN
CH
s
t
o
r
e
-
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
c
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
t
he
BS
be
fo
re
t
he
y
m
ov
e
,
a
f
t
e
r
w
h
i
c
h
t
he
A
CH
r
e
t
urns
t
o
i
t
s
pre
vi
ous
s
t
a
t
e
.
F
i
gur
e
2
s
how
s
a
fl
ow
c
ha
r
t
f
or
A
CH
op
e
ra
t
i
o
ns
.
3.
3
.
Be
n
e
fi
t
u
s
i
n
g
A
C
H
T
he
be
ne
f
i
t
s
of
us
i
ng
A
CH
s
a
re
a
s
fol
l
ow
s
:
−
A
CH
s
fi
l
t
e
r
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
n
form
a
t
i
on
a
nd
r
e
m
o
ve
du
pl
i
c
a
t
e
CM
ve
hi
c
l
e
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
.
D
up
l
i
c
a
t
e
CH
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
i
s
re
t
a
i
ne
d;
t
hus
,
t
he
BS
c
a
n
t
r
a
c
k
t
h
e
N
.
O
.
CH
i
n
t
he
n
e
t
w
or
k
.
−
A
CH
s
re
du
c
e
t
h
e
n
um
b
e
r
o
f
up
l
i
n
ks
be
t
w
e
e
n
CH
s
a
n
d
B
S
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
by
m
a
k
i
ng
onl
y
on
e
CH
(BS
CH
)
c
on
ne
c
t
t
o
t
h
e
BS
.
T
h
e
BS
CH
r
e
l
a
ys
CH
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
t
o
t
he
BS
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
he
l
p
of
A
CH
s
.
Ins
t
e
a
d
of
e
v
e
ry
c
l
us
t
e
r
w
i
t
hi
n
30
0
m
b
e
i
n
g
c
onn
e
c
t
e
d
,
t
he
us
e
of
a
n
A
CH
m
e
a
ns
t
h
a
t
on
l
y
on
e
c
l
us
t
e
r
ne
e
ds
t
o
b
e
c
onn
e
c
t
e
d
e
v
e
ry
300
m
w
h
e
n
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
s
t
op
m
o
vi
ng
.
F
i
gure
2
.
A
CH
op
e
ra
t
i
on
f
l
ow
c
ha
rt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
K
O
M
N
IK
A
T
e
l
e
c
om
m
un
Co
m
put
E
l
Con
t
rol
D
y
nam
i
c
m
u
l
t
i
age
nt
m
e
t
hod
t
av
o
i
d
dup
l
i
c
at
e
d
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
o
n
…
(Moham
m
e
d
I.
H
ab
e
l
a
l
m
at
e
e
n
)
617
3.
4
.
R
e
as
on
s
for
u
s
i
n
g
D
M
A
at
i
n
te
r
s
e
c
ti
on
s
an
d
n
u
me
r
i
c
al
an
al
ys
i
s
V
e
hi
c
l
e
s
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
s
t
op
m
ov
i
ng
,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
ke
s
t
h
e
i
n
fo
rm
a
t
i
on
t
h
e
y
s
e
nd
t
o
CH
s
uni
m
por
t
a
n
t
.
M
os
t
of
t
hi
s
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
i
s
dupl
i
c
a
t
e
d
,
b
e
c
a
us
e
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
do
not
c
h
a
ng
e
t
he
i
r
s
pe
e
d
,
l
oc
a
t
i
on,
di
r
e
c
t
i
on,
re
l
a
t
i
ve
d
i
s
t
a
nc
e
a
nd
re
l
a
t
i
v
e
s
pe
e
d
w
hi
l
s
t
t
h
e
y
s
t
op.
S
t
oppi
ng
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
fro
m
bro
a
d
c
a
s
t
i
ng
t
he
i
r
i
nf
orm
a
t
i
on
a
l
s
o
d
e
s
t
ro
ys
ne
t
w
orks
,
b
e
c
a
us
e
e
a
c
h
c
l
us
t
e
r
m
us
t
know
t
he
s
i
t
ua
t
i
on
of
i
t
s
m
e
m
b
e
rs
.
U
s
i
ng
D
M
A
a
t
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
ns
s
o
l
ve
s
t
h
e
s
e
i
s
s
u
e
s
by
pr
e
v
e
nt
i
ng
dup
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
fr
om
b
e
i
ng
s
e
nt
t
o
t
he
BS
,
t
he
r
e
by
i
m
pro
vi
ng
n
e
t
w
ork
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y.
Ba
s
e
d
on
[26
-
2
8],
T
R
w
a
s
30
0
m
.
T
he
N
.
O
.
V
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
T
R
w
a
s
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d
by
[29]
us
i
ng
(1)
.
.
.
=
∗
+
(1)
T
hi
s
s
t
udy
fo
c
us
e
d
on
B
a
t
u
P
a
h
a
t
Ci
t
y
i
n
J
ohor
,
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
w
i
t
h
a
T
R
of
300
m
a
nd
t
hr
e
e
l
a
n
e
s
for
e
a
c
h
r
oa
d
(N
L
).
T
h
e
a
v
e
ra
g
e
ve
h
i
c
l
e
l
e
ngt
h
(V
L
)
w
a
s
3
m
.
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
foc
us
e
d
on
t
i
m
e
s
w
he
n
ro
a
ds
w
e
re
c
row
d
e
d;
he
nc
e
,
t
h
e
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
be
t
w
e
e
n
a
ny
t
w
o
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
(
d)
w
a
s
1
m
.
T
he
N
.
O
.
V
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
300
m
T
R
w
a
s
a
s
fo
l
l
ow
s
:
N
.
O
.
V
=
3
*
30
0/
(1
+
3)
=
225
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
e
a
c
h
c
l
us
t
e
r
a
t
a
n
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
ha
d
225
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
.
A
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
a
d
a
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
num
be
r
of
CM
s
(
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
nu
m
b
e
r
of
CM
s
i
n
e
a
c
h
c
l
us
t
e
r
w
a
s
20)
a
c
c
ord
i
ng
t
o
[
21
]
.
T
he
r
e
fore
,
t
h
e
s
e
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
w
e
re
di
vi
d
e
d
i
nt
o
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
c
l
us
t
e
rs
.
T
he
nu
m
be
r
of
c
l
us
t
e
rs
(N
.
O
.
C)
r
e
s
ul
t
i
n
g
fr
om
225
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
w
a
s
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
d
by
us
i
ng
(
2).
.
.
=
.
.
+
(2)
T
he
N
.
O
.
C
w
a
s
11,
w
hi
c
h
m
e
a
nt
t
h
a
t
1
1
up
l
i
nks
e
xi
s
t
w
i
t
hi
n
300
m
of
e
a
c
h
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
.
A
c
c
ord
i
ng
t
o
t
he
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
n
t
r
a
ff
i
c
l
i
ght
s
ys
t
e
m
,
t
he
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
w
a
i
t
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
a
t
a
n
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
i
s
30
s
,
w
i
t
h
3
s
for
s
t
a
ndby
(ye
l
l
ow
l
i
ght
t
r
a
ff
i
c
)
a
nd
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
w
a
i
t
i
ng
t
i
m
e
of
99
s
.
T
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
w
a
i
t
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
a
t
a
n
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
va
r
i
e
d
be
t
w
e
e
n
33
a
nd
102
s
.
E
a
c
h
CH
t
ra
ns
m
i
t
t
e
d
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
nfo
rm
a
t
i
on
e
ve
ry
3
s
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
ud
y.
T
h
e
n
um
b
e
r
of
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
s
e
n
t
fro
m
e
a
c
h
CH
w
hi
l
s
t
w
a
i
t
i
ng
v
a
ri
e
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
11
a
nd
34,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
de
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
num
be
r
of
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
s
e
n
t
fro
m
11
c
l
us
t
e
rs
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
T
R
v
a
ry
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
12
1
a
nd
374
.
M
os
t
of
t
he
s
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
w
e
re
dupl
i
c
a
t
e
s
,
b
e
c
a
us
e
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
h
a
d
s
t
oppe
d
m
ov
i
ng.
T
hi
s
c
on
di
t
i
on
l
e
d
t
o
re
du
c
e
d
n
e
t
w
or
k
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
a
nd
i
nc
re
a
s
e
d
BS
l
oa
d
.
T
hi
s
s
t
udy
prop
os
e
d
t
h
e
D
M
A
m
e
t
ho
d
t
o
s
ol
v
e
t
he
s
e
i
s
s
u
e
s
.
T
h
e
D
M
A
a
i
m
s
t
o
r
e
du
c
e
t
he
n
um
b
e
r
of
upl
i
nk
c
onn
e
c
t
i
ons
t
h
a
t
c
om
e
fro
m
a
l
a
rg
e
N
.
O
.
CH
a
t
BS
s
a
nd
t
o
f
i
l
t
e
r
u
nne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
by
re
m
ov
i
ng
dup
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
ve
hi
c
l
e
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
fro
m
b
e
i
n
g
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
o
BS
s
.
4.
S
I
M
U
LA
TI
O
N
Cl
us
t
e
r
form
a
t
i
on
a
nd
CH
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
w
e
re
b
a
s
e
d
on
ou
r
p
re
vi
ous
w
ork
i
n
[2
5
].
T
he
c
urre
n
t
s
t
udy
provi
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T
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3
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fo
r
2
00
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
a
t
a
n
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
.
F
i
gure
3
.
NPS
-
t
o
BS
-
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
w
he
n
T
R=
3
00
m
a
nd
N
.
O
.
V
=
100
F
i
gure
4
.
NPS
-
t
o
BS
-
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
w
he
n
T
R=
3
00
m
a
nd
N
.
O
.
V
=
200
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
K
O
M
N
IK
A
T
e
l
e
c
om
m
un
Co
m
put
E
l
Con
t
rol
D
y
nam
i
c
m
u
l
t
i
age
nt
m
e
t
hod
t
av
o
i
d
dup
l
i
c
at
e
d
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
o
n
…
(Moham
m
e
d
I.
H
ab
e
l
a
l
m
at
e
e
n
)
619
F
i
gure
4
s
how
s
t
h
a
t
a
n
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
N
.
O
.
V
t
o
200
a
t
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
re
s
u
l
t
e
d
i
n
a
n
i
nc
re
a
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
nu
m
b
e
r
of
upl
i
nks
for
W
-
D
M
A
,
b
e
c
a
us
e
e
a
c
h
c
l
us
t
e
r
ha
d
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
um
nu
m
b
e
r
of
CM
s
.
T
he
re
for
e
,
t
h
e
N
.
O
.
CH
w
i
t
h
200
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
w
a
s
10
for
W
-
D
M
A
.
W
h
e
n
us
i
n
g
D
M
A
,
onl
y
on
e
upl
i
nk
c
onn
e
c
t
i
on
e
xi
s
t
e
d
,
be
c
a
us
e
t
h
e
10
CH
s
c
onn
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
1
D
M
A
v
e
hi
c
l
e
t
h
a
t
fi
l
t
e
re
d
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
s
e
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
BS
.
T
h
e
nu
m
b
e
r
of
s
e
nt
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
i
n
bot
h
m
e
t
hods
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d,
a
l
t
hough
D
M
A
h
a
d
fe
w
e
r
s
e
n
t
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
t
h
a
n
W
-
D
M
A
.
T
a
bl
e
5
s
how
s
t
h
e
a
ve
r
a
ge
re
duc
t
i
on
p
e
rc
e
nt
a
ge
for
2
00
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
w
i
t
h
D
M
A
.
T
a
b
l
e
5
s
how
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e
us
e
of
t
he
D
M
A
m
e
t
ho
d
re
d
uc
e
d
t
he
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
s
e
nt
t
o
BS
s
by
80%
c
om
p
a
re
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
W
-
D
M
A
m
e
t
hod
.
T
hi
s
re
s
u
l
t
w
a
s
c
a
us
e
d
by
t
h
e
200
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
t
ha
t
w
e
re
s
t
op
pe
d
a
t
t
he
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on;
t
h
e
s
e
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
w
e
re
d
i
vi
d
e
d
i
n
t
o
10
c
l
us
t
e
rs
,
a
nd
e
a
c
h
c
l
us
t
e
r
ha
d
1
CH
t
ha
t
w
a
s
r
e
s
pons
i
b
l
e
for
c
onn
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
o
t
he
BS
.
W
he
n
us
i
n
g
D
M
A
,
t
h
e
s
e
10
CH
s
c
o
nne
c
t
e
d
t
o
1
D
M
A
,
a
nd
o
nl
y
t
hi
s
D
M
A
c
on
ne
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
BS
.
T
he
r
e
fo
re
,
us
i
ng
D
M
A
re
d
uc
e
d
t
he
num
b
e
r
of
up
l
i
nks
from
10
t
o
1
a
t
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
i
n
a
ddi
t
i
on
t
o
re
m
ov
i
ng
d
upl
i
c
a
t
e
d
ve
hi
c
l
e
i
n
form
a
t
i
on
t
hro
ugh
f
i
l
t
e
r
i
ng
.
F
i
gure
5
s
how
s
t
he
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
r
e
s
ul
t
s
fo
r
3
00
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
a
t
a
n
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
for
bo
t
h
m
e
t
hods
.
In
F
i
gur
e
5,
t
he
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
d
N
.
O
.
V
a
t
a
n
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
n
l
e
d
t
o
a
n
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
d
n
um
b
e
r
of
upl
i
nk
c
onn
e
c
t
i
ons
,
w
h
i
c
h
r
e
s
ul
t
e
d
i
n
a
n
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
n
um
b
e
r
of
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
D
M
A
s
how
e
d
f
e
w
e
r
up
l
i
n
k
c
onn
e
c
t
i
ons
t
ha
n
t
h
e
W
-
D
M
A
m
e
t
hod
,
b
e
c
a
us
e
e
a
c
h
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
a
d
t
he
m
a
xi
m
um
num
be
r
o
f
CM
s
i
n
t
he
W
-
D
M
A
m
e
t
hod
.
T
h
e
re
fore
,
t
he
N
.
O
.
CH
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
3
00
m
T
R
w
a
s
1
5.
T
h
e
us
e
of
D
M
A
re
du
c
e
d
t
he
n
um
b
e
r
of
upl
i
nk
c
onn
e
c
t
i
ons
t
o
2
,
b
e
c
a
us
e
e
a
c
h
D
M
A
ha
d
11
CH
s
.
O
n
e
D
M
A
h
a
d
11
CH
s
,
w
h
e
re
a
s
t
he
ot
he
r
ha
d
4
CH
s
.
W
-
D
M
A
di
d
no
t
c
on
t
rol
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h
re
s
u
l
t
e
d
i
n
m
a
ny
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
b
e
i
ng
s
e
nt
t
o
t
he
BS
.
T
he
us
e
of
D
M
A
r
e
duc
e
d
t
h
e
nu
m
be
r
of
t
he
s
e
n
t
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
,
b
e
c
a
us
e
D
M
A
fi
l
t
e
r
e
d
ou
t
dupl
i
c
a
t
e
d
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
fro
m
i
m
m
ob
i
l
e
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
.
T
a
bl
e
5
s
how
s
t
he
a
ve
r
a
ge
r
e
du
c
t
i
on
pe
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
for
3
00
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
w
i
t
h
a
nd
w
i
t
h
out
D
M
A
.
T
a
b
l
e
5
s
how
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e
us
e
o
f
D
M
A
re
du
c
e
d
t
h
e
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
be
i
ng
s
e
nt
t
o
t
h
e
BS
by
8
6%
ove
r
W
-
D
M
A
.
W
h
e
n
us
i
ng
D
M
A
w
i
t
h
300
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
onl
y
2
D
M
A
s
s
e
nt
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
BS
s
.
By
c
ont
r
a
s
t
,
t
he
W
-
D
M
A
m
e
t
ho
d
re
s
u
l
t
e
d
i
n
1
5
upl
i
nk
c
onn
e
c
t
i
ons
s
e
n
di
ng
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
ry
a
nd
unn
e
c
e
s
s
a
ry
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
t
o
BS
s
.
In
c
row
de
d
c
ond
i
t
i
ons
,
t
he
N
.
O
.
V
o
n
t
he
s
p
e
c
i
fi
c
r
oa
d
c
ove
r
e
d
by
t
h
i
s
s
t
udy
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
d
t
o
400
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
t
h
e
N
.
O
.
V
s
t
opp
e
d
a
t
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
.
T
h
e
re
f
ore
,
t
hi
s
s
e
c
t
i
on
fo
c
us
e
s
on
t
h
e
a
na
l
ys
i
s
of
400
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
a
t
a
n
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
n,
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
6.
F
i
gure
6
s
h
ow
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
N
.
O
.
V
t
o
400
a
t
a
n
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
n
re
s
u
l
t
e
d
i
n
a
n
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
s
e
n
t
t
o
BS
s
be
c
a
us
e
of
t
h
e
i
nc
re
a
s
e
i
n
t
he
nu
m
b
e
r
of
upl
i
nks
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
d
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
for
t
h
e
W
-
D
M
A
m
e
t
hod
w
a
s
g
re
a
t
e
r
t
ha
n
t
ha
t
fo
r
t
he
D
M
A
;
t
he
W
-
D
M
A
m
e
t
h
od
h
a
d
20
up
l
i
nk
c
o
nne
c
t
i
ons
,
w
he
re
a
s
t
h
e
D
M
A
ha
d
2
.
T
he
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
s
e
n
t
by
t
he
W
-
D
M
A
m
e
t
hod
c
on
t
a
i
ne
d
ne
c
e
s
s
a
ry
a
n
d
u
nne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
o
n.
In
D
M
A
,
on
l
y
ne
c
e
s
s
a
ry
i
nfo
rm
a
t
i
on
w
a
s
s
e
nt
t
o
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
BS
s
.
T
a
b
l
e
5
s
how
s
t
he
a
v
e
ra
ge
re
duc
t
i
on
p
e
rc
e
nt
a
g
e
fo
r
4
00
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
w
i
t
h
a
nd
w
i
t
hout
D
M
A
.
T
a
b
l
e
5
s
h
ow
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e
us
e
of
D
M
A
re
duc
e
d
t
he
nu
m
b
e
r
of
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
s
e
n
t
t
o
BS
s
b
y
89%
c
om
p
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
W
-
D
M
A
.
W
he
n
us
i
ng
D
M
A
w
i
t
h
40
0
ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
onl
y
2
D
M
A
s
s
e
nt
i
nfor
m
a
t
i
on
t
o
t
h
e
BS
s
.
In
t
he
W
-
D
M
A
m
e
t
hod
,
20
up
l
i
nk
c
onn
e
c
t
i
ons
s
e
nt
ne
c
e
s
s
a
ry
a
nd
unne
c
e
s
s
a
ry
i
n
form
a
t
i
on
.
In
c
row
de
d
c
ondi
t
i
o
ns
,
5
75
v
e
hi
c
l
e
s
e
x
i
s
t
e
d
a
t
a
n
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
o
n,
w
h
i
c
h
re
s
ul
t
e
d
i
n
c
ons
i
de
r
a
b
l
e
u
pl
i
nk
c
onn
e
c
t
i
ons
a
nd
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
be
i
ng
s
e
n
t
t
o
BS
s
.
F
i
gur
e
7
s
how
s
t
he
e
ffe
c
t
of
575
ve
hi
c
l
e
s
be
i
ng
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
t
i
n
t
e
rs
e
c
t
i
ons
.
F
i
gure
7
s
how
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
N
.
O
.
V
a
t
a
n
i
nt
e
rs
e
c
t
i
on
re
s
u
l
t
e
d
i
n
a
n
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
d
nu
m
be
r
of
upl
i
n
ks
a
nd
s
e
n
t
m
e
s
s
a
ge
s
for
b
ot
h
m
e
t
hods
.
T
he
n
um
b
e
r
of
upl
i
n
ks
w
a
s
3
w
h
e
n
us
i
ng
D
M
A
,
w
h
e
r
e
a
s
i
t
w
a
s
29
for
W
-
D
M
A
.
In
c
re
a
s
e
d
up
l
i
nks
re
s
u
l
t
e
d
i
n
a
n
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
nu
m
be
r
of
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
s
b
e
i
n
g
s
e
nt
t
o
i
nt
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
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6930
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M
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M
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of
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ropos
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s
s
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p
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re
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m
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M
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’s
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ov
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du
c
i
ng
un
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e
s
s
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ry
i
nfor
m
a
t
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on
a
nd
unde
r
hi
ghw
a
y
c
ond
i
t
i
ons
.
R
EF
ER
EN
C
ES
[
1]
A
.
M
e
h
m
ood
,
A
.
K
h
a
na
n,
A
.
H
.
H
.
M
.
M
o
ha
m
e
d
,
S
.
M
a
hf
o
oz
,
H
.
S
ong
,
a
nd
S
.
A
bdu
l
l
a
h
,
“
A
N
T
S
C
:
A
n
i
n
t
e
l
l
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g
e
n
t
na
i
v
e
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a
ye
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p
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l
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s
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e
s
t
i
m
a
t
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on
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
f
o
r
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
f
l
ow
t
o
f
or
m
s
t
a
bl
e
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
ng
i
n
V
A
N
E
T
,
”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
vol
.
6,
pp
.
445
2
–
44
61
,
2
018
.
[
2]
V
.
V
uk
a
di
nov
i
c
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
3G
P
P
C
-
V
2X
a
nd
I
E
E
E
8
02.
11
p
f
o
r
ve
hi
c
l
e
-
to
-
ve
h
i
c
l
e
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
i
n
h
i
ghw
a
y
pl
a
t
oo
ni
n
g
s
c
e
na
r
i
o
s
,
”
A
d
H
oc
N
e
t
w
or
k
s
,
v
ol
.
74
,
p
p.
17
–
29
,
2018
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
K
O
M
N
IK
A
T
e
l
e
c
om
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un
Co
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…
(Moham
m
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H
ab
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)
621
[
3]
G
.
Y
a
n
a
nd
D
.
B
.
R
a
w
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t
,
“
V
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to
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hi
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ne
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,
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N
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t
w
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r
k
s
,
vo
l
.
58
,
pp
.
25
–
3
5,
20
17
.
[
4]
M
.
H
oe
f
t
a
nd
J.
R
a
k
,
“
H
ow
t
o
pr
o
vi
d
e
f
a
i
r
s
e
r
vi
c
e
f
or
V
2I
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
i
n
V
A
N
E
T
s
?
,
”
A
d
H
o
c
N
e
t
w
or
k
s
,
vol
.
37,
p
p.
28
3
–
29
4,
20
16
.
[
5]
E
.
N
d
a
s
h
i
m
ye
,
S
.
K
.
R
a
y,
N
.
I
.
S
a
r
k
a
r
,
a
nd
J
.
A
.
G
u
t
i
é
r
r
e
z
,
“
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
-
to
-
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on
ov
e
r
m
ul
t
i
-
t
i
e
r
he
t
e
r
o
ge
n
e
ous
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
:
A
s
u
r
ve
y
,
”
C
om
p
ut
.
N
e
t
w
or
k
s
,
v
ol
.
112
,
p
p.
144
–
166
,
201
7.
[
6]
S
.
V
odop
i
ve
c
,
J
.
B
e
š
t
e
r
,
a
nd
A
.
K
os
,
“
A
s
u
r
ve
y
on
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
ng
a
l
g
or
i
t
h
m
s
f
or
ve
hi
c
u
l
a
r
a
d
-
h
oc
ne
t
w
or
ks
,
”
i
n
3
5t
h
I
nt
e
r
n
at
i
on
al
C
on
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
T
e
l
e
c
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
ons
a
nd
Si
g
na
l
P
r
oc
e
s
s
i
ng
(
T
S
P
)
,
pp.
5
2
–
56
,
201
2.
[
7]
M
.
S
.
T
a
l
i
b
,
A
.
H
a
s
s
a
n,
B
.
H
us
s
i
n
,
a
nd
A
.
A
.
H
a
s
s
a
n,
“
V
e
hi
c
ul
a
r
ad
-
hoc
ne
t
w
or
ks
:
C
u
r
r
e
nt
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
ge
s
a
n
d
f
ut
u
r
e
di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
”
J
ou
r
.
A
d
v
.
R
e
s
.
D
y
n.
C
on
t
r
ol
Sy
s
t
.
,
vol
.
10
,
n
o.
2,
p
p.
20
65
–
2
074
,
2018
.
[
8]
M
.
R
e
n,
L
.
K
h
oukh
i
,
H
.
L
a
b
i
od
,
J
.
Z
ha
n
g,
a
nd
V
.
V
è
q
ue
,
“
A
m
obi
l
i
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e
h.
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om
m
un
.
,
vol
.
9
,
p
p.
233
–
2
41,
2
017
.
[
9]
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.
S
.
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l
i
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.
H
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s
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n
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.
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.
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.
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.
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s
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l
i
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at
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o
ns
,
vol
.
9,
n
o.
4
,
pp.
2
16
-
220
,
2018
.
[
10]
C
J.
-
H
.
K
w
o
n,
H
.
S
.
C
h
a
ng
,
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.
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ho
n,
J
.
-
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.
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u
ng
,
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nd
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.
-
J
.
K
i
m
,
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l
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r
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on
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e
n
t
s
,
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h
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ou
r
na
l
Supe
r
c
om
put
i
n
g
,
vo
l
.
72,
no
.
1,
p
p.
16
1
–
17
6
,
20
16.
[
11]
A
.
A
b
ua
s
hou
r
a
nd
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.
K
a
doc
h,
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P
e
r
f
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m
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n
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m
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ov
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E
E
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c
c
e
s
s
,
v
ol
.
5,
p
p.
15
354
–
1537
1,
20
17
.
[
12]
W
.
Q
i
,
Q
.
S
ong
,
X
.
W
a
ng
,
L
.
G
uo,
a
nd
Z
.
N
i
ng
,
“
S
D
N
-
e
n
a
bl
e
d
s
oc
i
a
l
-
a
w
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r
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n
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-
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m
s
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”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
vo
l
.
6
,
pp
.
2821
3
–
28
224
,
2018
.
[
13]
M
.
S
.
T
a
l
i
b,
A
.
H
a
s
s
a
n
,
B
.
H
u
s
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i
n,
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.
S
.
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a
l
i
b,
Z
.
S
.
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a
s
ou
l
,
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nd
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.
S
a
m
m
ou
r
,
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a
t
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s
s
e
m
i
na
t
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on
ba
s
e
d
c
l
u
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e
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hni
que
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o
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V
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N
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s
:
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r
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v
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e
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,
”
J
.
A
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.
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s
.
D
y
n
.
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ont
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o
l
Sy
s
t
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vo
l
.
10
,
no
.
4,
pp
.
59
6
–
60
4,
20
18.
[
14]
A
.
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o
ha
n
t
y
,
S.
M
a
h
a
pa
t
r
a
,
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nd
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.
B
h
a
n
j
a
,
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r
a
f
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om
put
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Sc
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n
c
e
,
vol
.
13
,
no.
2
,
pp
.
884
-
891
,
201
9.
[
15]
M
.
H
.
A
l
w
a
n
,
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.
N
.
R
a
m
l
i
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A
.
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-
J
a
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.
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n
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a
hd
i
,
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c
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802.
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1
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or
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ve
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l
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n
V
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n
t
e
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nat
i
o
nal
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our
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l
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t
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al
an
d
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om
p
ut
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ngi
n
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g
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I
J
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)
,
vo
l
.
9
,
no
.
5,
pp
.
368
7
-
3
694
,
2019
.
[
16]
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.
O
.
F
a
ha
d
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nd
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.
A
.
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l
i
,
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om
pr
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f
uz
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og
i
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s
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ul
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on
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e
nt
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nt
e
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at
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on
al
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o
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al
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l
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J
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,
vo
l
.
9
,
no
.
1,
pp
.
397
-
4
01,
2
019
.
[
17]
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.
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a
s
l
e
k
a
r
,
M
.
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ous
s
e
d
j
r
a
,
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.
M
ouz
n
a
,
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nd
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.
H
oud
a
,
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i
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c
t
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s
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us
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n
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h
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ar
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e
t
w
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k
i
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on
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
V
N
C
)
,
pp.
1
–
6,
2
009
.
[
18]
W
.
F
a
r
ooq
,
M
.
A
l
i
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ha
n
,
a
nd
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.
R
e
h
m
a
n
,
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n
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ns
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l
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2,
no
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4,
p
p
.
1
-
18,
2
016
.
[
19]
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.
S
.
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kka
s
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g
e
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i
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n
d
S
.
S
.
M
a
n
vi
,
“
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u
l
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g
e
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t
dr
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v
e
n
dy
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m
i
c
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l
us
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h
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c
l
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s
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.
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t
w
.
C
om
put
.
A
pp
l
.
,
vo
l
.
35
,
no
.
6,
pp
.
177
1
-
1
780
,
201
2.
[
20]
S
.
A
s
o
ude
h
,
M
.
M
e
h
r
j
oo
,
N
.
-
M
.
B
a
l
ou
c
hz
a
hi
,
a
n
d
A
.
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e
j
a
r
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a
hi
,
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oc
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v
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p
l
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nt
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on
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e
nt
s
,
”
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e
h
.
C
om
m
u
n
.
,
v
ol
.
9,
pp
.
109
–
11
4,
20
17.
[
21]
S
.
K
.
D
h
ur
a
ndh
e
r
,
M
.
S
.
O
ba
i
d
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t
,
D
.
B
h
a
r
dw
a
j
,
a
nd
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.
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a
r
g,
“
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R
O
O
V
:
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g
e
og
r
a
p
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n
g
o
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r
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s
a
nd
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t
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pe
r
f
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m
a
nc
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va
l
ua
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on
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i
n
I
E
E
E
G
l
o
bal
C
om
m
u
ni
c
at
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on
s
C
on
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
G
L
O
B
E
C
O
M
)
,
pp
.
167
0
–
16
75,
2
012
.
[
22]
B
.
B
.
D
u
be
y
,
N
.
C
ha
u
ha
n
,
a
n
d
L
.
K
.
A
w
a
s
t
h
i
,
“
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i
l
d
d:
N
e
a
r
e
s
t
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nt
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s
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c
t
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pe
nd
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t
d
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s
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m
i
n
a
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n
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r
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a
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va
n
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s
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i
n
P
r
oc
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e
d
i
ng
s
of
t
he
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011
I
nt
e
r
n
at
i
onal
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o
nf
e
r
e
nc
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o
n
C
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on,
C
om
pu
t
i
n
g
and
Se
c
ur
i
t
y
,
pp
.
96
–
99,
2
011
.
[
23]
R
.
T
a
va
k
ol
i
a
nd
M
.
N
a
bi
,
“
T
I
G
e
R
:
A
t
r
a
f
f
i
c
-
a
w
a
r
e
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nt
e
r
s
e
c
t
i
on
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ba
s
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ge
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gr
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ph
i
c
a
l
r
ou
t
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ng
pr
ot
o
c
o
l
f
or
u
r
ba
n
V
A
N
E
T
s
,
”
i
n
I
E
E
E
77
t
h
V
e
hi
c
ul
ar
T
e
c
hno
l
og
y
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
(
V
T
C
S
pr
i
n
g)
,
pp
.
1
–
5
,
2013
.
[
24]
L.
-
C
.
T
ung
a
nd
M
.
G
e
r
l
a
,
“
A
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
r
oa
d
-
b
a
s
e
d
d
i
r
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c
t
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ona
l
b
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a
s
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l
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o
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u
r
ba
n
V
A
N
E
T
s
,
”
i
n
I
E
E
E
v
e
h
i
c
u
l
ar
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
ng
c
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
,
N
e
w
J
e
r
s
e
y
,
p
p.
9
–
16
,
2
010
.
[
25]
A
.
H
.
A
bba
s
,
L
.
A
uda
h,
a
nd
N
.
A
.
M
.
A
l
d
ua
i
s
,
“
A
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
oa
d
ba
l
a
nc
e
a
l
go
r
i
t
h
m
f
or
v
e
hi
c
ul
a
r
a
d
-
hoc
ne
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
in
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
P
ow
e
r
,
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l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
s
,
C
om
m
u
ni
c
at
i
o
ns
,
C
o
nt
r
o
l
s
and
I
nf
or
m
at
i
c
s
Se
m
i
nar
,
pp
.
207
–
212
,
2018
.
[
26]
Z
.
K
ha
n
a
nd
P
.
F
a
n
,
“
A
m
u
l
t
i
-
hop
m
ov
i
ng
z
on
e
(
M
M
Z
)
c
l
us
t
e
r
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
ba
s
e
d
on
c
e
l
l
ul
a
r
-
V
2X
,
”
C
h
i
na
C
om
m
un.
,
vo
l
.
15
,
no
.
7,
pp
.
55
–
66,
2
018
.
[
27]
S
.
U
c
a
r
,
S
.
C
.
E
r
ge
n,
a
nd
O
.
O
z
ka
s
a
p
,
“
M
ul
t
i
hop
c
l
us
t
e
r
ba
s
e
d
I
E
E
E
802
.
11
p
a
nd
L
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h
ybr
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d
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c
h
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t
ur
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f
or
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N
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T
s
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f
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m
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s
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g
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s
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1
94
-
203
,
2019
.
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