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The o
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c
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ra
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th
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m
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s
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se
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is
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s
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sp
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e
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o
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li
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h
e
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su
lt
s o
f
th
is ma
n
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sc
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t
c
a
n
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p
p
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m
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n
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th
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ra
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th
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h
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teria
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d
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h
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x
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e
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ts
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5
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CCT
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E
Ds
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wh
ich
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su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
e
tri
p
le
-
lay
e
rs
stru
c
tu
re
is
m
o
re
fa
v
o
ra
b
le
in
t
e
rm
s
o
f
c
o
lo
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
a
n
d
li
g
h
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
.
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sid
e
s,
a
n
o
tab
le
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
c
c
u
rs
in
c
o
l
o
r
d
e
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iatio
n
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
a
t
c
h
r
o
m
a
ti
c
sta
b
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n
h
a
n
c
e
d
i
n
W
LE
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with
th
re
e
p
h
o
sp
h
o
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lay
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rs.
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h
ro
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g
h
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
re
su
lt
s,
w
h
ich
we
re
c
o
n
firme
d
b
y
th
e
M
ie
-
sc
a
tt
e
rin
g
t
h
e
o
r
y
,
t
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
o
ffe
rs
v
a
lu
a
b
le
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
a
n
d
d
e
tails t
o
p
ro
d
u
c
e
b
e
tt
e
r
WL
EDs.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
lo
r
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
in
d
ex
Du
al
-
lay
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p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
L
u
m
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o
u
s
ef
f
icac
y
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-
s
ca
tter
in
g
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R
e
m
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h
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h
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C
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:
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Qu
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Po
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tem
Op
tim
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R
esear
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Gr
o
u
p
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Facu
lty
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f
E
lectr
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an
d
E
lectr
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n
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in
ee
r
in
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o
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c
T
h
an
g
U
n
iv
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s
ity
,
Ho
C
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i M
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C
ity
,
Vietn
am
.
E
m
ail:
n
g
u
y
e
n
d
o
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q
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o
ca
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h
@
td
tu
.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
L
ig
h
tin
g
d
ev
ices
u
s
in
g
L
E
Ds
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ial
to
f
a
b
r
icate
wh
ite
lig
h
t
(
W
L
E
Ds)
co
n
tain
s
m
an
y
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
tr
aits
s
u
ch
as
p
o
wer
s
av
in
g
,
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
co
lo
r
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
s
m
aller
in
s
ize,
ar
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
a
p
o
ten
tial
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
[
1
-
4
]
.
T
h
e
W
L
E
Ds
wo
r
k
b
ase
o
n
th
e
a
d
d
itiv
e
co
lo
r
p
r
in
cip
le,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
b
et
wee
n
th
e
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
with
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
c
o
m
es
f
r
o
m
a
b
lu
e
c
h
ip
[
5
]
.
I
f
th
e
lig
h
ti
n
g
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
im
p
r
o
v
es,
th
er
e
is
a
g
o
o
d
ch
an
ce
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
u
s
ab
le
in
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
l
ig
h
tin
g
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
W
L
E
Ds
ar
e
o
f
ten
cr
ea
ted
b
y
d
i
f
f
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
o
n
t
o
th
e
L
E
Ds
to
f
o
r
m
a
lay
er
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
will
m
ix
th
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
en
ca
p
s
u
lated
r
esin
an
d
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
o
wd
er
th
en
d
is
p
er
s
ed
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
e
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
e
r
th
e
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
an
d
lo
wer
ed
co
s
t,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
n
o
t a
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
W
L
E
Ds
[
7
-
9
]
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
co
atin
g
m
eth
o
d
is
a
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
in
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
e
c
o
lo
r
s
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
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KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
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l Co
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tr
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l
Th
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fo
r
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Ds co
lo
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a
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ity
(
N
g
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ye
n
Th
i P
h
u
o
n
g
Lo
a
n
)
2607
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
an
g
u
lar
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
o
f
C
C
T
[
1
0
-
1
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
co
n
f
o
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m
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y
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ac
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tter
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u
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to
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lt.
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a
p
p
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o
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h
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f
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latin
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th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
W
L
E
Ds
h
as
alr
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
p
r
i
o
r
r
es
ea
r
ch
es
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
[
1
4
-
1
6
]
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
t
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
ep
o
x
y
h
em
is
p
h
er
ical
g
lass
co
ated
w
ith
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
n
th
e
i
n
s
id
e
a
m
p
lifie
s
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
lig
h
t
b
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
in
te
r
n
al
r
ef
lectio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
7
]
.
No
t
to
m
e
n
tio
n
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icien
cy
also
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en
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its
f
r
o
m
th
e
air
-
g
ap
em
b
ed
d
e
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
d
o
w
n
war
d
lig
h
t
r
ef
l
ec
tio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
[
1
8
-
2
0
]
.
I
t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
b
esid
es
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icac
y
(
L
E
)
,
o
th
er
ch
r
o
m
atic
q
u
ality
in
d
icato
r
s
s
u
ch
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co
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r
s
tab
ilit
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r
en
d
er
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n
g
ab
ilit
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ar
e
also
cr
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ta
r
g
ets
to
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
er
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o
r
e,
m
o
d
if
ica
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
a
d
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ial
to
th
e
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
r
in
g
d
esira
b
le
alter
atio
n
s
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
ese
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
[
2
1
-
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
a
r
r
an
g
em
en
t
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
in
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
two
p
h
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s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ials
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w
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h
o
s
p
h
o
r
b
elo
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e
d
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r
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r
ee
n
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h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
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ile
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n
s
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u
ctu
r
e
with
th
r
ee
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h
o
s
p
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er
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tes.
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
a
d
is
tin
ctio
n
in
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
L
E
Ds
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
o
f
y
ello
w
-
em
itti
n
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
YAG:Ce
3+
in
ea
ch
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
it
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
y
ello
w
-
em
itti
n
g
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
with
t
h
e
Y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
an
d
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
e
least.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
AC
C
T
b
u
t
with
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
if
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
o
f
YAG:Ce
3
+
r
is
es
u
p
th
e
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
als
o
in
cr
ea
s
es
wh
ic
h
d
am
ag
es
th
e
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
wh
en
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lev
el
o
f
Y
AG:C
e
3+
is
h
ig
h
,
th
e
im
b
ala
n
ce
am
o
n
g
th
e
th
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
co
lo
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
wh
ite
lig
h
t:
r
ed
,
y
ello
w
a
n
d
g
r
ee
n
will
ap
p
ea
r
an
d
ca
u
s
es
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
lig
h
t
lo
s
s
an
d
eq
u
alize
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ca
n
lead
to
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
r
esu
lted
l
ig
h
t
an
d
ch
r
o
m
atic
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
wh
ich
h
a
s
th
r
ee
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
th
at
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
b
alan
ce
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
c
o
lo
r
s
,
en
h
an
ce
th
e
co
lo
r
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
ab
ilit
y
with
r
ed
p
ar
ticles,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
as
well
as
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
with
g
r
ee
n
p
ar
ticles,
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
th
e
id
ea
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
So
is
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
c
o
n
tain
in
g
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
ch
r
o
m
atic
lay
er
s
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
?
T
o
v
er
if
y
th
is
th
eo
r
y
,
we
n
ee
d
to
ex
am
in
e
o
t
h
er
cr
u
cial
as
p
ec
ts
o
f
an
lig
h
tin
g
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
u
ch
as th
e
em
is
s
io
n
wav
elen
g
th
r
an
g
e,
w
h
ich
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
a
r
e
d
ef
in
itely
o
b
v
io
u
s
.
T
h
e
Y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
with
th
e
lo
w
est
in
ten
s
ity
in
d
ex
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
at
m
in
u
m
u
m
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
with
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
f
r
o
m
3
8
0
-
7
8
0
n
m
,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
ten
s
ity
.
T
h
e
YG
an
d
YR
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
in
ten
s
ity
d
e
p
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
wav
elen
g
th
r
an
g
e
,
f
r
o
m
4
0
0
-
5
0
0
n
m
s
p
ec
tr
al
in
ten
s
ity
in
YG
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
YR
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
YG
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
is
al
s
o
g
r
ea
ter
in
co
m
p
ar
is
io
n
to
YR
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
YR
in
t
h
e
b
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
6
5
0
-
7
5
0
n
m
h
as
h
ig
h
e
r
in
te
n
s
ity
,
wh
i
ch
m
ea
n
s
th
e
c
o
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
o
f
YR
in
th
is
em
is
s
i
o
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
YG.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
a
p
p
r
o
v
e
all
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ab
o
v
e,
p
ar
t 3
will f
o
cu
s
o
n
tes
tin
g
an
d
g
iv
in
g
r
esu
lts
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
YAG:Ce
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
if
u
r
a
tio
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
m
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
co
lo
r
r
e
n
d
er
in
g
in
d
e
x
(
C
R
I
)
o
f
all
lig
h
tin
g
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
s
.
I
t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
YR
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ac
h
iev
es
h
ig
h
est
C
R
I
.
T
h
is
i
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
esu
lt
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
C
R
I
in
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
Alth
o
u
g
h
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
C
R
I
in
h
ig
h
AC
C
T
is
ex
ce
p
tio
n
all
y
d
if
f
icu
lt,
t
h
e
YR
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ca
n
u
n
d
er
tak
e
th
is
task
.
T
h
e
YR
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
L
iAl
5
O
8
:Fe
3+
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
ed
p
ar
ticles
ac
h
ie
v
es
b
etter
c
o
lo
r
r
e
n
d
in
g
in
d
e
x
(
C
R
I
)
.
YR
G
is
s
ec
o
n
d
p
lace
in
ter
m
o
f
C
R
I
ac
h
iev
e
d
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
C
R
I
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
YG
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
th
e
lo
west.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ap
p
ly
in
g
YR
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
s
er
i
al
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
with
C
R
I
as
th
e
m
ain
g
o
al
is
th
e
o
p
tim
al
c
h
o
ice.
T
h
e
C
R
I
is
a
p
o
p
u
lar
q
u
ality
in
d
icato
r
b
u
t
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
to
co
n
clu
d
e
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
lig
h
tin
g
d
e
v
ice
ju
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Th
e
o
p
tio
n
s
in
r
emo
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
fo
r
b
etter
w
h
ite
L
E
Ds co
lo
r
q
u
a
l
ity
(
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
i P
h
u
o
n
g
Lo
a
n
)
2609
b
ased
o
n
C
R
I
.
T
h
e
C
Q
S,
wh
ich
ex
am
in
es
th
r
ee
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
clu
d
in
g
C
R
I
,
o
b
s
er
v
er
ch
o
ice,
an
d
co
lo
r
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
h
as
r
is
en
u
p
a
n
d
wer
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
q
u
ality
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
.
W
ith
th
e
co
v
er
ag
e
o
v
er
th
ese
th
r
ee
asp
ec
ts
,
C
QS
s
ee
m
in
g
ly
tu
r
n
s
o
u
t
as
a
v
ital
p
o
i
n
t
an
d
is
r
e
g
ar
d
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
u
cial
in
d
icato
r
to
ev
alu
ate
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
.
C
QS
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
we
r
e
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
f
C
R
I
is
h
ig
h
est
in
YR
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
en
C
QS
is
r
ea
ch
es
i
ts
p
ea
k
in
Y
R
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
wh
ich
is
a
r
esu
l
t
o
f
b
etter
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
ch
r
o
m
atic
lig
h
ts
y
ell
o
w,
r
ed
an
d
g
r
ee
n
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
C
QS
v
alu
e
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
g
o
o
d
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
Y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
p
o
o
r
C
QS
in
co
m
p
ar
is
io
n
to
o
th
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
is
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
c
h
r
o
m
atic
attr
ib
u
t
e
o
f
em
itted
lig
h
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
l
ac
k
o
f
ch
r
o
m
atic
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
g
r
ea
t
v
alu
e
to
th
e
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t.
Desp
ite
th
e
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
in
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
,
Y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
till
ex
ce
ls
in
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
d
u
e
to
s
im
p
ler
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
m
p
a
r
e
to
o
th
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
r
elativ
ely
l
o
w
co
s
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
a
p
er
f
ec
t
f
it
f
o
r
W
L
E
Ds
with
h
ig
h
c
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
d
o
es
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
af
f
ec
t
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
l
u
x
?
A
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
lay
er
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
lay
er
was
u
s
ed
to
a
n
s
wer
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
q
u
esti
o
n
.
T
h
e
m
at
h
em
atica
l
eq
u
atio
n
t
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
b
lu
e
an
d
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
y
ield
ed
f
r
o
m
W
L
E
Ds
with
two
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
is
p
ar
t
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
b
etter
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
m
ec
h
an
is
m
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
m
itted
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
in
s
in
g
l
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ac
k
ag
e
with
2
h
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
d
en
s
ity
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
b
elo
w:
1
=
0
×
−
2
1
ℎ
(
1
)
1
=
1
2
1
×
0
1
−
1
(
−
2
1
ℎ
−
−
2
1
ℎ
)
(
2
)
I
n
d
u
al
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
r
em
o
te
W
L
E
Ds
with
an
h
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
d
en
s
ity
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
m
it
ted
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
y
ello
w
lig
h
t a
r
e
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as:
2
=
0
×
−
2
2
ℎ
(
3
)
2
=
1
2
2
×
0
2
−
2
(
−
2
2
ℎ
−
−
2
2
ℎ
)
(
4
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
lo
r
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
i
n
d
e
x
es o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
s
ca
le
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
T
h
e
h
d
e
n
o
tes
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
d
en
s
ity
(
m
m
)
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
t
“1
”
i
n
d
icate
s
W
L
E
Ds
with
s
in
g
le
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
“
2
”
in
d
icate
s
W
L
E
Ds
with
d
u
al
-
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
β
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
r
ate
o
f
in
ter
n
al
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
b
lu
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
to
y
ello
w
lig
h
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
lec
tio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
y
ello
w
li
g
h
t
is
illu
s
tr
ated
by
γ.
T
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
in
te
n
s
ities
o
f
L
E
D
ch
ip
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
b
l
u
e
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
(
PB
)
a
n
d
y
e
llo
w
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
(
PY
)
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
PB
0
.
T
h
e
b
lu
e
a
n
d
y
ello
w
lig
h
t
en
er
g
y
l
o
s
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
ar
e
in
d
icat
ed
b
y
α
B
;
α
Y
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
W
L
E
Ds
in
d
o
u
b
le
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
h
av
e
th
eir
lu
m
in
o
u
s
ef
f
icac
y
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
th
e
s
in
g
le
lay
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
n
es:
(
2
+
2
)
−
(
1
+
1
)
1
+
1
>
0
(
5
)
T
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
th
e
Mie
-
th
e
o
r
y
is
to
in
s
p
ec
t
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
s
f
r
o
m
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles.
B
esid
es,
th
e
Mie
th
eo
r
y
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
C
sca
f
o
r
s
p
h
er
ical
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
L
am
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
la
w
m
ea
s
u
r
es th
e
lig
h
t p
o
we
r
e
m
itted
:
I
= I
0
ex
p
(
-
µ
ext
L)
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
260
6
-
261
1
2610
I
0,
is
th
e
in
cid
e
n
t
r
ad
iatio
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
wh
ile
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
m
ater
ial
is
L
(
m
m
)
a
n
d
µ
ext
f
o
r
th
e
ex
tin
ctio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
with
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la:
µ
ext
=
N
r
.C
ext
,
with
N
r
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
d
en
s
ity
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticles (
m
m
-
3
)
an
d
t
h
e
ex
t
in
ctio
n
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
a
r
ticles
C
ext
(mm
2
).
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
(
5
)
,
th
e
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
clea
r
ly
m
o
r
e
b
en
ef
icial
t
o
th
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ity
th
an
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
with
o
n
ly
o
n
e
la
y
er
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
v
er
if
ied
b
y
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
es
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
,
Y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
th
e
lo
west
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
em
itted
lig
h
t
am
o
n
g
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
o
n
th
e
co
n
tr
a
r
y
,
ac
h
iev
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
al
u
e
in
l
u
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
.
T
h
is
clea
r
al
l
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
ev
o
lv
e
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
n
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
s
in
ce
it
h
as
th
e
b
est
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
YG
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
b
est
in
ter
m
s
o
f
l
u
m
en
o
u
t
p
u
t
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
ad
d
it
io
n
o
f
g
r
ee
n
lig
h
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
ee
n
(
C
e,
T
b
)
Mg
Al
11
O
19
:C
e:T
b
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
T
h
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
wi
th
in
th
e
wav
elen
g
t
h
f
r
o
m
5
0
0
-
6
0
0
n
m
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
(
C
e,
T
b
)
Mg
Al
11
O
19
:C
e:T
b
.
I
t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
t
h
at
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
th
ese
wav
elen
g
th
s
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
YG
an
d
Y.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
YAG:Ce
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lev
el
in
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
to
th
e
lo
west
am
o
n
g
all
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
to
m
ain
tain
AC
C
T
an
d
th
e
b
ac
k
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
also
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
af
ter
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
YAG:Ce
3+
in
Y
R
G
d
ec
li
n
ed
.
T
h
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
l
u
e
ch
i
p
will
th
en
ea
s
ily
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
YAG:Ce
3+
lay
er
an
d
g
ets
to
o
th
e
r
la
y
er
s
.
I
t
ca
n
also
b
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
th
at
th
e
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
itted
f
r
o
m
th
e
ch
ip
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
in
YR
G
h
av
in
g
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est s
p
ec
tr
al
in
ten
s
ity
wh
ile
in
th
e
s
am
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
as o
t
h
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
th
e
YR
G
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
as
a
n
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
lig
h
ti
n
g
d
ev
ices
th
at
n
ee
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
th
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
an
d
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t.
B
esid
e
o
th
er
asp
ec
ts
,
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
is
an
o
t
h
er
d
ec
id
in
g
f
ac
to
r
to
th
e
co
lo
r
o
f
lig
h
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
o
m
itted
.
As
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
b
etter
co
l
o
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
,
s
o
m
e
u
s
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
a
r
t
icles
th
at
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
s
u
ch
as
T
iO
2
,
Z
n
O,
.
.
.
o
r
ap
p
l
ied
th
e
co
n
f
o
r
m
al
co
atin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
ca
n
b
e
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
,
y
et
lu
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
wo
u
ld
d
ec
lin
e
wh
en
th
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
d
d
in
g
g
r
ee
n
(
C
e,
T
b
)
Mg
Al
11
O
1
9
:C
e
:Tb
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
a
n
d
r
ed
L
iAl
5
O
8
:Fe
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
will
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
g
r
ee
n
an
d
r
e
d
s
c
atter
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
-
s
ca
ter
r
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
th
a
t
lo
wer
s
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
is
also
l
ess
en
if
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
wer
e
ap
p
lied
.
B
esid
e
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
p
a
r
ticu
lar
s
u
ch
as
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
en
ab
le
W
L
E
Ds
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
p
o
ten
tial.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
L
a
m
b
er
t
-
B
ee
r
l
aw
in
(
6
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
ex
p
r
ess
es
th
e
c
h
r
o
m
atic
d
ev
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n
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
wh
ic
h
s
h
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ws
th
at
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G
i
s
th
e
s
tr
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ctu
r
e
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e
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r
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d
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g
th
is
in
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r
.
T
h
e
s
m
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th
e
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lo
r
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iatio
n
,
th
e
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lo
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i
f
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r
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r
o
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s
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tter
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g
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r
o
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r
ties
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h
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in
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ct
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r
e
i
n
c
r
ea
s
e
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e
s
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g
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e
n
ts
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L
E
D
s
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
at
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tr
en
g
th
en
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lo
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n
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ity
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e
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f
m
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en
ts
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e
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ed
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ctio
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o
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h
t
o
u
tp
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t.
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i
s
s
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tp
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t
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n
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e
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m
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en
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ated
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e
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n
t
o
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itted
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ed
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a
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in
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o
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atic
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o
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eity
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t
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t w
h
ile
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th
e
o
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p
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ite
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e
t
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lo
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n
an
d
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s
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le
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u
r
e
6
.
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u
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o
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ig
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r
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Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
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r
elate
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Δ
C
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atic
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atic
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S
[1
]
Bin
d
a
i
S
.
,
A
n
n
a
p
u
r
n
a
K
.
,
Tar
a
fd
e
r
A.
,
“
Re
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
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in
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g
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s
th
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n
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m
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d
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s
with
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terin
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h
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o
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d
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wh
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EDs
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p
li
e
d
Op
ti
c
s
,
v
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,
p
p
.
2
3
7
2
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0
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9
.
[2
]
Ha
o
J
.
,
Ke
H
.
L
.
,
Jin
g
L
.
,
S
u
n
Q
.
,
S
u
n
R
.
T.
,
“
P
re
d
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o
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f
li
fe
ti
m
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m
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d
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ra
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ti
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n
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n
d
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sh
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LE
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lam
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s,
in
a
n
o
n
-
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c
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lera
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li
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o
v
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,
0
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.
,”
A
p
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Op
ti
c
s
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1
8
5
5
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1
.
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;
[3
]
Da
v
id
A
.
,
F
i
n
i
P
.
T
.
,
Ho
u
se
r
K
.
W
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
v
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p
m
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t
o
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m
e
th
o
d
f
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ti
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th
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o
lo
r
re
n
d
it
i
o
n
o
f
li
g
h
t
so
u
rc
e
s,”
Op
ti
c
s E
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p
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ss
,
v
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2
3
,
n
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.
12
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p
p
.
1
5
8
8
8
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0
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5
.
[4
]
Lee
H
.
K
.
,
C
h
o
H
.
K
.
,
B
y
u
n
C
.
W
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
C
o
lo
r
-
t
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n
a
b
le
o
r
g
a
n
ic
li
g
h
t
-
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m
it
ti
n
g
d
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o
d
e
s
wit
h
v
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rti
c
a
ll
y
sta
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k
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d
b
l
u
e
,
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re
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n
,
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n
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d
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li
g
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g
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d
d
isp
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p
p
l
ica
ti
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n
s
,”
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p
ti
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s
Exp
re
ss
,
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[5
]
Li
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.
,
Ho
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e
n
W
.
H
.
,
Li
u
J
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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o
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ll
s
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icie
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siti
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n
,”
in
Co
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fer
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n
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tro
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ti
c
s,
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c
h
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Di
g
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ti
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.,
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0
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.
[6
]
Y
.
Yu
,
C
.
Ca
o
,
Z
.
W
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
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n
g
t
h
e
c
o
lo
r
-
re
n
d
e
rin
g
in
d
e
x
o
f
a
tan
d
e
m
wa
rm
wh
it
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rg
a
n
ic
li
g
h
t
-
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m
it
ti
n
g
d
e
v
ice
b
y
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
a
sim
p
le fa
b
rica
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
,”
Op
ti
c
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
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l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
9
3
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-
9
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4
,
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0
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9
.
[
7
]
W
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
W
.
Y
a
n
g
,
P
.
Z
h
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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p
e
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t
r
a
l
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
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o
r
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
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r
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t
u
n
a
b
l
e
w
h
i
t
e
L
E
D
s
b
a
s
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d
o
n
p
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v
s
k
i
t
e
q
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a
n
t
u
m
d
o
t
s
f
o
r
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l
t
r
a
h
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g
h
c
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l
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r
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n
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
”
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
M
a
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s
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x
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p
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[8
]
Yu
c
e
H
.
,
G
u
n
e
r
T
.
,
Ba
lci
S
.
,
De
m
ir
M
.
M.
,
“
P
h
o
sp
h
o
r
-
b
a
se
d
wh
i
te
LE
D
b
y
v
a
ri
o
u
s
g
las
sy
p
a
rti
c
l
e
s:
c
o
n
tro
l
o
v
e
r
lu
m
in
o
u
s
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
”
O
p
ti
c
s L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
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l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
7
9
-
4
8
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[9
]
Wan
g
W
.
,
Zh
u
P
.
,
“
Re
d
p
h
o
t
o
lu
m
in
e
sc
e
n
t
Eu
3
+
-
d
o
p
e
d
Y
2
O
3
n
a
n
o
sp
h
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re
s
fo
r
LE
D
-
p
h
o
sp
h
o
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s:
S
y
n
t
h
e
sis a
n
d
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
,
”
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ti
c
s E
x
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
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