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IS
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t
he
t
e
s
t
b
e
d'
s
c
o
m
pon
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nt
s
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
i
nc
l
ud
e
s
t
he
A
pp
i
nv
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nt
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r
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pp
on
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he
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a
bl
e
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t
o
c
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t
e
a
G
U
I
on
a
t
a
bl
e
t
b
a
s
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d
on
bl
oc
k
l
y
pro
gra
m
m
i
ng
.
In
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
[
1
]
us
i
ng
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
b
oa
rd
,
R
a
s
pbe
rry
P
i
,
w
hi
c
h
i
s
bui
l
t
s
e
c
ur
i
t
y
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v
e
l
m
e
t
hod
us
i
ng
t
h
e
A
RS
y
F
ra
m
e
w
ork
o
n
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
Ra
s
pb
e
rry
P
i
3
M
od
e
l
B
a
nd
D
S
18
B20
s
e
ns
or
,
f
rom
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
w
e
c
a
n
d
e
t
e
rm
i
ne
t
he
l
e
v
e
l
of
s
e
c
uri
t
y
o
f
d
a
t
a
i
n
t
h
e
W
i
re
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or
N
e
t
w
or
k.
In
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
[1
1
,
12
]
,
t
h
e
ra
d
i
o
fre
que
n
c
y
us
e
d
i
s
Z
i
gb
e
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
fa
rt
h
e
s
t
ra
n
ge
of
120
m
e
t
e
rs
[13]
,
s
o
a
l
ong
-
r
a
ng
e
fre
que
n
c
y
r
a
di
o
i
s
ne
e
de
d
t
o
c
o
ve
r
t
h
e
out
door
a
re
a
.
S
o
i
t
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
ry
t
o
e
xp
a
nd
t
he
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
of
t
he
RF
s
i
gn
a
l
s
t
o
t
h
e
out
do
or.
F
or
t
h
i
s
r
e
a
s
on,
t
hi
s
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
a
s
m
a
de
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
a
na
l
yz
i
ng
t
he
a
bi
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
he
L
oR
a
915
M
H
z
m
odu
l
e
i
n
s
e
ndi
ng
B
M
E
280
d
a
t
a
a
t
d
i
s
t
a
n
t
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
a
nd
l
o
c
a
t
i
ons
.
t
he
r
e
for
e
,
a
s
c
ope
on
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
i
s
t
ra
ns
fe
rr
i
ng
t
he
BM
E
280
d
a
t
a
p
a
c
ke
t
a
t
L
oRa
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
e
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t
o
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re
c
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v
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a
t
fr
e
qu
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nc
y
915
M
H
z
w
hi
c
h
w
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l
l
produ
c
e
r
e
c
e
i
ve
r
s
i
gna
l
s
t
re
ngt
h
(RS
S
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va
l
u
e
i
n
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dBm
a
t
di
ff
e
r
e
nt
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
.
In
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
[
14
]
O
n
e
i
m
por
t
a
nt
r
e
a
s
on
f
or
Io
T
i
s
t
h
e
P
ow
e
r
c
ons
u
m
p
t
i
on
fa
c
t
or
.
e
.
g
,
L
oRa
a
nd
t
he
gl
oba
l
p
os
i
t
i
oni
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
(G
P
S
)
re
qui
r
e
hi
gh
pow
e
r
c
on
s
um
pt
i
on,
on
e
m
e
t
ho
d
t
ha
t
c
a
n
b
e
us
e
d
t
o
r
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du
c
e
pow
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r
c
ons
u
m
pt
i
on
i
s
f
i
ng
e
rpri
nt
pos
i
t
i
on
i
ng
m
e
t
hod
.
T
h
e
s
e
n
de
r
a
nd
r
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c
e
i
v
e
r
pr
ogra
m
on
L
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a
us
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a
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ge
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A
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no
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gr
a
t
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d
d
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m
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t
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nvi
r
o
nm
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(ID
E
).
a
c
c
o
rdi
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l
y
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P
rob
l
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m
s
t
h
a
t
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s
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ndi
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pa
c
k
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us
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t
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L
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a
r
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d
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qu
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y
m
odul
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t
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pre
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nc
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of
obs
t
a
c
l
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s
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n
t
he
for
m
of
m
oun
t
a
i
ns
,
bui
l
di
ngs
,
t
r
e
e
s
,
e
t
c
.
w
hi
c
h
c
a
us
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s
a
gre
a
t
e
r
pe
r
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nt
a
g
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of
t
he
a
t
t
e
nu
a
t
i
on
s
i
gna
l
(
-
dB
m
).
2.
R
ES
EA
R
C
H
M
ET
H
O
D
2.
1
.
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
a
r
c
h
i
te
c
tu
r
e
F
i
gure
1
s
how
s
t
he
ov
e
r
a
l
l
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
a
rc
h
i
t
e
c
t
ur
e
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
re
3
p
a
rt
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gu
re
1
.
O
n
t
he
l
e
ft
(c
a
s
e
_a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
_1)
i
s
a
n
a
na
l
ys
i
s
of
A
D
R
(
a
da
pt
i
ve
da
t
a
ra
t
e
)
a
l
gor
i
t
h
m
[
1
5
]
w
h
i
c
h
a
i
m
s
t
o
m
a
xi
m
i
z
e
t
he
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
of
s
e
ns
or
node
s
a
nd
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
t
i
ve
n
e
s
s
of
t
he
ove
ra
l
l
ne
t
w
ork
i
ng
i
f
a
dde
d
w
i
t
h
a
l
a
rge
nu
m
be
r
of
node
s
,
i
n
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
(r
e
c
e
i
ve
r
s
e
ns
i
t
i
vi
t
y),
t
ra
ns
m
i
t
t
i
ng
m
u
l
t
i
-
poi
n
t
da
t
a
s
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g
na
l
s
T
x
node
L
oR
a
t
o
Rx
N
ode
L
oRa
pr
oduc
e
s
a
n
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
of
t
he
budg
e
t
l
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nk
c
ons
i
s
t
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ng
of
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
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on
pow
e
r
,
a
n
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e
n
na
ga
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n
,
c
onn
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c
t
or
l
os
s
,
fa
c
t
or
fr
e
s
ne
l
z
o
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qu
a
t
i
o
n,
e
t
c
(C
a
s
e
_A
n
a
l
yt
i
c
_2)
[16]
.
I
n
Ca
s
e
_A
na
l
yt
i
c
2
t
he
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
s
i
gn
a
l
i
s
Chi
rps
(c
om
pre
s
s
e
d
h
i
gh
-
i
nt
e
ns
i
t
y
r
a
d
a
r
p
ul
s
e
)
[
17
-
19]
.
fu
rt
h
e
rm
o
re
,
C
a
s
e
_A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
_3
i
s
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
of
a
n
i
nt
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rne
t
ga
t
e
w
a
y
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na
l
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s
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o
ns
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s
t
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of
a
n
i
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rn
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t
s
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r
ve
r
a
nd
a
ppl
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c
a
t
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on
s
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rv
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r
a
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t
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a
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l
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,
i
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e
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up
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c
a
n
be
a
na
l
yz
e
d
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n
de
t
a
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l
.
F
i
gure
1
.
T
he
a
rc
h
i
t
e
c
t
ure
of
t
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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651
T
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d
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d
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ra
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t
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a
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t
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foc
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t
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us
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of
t
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ngs
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c
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a
s
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n
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n
h
a
nd
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i
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d
a
t
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t
ra
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m
i
s
s
i
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n
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a
t
e
on
t
he
n
e
t
w
or
k
(
L
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a
W
A
N
)
[2
0
]
t
h
a
t
i
s
b
e
i
ng
bui
l
t
a
nd
h
a
s
m
a
ny
s
e
ns
or
n
ode
s
t
ha
t
a
re
b
e
i
ng
bu
i
l
t
i
n
t
e
r
c
onn
e
c
t
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d,
t
hi
s
h
a
s
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ow
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i
nc
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a
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b
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or
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s
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w
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In
t
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i
t
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upl
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do
w
nl
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d
a
t
a
.
If
t
he
e
nd
p
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/
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da
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a
s
doc
u
m
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n
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d
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L
o
Ra
W
A
N
[
21
,
22]
.
A
D
R
a
l
go
ri
t
hm
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
i
nc
l
ud
e
RS
S
I
(
dBm
)
a
nd
S
N
R
(dB
),
up
l
i
nk
a
nd
d
ow
n
l
i
nk
proc
e
s
s
e
s
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
e
rv
e
r
a
nd
t
he
s
e
rve
r
n
ode
.
fur
t
he
rm
or
e
,
t
hr
e
e
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
pa
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
[23
,
2
4
]
i
n
a
da
p
t
i
v
e
d
a
t
a
r
a
t
e
(A
D
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)
i
.
e
,
s
pre
a
di
n
g
fa
c
t
or
(S
F
),
ba
ndw
i
d
t
h
(
BW
)
,
a
nd
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
pow
e
r
(dB)
.
F
ur
t
h
e
r
e
xp
l
a
n
a
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
A
D
R
A
l
g
ori
t
hm
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
i
n
t
he
fl
ow
c
ha
rt
of
A
D
R
a
l
g
ori
t
hm
i
n
F
i
gure
2
(b)
.
2.
2
.
H
ar
d
w
a
r
e
s
p
e
s
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
an
d
e
q
u
at
i
on
2.
2
.
1.
B
M
E
s
e
n
s
or
T
he
BM
E
280
S
e
ns
or
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3
i
s
a
m
ul
t
i
-
s
e
ns
ory
a
n
d
a
ppl
i
e
d
i
n
t
he
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
(e
.
g
.
S
pi
rom
e
t
r
y).
i
n
pr
e
vi
o
us
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h,
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
re
a
p
pl
i
c
a
t
i
on
us
i
ng
d
i
f
fe
r
e
n
t
s
e
ns
ors
i
n
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
[11,
20
,
25
,
26]
i
.
e
,
bl
oo
d
pre
s
s
ur
e
a
nd
pu
l
s
e
s
e
ns
or.
In
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
[
27
]
t
he
s
e
ns
ors
us
e
d
a
re
t
he
e
l
e
c
t
ro
c
a
rd
i
ogr
a
m
(E
CG
)
s
e
ns
o
r,
body
t
e
m
p
e
ra
t
ure
s
e
ns
or,
p
ul
s
e
ra
t
e
,
a
nd
o
xyge
n
s
a
t
ura
t
i
o
n
s
i
gn
a
l
us
i
ng
M
yS
i
gna
l
s
a
nd
L
oR
a
.
T
h
e
re
a
r
e
3
d
a
t
a
on
t
h
e
BM
E
280
s
e
n
s
or
i
.
e.
a
t
m
os
phe
r
i
c
pr
e
s
s
ure
(
hP
a
)
,
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ure
(D
e
gC)
a
nd
h
u
m
i
d
i
t
y
(%)
.
A
t
m
os
p
he
r
i
c
pre
s
s
ur
e
(
hP
a
)
i
s
t
h
e
pr
e
s
s
ure
a
t
a
ny
p
oi
n
t
i
n
t
he
E
a
rt
h'
s
a
t
m
os
ph
e
re
.
A
l
m
os
t
t
he
s
a
m
e
a
s
t
h
e
h
ydros
t
a
t
i
c
pr
e
s
s
ure
c
a
us
e
d
by
t
h
e
w
e
i
gh
t
o
f
t
he
a
i
r
a
bo
ve
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
po
i
nt
.
T
he
for
m
ul
a
f
or
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
ng
a
t
m
os
phe
r
i
c
pr
e
s
s
ure
i
s
fo
l
l
ow
i
ng
t
h
e
f
orm
ul
a
2
.
L
og10
P
≈
5
-
(h
-
15500)
,
w
he
r
e
t
he
va
l
ue
of
P
i
s
pr
e
s
s
ure
(P
a
s
c
a
l
)
a
nd
h
i
s
t
he
he
i
gh
t
(
m
e
t
e
rs
)
.
F
ur
t
he
r
m
or
e
,
t
h
e
t
e
m
pe
ra
t
ure
ha
s
t
h
e
d
e
fa
u
l
t
uni
t
D
e
gre
e
Ce
l
c
i
us
.
t
h
e
BM
E
280
s
e
ns
or
,
t
h
e
uni
t
us
e
d
i
s
d
e
gre
e
c
e
l
s
i
us
a
nd
de
t
e
c
t
s
c
o
ndi
t
i
ons
i
n
t
he
e
nvi
ro
nm
e
nt
a
nd
re
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
pr
e
c
i
s
i
on
.
furt
h
e
r
m
ore
,
t
o
c
h
a
nge
t
o
K
e
l
v
i
n
(K
),
R
e
a
m
ur
(ºR
é
)
or
F
a
hr
e
n
h
e
i
t
(°
F
)
C
l
a
n
gua
g
e
i
s
us
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
A
rdu
i
no
ID
E
.
If
t
h
e
D
e
gC
va
l
ue
i
s
k
now
n,
t
o
be
c
h
a
ng
e
d
t
o
a
not
he
r
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
re
un
i
t
t
o
r
=
c
*
4
/
5;
f
=
(c
*
9/
5)
+
32
;
k
=
c
+
273.
16;
fur
t
he
r
m
or
e
,
hum
i
di
t
y
(%)
i
s
t
h
e
a
m
oun
t
of
w
a
t
e
r
v
a
por
i
n
t
he
a
i
r
t
h
a
t
i
s
not
v
i
s
i
bl
e
t
o
t
h
e
hu
m
a
n
e
ye
,
t
h
i
s
a
m
oun
t
of
w
a
t
e
r
va
p
or
w
i
l
l
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
r
a
i
nfa
l
l
,
de
w
or
fog
.
F
urt
h
e
r
m
ore
,
F
i
gur
e
3
d
e
s
c
r
i
be
s
t
h
e
BM
E
28
0
s
e
ns
or
di
a
gr
a
m
bl
oc
k
,
T
h
e
re
i
s
a
P
re
s
s
ure
a
nd
t
e
m
pe
r
a
t
u
re
s
e
ns
i
ng
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
t
ha
t
i
s
c
onv
e
rt
e
d
fr
om
a
n
a
l
og
t
o
di
g
i
t
a
l
us
i
ng
a
na
l
og
t
o
d
i
gi
t
a
l
c
onv
e
rt
e
r
(A
D
C)
t
o
l
ogi
c
ga
t
e
a
nd
c
on
t
i
n
ue
s
t
o
6
ou
t
put
p
i
ns
i
e
.
S
D
I,
S
D
O
,
S
CK
,
CS
B,
V
D
D
a
nd
G
N
D
,
a
nd
j
us
t
4
pi
ns
us
e
d
i
.
e
.
S
D
A
,
S
CL
,
V
D
D
(3.
3
v
ol
t
)
a
nd
G
N
D
.
2.
2
.
2.
R
F
M
95
W/
96
W
f
or
d
r
ag
i
n
o
LoR
a
T
he
L
oR
a
t
yp
e
us
e
d
i
s
t
he
D
r
a
gi
no
L
oR
a
915
M
H
z
,
w
hi
c
h
i
s
c
om
pa
t
i
bl
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
A
rdui
no
U
N
O
Boa
rd
.
t
he
re
fo
re
,
o
n
t
he
D
ra
gi
no
L
oRa
91
5
M
H
z
,
t
h
e
c
h
i
p
de
vi
c
e
us
e
d
i
s
RM
F
96
,
t
h
e
t
ra
ns
m
i
t
pow
e
r
i
s
20
dB,
a
s
s
h
ow
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
4
a
nd
t
h
e
h
a
rdw
a
r
e
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
i
n
T
a
bl
e
1
.
2.
2
.
3.
R
S
S
I
of
LoR
a
T
he
RS
S
I
s
t
a
nds
for
re
c
e
i
ve
d
s
i
gn
a
l
s
t
r
e
ngt
h
i
ndi
c
a
t
or
w
hi
c
h
i
s
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
i
n
m
W
a
nd
dB
m
(w
he
n
m
e
a
s
uri
n
g),
t
he
RS
S
I
ra
nge
i
s
-
30
dBm
(s
t
r
e
ngt
h
s
i
gn
a
l
)
a
nd
-
120
dB
m
(w
e
a
k
s
i
gn
a
l
)
.
In
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h,
RS
S
I
of
L
oR
a
r
a
di
o
s
i
gn
a
l
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
a
na
l
yz
e
d
w
i
t
hi
n
a
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
fr
e
e
s
p
a
c
e
a
r
e
a
a
nd
obs
t
a
c
l
e
a
re
a
(t
re
e
,
bu
i
l
d
i
ng
,
a
nd
h
i
l
l
).
T
hi
s
O
bs
t
a
c
l
e
w
i
l
l
c
a
us
e
a
t
t
e
nua
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
s
i
gna
l
du
e
t
o
t
h
re
e
fa
c
t
ors
,
i
.
e
,
d
i
ffra
c
t
i
on
,
de
t
a
i
l
e
d
re
f
l
e
c
t
i
on
a
n
d
s
c
a
t
t
e
ri
n
g
w
i
l
l
b
e
e
xp
l
a
i
ne
d
f
urt
h
e
r
.
RS
S
I
i
s
a
l
s
o
c
a
us
e
d
by
S
N
R
(s
i
gna
l
n
oi
s
e
ra
t
i
o)
[8]
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
i
n
uni
t
s
of
dB
.
T
he
S
N
R
ra
nge
i
s
-
20
dB
a
nd
+
1
0
dB
.
A
s
i
gna
l
t
h
a
t
i
s
c
l
os
e
t
o
+
1
0
dB
,
s
i
gn
a
l
re
c
e
p
t
i
on
be
c
o
m
e
s
p
oor
or
s
l
i
ght
l
y
c
orrup
t
e
d
.
fu
rt
h
e
rm
ore
,
In
ge
n
e
ra
l
,
t
he
RS
S
I
f
orm
u
l
a
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
(
1
)
.
RS
S
I
(dB
m
)=
-
10n
l
og1
0(d)
+
A
(1)
W
he
r
e
va
l
ue
A
i
s
t
h
e
s
i
gna
l
s
t
re
ng
t
h
a
t
a
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
of
1
m
e
t
e
r
i
n
un
i
t
s
of
dB
m
a
nd
n
i
s
t
h
e
va
l
ue
of
pa
t
h
l
os
s
e
xpon
e
nt
va
l
ue
[
28
]
.
m
or
e
ov
e
r,
T
hi
s
RS
S
I
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
pe
d
i
n
c
a
s
e
s
of
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
he
c
o
a
l
m
i
ne
unde
rgr
ound
l
oc
o
m
o
t
i
v
e
[
4
]
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
s
on
f
or
t
a
ki
n
g
c
a
s
e
s
i
n
t
hi
s
re
s
e
a
rc
h
i
s
b
e
c
a
us
e
t
he
p
oor
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
K
O
M
N
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A
T
e
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e
c
om
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un
Co
m
put
E
l
Con
t
rol
,
V
ol
.
1
8
,
N
o.
2
,
A
pri
l
2
020:
649
-
6
60
652
c
oa
l
m
i
n
e
und
e
rgrou
nd,
s
o
t
h
a
t
i
t
i
s
d
i
ffi
c
ul
t
t
o
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
t
h
e
pos
i
t
i
on
of
l
o
c
om
o
t
i
v
e
s
o
t
ha
t
i
t
c
a
n
be
s
ol
ve
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
p
proa
c
h
t
o
pos
i
t
i
o
ni
ng
a
l
gor
i
t
h
m
.
T
he
RS
S
I
a
pp
roa
c
h
t
o
pa
t
h
l
os
s
(P
L
)
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
i
n
(
2
)
.
PL
(
)
=
(
0
)
+
10
l
o
g
0
+
(
2)
W
he
r
e
(
)
i
s
a
p
a
t
h
l
os
s
f
rom
t
ra
ns
m
i
t
t
e
r
t
o
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
a
t
a
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
d),
0
i
s
a
re
f
e
re
n
c
e
di
s
t
a
nc
e
a
t
1
m
e
t
e
r
.
X
σ
i
s
a
ga
us
s
i
a
n
di
s
t
ri
b
ut
i
on
ra
n
dom
v
a
ri
a
b
l
e
,
w
he
re
t
he
m
e
a
n
or
a
ve
r
a
ge
i
s
0
a
nd
t
he
s
t
a
nd
a
rd
de
vi
a
t
i
on
i
s
σ
(4
-
10
).
furt
he
r
m
or
e
,
F
r
om
t
h
e
P
L
for
m
ul
a
a
bo
ve
,
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
of
RS
S
I
of
nod
e
a
t
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
d
i
s
a
s
i
n
(
3
)
.
(
)
=
+
−
(
)
(3)
i
s
a
P
ow
e
r
T
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
e
r
,
i
s
a
ga
i
n
of
a
nt
e
nn
a
[29
,
30]
.
a
nd
t
he
RS
S
I
f
orm
u
l
a
i
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
a
s
l
ooki
ng
f
or
t
he
v
a
l
u
e
of
A
(
4
)
.
=
+
−
(
)
(4)
W
he
r
e
A
i
s
t
he
RS
S
I
va
l
ue
a
t
a
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
of
d_0
or
a
d
i
s
t
a
nc
e
of
1
m
e
t
e
r.
S
o
t
o
ge
t
a
n
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
of
t
h
e
di
s
t
a
nc
e
(d)
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
no
de
s
of
t
h
e
RS
S
I
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
a
nd
A
,
i
t
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
i
n
(
5
)
.
T
he
v
a
l
u
e
of
n
i
s
p
a
t
h
l
os
s
e
xpon
e
n
t
2
-
5,
e
a
c
h
e
nvi
ro
nm
e
nt
i
s
di
f
fe
r
e
nt
[
28
],
for
e
x
a
m
pl
e
,
F
re
e
S
p
a
c
e
,
n
va
l
ue
i
s
2.
=
10
(
(
−
−
)
/
10
)
0
(5)
2.
2
.
4.
En
e
r
gy
an
d
p
ow
e
r
s
i
gn
a
l
s
O
n
a
s
i
gn
a
l
x
(
t
)
c
a
n
be
know
n
t
h
e
a
v
e
ra
ge
va
l
ue
of
e
ne
rg
y
s
i
gna
l
E
w
i
t
h
ra
ng
e
0
<
E
<
∞
,
a
s
i
n
(
6
)
.
=
∫
|
(
)
|
2
∞
−
∞
(
6
)
A
nd
t
o
g
e
t
a
pow
e
r
s
i
gna
l
x(t
)
0
<
P
<
∞
for
a
v
e
r
a
ge
pow
e
r,
s
t
a
t
e
d
i
n
(
7
)
.
=
l
i
m
=
∞
1
2
∫
|
(
)
|
2
T
−
T
(7)
2.
2
.
5.
P
ath
Los
s
(d
B)
an
d
atte
n
u
at
i
on
s
i
gn
al
L
i
n
e
a
r
p
a
t
h
l
os
s
c
a
n
b
e
s
t
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
(
8
)
,
w
h
e
re
a
P
t
d
e
vi
de
d
a
P
r
.
P
r
=
(8)
P
a
t
h
L
os
s
c
a
n
a
l
s
o
be
d
e
fi
n
e
d
a
s
dB,
w
h
e
re
t
h
e
dB
va
l
ue
i
s
n
ot
n
e
g
a
t
i
ve
,
a
s
i
n
(
9)
P
L
dB
=
10
l
o
g
10
(9
)
F
re
e
s
pa
c
e
e
qu
a
t
i
on
c
a
n
be
e
x
pre
s
s
e
d
a
s
fr
i
s
s
fr
e
e
s
pa
c
e
a
s
i
n
(
10
),
=
2
(
4
)
2
10
a
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
(d)
a
ffe
c
t
s
a
s
i
gn
a
l
s
t
re
ngt
h
a
t
t
h
e
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
(R
x).
[29,
3
0
]
a
c
c
ordi
n
gl
y
,
t
he
r
e
c
e
i
ve
r
s
i
gna
l
s
t
r
e
ng
t
h
i
s
e
xpr
e
s
s
e
d
by
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
(m
W
)
or
d
B.
In
(
11
)
,
t
he
s
i
z
e
of
t
he
pow
e
r
re
c
e
i
ve
r
(
)
i
s
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
by
t
he
pow
e
r
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
e
r
(
),
ga
i
n
on
t
he
t
ra
ns
m
i
t
t
e
r
(G
t
)
a
nd
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
ga
i
n
(G
r)
a
nd
t
h
e
l
e
ngt
h
o
f
t
he
di
r
e
c
t
l
i
n
e
-
of
-
s
i
g
ht
(L
O
S
)
.
i
n
(
11
)
t
h
e
re
a
re
2
c
on
di
t
i
ons
w
he
r
e
d
≥
ds
(c
ros
s
ove
r)
a
nd
d
<
ds
(
c
ros
s
o
ve
r)
.
=
{
2
(
4
)
2
if
<
,
ℎ
2
ℎ
2
4
if
≥
,
(11)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
K
O
M
N
IK
A
T
e
l
e
c
om
m
un
Co
m
put
E
l
Con
t
rol
A
p
e
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
of
r
ad
i
o
f
r
e
qu
e
n
c
y
and
s
i
gna
l
s
t
r
e
ng
t
h
of
L
oR
a
wi
t
h…
(
P
u
put
D
ani
P
r
as
e
t
y
o
A
d
i
)
653
(a
)
(b
)
F
i
gure
2
.
(
a
)
F
l
ow
c
ha
r
t
of
t
he
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
(b)
F
l
ow
c
ha
r
t
o
f
A
D
R
a
l
gor
i
t
h
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
K
O
M
N
IK
A
T
e
l
e
c
om
m
un
Co
m
put
E
l
Con
t
rol
,
V
ol
.
1
8
,
N
o.
2
,
A
pri
l
2
020:
649
-
6
60
654
F
i
gure
3
.
BM
E
280
s
e
ns
o
r
a
nd
bl
o
c
k
di
a
gra
m
of
BM
E
2
80
s
e
ns
or
F
i
gure
4
.
RF
9
6
c
hi
p
for
L
oRa
91
5
M
H
z
fr
om
M
e
R
L
ke
y
e
n
c
e
V
H
X
di
g
i
t
a
l
m
i
c
ros
c
op
e
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
RF
M
95
W
s
pe
s
i
fi
c
a
t
i
on
P
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
D
e
t
a
i
l
s
L
i
n
k
Bu
d
g
e
t
Co
n
s
t
a
n
t
RF
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
s
V
.
S
u
p
p
l
y
L
o
w
RX
Cu
rre
n
t
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
y
p
e
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
Ra
n
g
e
RS
S
I
P
a
c
k
e
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
1
6
8
d
B
(M
a
x
i
m
u
m
)
+
2
0
d
Bm
–
1
0
0
m
W
1
0
.
3
m
A
,
2
0
0
n
A
re
g
i
s
t
e
r
re
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
F
S
K
,
G
F
S
K
,
M
S
K
,
G
M
S
K
,
L
o
Ra
T
m
a
n
d
O
O
K
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
2
7
d
B
2
5
6
b
y
t
e
s
w
i
t
h
CRC
2.
2.
6.
S
i
gn
al
to
n
oi
s
e
r
ati
o
(S
N
R
)
of
LoR
a
S
i
gna
l
t
o
no
i
s
e
r
a
t
i
o
(S
N
R)
of
L
oR
a
i
s
t
he
a
m
o
unt
of
s
i
gna
l
re
c
e
i
ve
d
or
s
i
gn
a
l
s
t
re
n
gt
h
(
dB)
c
om
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
no
i
s
e
l
e
v
e
l
.
S
N
R
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
t
o
c
l
a
s
s
i
fy
s
i
gna
l
s
t
re
ngt
h
.
T
he
re
for
e
,
S
N
R
e
qua
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
i
n
(
12
)
.
S
N
R_1
=
(
)
(
)
(
1
2
)
a
nd
t
he
m
a
g
ni
t
ude
of
S
N
R
i
s
a
l
s
o
i
nfl
u
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
Ch
a
nne
l
g
a
i
n
,
t
he
a
m
o
unt
of
c
h
a
nn
e
l
g
a
i
n
de
p
e
nds
o
n
t
he
fre
que
n
c
y
of
t
h
e
r
a
d
i
o
w
a
ve
t
ra
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
(H
z
)
a
nd
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
(d
).
In
(
13
)
e
x
pl
a
i
ns
a
bo
ut
t
h
e
c
ha
nne
l
g
a
i
n.
Channe
l
gai
n
_1=
10
10
(
2
4
2
.
1
2
)
(13)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
K
O
M
N
IK
A
T
e
l
e
c
om
m
un
Co
m
put
E
l
Con
t
rol
A
p
e
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
of
r
ad
i
o
f
r
e
qu
e
n
c
y
and
s
i
gna
l
s
t
r
e
ng
t
h
of
L
oR
a
wi
t
h…
(
P
u
put
D
ani
P
r
as
e
t
y
o
A
d
i
)
655
F
rom
(
13),
fur
t
h
e
rm
o
re
de
ve
l
op
t
o
(14)
.
Channe
l
gai
n
_2
=
10
10
(
2
4
2
)
−
20
10
(
)
(14)
In
(
12
)
,
re
c
e
i
ve
s
i
gn
a
l
pow
e
r
(dB
)
i
s
e
qu
a
l
t
o
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
pow
e
r
m
ul
t
i
p
l
y
c
h
a
nne
l
g
a
i
n,
t
h
e
re
f
ore
,
t
he
e
qua
t
i
on
be
c
o
m
e
s
t
o
(
15
)
.
SNR
_2
=
.
ℎ
(
)
(
)
(1
5
)
T
he
r
e
for
e
,
fro
m
(
14
)
,
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
c
onc
l
ud
e
d
t
ha
t
S
N
R
i
s
i
nfl
ue
nc
e
d
by
t
h
e
m
a
g
ni
t
ude
of
ra
d
i
o
w
a
ve
fr
e
que
nc
y
(H
z
)
a
nd
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
.
T
he
fa
rt
h
e
r
t
he
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
T
x
a
nd
Rx
,
t
h
e
gr
e
a
t
e
r
t
he
s
i
gn
a
l
t
o
noi
s
e
r
a
t
i
o
(
dB)
va
l
ue
m
e
a
ns
t
h
e
g
re
a
t
e
r
t
he
i
nt
e
rf
e
re
n
c
e
t
h
a
t
oc
c
urs
i
n
t
he
s
i
gna
l
or
t
h
e
l
ow
e
r
t
h
e
s
i
gn
a
l
re
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
(RS
S
I)
(dB
m
).
In
t
h
i
s
c
a
s
e
,
RS
S
I
(
dBm
)
i
s
a
ffe
c
t
e
d
by
t
he
N
o
i
s
e
va
l
ue
a
n
d
s
i
gna
l
i
nt
e
rf
e
re
n
c
e
.
2.
2
.
7.
LoR
a
p
a
r
am
e
t
e
r
s
p
a
c
k
e
t
L
ora
P
a
c
k
e
t
i
s
i
ni
t
i
a
l
i
z
e
d
w
i
t
h
e
x
pl
i
c
i
t
he
a
d
e
r
a
n
d
i
m
pl
i
c
i
t
h
e
a
d
e
r
m
ode
,
e
x
pl
i
c
i
t
he
a
d
e
r
c
o
ns
i
s
t
s
of
pre
a
m
b
l
e
,
h
e
a
d
e
r,
pa
yl
o
a
d,
a
nd
pa
yl
o
a
d
CR
C,
w
hi
l
e
i
m
p
l
i
c
i
t
he
a
d
e
rm
o
de
c
ons
i
s
t
s
of
pr
e
a
m
b
l
e
,
p
a
yl
o
a
d
a
nd
pa
yl
o
a
d
C
RC.
O
t
h
e
r
i
m
por
t
a
n
t
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
ow
n
e
d
b
y
L
o
Ra
a
re
s
pr
e
a
di
ng
f
a
c
t
or
(S
F
)
,
b
a
ndw
i
d
t
h
(B
W
)
a
nd
c
ode
ra
t
e
(CR
),
t
h
e
v
a
l
ue
of
C
R
i
s
1
-
4
.
S
F
va
l
ue
i
s
7
-
12
,
t
hi
s
va
l
ue
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
t
o
L
oR
a
w
h
e
n
t
ra
ns
m
i
t
t
i
ng
da
t
a
ba
s
e
d
on
fa
c
t
or
d
i
s
t
a
nc
e
s
(
m
)
.
Ba
ndw
i
dt
h
i
s
a
l
s
o
c
a
l
l
e
d
RC
(Chi
p
Ra
t
e
)
L
oR
a
c
ons
i
s
t
s
of
500
kH
z
,
250
kH
z
a
nd
125
kH
z
.
furt
he
r
m
or
e
,
t
he
proc
e
s
s
of
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
i
n
g
L
oR
a
d
a
t
a
i
n
1
s
e
c
o
nd
e
xpre
s
s
e
d
by
T
S
,
T
S
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
on
c
a
n
be
s
e
e
n
i
n
(
16
)
.
T
S
=
2
(16)
F
urt
he
r
m
or
e
,
L
oR
a
d
a
t
a
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
c
a
n
be
d
e
t
e
rm
i
n
e
d
pe
r
1
s
e
c
ond
,
w
i
t
h
d
i
ffe
r
e
n
t
s
pr
e
a
di
ng
f
a
c
t
or
va
l
ue
s
t
ha
t
w
i
l
l
produ
c
e
di
f
fe
r
e
nt
da
t
a
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
.
T
he
ne
x
t
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
i
s
t
he
s
ym
bo
l
r
a
t
e
(
R
S
).
R
S
i
s
fo
r
m
ul
a
t
e
d
a
s
i
n
(
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
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ro
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