T
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L
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M
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A
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ol
.
17
,
No.
6,
Dec
em
be
r
20
1
9,
p
p.
31
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7
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4
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18
DOI:
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LK
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Uni
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t
a
s
Ahm
a
d
D
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hl
a
n.
All
rig
ht
s
r
e
s
e
rve
d
.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
A
uto
no
m
ou
s
po
wer
ed
s
en
s
or
de
v
i
c
es
us
i
ng
al
ternat
e
ha
r
m
l
es
s
s
ou
r
c
es
an
d
c
on
t
i
nu
ou
s
s
up
pl
y
of
e
ne
r
g
y
h
as
att
r
ac
t
ed
r
a
i
s
i
ng
att
en
t
i
on
r
es
ea
r
c
h
an
d
d
ev
el
o
pm
en
t
(
R&
D)
i
n
i
n
du
s
tr
y
an
d
ac
ad
em
i
a
.
Rec
e
ntl
y
,
ba
tt
e
r
i
es
s
up
p
l
y
f
i
ni
t
e
p
o
w
er
t
o
c
on
v
en
ti
o
na
l
d
ev
i
c
es
.
B
att
eri
es
s
tore
c
he
m
i
c
al
en
erg
y
an
d
c
o
nv
ert
di
r
ec
tl
y
i
nto
el
ec
tr
i
c
al
e
ne
r
g
y
whe
n
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
.
C
he
m
i
c
al
ba
tte
r
i
es
r
el
ea
s
e
d
m
a
y
b
e
po
i
s
on
o
u
s
an
d
ha
r
m
f
ul
to
hu
m
an
l
i
f
e
an
d
t
he
e
nv
i
r
on
m
en
t
i
f
l
e
ak
ag
e
oc
c
urs
,
ei
th
er
throu
gh
ac
c
i
de
nt
or
s
po
nta
ne
o
us
l
y
.
F
or
th
i
s
i
s
s
ue
,
m
an
y
r
es
e
arc
h
ers
r
ec
om
m
en
d
t
o
de
v
el
op
n
e
w
l
on
g
-
l
as
ti
ng
s
ou
r
c
es
an
d
r
ef
o
r
m
ati
v
e
po
wer
to
m
ee
t
the
de
s
i
r
ed
e
ne
r
g
y
of
the
s
e
de
v
i
c
es
.
O
ne
of
the
m
os
t
a
ttrac
ti
v
e
s
o
l
ut
i
on
f
or
b
att
er
y
-
f
r
ee
an
d
a
uto
m
ate
d
p
o
w
er
i
ng
the
no
de
s
an
d
de
v
i
c
es
i
s
b
y
am
bi
en
t
en
erg
y
h
arv
es
t
i
ng
te
c
h
ni
q
u
e [
1
,
2].
Com
pa
r
i
ng
am
on
g
am
bi
en
t
en
er
g
y
f
or
ha
r
v
es
ti
n
g
s
uc
h
v
i
brati
on
,
the
r
m
al
,
s
ol
ar
a
nd
oth
er
k
i
nd
s
of
en
erg
y
s
ou
r
c
e,
r
a
di
o
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
(
RF
)
en
erg
y
ha
r
v
es
t
i
n
g
i
s
a
prac
t
i
c
al
al
tern
ati
v
e
as
the
RF
e
ne
r
g
y
i
s
pres
e
nt
at
an
y
ti
m
e
an
d
ev
er
y
w
he
r
e
[3
-
6
].
T
he
am
bi
en
t
RF
en
erg
y
a
nd
the
d
ed
i
c
ate
d
RF
e
ne
r
g
y
a
r
e
r
es
ou
r
c
e
f
ac
tors
of
the
h
arv
es
ti
ng
of
RF
.
RF
e
ne
r
g
y
ha
r
v
es
ti
n
g
i
s
the
t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
t
ha
t
i
m
pl
em
en
ted
to
c
on
v
ert
RF
e
ne
r
g
y
i
nto
el
ec
tr
i
c
i
t
y
i
n
the
f
or
m
of
di
r
ec
t
c
urr
en
t
(
DC)
po
w
er.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
RF
en
erg
y
i
s
om
ni
pres
en
t
i
n a
l
o
w
po
wer
d
en
s
i
t
y
a
t a
f
e
w
µ
W
[7
].
RF
en
erg
y
h
ar
v
es
t
i
ng
i
s
d
em
an
d
f
or
hi
g
h
c
on
v
ers
i
on
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
an
d
h
i
gh
s
en
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
of
r
ec
ten
na
w
i
t
h
a
v
er
ag
e
l
o
w
i
np
ut
p
o
w
er.
Mo
s
t
of
the
l
i
t
erature
ap
p
l
i
es
th
e
RF
e
ne
r
g
y
h
arv
es
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
em
op
erati
ng
a
t
the
f
a
r
-
f
i
el
d
di
r
ec
t
i
v
e
po
wer
i
n
g
wi
th
l
o
w
i
np
ut
po
wer
s
etu
p
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
1
.
T
he
r
ec
ti
f
i
er
i
s
th
e
k
e
y
c
om
po
ne
n
t
i
n
RF
e
ne
r
g
y
ha
r
v
es
ti
ng
,
whi
c
h
c
o
nv
erts
t
he
RF
en
erg
y
f
r
om
the
r
ec
e
i
v
i
n
g
an
t
en
n
a
i
nt
o
D
C
po
w
er.
T
hu
s
,
the
RF
-
DC
c
on
v
er
s
i
on
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
pa
r
am
ete
r
i
s
o
bta
i
n
b
y
e
v
al
ua
ti
ng
th
e
r
ec
t
i
f
i
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e.
Capt
ur
i
ng
th
e
l
o
wer
i
np
u
t
po
w
er
b
y
t
he
r
ec
ei
v
i
ng
an
t
en
n
a
l
e
ad
s
to
l
o
w
er
c
on
v
ers
i
on
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
pa
r
am
ete
r
[8]
.
A
pe
r
ti
ne
nt
a
nte
n
na
i
s
greatl
y
r
eq
ui
r
e
d
s
i
nc
e
an
an
ten
na
c
an
af
f
ec
t
the
am
ou
nt
of
i
nc
om
i
ng
RF
en
erg
y
c
a
ptu
r
e
d
to
the
m
atc
hi
ng
c
i
r
c
ui
t a
nd
c
a
s
c
ad
ed
r
ec
ti
f
i
er
i
n t
h
e
ha
r
v
es
ti
ng
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o a
tta
i
n a
h
i
gh
-
e
ne
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
ers
i
o
n e
f
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
,
v
ari
ou
s
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
ba
n
ds
of
r
ec
ti
f
i
er
s
ha
v
e
be
en
i
nv
es
ti
g
ate
d
f
or
i
ns
t
an
c
e,
s
i
ng
l
e
ba
nd
[9,
10
],
m
ul
ti
b
an
d
[1
1
-
13
]
a
nd
b
r
oa
db
an
d
[1
4]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
17
,
No
.
6,
D
ec
em
be
r
20
19
:
31
3
7
-
31
4
4
3138
de
s
i
g
ns
.
G
en
era
l
l
y
,
s
i
ng
l
e
ba
nd
r
ec
ti
f
i
ers
ea
s
i
l
y
att
ai
n
a
hi
gh
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
.
Ho
wev
er,
i
n
s
i
ng
l
e
b
an
d
ap
pro
ac
h,
t
he
RF
e
ne
r
g
y
c
ap
tured
i
s
l
o
w
a
nd
the
o
utp
ut
v
ol
tag
e
i
s
i
ns
uf
f
i
c
i
en
t
f
or
po
wer
i
n
g
ba
tte
r
y
-
l
es
s
s
e
ns
or
d
ev
i
c
es
.
B
r
o
ad
b
an
d
r
ec
ti
f
i
ers
are
t
h
e
c
an
di
d
ate
s
to
att
ai
n
m
ore
ou
tp
ut
v
o
l
ta
ge
;
ho
w
e
v
er,
t
he
tr
ad
e
-
of
f
m
i
gh
t
de
c
r
ea
s
e
the
pe
ak
eff
i
c
i
en
c
y
.
I
n
l
i
n
e
f
or
the
l
i
m
i
tat
i
on
s
ex
pl
ai
ne
d,
m
ul
ti
ba
n
d
r
ec
ti
f
i
ers
are
a
g
oo
d
al
t
ernat
i
v
e
c
an
di
da
te
a
pp
r
oa
c
h.
Ho
wev
er,
de
s
i
gn
i
ng
th
e
r
ec
ti
f
i
er
i
s
c
ha
l
l
en
gi
n
g
du
e
to
no
n
l
i
n
ea
r
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
t
i
c
s
of
the
m
ul
t
i
ba
nd
o
pe
r
at
i
on
s
[1
5],
b
ut
the
no
n
l
i
ne
ar
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
s
l
ea
d
t
he
i
np
ut
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
v
ar
i
es
at
the
f
r
eq
ue
nc
i
es
f
un
c
ti
on
th
at
m
atc
he
d
be
t
wee
n
the
e
ne
r
g
y
s
ou
r
c
e
l
e
v
e
l
a
n
d t
he
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
l
o
ad
.
I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
M
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
R
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
L
o
a
d
P
i
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
v
e
s
t
i
n
g
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
C
on
v
en
t
i
o
na
l
r
ec
t
en
na
s
tr
uc
tures
In
l
i
terat
ure,
a
f
e
w
s
tud
i
e
s
r
ep
orted
f
or
m
ul
ti
b
an
d
r
ec
ti
f
i
er
w
i
t
h
l
o
w
i
np
ut
po
w
er
de
v
el
op
m
en
t.
T
he
l
i
t
erature
ap
pl
i
es
the
i
np
u
t
po
w
er
to
en
erg
y
ha
r
v
es
ti
ng
c
i
r
c
ui
t
at
eq
ua
l
or
l
arg
er
than
-
10
dB
m
(
≥
-
10
dB
m
)
i
n
whi
c
h
l
ea
ds
to
l
arg
er
c
on
v
ers
i
o
n
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
pa
r
am
ete
r
as
ac
hi
ev
ed
i
n
th
e
s
tud
y
b
y
[
16
,
17
].
R
ec
en
t
s
tud
i
es
b
y
[
18
-
21
]
e
m
ph
as
i
s
on
the
a
nte
nn
a
p
erf
or
m
an
c
e
tha
t
ab
l
e
to
c
ap
t
ure
l
arger
i
n
p
ut
p
o
w
er
wi
th
a
hi
gh
an
te
nn
a
ga
i
n
pa
r
am
ete
r
.
Ho
wev
er,
no
nl
i
ne
ar
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
s
of
m
ul
ti
b
an
d
r
ec
ti
f
i
er
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
c
ar
ef
ul
de
s
i
g
n
to
tac
k
l
e
i
n
he
r
e
ntl
y
di
f
f
erent
c
as
es
wi
th
l
o
w i
n
pu
t
po
wer
pres
e
nc
e
to
t
he
en
erg
y
ha
r
v
es
ti
n
g c
i
r
c
ui
t.
T
hu
s
, f
r
o
m
th
e c
ha
l
l
en
ge
,
t
hi
s
p
ap
er
prop
os
es
a
hi
gh
l
y
ef
f
i
c
i
en
t e
ne
r
g
y
ha
r
v
es
ti
n
g
c
i
r
c
ui
t
ac
hi
e
v
a
bl
e
o
v
er
-
30
dB
m
to
0
dB
m
(
1µ
W
to
1m
W
)
i
np
ut
po
wer
at
1.
8
G
H
z
an
d
2
.5
G
H
z
du
a
l
ba
n
d
op
erat
i
o
ns
.
T
he
ha
r
v
es
ti
n
g
c
i
r
c
ui
t
d
es
i
g
ne
d
ba
s
e
d
o
n
50
Ω
m
atc
hi
ng
l
i
n
e
at
t
he
d
ua
l
ba
nd
op
erat
i
o
n.
T
he
du
al
ba
nd
r
ec
ti
f
i
er
c
on
f
i
g
urat
i
on
c
on
s
i
s
ts
of
di
od
es
,
c
ap
ac
i
tors
an
d
a
r
es
i
s
tor
as
the
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
l
oa
d,
w
hi
c
h
wi
l
l
be
pres
e
nte
d
i
n
s
ec
ti
o
n
2.
P
erf
orm
an
c
e
r
es
ul
ts
att
ai
ne
d
are
d
i
s
c
us
s
an
d p
r
es
en
t
ed
i
n
s
ec
ti
o
n
3
.
F
i
na
l
l
y
,
c
o
nc
l
u
di
n
g
r
em
ar
k
s
of
the
du
a
l
ba
n
d
RF
en
erg
y
h
arv
es
t
i
n
g
i
s
pres
en
te
d i
n
s
ec
ti
on
4
.
2.
Re
se
a
r
ch M
eth
o
d
Her
e,
t
he
RF
en
erg
y
ha
r
v
e
s
ter
em
pl
o
y
s
an
ex
c
ep
t
i
on
al
an
t
en
n
a
k
no
w
n
as
a
r
ec
ti
f
y
i
n
g
an
te
nn
a
or
r
ec
ten
na
.
Rec
ten
n
a
ap
p
l
i
es
to
t
he
s
y
s
t
em
,
w
h
i
c
h
,
c
om
pris
es
an
an
t
en
na
wi
t
h
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
l
i
ne
-
b
as
ed
m
atc
hi
ng
ne
t
wor
k
an
d
the
us
e
of
t
y
p
i
c
al
di
s
c
r
ete
d
i
o
de
s
(
S
c
ho
ttk
y
t
y
p
e)
f
ab
r
i
c
ate
d
o
n
a
pr
i
nt
e
d
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
bo
ard
(
P
C
B
)
.
T
he
s
ub
-
bl
o
c
k
s
o
f
the
propos
e
d
RF
e
ne
r
g
y
ha
r
v
es
t
i
ng
s
y
s
t
em
are pres
en
ted
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
.
2
.1.
Du
al
Band
P
atch
A
n
t
enn
a
T
he
propos
ed
an
t
en
n
a
d
e
s
i
gn
i
s
s
i
m
ul
ate
d
an
d
op
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
b
y
C
om
pu
ter
S
i
m
ul
at
i
on
T
ec
hn
ol
og
y
-
M
i
c
r
o
w
a
v
e
S
t
u
di
o
(
CS
T
-
M
W
S
)
s
of
tw
are.
S
i
m
ul
ati
on
i
s
c
on
d
uc
ted
b
a
s
ed
o
n
a
50
Ω
po
r
t
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
of
a
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
l
i
n
e
f
ee
d.
T
he
r
ad
i
ato
r
pa
tc
h
i
s
f
ab
r
i
c
ate
d
on
s
tan
da
r
d
R
T
/Duroi
d
5
88
0
s
ub
s
tr
at
e
wi
th
i
m
po
r
tan
t
s
p
ec
i
f
i
c
ati
on
s
of
di
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
c
on
s
t
an
t
Ɛ
r
=
2.2
0,
d
i
s
s
i
pa
t
i
o
n
f
ac
tor
tan
δ
=
0.0
0
09
,
s
ub
s
tr
ate
th
i
c
k
ne
s
s
=
1.5
7
m
m
an
d
c
op
pe
r
th
i
c
k
ne
s
s
=
17
.5
µ
m
.
T
he
f
ab
r
i
c
ate
d
an
t
en
n
a
i
s
e
v
a
l
ua
t
ed
b
y
a
V
ec
tor
N
et
wor
k
A
na
l
y
z
er
(
V
N
A
)
.
T
he
p
atc
h
an
t
en
n
a
i
s
de
s
i
g
ne
d
wi
t
h
h
ori
z
on
t
al
a
nd
v
erti
c
a
l
r
ec
ta
ng
l
e
s
l
ot
a
s
w
e
l
l
as
a
s
h
orti
ng
p
i
n
to
r
ea
l
i
z
e
on
du
al
ba
nd
o
pe
r
at
i
o
ns
an
d
to
o
pti
m
i
z
e
the
a
nte
nn
a
s
i
z
e,
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
.
T
he
l
a
y
o
ut
of
the
pro
po
s
e
d
an
te
nn
a
i
s
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
2.
T
he
r
ec
tan
gl
e
s
l
ots
are
d
es
i
gn
ed
as
U
pa
tte
r
n.
W
hi
l
e,
the
s
ho
r
t
i
n
g
pi
n
i
s
an
al
y
z
ed
b
y
the
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
l
i
n
e
m
od
el
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
l
oc
at
ed
at
th
e
f
ee
d
p
oi
n
t,
(x
0
,
y
0
)
=
(
0,
-
1.
66
5).
T
he
(
l
x
w
)
p
atc
h
an
ten
na
s
i
z
e
of
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s
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be
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nte
grate
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wi
th
t
he
en
erg
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ha
r
v
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t
i
n
g c
i
r
c
ui
t
on
t
he
P
C
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proc
es
s
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atch
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an
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g
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ted
an
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h
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ev
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
po
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
to
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he
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i
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l
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h
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atc
hi
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i
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c
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ntrod
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atc
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eth
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od
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s
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n
g s
y
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t
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f
i
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o
de
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a
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s
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n t
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t
i
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r
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t
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e b
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g.
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th
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ha
r
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teri
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ti
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of
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f
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t
c
on
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uc
te
d
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i
ng
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od
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e
-
c
on
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ec
ted
tr
a
ns
i
s
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c
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y
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m
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ts
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de
pe
nd
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e
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v
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d
i
np
u
t p
o
w
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f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
a
nd
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es
i
s
tan
c
e
l
oa
d
of
the
en
erg
y
h
arv
e
s
ter.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
wi
th
the
u
s
ed
of
tun
i
ng
pa
r
am
ete
r
f
or
prec
i
s
e
pu
l
l
i
n
A
g
i
l
en
t A
DS
,
the
op
t
i
m
al
c
o
m
po
ne
nt`s
v
al
ue
c
an
be
ea
s
i
l
y
o
bta
i
ne
d.
S
i
nc
e
the
i
np
ut
r
es
i
s
ta
nc
e
of
ha
r
v
es
ti
ng
c
i
r
c
ui
t
i
s
hi
gh
er
tha
n
t
he
r
ad
i
at
i
o
n
r
es
i
s
t
an
c
e
of
the
an
te
nn
a
,
th
us
do
wn
w
ar
d
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
tr
an
s
f
orm
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
i
s
ap
pl
i
ed
to
the
an
t
en
n
a.
It
tr
an
s
f
or
m
s
a
hi
gh
pa
r
a
l
l
el
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
i
nto
a
l
o
w
s
eri
es
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
at
th
e
i
np
ut.
T
he
d
o
w
n
wa
r
d
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
tr
an
s
f
or
m
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
i
s
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
g
ure
3
.
F
or
the
L
-
s
ec
ti
on
m
atc
hi
ng
c
i
r
c
ui
t,
t
he
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
i
s
c
al
c
ul
a
ted
as
(
1
)
-
(
3) [22
].
=
/
/
1
(
1)
=
+
=
+
1
+
(
2)
=
+
(
+
2
3
2
−
2
)
1
+
2
2
2
(
3)
T
hu
s
,
i
n
c
om
pl
ex
c
on
j
ug
at
es
,
the
r
ea
l
a
nd
i
m
ag
i
na
r
y
pa
r
t
of
the
i
np
ut
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
gi
v
e
n
b
y
(
4),
(
5).
T
he
i
n
pu
t
r
e
ac
ta
nc
e
m
us
t
be
c
an
c
el
ed
y
i
el
d
s
(
6),
(
7).
T
he
an
te
nn
a
r
ad
i
a
ti
on
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
s
ho
ul
d
be
eq
u
al
t
o
th
e
i
n
p
ut
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
as
i
n
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
-
m
atc
he
d
c
on
di
t
i
on
.
In
(
4)
i
s
gi
v
en
f
or
the
s
er
i
es
i
np
ut
r
es
i
s
tan
c
e
v
al
u
e
as
(
6)
when
c
an
c
e
l
l
i
ng
th
e
i
np
ut
r
e
ac
tan
c
e,
whi
l
e
i
nd
uc
tan
c
e
v
a
l
ue
as
(
7) i
s
o
bta
i
ne
d b
y
eq
ua
ti
n
g (5)
to
z
ero [
22
].
=
1
+
2
2
2
(
4)
=
+
2
3
2
−
2
1
+
2
2
2
(
5)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
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V
ol
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r
20
19
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31
3
7
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31
4
4
3140
=
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2
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when
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1,
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he
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e
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orm
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as
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f
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o t
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m
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r
c
u
i
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nd
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(
8)
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(
9)
O
the
r
t
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n
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on
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i
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e i
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pe
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m
od
el
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t
m
i
gh
t b
ec
om
e
ne
c
es
s
ar
y
to
us
e
of
l
o
w
v
o
l
tag
e t
hres
ho
l
d (V
TH
)
di
od
e i
n
r
ec
ti
f
i
er c
i
r
c
ui
t, t
h
us
hi
g
h v
ol
t
ag
e c
a
n b
e g
e
ne
r
at
ed
.
2.
3
.
R
ec
t
if
ie
r
T
o
p
o
log
y
T
he
r
ec
ti
f
i
er
i
s
i
m
po
r
tan
t
f
or
RF
-
DC
c
o
nv
ers
i
on
b
et
ween
the
c
on
v
ers
i
on
of
a
l
te
r
na
ti
n
g
c
urr
en
t
(
A
C)
w
a
v
ef
orm
f
r
om
the
an
t
en
n
a
i
np
ut
an
d
DC
w
a
v
ef
orm
of
the
i
n
pu
t
v
o
l
ta
g
e
to
the
de
s
i
r
e
d
c
i
r
c
ui
t
or
l
oa
d.
T
he
m
ax
i
m
u
m
f
ar
-
f
i
el
d
RF
-
DC
c
on
v
ers
i
o
n
of
th
e
r
ec
ti
f
i
er
i
s
i
nf
l
ue
nc
ed
b
y
the
i
np
u
t
s
i
gn
a
l
am
pl
i
tu
de
i
n
the
f
i
r
s
t
s
tag
e
ord
er.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
the
r
ec
ti
f
i
er
i
s
t
u
ne
d
op
erate
f
or
l
o
w
i
n
pu
t
p
o
w
er
l
e
v
e
l
r
a
ng
i
ng
f
r
om
-
30
to
0
dB
m
us
i
ng
the
m
atc
he
d
a
nte
nn
a
as
i
n
pu
t
at
the
d
ua
l
ba
nd
s
.
In
ord
er
to
o
pti
m
i
z
e
th
e
r
ec
t
i
f
i
er,
i
t
i
s
d
es
i
g
n
ed
b
y
K
e
y
s
i
gh
t
A
d
v
an
c
e
d
Des
i
gn
S
y
s
tem
(
A
DS
)
s
of
t
w
are.
V
ol
tag
e
d
ou
b
l
er
i
s
th
e
be
s
t
s
el
ec
ti
on
of
RF
-
DC
r
ec
ti
f
i
c
ati
o
n
o
wi
n
g
t
o
th
e
s
i
m
pl
i
c
i
t
y
top
o
l
og
y
th
at
ab
l
e
to
pro
du
c
e
twi
c
e
of
the
ou
t
pu
t
s
i
g
na
l
am
pl
i
tud
e
of
the
c
orr
es
po
n
d
i
ng
i
np
u
t
s
i
gn
al
an
d
to
att
a
i
n
hi
gh
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
.
A
s
i
ng
l
e
s
t
ag
e
of
the
v
ol
tag
e
do
ub
l
er
i
s
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
4.
T
he
ou
tp
ut
v
o
l
tag
e
of
a
v
o
l
tag
e
do
ub
l
e
r
i
s
gi
v
e
n
as
V
o
u
t
=
2
V
in
–
2V
th
,
w
h
ere
V
in
a
nd
V
th
are
th
e
i
np
ut
v
ol
t
ag
e
an
d t
he
t
hres
ho
l
d
v
o
l
ta
ge
o
f
th
e d
i
od
es
, res
p
ec
ti
v
e
l
y
.
Her
e,
a f
as
t s
wi
tc
h
i
ng
of
S
c
ho
ttk
y
di
od
es
are
th
e c
om
po
ne
n
t u
s
ed
i
n t
he
r
ec
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
or
RF
-
DC
c
on
v
ers
i
on
.
H
S
MS
28
6
B
i
s
c
ho
s
en
o
w
i
ng
to
th
e
DC
bi
as
at
a
bo
v
e
1.
5
G
H
z
an
d
l
o
w
break
do
wn
v
ol
tag
e [
23
]. T
he
RF
-
DC c
on
v
ers
i
on
ef
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
ɳ
of
th
e rec
ti
f
y
i
ng
c
i
r
c
ui
t i
s
g
i
v
en
as
,
(
%
)
=
100%
=
2
100
%
(
10
)
where,
V
o
u
t
,
P
in
an
d R
l
oad
i
s
th
e DC o
utp
ut
v
ol
t
ag
e,
t
he
i
np
ut
or r
ec
e
i
v
ed
p
o
w
er to t
he
r
ec
ti
f
i
er an
d
the
r
es
i
s
ta
nc
e
l
oa
d,
r
es
pe
c
t
i
v
el
y
.
R
p
L
C
R
s
C
1
C
2
D
2
D
1
+
-
V
i
n
f
r
o
m
d
u
a
l
b
a
n
d
m
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
V
o
u
t
F
i
gu
r
e
3
.
D
o
w
n
war
d i
m
pe
d
an
c
e t
r
an
s
f
orm
er
F
i
gu
r
e
4
.
V
ol
tag
e d
ou
b
l
er
3.
Re
sult
s
, Di
sc
u
s
sion
s
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
T
he
an
te
nn
a
i
s
pa
s
s
i
v
e
s
tr
uc
ture
t
ha
t
c
on
v
erts
RF
en
erg
y
to
el
ec
tr
i
c
i
t
y
an
d
v
i
c
e
v
ers
a.
Her
e,
th
e
an
t
en
n
a
as
i
n
[
24
]
i
s
f
oc
us
ed
on
the
a
nte
nn
a
,
whi
c
h
i
s
b
as
ed
o
n
r
ec
ei
v
i
ng
the
RF
en
erg
y
the
n
i
t
i
s
c
on
v
erte
d
to
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
f
orm
. T
he
po
w
er
l
os
s
e
s
po
s
s
i
bl
y
ha
p
pe
n
i
n
the
tr
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
l
i
ne
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
c
ha
r
ac
ter
i
z
ed
as
S
-
pa
r
am
ete
r
S
11
of
the
an
t
en
na
.
T
he
S
-
pa
r
am
ete
r
S
11
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
an
te
nn
a
i
s
s
ho
wn i
n
F
i
g
ure
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
A
r
c
hi
tec
t
ure of
an
eff
i
c
i
en
t
du
a
l
ba
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1.8
/
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G
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z
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ec
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en
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r
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a
ha
r
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ah
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am
pe
)
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T
he
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m
ul
ate
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-
pa
r
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S
are
-
1
1.9
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d
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an
d
-
14
.
16
d
B
,
w
h
i
l
e
the
m
ea
s
ured
S
-
p
aram
ete
r
ob
t
ai
n
ed
b
y
a
V
N
A
i
s
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14
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2
dB
an
d
-
12
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d
B
at
1.8
G
H
z
an
d
2.4
8
G
H
z
,
r
es
p
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
T
he
s
hi
f
ti
ng
r
es
on
a
nt
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
of
2
0
MH
z
i
n
the
m
ea
s
ured
r
es
u
l
t
i
s
pe
r
ha
ps
o
wi
ng
t
o
t
he
i
n
ac
c
urac
y
f
ac
tor
of
the
r
ec
tan
g
ul
ar
s
l
ots
of
the
r
ad
i
at
or
p
a
tc
h.
Ho
we
v
er,
the
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
h
i
f
ted
of
the
an
te
nn
a
d
oe
s
no
t
af
f
ec
t
the
an
te
nn
a
g
a
i
n
p
aram
ete
r
i
n
whi
c
h
ob
tai
ne
d
a
t th
e d
es
i
r
ed
du
a
l
b
an
d
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n F
i
g
ure
6.
F
i
gu
r
e
5
.
M
ea
s
ure
d a
n
d s
i
m
ul
ate
d o
f
S
-
pa
r
am
ete
r
T
he
m
ea
s
ured
an
d
s
i
m
ul
a
ted
r
a
di
ati
on
pa
t
terns
of
E
-
pl
an
e
(
y
-
z
p
l
a
ne
)
an
d
H
-
pl
an
e
(x
-
z
p
l
a
ne
)
are
op
t
i
m
i
z
ed
at
the
du
al
ba
n
d.
A
s
l
i
gh
t
di
f
f
erenc
e
be
t
ween
the
m
ea
s
ured
an
d
s
i
m
ul
ate
d
an
t
en
n
a
ga
i
n
i
s
ow
i
ng
to
th
e
tol
eranc
e
of
the
pi
ec
es
s
ub
s
tr
at
e
di
m
en
s
i
on
.
T
he
m
ea
s
ured
pe
ak
ga
i
n
r
es
ul
ts
are
2.2
9
dB
an
d
5.
51
dB
b
es
i
de
s
th
e
s
i
m
ul
at
ed
r
es
u
l
ts
are
2.7
3
dB
a
nd
5.7
4
d
B
at
1.
8
G
H
z
an
d
2.
5
G
H
z
,
r
es
p
ec
ti
v
el
y
a
t
0
0
or
3
60
0
an
g
ul
ar.
A
c
c
ordi
n
gl
y
,
i
t
r
es
ul
ts
i
n
a
go
od
top
r
ad
i
at
i
on
pa
tt
ern
f
r
om
the
r
a
di
a
tor
pa
tc
h
of
t
he
an
t
en
na
f
or
bo
th
E
-
pl
an
e
a
nd
H
-
pl
a
ne
.
I
t s
ho
w
s
tha
t
th
e
s
i
gn
al
s
r
ec
e
i
v
ed
are
l
y
i
ng
un
de
r
ac
c
ep
t
ab
l
e p
aram
ete
r
i
n
w
h
i
c
h a
hi
gh
an
te
nn
a
ga
i
n
o
bta
i
ne
d
i
s
m
ore
tha
n
5
dB
at
2.
5
G
H
z
ba
nd
.
A
c
c
ordi
n
gl
y
,
i
t
i
s
b
en
ef
i
c
i
al
f
or
r
ec
ti
f
y
i
ng
c
i
r
c
ui
t.
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w
e
v
er,
th
i
s
pa
p
e
r
pres
en
ts
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ec
ti
f
i
c
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i
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gn
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s
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t
i
s
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al
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t
ed
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ge
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f
r
o
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m
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0 d
B
m
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he
s
i
m
ul
ate
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of
th
e
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ec
t
i
f
y
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c
i
r
c
ui
t
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
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he
r
ec
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f
y
i
ng
c
i
r
c
ui
t
c
o
ns
i
s
ts
of
i
np
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t
erm
i
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l
th
at
s
i
m
ul
ati
n
g
th
e
RF
i
np
u
t
c
om
i
ng
f
r
o
m
t
he
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ten
na
,
i
m
pe
da
nc
e
m
atc
hi
ng
c
i
r
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t
or
p
o
w
er
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atc
hi
ng
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i
v
e
s
ta
ge
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ol
t
ag
e
d
ou
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l
er
a
nd
r
es
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s
tan
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e
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oa
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I
n
t
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r
ec
ti
f
i
er
c
i
r
c
u
i
t,
v
o
l
tag
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l
er
t
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o
g
y
i
s
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t
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i
es
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t
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ti
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d
ne
ga
t
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v
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i
np
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gn
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l
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5
]
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nc
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s
e
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am
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ud
e
v
ol
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ea
c
h
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ti
f
i
er
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s
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ted
i
n c
as
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ad
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he
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nu
m
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r
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er
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ng
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l
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en
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e,
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e
s
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ge
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l
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l
er
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t
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m
al
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ge
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m
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c
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t
de
s
i
gn
t
o
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e
the
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uf
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c
i
en
t
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t
ag
e
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pp
l
i
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on
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t
pu
t
v
ol
t
a
ge
i
s
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i
on
al
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s
t
a
ge
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um
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r
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r
ec
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i
er
i
n
the
ha
r
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ng
c
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r
c
ui
t.
Ho
we
v
er,
t
he
DC
ou
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ut
v
ol
tag
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c
r
ea
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es
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r
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nc
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w
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r
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i
t
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t
o
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om
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n
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l
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ore
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s
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m
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r
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ti
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i
er
f
or
the
h
arv
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t
i
ng
c
i
r
c
ui
t
i
s
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
g
ure
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.
P
aram
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ters
s
w
e
ep
b
y
A
D
S
i
s
us
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f
or
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i
n
pu
t
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m
to
20
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m
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d
v
arie
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th
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nu
m
be
r
f
r
o
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1
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l
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s
ho
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g
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r
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o
l
tag
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nc
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n
g
t
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ge
s
n
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m
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r
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s
tag
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t
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t
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t
ag
es
ar
e
n
eg
l
i
g
i
b
l
e.
It
i
s
c
or
r
es
po
nd
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ng
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i
nc
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s
e
i
n
po
w
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l
os
s
th
at
ac
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es
s
i
bl
e
i
n t
he
l
o
w
po
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tat
e.
S
i
m
ul
ati
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t
i
f
i
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D
C
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v
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d
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ak
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DC
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i
c
i
en
c
y
ac
hi
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f
or
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an
g
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at
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s
tan
c
e
l
o
ad
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i
c
ted
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n
F
ig
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9
an
d
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i
g
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10
,
r
es
pe
c
t
i
v
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F
r
om
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f
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gu
r
e,
t
he
m
a
x
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o
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m
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or
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s
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y
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t
em
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e
i
s
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e
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t
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att
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l
es
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en
s
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l
i
c
ati
on
.
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v
en
th
ou
gh
th
e
e
ne
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g
y
h
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i
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the
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o
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al
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o
a
c
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i
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e
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du
a
l
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nd
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erati
on
f
r
om
a
l
o
w
po
w
er s
o
urc
e,
the
de
s
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gn
s
t
i
l
l
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an
be
e
nh
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urther.
A
c
kno
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ement
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b
y
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n
i
s
ter
of
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d
u
c
ati
on
M
al
a
y
s
i
a
un
d
er
grant
F
RG
S
/1/
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