T
E
L
K
O
M
NIKA
T
elec
o
mm
un
ica
t
io
n,
Co
m
pu
t
ing
,
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Co
ntr
o
l
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2020
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
5
~
2
0
4
1
I
SS
N:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
,
ac
cr
ed
ited
First Gr
ad
e
b
y
Ke
m
e
n
r
is
te
k
d
i
k
ti,
Dec
r
ee
No
: 2
1
/E/KPT
/2
0
1
8
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
2
9
2
8
/
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
.
v
1
8
i4
.
1
4
9
9
3
2035
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//jo
u
r
n
a
l.u
a
d
.
a
c.
id
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/TELK
OM
N
I
K
A
Uric acid
dete
ctio
n in vis
ible sp
ectr
u
m
Af
iqa
h Ya
a
co
b
1
,
No
r
H
a
f
iz
a
h Ng
a
j
ik
in
2
,
Nurf
a
t
iha
h Che
Abd Ra
s
hi
d
3
,
Siti
H
a
j
a
r
A
m
ina
h Ali
4
,
M
a
s
lin
a
Ya
a
co
b
5
,
Su
ha
ila
I
s
a
a
k
6
a
nd
No
ra
n Az
iza
n Cho
l
a
n
7
1,
2,
3,
4
,
5,
7
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ic E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
lay
sia
6
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
la
y
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Dec
1
9
,
2
0
1
9
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
r
1
9
,
2
0
2
0
A
cc
ep
ted
Ma
r
3
0
,
2
0
2
0
T
h
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
u
ric
a
c
id
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
o
p
ti
c
a
l
a
b
s
o
rp
ti
o
n
a
t
v
isib
le
li
g
h
t
sp
e
c
tru
m
is
in
v
e
stig
a
ted
a
n
d
t
e
ste
d
.
S
e
n
sin
g
i
n
t
h
e
v
isib
le
r
e
g
io
n
w
a
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
f
o
r
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
su
it
a
b
le
w
a
v
e
len
g
th
th
a
t
p
ro
d
u
c
e
s
h
ig
h
se
n
siti
v
it
y
a
n
d
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
Be
e
r
-
La
m
b
e
rt
l
a
w
c
a
lcu
latio
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
w
o
rk
,
th
e
u
ric
a
c
id
is
d
e
tec
ted
b
y
d
e
tec
ti
n
g
so
d
iu
m
u
ra
te
a
s
a
p
ro
d
u
c
t
o
f
c
h
e
m
ica
l
re
a
c
ti
o
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
u
ric
a
c
id
w
it
h
s
o
d
i
u
m
h
y
d
ro
x
id
e
b
u
f
f
e
r.
T
h
e
se
tu
p
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
tes
te
d
f
o
r
u
ric
a
c
i
d
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
ra
n
g
in
g
f
ro
m
15
m
g
/d
L
to
8
5
m
g
/d
L
.
T
h
re
e
w
a
v
e
len
g
th
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
w
h
ich
a
re
460
n
m
,
5
2
5
n
m
a
n
d
6
3
0
n
m
.
M
e
a
su
re
d
d
a
ta
a
t
4
6
0
n
m
w
a
v
e
len
g
t
h
e
x
h
ib
i
ts
th
e
h
ig
h
e
st
se
n
sit
iv
it
y
,
w
h
ich
is
0
.
0
0
1
2
(
m
g
/d
L
)
-
w
it
h
8
6
.
5
1
%
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
.
De
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
u
ric
a
c
id
a
t
v
isib
le
li
g
h
t
sp
e
c
tru
m
o
ffe
rs
a
lo
w
-
c
o
st
se
n
so
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
v
isib
le L
EDs an
d
p
h
o
t
o
d
io
d
e
i
s p
o
ss
ib
le
to
b
e
re
a
li
z
e
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
ee
r
-
L
a
m
b
er
t la
w
Sp
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
Ur
ic
ac
id
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
No
r
Haf
izah
N
g
aj
ik
i
n
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
lectr
ical
a
n
d
E
lect
r
o
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti T
u
n
H
u
s
s
ei
n
On
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
8
6
4
0
0
P
a
r
it R
aj
a,
B
atu
P
ah
at,
J
o
h
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
E
m
ail:
n
o
r
h
a
f
izah
@
u
t
h
m
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Ur
ic
ac
id
s
en
s
o
r
h
a
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
u
c
h
atte
n
tio
n
in
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
o
u
t
p
atien
ts
w
o
r
ld
w
id
e.
Go
u
t
is
a
d
is
ea
s
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ex
ce
s
s
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
u
r
ic
ac
i
d
p
r
esen
t
in
b
lo
o
d
an
d
u
r
in
e.
Ur
ic
ac
id
d
is
s
o
lv
e
s
in
b
lo
o
d
an
d
tr
av
els
to
th
e
k
id
n
e
y
to
b
e
eli
m
i
n
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
r
i
n
e.
E
x
ce
s
s
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
u
r
ic
ac
id
w
ill
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
lead
to
g
o
u
t,
b
u
t
it
ca
n
al
s
o
lead
to
k
id
n
e
y
f
ailu
r
e,
h
ea
r
t
d
is
ea
s
e,
h
i
g
h
ch
o
lest
er
o
l,
d
iab
etes
an
d
ev
en
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
[
1
,
2
]
.
I
t
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
r
eg
u
late
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
u
r
ic
ac
id
in
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
t
h
e
h
ea
l
th
o
f
th
e
b
lo
o
d
s
tr
ea
m
,
s
i
n
ce
lo
w
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
u
r
ic
ac
id
m
a
y
lea
d
to
ath
er
o
s
cler
o
s
is
an
d
s
tr
o
k
e
[
2
]
.
Ur
ic
ac
id
ca
n
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
u
s
in
g
t
w
o
m
et
h
o
d
s
;
b
lo
o
d
test
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
[3
-
6]
an
d
u
r
in
e
tes
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
[
1
,
7
-
15]
.
A
h
ea
lth
y
r
a
n
g
e
f
o
r
u
r
ic
ac
id
lev
el
s
in
b
lo
o
d
s
er
u
m
is
f
r
o
m
3
.
5
to
7
.
2
m
g
/d
L
i
n
m
e
n
an
d
f
r
o
m
2
.
6
to
6
m
g
/d
L
f
o
r
w
o
m
en
[
1
4
]
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
h
ea
lt
h
y
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
u
r
ic
ac
id
i
n
h
u
m
a
n
u
r
i
n
e
i
s
ten
ti
m
e
s
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
t
h
e
u
r
ic
ac
i
d
lev
els
in
b
lo
o
d
w
h
er
e
it
i
s
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
2
5
to
7
4
m
g
/d
L
[
1
,
1
2
,
1
4
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
t
h
er
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
e
x
te
n
s
i
v
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
u
r
ic
ac
id
a
n
al
y
ti
ca
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
to
d
etec
t
u
r
ic
a
cid
in
h
u
m
a
n
u
r
in
e
s
u
c
h
as
elec
tr
o
-
a
n
al
y
tical,
lu
m
i
n
esce
n
ce
,
ch
r
o
m
ato
g
r
ap
h
y
an
d
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
.
A
s
f
o
r
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
,
7
-
1
0
,
1
6
-
2
1
]
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
etec
ts
u
r
ic
ac
id
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
ch
e
m
ical
r
ea
g
e
n
t
o
r
b
u
f
f
er
s
o
l
u
tio
n
to
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
to
b
e
test
ed
b
y
an
a
l
y
zi
n
g
li
g
h
t
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itta
n
ce
v
al
u
e.
Sp
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
s
h
o
w
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
li
n
ea
r
u
r
ic
ac
id
d
etec
tio
n
in
a
b
r
o
ad
r
an
g
e
wh
ich
is
f
r
o
m
0
.
5
8
to
5
8
.
8
4
m
g
/d
L
[
1
4
]
an
d
5
8
.
8
4
to
2
1
8
.
5
6
m
g
/d
L
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
m
ak
e
i
t s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
r
ic
ac
id
d
etec
tio
n
in
b
o
th
b
lo
o
d
an
d
u
r
i
n
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
0
:
2
0
3
5
-
2
0
4
1
2036
As
a
f
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
,
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
ca
u
s
e
b
y
o
t
h
er
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
i
n
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
s
y
s
te
m
is
m
i
n
i
m
ize
b
y
ad
d
in
g
a
c
h
e
m
ical
r
ea
g
e
n
t o
r
b
u
f
f
er
s
o
l
u
tio
n
.
I
n
2
0
0
7
,
Ya
m
ag
u
c
h
i
h
as
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
a
s
i
m
p
le
a
n
d
h
ig
h
l
y
s
e
n
s
it
iv
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
t
o
m
e
tr
ic
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
d
et
er
m
in
a
tio
n
o
f
u
r
ic
ac
id
b
ased
o
n
f
ad
in
g
o
f
th
e
o
-
h
y
d
r
o
x
y
h
y
d
r
o
q
u
i
n
o
n
ep
h
th
a
lein
(
QP
)
-
p
allad
i
u
m
(
II)
-
h
ex
ad
ec
y
ltri
m
eth
y
la
m
m
o
n
i
u
m
co
m
p
lex
i
n
h
u
m
a
n
u
r
in
e.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t h
a
s
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
a
S
h
i
m
ad
zu
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
w
it
h
d
e
u
ter
iu
m
an
d
tu
n
g
s
te
n
h
alo
g
en
la
m
p
a
s
th
e
li
g
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
o
w
ev
er
h
as
li
m
ita
tio
n
in
li
n
ea
r
it
y
r
a
n
g
e,
w
h
er
e
th
e
lin
ea
r
it
y
o
cc
u
r
s
in
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
0
0
1
m
g
/d
L
to
0
.
0
2
m
g
/d
L
at
6
3
5
n
m
v
i
s
ib
le
o
p
er
atin
g
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
[
1
8
]
.
L
ater
,
a
s
i
m
p
le
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
etr
ic
m
et
h
o
d
b
ased
-
u
r
icase
e
n
z
y
m
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
u
r
ic
ac
id
in
n
o
r
m
al
u
r
i
n
e
an
d
g
o
u
t
p
atien
t’
s
u
r
in
e
s
a
m
p
les
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
p
er
o
x
id
e
(
H
2
O
2
)
w
ith
y
el
lo
w
co
lo
r
o
f
4
-
Am
i
n
o
d
ip
h
en
y
la
m
i
n
e
Diaz
o
n
iu
m
S
u
lf
a
te
(
v
ar
ia
m
in
e
b
l
u
e
R
T
s
alt)
to
y
ield
a
p
ale
y
ello
w
-
g
r
ee
n
c
o
lo
u
r
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
at
2
6
9
n
m
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
i
m
u
ltra
v
io
let
(
UV)
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
p
lo
t
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
u
r
ic
ac
id
w
a
s
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
li
n
ea
r
b
et
w
ee
n
9
m
g
/d
L
to
2
3
4
m
g
/d
L
w
it
h
2
0
m
i
n
u
tes
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ti
m
e.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
b
r
o
ad
s
en
s
i
n
g
r
an
g
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
ed
,
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
r
eq
u
ir
es
v
er
y
lo
n
g
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
t
i
m
e.
B
esid
es
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
c
h
e
m
ical
r
ea
g
en
t,
en
z
y
m
es
o
r
b
u
f
f
er
,
u
r
ic
ac
id
also
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
u
s
in
g
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
at
2
9
4
.
4
6
n
m
w
av
ele
n
g
th
[
1
9
]
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
eth
o
d
is
s
i
m
p
le,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
in
ter
e
f
e
n
ce
b
y
o
th
er
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
is
n
o
t
s
tu
d
ied
s
i
n
ce
t
h
er
e
i
s
n
o
ch
e
m
ical
r
ea
g
en
t
w
a
s
ad
d
ed
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
th
e
u
r
ic
ac
id
d
etec
tio
n
a
t
v
is
ib
le
r
eg
io
n
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
NaO
H
b
u
f
f
er
s
o
lu
tio
n
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
ad
d
itio
n
al
ch
e
m
ical
r
ea
g
e
n
t.
Det
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
u
r
ic
ac
id
in
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
d
etec
ti
n
g
s
o
d
iu
m
u
r
ate
a
s
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
u
r
ic
ac
id
an
d
NaO
H
m
i
x
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2.
T
H
E
O
RY
An
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
w
a
s
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
i
n
g
B
ee
r
L
am
b
er
t
la
w
.
T
h
e
B
ee
r
-
L
a
m
b
er
t
la
w
d
e
f
i
n
es
t
h
e
atte
n
u
a
tio
n
o
f
lig
h
t
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itta
n
ce
,
T
a
n
d
ab
s
o
r
b
a
n
ce
,
A
as
s
tated
i
n
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
-
5
)
.
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
l
ig
h
t
in
ten
s
it
y
a
f
te
r
p
ass
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
u
v
e
tte
w
it
h
o
u
t
s
a
m
p
le,
I
ref
,
an
d
w
it
h
s
a
m
p
le,
I
o
,
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
.
C
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
o
f
a
b
as
ic
s
p
e
ctr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
f
ib
er
is
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
(
a)
(
b)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sp
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
s
y
s
te
m
(
a)
w
ith
o
u
t sa
m
p
le
an
d
(
b
)
w
i
th
s
a
m
p
le
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itta
n
ce
v
al
u
e
b
ase
d
o
n
(
1
)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
e
f
in
e
t
h
e
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
,
A
,
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
tr
a
n
s
m
i
ttan
ce
,
T
a
n
d
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
,
A
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
(
2
)
[
2
0
-
22]
.
(
1)
(
2)
T
h
e
(
2
)
also
r
elate
s
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
,
A
,
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
s
a
m
p
l
e,
c,
s
a
m
p
le
p
ath
le
n
g
th
,
b
,
an
d
t
h
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tiv
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
p
le,
ɛ
.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
th
e
B
ee
r
-
L
a
m
b
er
t
la
w
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
(
2
)
,
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
a
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
to
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
li
g
h
t
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
o
r
in
v
er
s
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
lo
g
ar
ith
m
o
f
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itted
lig
h
t
[
2
3
,
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
tr
an
s
m
itta
n
ce
,
T
a
n
d
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
,
A
is
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
bc
T
A
1
l
o
g
I
ref
I
o
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
Uri
c
a
cid
d
etec
tio
n
in
visi
b
le
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
(
A
fiq
a
h
Ya
a
co
b
)
2037
An
al
y
tical
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
an
al
y
z
in
g
t
h
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
c
u
r
v
e
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
p
lo
t
o
f
a
b
s
o
r
b
an
ce
v
er
s
u
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
s
er
ies o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
l
u
tio
n
[
2
0
]
.
I
f
th
e
c
u
r
v
e
-
f
it i
s
l
in
ea
r
,
t
h
e
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
v
e
f
i
t i
s
its
s
lo
p
e
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
is
g
iv
e
n
as i
n
(
3
)
.
[
(
m
g
/d
L
)
-
1
]
(
3)
is
th
e
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
an
d
is
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
.
T
h
e
(
3
)
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
f
o
r
a
f
ix
e
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
,
h
i
g
h
er
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
w
ill
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
h
ig
h
er
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
o
f
s
p
ec
t
r
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
Stan
d
ar
d
u
n
it
f
o
r
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
te
s
ted
s
e
n
s
o
r
i
s
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
t
h
e
u
n
it
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
u
n
it
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
e
n
s
itiv
it
y
i
s
(
m
g
/d
L
)
-
1
.
As
f
o
r
ca
lib
r
atio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
th
is
p
ar
a
m
eter
r
e
f
er
s
to
h
o
w
clo
s
e
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
al
u
e,
C
measured
w
it
h
t
h
e
li
n
ea
r
-
f
i
t
r
e
al
v
al
u
e,
C
real
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
(
4
)
s
h
o
w
s
eq
u
at
io
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
ca
lcu
la
tio
n
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
p
lo
t
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
ec
tio
n
w
i
ll d
es
cr
ib
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
s
a
m
p
le
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t t
h
at
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
.
(
4)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Gr
ap
h
o
f
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
v
er
s
u
s
tr
an
s
m
itta
n
ce
[
2
2
]
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
cc
u
r
ac
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t f
r
o
m
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
p
lo
t
3.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
U
r
i
c
a
c
i
d
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
is
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
b
y
m
ix
in
g
u
r
i
c
a
c
i
d
p
o
w
d
e
r
in
t
o
s
o
d
iu
m
h
y
d
r
o
x
i
d
e
(
N
a
O
H
)
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
[
4
,
7
,
2
4
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
,
u
r
i
c
a
c
i
d
an
d
s
o
d
iu
m
h
y
d
r
o
x
i
d
e
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
w
as
p
u
r
ch
as
e
d
f
r
o
m
A
x
o
n
S
c
i
en
tif
i
c
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
is
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
b
y
m
ix
i
n
g
u
r
i
c
a
ci
d
p
o
w
d
e
r
i
n
0
.
1
M
Na
O
H
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
an
d
(
b)
.
T
a
b
l
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
u
r
i
c
a
ci
d
p
o
w
d
e
r
th
a
t
n
ee
d
s
t
o
b
e
a
d
d
e
d
t
o
8
0
m
L
o
f
N
a
OH
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
in
g
u
r
i
c
ac
i
d
s
am
p
l
e
w
ith
1
5
m
g
/
d
L
,
2
5
m
g
/
d
L
,
5
0
m
g
/
d
L
,
7
5
m
g
/
d
L
an
d
8
5
m
g
/
d
L
c
o
n
c
en
t
r
at
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
l
e
p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
w
as
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
a
t
r
o
o
m
t
em
p
e
r
atu
r
e
.
Mi
x
tu
r
e
o
f
u
r
i
c
a
c
i
d
p
o
w
d
e
r
a
n
d
N
aO
H
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
w
il
l
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
o
d
iu
m
u
r
a
t
e
an
d
H
2
O
[
24
]
.
H
ig
h
e
r
c
o
n
c
en
t
r
at
i
o
n
o
f
u
r
i
c
a
c
i
d
in
N
a
O
H
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
w
il
l
f
o
r
m
a
s
o
l
i
d
s
o
d
iu
m
u
r
a
t
e
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
c
)
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
m
i
x
tu
r
e
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
b
e
s
t
i
r
r
e
d
f
o
r
a
b
o
u
t
3
m
in
u
te
s
b
ef
o
r
e
b
e
in
g
t
r
an
s
f
e
r
r
e
d
i
n
t
o
th
e
c
u
v
e
tt
e
f
o
r
f
u
lly
d
ilu
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
v
is
u
a
l
i
ze
d
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
d
)
.
I
n
th
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
,
1
.
5
m
L
o
f
s
am
p
l
e
w
e
r
e
t
r
an
s
f
e
r
r
e
d
i
n
t
o
e
a
ch
cu
v
e
t
t
e
f
o
r
th
e
ch
a
r
a
ct
e
r
i
z
at
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
as
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
e)
.
F
ig
u
r
e
4
i
l
lu
s
t
r
a
t
es
th
e
s
t
e
p
s
t
ak
en
f
o
r
s
t
an
d
a
r
d
u
r
ic
a
c
i
d
s
am
p
l
e
p
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
E
x
p
e
r
im
en
t
w
as
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
b
y
u
s
in
g
tu
n
g
s
t
en
-
h
a
l
o
g
en
as
th
e
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
c
e
(
1)
an
d
s
p
e
c
t
r
o
m
e
t
e
r
as
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
d
e
t
e
c
t
o
r
.
I
n
th
is
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
,
v
a
r
i
a
b
le
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
a
t
t
en
u
ato
r
(
2
)
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
in
t
en
s
i
ty
o
f
li
g
h
t
i
s
n
o
t
s
a
tu
r
a
t
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
s
p
ec
t
r
o
m
e
t
e
r
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
h
o
t
o
n
c
o
u
n
t
i
s
l
im
i
t
t
o
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
e
ak
o
f
1
4
0
0
0
p
h
o
t
o
n
c
o
u
n
t.
L
ig
h
t
f
r
o
m
o
p
ti
c
a
l
f
i
b
r
e
i
s
c
o
l
l
im
a
t
e
d
in
t
o
p
a
r
a
l
l
el
b
e
am
u
s
i
n
g
O
ce
an
O
p
t
i
cs
7
4
-
U
V
c
o
l
lim
a
ti
n
g
l
e
n
s
(
3
)
t
o
in
t
e
r
ac
t
w
ith
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
in
cu
v
e
tt
e
(
4
)
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
n
,
l
ig
h
t
f
r
o
m
cu
v
e
t
te
i
s
c
o
ll
e
c
t
e
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
im
at
in
g
le
n
s
an
d
d
el
iv
e
r
e
d
t
o
O
c
e
an
O
p
t
i
cs
H
R
4
0
0
0
C
G
-
UV
-
N
I
R
h
ig
h
r
e
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
s
p
e
c
t
r
o
m
e
t
e
r
(
5
)
.
O
c
e
an
O
p
ti
c
s
O
c
e
an
Vi
ew
s
p
e
ct
r
o
m
et
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
in
g
s
o
f
tw
a
r
e
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
o
b
t
a
in
an
d
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
d
a
ta
f
r
o
m
s
p
ec
t
r
o
m
e
t
e
r
.
U
r
i
c
a
c
i
d
c
o
n
c
en
t
r
at
i
o
n
i
s
c
al
cu
l
at
e
d
b
y
c
o
m
p
a
r
in
g
in
t
en
s
i
ty
o
f
l
ig
h
t
th
at
p
a
s
s
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
am
p
l
e
,
I
o
an
d
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
p
a
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
am
p
l
e
,
I
re
f
.
W
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
s
s
e
l
ec
t
e
d
t
o
s
am
p
le
u
r
ic
a
c
i
d
a
r
e
4
6
0
n
m
,
5
2
5
n
m
an
d
6
3
0
n
m
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
a
v
a
il
a
b
l
e
v
is
i
b
le
L
E
D
in
t
h
e
m
a
r
k
e
t
.
c
A
y
S
en
s
i
t
i
vi
t
A
c
100
1
r
e
a
l
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
r
e
a
l
C
C
C
A
cc
u
r
a
cy
[
%
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
0
:
2
0
3
5
-
2
0
4
1
2038
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
P
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
u
r
ic
ac
id
s
a
m
p
le;
(
a)
u
r
ic
ac
id
p
o
w
d
er
(
b
)
NaO
H
s
o
lu
tio
n
(
c)
s
a
m
p
le
af
ter
ad
d
in
g
NaO
H
w
it
h
u
r
ic
ac
id
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
p
ar
ticles o
f
s
o
d
iu
m
u
r
ate
(
d
)
s
am
p
le
a
f
te
r
s
tirr
ed
u
s
i
n
g
g
las
s
r
o
d
(
e)
tr
an
s
f
er
1
.
5
m
l i
n
to
cu
v
ette
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
T
ab
le
1
.
Am
o
u
n
t o
f
u
r
ic
ac
id
p
o
w
d
er
ad
d
ed
in
to
8
0
m
L
o
f
NaO
H
s
o
lu
t
io
n
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
mg
/
d
L
)
U
r
i
c
A
c
i
d
p
o
w
d
e
r
(
mg
)
15
12
25
20
50
40
75
60
85
68
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
s
et
u
p
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
F
ig
u
r
e
6
v
is
u
a
l
i
ze
d
th
e
in
te
n
s
i
ty
s
p
e
c
t
r
a
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
u
s
in
g
HR
4
0
0
0
C
G
-
UV
-
V
I
S
Oce
a
n
O
p
t
i
cs
s
p
e
c
t
r
o
m
e
t
e
r
f
o
r
SL
S
2
0
1
St
a
b
i
l
i
z
e
d
T
u
n
g
s
t
en
H
a
l
o
g
en
l
ig
h
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
d
a
t
4
0
0
n
m
t
o
7
0
0
n
m
w
av
e
l
en
g
th
r
an
g
e
.
T
h
i
s
f
i
g
u
r
e
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
l
ig
h
t
in
t
e
n
s
ity
w
il
l
d
e
c
r
e
as
e
as
th
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
at
i
o
n
o
f
u
r
ic
a
ci
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
s
,
in
w
h
i
ch
o
b
ey
t
h
e
B
e
e
r
-
L
am
b
e
r
t
l
a
w
.
T
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
tw
ee
n
lig
h
t
i
n
t
en
s
ity
w
ith
a
b
s
o
r
b
a
n
c
e
i
s
as
s
o
c
ia
t
ed
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
2
)
.
C
a
l
cu
l
a
t
e
d
a
b
s
o
r
b
a
n
c
e
i
s
p
l
o
t
t
ed
a
s
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
w
h
i
l
e
c
al
cu
l
at
ed
s
e
n
s
it
iv
i
ty
an
d
a
cc
u
r
a
cy
i
s
t
ab
u
l
a
te
d
in
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
i
s
at
4
6
0
n
m
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
w
h
ich
i
s
0
.
0
0
1
2
(
m
g
/d
L
)
-
1
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
all
test
ed
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
s
i
m
ilar
p
atter
n
o
f
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
d
u
e
to
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
in
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le,
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
th
e
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
b
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
,
t
h
u
s
e
x
h
ib
it
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
e
n
s
iti
v
it
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fo
r
ac
cu
r
ac
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
5
2
5
n
m
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
ac
cu
r
ac
y
ab
o
v
e
9
0
%
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt a
g
r
ee
s
w
ell
w
i
th
w
h
at
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
w
h
er
e
less
er
r
o
r
w
i
ll
o
cc
u
r
w
h
en
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
v
alu
e
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
r
an
g
e,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
2
an
d
0
.
8
[
2
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
Uri
c
a
cid
d
etec
tio
n
in
visi
b
le
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
(
A
fiq
a
h
Ya
a
co
b
)
2039
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
ten
s
it
y
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
u
r
ic
ac
id
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
A
b
s
o
r
b
an
ce
an
al
y
tic
al
cu
r
v
e
T
ab
le
2
.
Sp
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
s
elec
ted
test
ed
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
W
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
n
m)
S
e
n
si
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
mg
/
d
L
)
-
1
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
(
%)
4
6
0
0
.
0
0
1
2
8
6
.
5
1
5
2
5
0
.
0
0
1
1
9
1
.
1
7
6
3
0
0
.
0
0
0
8
8
4
.
2
7
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
an
al
y
ze
s
en
s
itiv
it
y
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
s
y
s
te
m
a
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
a
m
p
led
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
u
s
in
g
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
a
n
a
l
y
tical
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
w
as
ca
lc
u
late
d
u
s
i
n
g
B
ee
r
’
s
L
a
m
b
er
t
la
w
f
o
r
m
u
la.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
w
a
s
ab
le
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
u
r
ic
ac
i
d
an
d
its
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
at
v
is
ib
le
li
g
h
t
r
eg
io
n
.
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
eter
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
ated
at
4
6
0
n
m
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
h
as
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
w
h
ile
o
n
l
y
s
y
s
te
m
at
5
2
5
n
m
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
h
a
s
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
h
ig
h
er
t
h
a
n
9
0
%.
As
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
,
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
is
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
li
m
itatio
n
o
f
B
ee
r
-
L
a
m
b
er
t
la
w
w
h
er
e
ab
s
o
r
b
an
ce
v
alu
e
b
e
y
o
n
d
0
.
2
an
d
0
.
8
w
ill
h
av
e
lar
g
e
er
r
o
r
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
p
h
o
to
m
e
ter
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
v
i
s
ib
le
li
g
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
w
il
l
o
f
f
er
a
s
i
m
p
le
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
u
r
ic
ac
id
d
etec
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
ca
n
b
e
a
p
p
lied
in
b
io
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licati
o
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ar
e
g
r
atef
u
l
to
Un
i
v
er
s
iti
T
u
n
H
u
s
s
e
in
O
n
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
UT
HM
)
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
u
n
d
er
P
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t
(
GP
P
S),
g
r
an
t
n
o
:
H4
0
8
an
d
R
esear
c
h
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
Gr
an
t
(
R
UG)
T
I
E
R
1
Sch
e
m
e,
g
r
an
t n
o
: H
1
6
2
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
z
m
i
N.
E.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
si
m
p
le an
d
se
n
siti
v
e
f
lu
o
re
sc
e
n
c
e
b
a
se
d
b
io
se
n
so
r
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
u
ri
c
a
c
id
u
sin
g
H
2
O 2
-
se
n
siti
v
e
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts/
d
u
a
l
e
n
z
y
m
e
s
,”
Bi
o
se
n
so
rs
a
n
d
Bi
o
e
le
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
67
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
-
1
3
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
P
o
rm
sila
W
.
,
S
.
Krä
h
e
n
b
ü
h
l
,
P.
C.
Ha
u
se
r,
“
Ca
p
il
lar
y
e
lec
tro
p
h
o
re
sis
w
it
h
c
o
n
tac
tl
e
ss
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
f
o
r
u
ric ac
id
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
in
b
i
o
lo
g
i
c
a
l
f
lu
id
s
,”
An
a
lytica
Ch
imica
Ac
ta
,
v
o
l
.
6
3
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
4
-
2
2
8
,
2
0
0
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
0
:
2
0
3
5
-
2
0
4
1
2040
[3
]
Zh
u
a
n
g
Q.
Q.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
ro
x
id
a
se
-
li
k
e
a
c
ti
v
it
y
o
f
n
a
n
o
c
ry
sta
ll
in
e
c
o
b
a
lt
se
len
id
e
a
n
d
it
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
u
ric
a
c
id
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
,”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
N
a
n
o
me
d
icin
e
,
v
o
l
.
12
,
p
p
.
3
2
9
5
-
3
3
0
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
]
Bo
ro
u
m
a
n
d
S
.
,
M
.
A
.
Ch
a
m
jan
g
a
li
,
G
.
B
a
g
h
e
rian
,
“
Do
u
b
le
in
jec
ti
o
n
/si
n
g
le
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
sy
m
m
e
tri
c
f
lo
w
in
jec
ti
o
n
m
a
n
if
o
ld
f
o
r
sp
e
c
tro
p
h
o
t
o
m
e
tri
c
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
sc
o
rb
ic
a
c
id
a
n
d
u
ric
a
c
id
:
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
t
im
a
l
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
b
y
M
CDM
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
if
fe
re
n
t
c
rit
e
ria
w
e
i
g
h
ti
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
,”
S
p
e
c
tro
c
h
imica
Acta
P
a
rt
A:
M
o
lec
u
la
r
a
n
d
Bi
o
mo
lec
u
l
a
r S
p
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
,
v
o
l.
174
, p
p
.
2
0
3
-
2
1
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
L
iao
L
.
T
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
e
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
b
io
se
n
so
r
f
o
r
u
ric
a
c
id
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
in
h
u
m
a
n
w
h
o
le
b
lo
o
d
sa
m
p
les
,”
Cli
n
Ch
im
Act
a
,
v
o
l.
4
3
6
,
p
p
.
7
2
-
7
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
P
les
k
a
c
o
v
a
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
im
u
lt
a
n
e
o
u
s
De
term
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Uric
Ac
id
,
X
a
n
t
h
i
n
e
a
n
d
Hy
p
o
x
a
n
th
in
e
i
n
Hu
m
a
n
P
las
m
a
a
n
d
S
e
ru
m
b
y
HP
L
C
–
UV
:
Uric
A
c
id
M
e
tab
o
li
sm
T
r
a
c
k
in
g
,”
Ch
ro
ma
to
g
r
a
p
h
ia
,
v
o
l.
80
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
2
9
-
5
3
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[7
]
Ro
c
h
a
D.
L.
,
Ro
c
h
a
F
.
R.
,
“
A
f
lo
w
-
b
a
se
d
p
ro
c
e
d
u
re
w
it
h
so
len
o
id
m
icro
-
p
u
m
p
s
f
o
r
th
e
sp
e
c
tro
p
h
o
t
o
m
e
tri
c
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
u
ric ac
id
in
u
ri
n
e
,”
M
icr
o
c
h
e
mic
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
94
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
3
-
59
,
2
0
1
0
.
[8
]
Ha
m
z
a
h
H.
H.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
p
e
c
tro
p
h
o
to
m
e
tri
c
De
ter
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Uric
A
c
id
in
Urin
e
Ba
se
d
-
En
z
y
m
a
ti
c
M
e
th
o
d
Uric
a
se
w
it
h
4
-
Am
in
o
d
ip
h
e
n
y
la
m
in
e
Dia
z
o
n
iu
m
S
u
lf
a
te
(
V
a
ria
m
in
e
Blu
e
RT
S
a
lt
),
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
An
a
lytica
l
&
Bi
o
a
n
a
lytica
l
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
v
o
l.
S7
,
n
o
.
0
1
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
V
il
la
J.
E.
,
P
o
p
p
i
R.
J.,
“
A
p
o
rta
b
le
S
ERS
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
term
i
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
u
ric
a
c
id
u
sin
g
a
p
a
p
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
su
b
stra
te
a
n
d
m
u
lt
iv
a
riate
c
u
rv
e
re
so
lu
ti
o
n
,
”
An
a
lys
t
,
v
o
l.
1
4
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
9
6
6
-
1
9
7
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
0
]
Jin
D.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Qu
a
n
ti
tativ
e
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
u
ric
a
c
id
u
sin
g
Cd
T
e
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
a
s
f
lu
o
re
sc
e
n
c
e
p
ro
b
e
s
,”
Bi
o
se
n
so
rs
a
n
d
Bi
o
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
77
,
p
p
.
3
5
9
-
3
65
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
1
]
Yu
J.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
c
h
e
m
il
u
m
i
n
e
sc
e
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
r
m
i
c
ro
f
lu
id
ic
b
io
s
e
n
so
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
e
n
z
y
m
a
ti
c
r
e
a
c
ti
o
n
f
o
r
u
ric
a
c
id
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
,”
Bi
o
se
n
so
rs
a
n
d
B
io
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
26
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
3
2
8
4
-
3
2
8
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
2
]
B
a
l
l
e
s
ta
-
C
la
v
e
r
J
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
is
p
o
s
a
b
l
e
b
i
o
s
e
n
s
o
r
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
c
a
t
h
o
d
i
c
e
l
e
c
tr
o
c
h
e
m
i
l
u
m
i
n
e
s
c
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
r
i
s
(
2
,
2
-
b
i
p
y
r
i
d
i
n
e
)
r
u
t
h
e
n
i
u
m
(
I
I
)
f
o
r
u
r
i
c
a
c
i
d
d
e
t
e
rm
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
,”
A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
C
h
i
m
i
c
a
A
c
t
a
,
v
o
l
.
770
, p
p
.
1
5
3
-
1
60
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
3
]
P
a
v
l
í
č
e
k
V.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ve
ry
f
a
s
t
e
l
e
c
tr
o
p
h
o
r
e
t
i
c
d
e
t
e
rm
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
r
e
a
t
i
n
i
n
e
a
n
d
u
r
i
c
a
c
i
d
i
n
h
u
m
a
n
u
r
i
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
a
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
tw
o
c
a
p
i
l
l
a
r
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
re
n
t
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
d
i
a
m
e
t
e
rs
,”
E
le
c
t
r
o
p
h
o
r
e
s
i
s
,
v
o
l
.
35
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
9
5
6
-
9
6
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
4
]
F
a
n
ju
l
-
B
o
lad
o
P
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Uric
A
c
id
De
ter
m
in
a
ti
o
n
b
y
A
d
so
rp
ti
v
e
S
tri
p
p
in
g
V
o
lt
a
m
m
e
tr
y
o
n
M
u
lt
iw
a
ll
Ca
rb
o
n
Na
n
o
tu
b
e
s Ba
se
d
S
c
re
e
n
-
P
rin
te
d
El
e
c
tro
d
e
s
,”
El
e
c
tro
a
n
a
lys
is
,
v
o
l.
27
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
7
6
-
1
2
8
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
L
a
n
g
si
V
.
K.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
y
n
th
e
sis
a
n
d
c
h
a
ra
c
terisa
ti
o
n
o
f
n
o
n
-
b
o
n
d
e
d
1
.
7
μm
th
in
-
sh
e
ll
(
T
S
1
.
7
–
1
0
0
n
m
)
sili
c
a
p
a
rti
c
les
f
o
r
th
e
ra
p
id
se
p
a
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
u
ric
a
c
id
a
n
d
c
re
a
ti
n
in
e
in
h
u
m
a
n
u
rin
e
b
y
h
y
d
ro
p
h
il
ic
in
tera
c
ti
o
n
c
h
ro
m
a
to
g
ra
p
h
y
,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
h
r
o
ma
to
g
ra
p
h
y
A
,
v
o
l.
1
5
0
6
,
p
p
.
37
-
44
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
6
]
Kh
a
jeh
sh
a
rif
i
H.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
p
a
rti
a
l
lea
st
sq
u
a
re
s
a
n
d
p
ri
n
c
ip
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
re
g
re
ss
io
n
in
sim
u
lt
a
n
e
o
u
s
sp
e
c
tro
p
h
o
t
o
m
e
tri
c
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
sc
o
rb
ic
a
c
id
,
d
o
p
a
m
in
e
a
n
d
u
ric
a
c
id
in
re
a
l
sa
m
p
les
,
”
Ara
b
ia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ch
e
mistry
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
S
3
4
5
1
-
S
3
4
5
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
M
a
rti
n
e
z
-
P
é
re
z
D.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
re
a
g
e
n
t
les
s
f
lu
o
re
sc
e
n
t
so
l
–
g
e
l
b
io
se
n
so
r
f
o
r
u
r
ic
a
c
id
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
i
n
b
io
lo
g
ica
l
f
lu
id
s
,”
An
a
lytic
a
l
Bi
o
c
h
e
mistry
,
v
o
l.
3
2
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
8
-
2
4
2
,
2
0
0
3
.
[
1
8
]
Y
a
m
a
g
u
c
h
i
T
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
p
e
c
t
r
o
p
h
o
t
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
u
r
i
c
a
c
i
d
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
f
a
d
i
n
g
o
f
o
-
h
y
d
r
o
x
y
h
y
d
r
o
q
u
i
n
o
n
e
p
h
t
h
a
l
e
i
n
-
p
a
l
l
a
d
i
u
m
(
II)
-
h
e
x
a
d
e
c
y
l
t
r
i
m
e
t
h
y
l
-
a
m
m
o
n
i
u
m
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
,
”
A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
-
226
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
9
]
No
ra
z
m
i
N.,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Uric
a
c
id
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
u
v
-
v
is
sp
e
c
tro
m
e
ter,
”
IOP
Co
n
f.
S
e
rie
s:
M
a
ter
ia
ls
S
c
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
0
]
Ha
rd
e
st
y
J.
H.
,
B.
A
tt
il
i,
“
S
p
e
c
tr
o
p
h
o
t
o
m
e
tr
y
a
n
d
th
e
Be
e
r
-
L
a
m
b
e
rt
L
a
w
:
A
n
Im
p
o
rtan
t
A
n
a
l
y
ti
c
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
i
n
Ch
e
m
istr
y
,”
Co
ll
in
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
1
]
Ra
sh
id
N.
C.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
p
e
c
tro
p
h
o
to
m
e
ter
w
it
h
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
S
e
n
si
ti
v
it
y
f
o
r
Uric
Ac
id
De
tec
ti
o
n
,
”
Ch
in
e
se
Op
ti
c
s
L
e
tt
e
r
,
v
o
l
1
7
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
M
a
rc
u
s
T
.
C.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
w
a
v
e
len
g
th
f
o
r
li
n
e
a
rit
y
p
re
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Be
e
r
–
L
a
m
b
e
rt
Law
in
o
z
o
n
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
,”
M
ic
ro
wa
v
e
a
n
d
O
p
ti
c
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
57
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
3
-
1
0
1
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
3
]
T
u
rg
e
o
n
M
.
L
.
,
“
L
in
n
e
&
Rin
g
sru
d
'
s
Cli
n
ica
l
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
S
c
ien
c
e
-
E
-
Bo
o
k
:
T
h
e
Ba
sic
s
a
n
d
Ro
u
ti
n
e
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,”
El
se
v
ier
He
a
lt
h
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
T
e
q
u
e
N.
,
“
Ur
ic
Acid
,
”
2
0
1
8
,
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
w
ww
.
n
a
c
a
l
a
i.
c
o
.
jp
/ss/e
c
/
ECsrc
h
d
e
t
l.
c
fm
?
Du
m
=
1
&
s
y
o
h
in
=
3
5
9
1
5
9
2
&
sy
u
b
e
tsu
=
3
[2
5
]
Du
n
n
P
.
F.,
“
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
D
a
ta A
n
a
l
y
sis f
o
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
,”
T
h
ird
Ed
i
ti
o
n
,
CRC
Pre
ss
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
6
]
W
e
lz
B.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Hig
h
-
Re
so
lu
ti
o
n
Co
n
ti
n
u
u
m
S
o
u
rc
e
AA
S
:
T
h
e
Be
tt
e
r
W
a
y
to
Do
A
to
m
ic
A
b
so
rp
ti
o
n
S
p
e
c
tro
m
e
tr
y
,”
W
il
e
y
,
2006
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Afiq
a
h
Ya
a
c
o
b
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
ra
(
UiT
M
).
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
p
u
rsu
in
g
h
e
r
M
a
ste
rs
d
e
g
re
e
in
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
la
y
sia
(
U
T
HM)
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
sp
e
c
tro
p
h
o
t
o
m
e
ter ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
Uri
c
a
cid
d
etec
tio
n
in
visi
b
le
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
(
A
fiq
a
h
Ya
a
co
b
)
2041
No
r
H
a
fiz
a
h
Ng
a
ji
k
i
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B.
E
a
n
d
M
.
E
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(
UT
M
)
in
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
2
0
0
3
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
S
h
e
w
a
s
a
w
a
rd
e
d
a
P
h
.
D
f
ro
m
UT
M
f
o
r
h
e
r
w
o
rk
o
n
M
EM
S
F
a
b
ry
-
P
e
ro
t
o
p
ti
c
a
l
tu
n
a
b
le
f
il
ter.
F
ro
m
2
0
0
4
-
2
0
1
7
,
sh
e
se
rv
e
d
a
s
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
t
L
ig
h
t
w
a
v
e
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Re
se
a
rc
h
G
ro
u
p
(
L
CR
G
),
U
T
M
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st i
n
c
lu
d
e
s a
n
o
p
ti
c
a
l
d
e
v
ice
s a
n
d
se
n
so
rs f
o
r
b
i
o
m
e
d
ica
l
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
Nu
r
f
a
tih
a
h
C
h
e
Abd
R
a
sh
i
d
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B.
E
a
n
d
M
.
E
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
si
a
(
UT
M
)
in
2
0
1
5
a
n
d
2
0
1
9
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
sp
e
c
tro
p
h
o
t
o
m
e
tri
c
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
f
o
r
u
ric
a
c
id
a
n
d
so
il
n
u
tri
e
n
t
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rr
e
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
in
g
a
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
in
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
O
n
n
M
a
lay
sia
(
U
T
HM).
S
iti
H
a
ja
r
A
m
i
n
a
h
Ali
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
(
U
T
HM).
He
r
w
o
rk
f
o
c
u
se
s
o
n
i
m
a
g
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
-
T
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
a
ste
r
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
-
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
f
ro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
(
U
T
M
),
S
k
u
d
a
i,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
r
h
ig
h
e
st ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
is D
o
c
to
r
o
f
P
h
il
o
so
p
h
y
in
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Ko
b
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ja
p
a
n
.
M
a
slin
a
Ya
a
c
o
b
w
a
s
a
wa
rd
e
d
a
P
h
.
D
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(
U
T
M
)
f
o
r
h
e
r
w
o
rk
o
n
W
id
e
Ra
n
g
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
O
z
o
n
e
Ga
s
Co
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
in
Ul
trav
io
let
Re
g
io
n
.
He
r
B.
E
a
n
d
M
.
E
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
we
re
a
lso
a
w
a
rd
e
d
f
ro
m
U
T
M
in
2
0
0
7
a
n
d
2
0
1
0
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
H
e
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
a
n
o
p
ti
c
a
l
d
e
v
ice
s
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
se
n
so
rs
f
o
r
g
a
s
se
n
sin
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
le
c
tu
re
r
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
u
h
a
il
a
I
sa
a
k
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
e
r
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
in
1
9
9
8
.
In
2
0
0
1
,
sh
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
M
a
ste
r
in
S
c
ien
c
e
(
El
e
c
tro
n
ic)
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
P
u
tr
a
M
a
la
y
sia
.
S
h
e
wa
s
a
wa
rd
e
d
th
e
P
h
.
D
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
o
f
No
tt
in
g
h
a
m
,
En
g
la
n
d
in
2
0
1
1
.
He
r
m
a
jo
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
h
ig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
G
e
ig
e
r
m
o
d
e
a
v
a
lan
c
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
d
i
o
d
e
,
a
n
a
l
o
g
in
teg
ra
ted
CM
OS
d
e
sig
n
,
V
L
S
I
c
ircu
it
,
h
ig
h
sp
e
e
d
p
h
o
to
n
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
o
n
F
P
G
A
,
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
n
ic
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
n
b
io
l
o
g
ica
l
p
ro
to
ty
p
e
s
y
ste
m
in
v
isib
le
li
g
h
t
ra
n
g
e
.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
h
a
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
o
n
i
n
teg
ra
ted
li
n
e
a
r
a
rra
y
p
h
o
to
n
c
a
m
e
ra
a
s
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
m
a
c
ro
n
u
tri
e
n
t
so
il
a
n
a
ly
sis.
No
r
a
n
Az
i
z
a
n
Cho
la
n
w
a
s
b
o
rn
o
n
3
1
st
A
u
g
u
st
1
9
7
9
i
n
S
e
g
a
m
a
t,
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
n
a
g
a
Na
sio
n
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
0
2
.
Af
ter
wa
rd
s
in
2
0
0
4
,
h
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
m
a
ste
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
-
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
o
r
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
.
In
2
0
1
0
,
h
e
e
n
ro
ll
e
d
a
s
a
P
h
D
stu
d
e
n
t
in
Un
iv
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
la
y
sia
.
Du
rin
g
h
is
P
h
D
stu
d
y
in
2
0
1
2
,
h
e
w
e
n
t
to
S
w
a
n
se
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
U
K an
d
T
h
e
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
f
o
r
re
se
a
r
c
h
a
tt
a
c
h
m
e
n
t.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
P
h
D
in
2
0
1
4
b
e
f
o
re
se
rv
in
g
a
s
a
se
n
io
r
lec
t
u
re
r
in
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
la
y
sia
.
A
s
o
f
n
o
w
,
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
u
th
o
rs/c
o
-
a
u
th
o
rs
f
o
r
2
5
jo
u
r
n
a
l
a
n
d
1
6
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
p
a
p
e
rs.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
las
e
rs,
a
m
p
li
f
iers
,
o
p
ti
c
s m
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
m
icr
o
w
a
v
e
o
p
ti
c
s a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
se
n
so
rs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.