T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
3
,
J
une
2020
,
pp.
1203
~12
08
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
c
r
e
dit
e
d
F
ir
s
t
G
r
a
de
by
Ke
me
nr
is
tekdikti
,
De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i3.
14683
1203
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
jour
nal.
uad
.
ac
.
id/
index
.
php/T
E
L
K
OM
N
I
K
A
Wi
r
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le
ss c
o
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u
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syst
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f
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Facu
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T
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eeri
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,
Is
l
ami
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i
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er
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i
t
y
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I
raq
2
Facu
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
eeri
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
ers
i
t
y
o
f
A
l
-
Q
a
d
i
s
i
y
ah
,
Ira
q
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
Nov
27,
2019
R
e
vis
e
d
J
a
n
18,
2020
Ac
c
e
pted
F
e
b
17,
2020
T
h
i
s
p
a
p
er
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
ces
t
h
e
d
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i
g
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an
d
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m
p
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eme
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a
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o
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a
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mmu
n
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o
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y
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em
w
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M
A
T
L
A
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b
as
e
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o
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o
rt
h
o
g
n
al
freq
u
en
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i
v
i
s
i
o
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mu
l
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p
l
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t
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c
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y
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em
i
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co
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e
l
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recei
v
er.
A
t
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ran
s
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e
a
h
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g
h
er
b
i
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ran
s
mi
s
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h
e
s
i
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a
l
w
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t
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t
ra
n
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m
i
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ed
t
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a
freq
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en
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y
s
el
ec
t
i
v
e
ch
a
n
n
el
w
i
t
h
6
t
ap
s
.
In
t
h
e
recei
v
er
p
ari
t
y
.
T
h
e
recei
v
ed
fad
e
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
ro
ce
s
s
e
d
t
o
b
e
d
e
-
mu
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
ed
an
d
de
-
mo
d
u
l
at
e
d
.
T
h
e
n
,
a
freq
u
en
c
y
d
o
ma
i
n
e
q
u
a
l
i
zer
w
as
ad
o
p
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ed
t
o
rem
o
v
e
t
h
e
fa
d
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g
n
o
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s
e
an
d
t
h
e
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n
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er
-
s
y
m
b
o
l
i
n
t
erfere
n
ce
fr
o
m
t
h
e
recei
v
ed
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
h
at
i
n
t
ro
d
u
ce
d
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
fad
i
n
g
ch
an
n
e
l
.
In
o
rd
er
t
o
i
n
s
p
e
ct
t
h
e
p
erfo
rma
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
freq
u
en
c
y
eq
u
i
l
i
zer,
b
i
t
erro
r
rat
e
fo
r
t
h
e
o
v
era
l
l
s
y
s
t
em
w
as
cal
cu
l
a
t
e
d
at
t
h
e
rece
i
v
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
a
n
d
t
o
reco
v
er
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
i
n
f
o
rmat
i
o
n
s
i
g
n
al
.
T
h
e
s
i
mu
l
at
i
o
n
res
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
es
i
g
n
ed
s
y
s
t
em
as
w
el
l
as
t
h
e
freq
u
en
c
y
eq
u
i
l
i
zer
s
h
o
w
ed
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
e
s
s
a
g
ai
n
s
t
t
h
e
fre
q
u
e
n
cy
s
el
ect
i
v
e
fad
e
d
ch
a
n
n
e
l
effect
s
.
T
h
e
max
i
mu
m
o
b
t
ai
n
ed
b
i
t
err
o
r
rat
e
w
as
ar
o
u
n
d
1
0
-
5
,
w
h
i
c
h
mean
s
t
h
a
t
o
ri
g
i
n
al
s
i
g
n
a
l
w
as
effec
t
i
v
el
y
reco
v
ered
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
qua
li
z
e
r
F
a
ding
c
ha
nne
ls
F
r
e
que
nc
y
s
e
lec
ti
ve
c
ha
nne
ls
OFDM
W
ir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Ha
yde
r
Al
I
b
r
a
he
e
mi
,
De
pa
r
t
ment
of
E
lec
tr
ica
l
a
nd
C
omput
e
r
E
nginee
r
in
g
,
F
a
c
ult
y
of
T
e
c
hnica
l
E
nginee
r
ing
,
I
s
lamic
Unive
r
s
it
y
Kuf
a
S
tr
e
e
t,
Na
jaf
,
I
r
a
q
.
E
mail:
ha
yde
r
.
maz
in@i
una
jaf
.
e
du.
iq
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
R
e
c
e
ntl
y,
the
wor
ld
ha
s
wi
tnes
s
e
d
a
mas
s
ive
pr
ogr
e
s
s
a
nd
a
huge
g
r
owth
in
wi
r
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tems
(
c
e
ll
ular
tele
phony
a
nd
L
AN
ne
twor
ks
)
.
S
o,
it
be
c
omes
ur
ge
nt
f
or
a
pplyi
ng
a
modul
a
t
ion
method
to
s
a
ti
s
f
y
a
r
e
li
a
ble
a
nd
high
da
ta
r
a
tes
c
omm
unica
t
ion
s
ys
tem
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
e
d
by
a
high
ba
ndwidth
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
Ge
ne
r
a
ll
y,
the
s
ignal
of
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
c
ha
nne
ls
is
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
f
r
om
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
to
the
r
e
c
e
iver
in
a
mul
ti
pa
th
f
a
ding
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
dyna
mi
c
e
nvi
r
on
ment
in
the
wir
e
les
s
c
ha
nne
l
[1
-
4]
.
S
ince
the
mul
ti
p
a
th
take
s
plac
e
in
the
wir
e
les
s
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion,
th
is
mea
ns
that
t
he
powe
r
o
f
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
s
ignal
will
be
t
r
a
ns
f
or
med
f
r
om
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
point
to
the
r
e
c
e
pti
on
point
by
a
huge
number
of
pa
ths
.
E
a
c
h
pa
th
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
powe
r
s
tr
e
ngth
a
nd
de
lay.
T
his
mul
ti
pa
th
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
c
a
us
e
s
a
n
a
tt
e
nua
ti
on
a
t
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
pa
r
ts
of
the
s
ignal
s
pe
c
tr
um,
whic
h
known
a
s
a
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
e
lec
ti
ve
f
a
ding
[
5,
6
]
.
T
he
mul
ti
pa
th
wir
e
les
s
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
a
ls
o
lea
ds
to
a
pr
o
blem
of
int
e
r
s
ymbol
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
(
I
S
I
)
.
T
his
p
r
oblem
c
a
n
be
s
olved
by
incr
e
a
s
ing
the
t
r
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
s
ymbol
dur
a
ti
on
ke
e
ping
the
ba
ndwidth
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
by
a
dopti
ng
the
or
thogonal
f
r
e
que
nc
y
divi
s
ion
mul
ti
plexing
O
F
D
M
[
7]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1203
-
12
08
1204
I
n
the
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem,
whic
h
is
ba
s
e
d
on
the
OFDM
,
the
ove
r
a
ll
da
ta
to
be
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
is
divi
de
d
int
o
a
s
e
que
nc
e
of
s
ymbol
s
.
T
he
n,
thi
s
s
e
que
nc
e
is
divi
de
d
int
o
a
lar
ge
number
of
lowe
r
s
pe
e
d
s
ymbol
s
tr
e
a
ms
,
whe
r
e
e
a
c
h
one
is
modul
a
ted
by
a
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
a
r
r
ier
.
T
he
s
pa
c
e
s
be
twe
e
n
the
modul
a
ti
ng
c
a
r
r
ier
s
a
r
e
e
qua
l
a
nd
their
va
lues
a
r
e
s
e
lec
ted
to
make
the
c
a
r
r
ier
s
or
thogonal
with
e
a
c
h
other
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
a
c
yc
li
c
pr
e
f
ix
is
ins
e
r
ted
in
the
be
ginni
ng
of
e
a
c
h
s
ymbol
in
or
de
r
to
r
e
s
is
t
the
I
S
I
r
e
s
ult
e
d
f
r
om
the
c
ha
nne
l
e
f
f
e
c
ts
[6
-
8]
.
T
he
OFDM
is
a
digi
tal
modul
a
ti
on
a
ppr
oa
c
h
of
digi
tal
mul
t
i
-
c
a
r
r
ier
.
B
y
th
is
method
,
the
idea
of
s
ingl
e
-
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
modul
a
ti
on
is
e
xtende
d
thr
ough
uti
li
z
i
ng
mul
ti
ple-
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
in
a
c
e
r
tain
c
ha
nne
l
.
T
he
r
e
by,
the
OFDM
pe
r
mi
ts
in
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
-
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
of
a
l
a
r
ge
number
of
or
thogonal
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
whic
h
a
r
e
c
los
e
ly
s
pa
c
e
d
.
T
his
is
to
a
void
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
a
high
-
r
a
te
s
tr
e
a
m
of
da
ta
with
a
s
ingl
e
-
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
.
T
he
QPS
K
,
1
6
QA
M
is
the
mos
t
popular
s
c
he
me
to
modul
a
te
e
a
c
h
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
a
t
low
s
ymbol
r
a
te
[
9]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
the
OFDM
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
n
e
f
f
icie
nt
method
in
e
xploi
ti
ng
a
n
a
va
il
a
ble
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
c
ha
nne
l.
T
he
OFDM
tr
a
ns
c
e
iver
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem
c
a
n
be
e
a
s
il
y
im
plem
e
nted
by
us
ing
f
a
s
t
f
ou
r
ier
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
F
F
T
tec
hniques
a
nd
the
inver
s
e
of
F
F
T
[
10]
.
S
o,
OFDM
is
a
mu
lt
ica
r
r
ier
modul
a
ti
on
,
M
C
M
,
tec
hnique,
whic
h
be
c
omes
a
popular
method
in
s
ignals
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
ove
r
wir
e
les
s
pa
th
s
.
I
t
ba
s
e
s
on
c
on
ve
r
t
ing
a
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
e
lec
ti
ve
c
ha
nne
l
int
o
f
r
e
que
nc
y
f
lat
s
ub-
c
ha
nn
e
ls
whic
h
a
r
e
pa
r
a
ll
e
l
ly
c
oll
e
c
t
e
d.
T
he
r
e
by,
the
r
e
c
e
iver
be
c
omes
of
a
s
im
pler
im
p
leme
ntation
.
T
he
wa
ve
f
or
ms
of
s
ubc
a
r
r
ie
r
s
a
r
e
or
thogonal
in
ti
me
domain,
a
s
we
ll
,
the
s
ignal
s
pe
c
tr
a
of
the
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
,
ove
r
laps
in
f
r
e
que
nc
y
do
main.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y
,
f
o
r
a
c
e
r
tain
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
s
ys
tem,
the
a
va
il
a
ble
ba
ndwidth
is
us
e
d
ve
r
y
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y.
B
y
a
dopti
ng
te
c
hniques
of
a
da
pti
ve
bit
loading
,
whic
h
e
xploi
t
the
c
ha
nne
l
e
s
ti
mate
d
dyna
mi
c
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
,
the
OFDM
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
s
ys
tem
c
a
n
a
djus
t
it
s
s
ignalli
ng
to
matc
h
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
-
pa
th
c
ondit
ions
.
T
his
is
to
make
t
he
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
c
a
pa
c
it
y
o
f
a
s
pe
c
if
ied
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
e
lec
ti
ve
c
ha
nne
l
a
ppr
oa
c
h
s
,
a
s
pos
s
ibl
e
,
to
the
idea
l
c
a
s
e
[
11]
.
Ac
c
or
dingl
y,
the
f
oll
owing
pr
omi
s
ing
f
e
a
tur
e
s
of
OFDM
c
a
n
be
de
ter
mi
ne
d:
−
G
ood
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
−
B
y
a
id
of
FFT
,
OFDM
ha
s
a
s
im
ple
im
pleme
ntatio
n
.
−
T
he
OFDM
c
ombi
ning
r
e
c
e
iver
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
e
s
by
lo
w
dif
f
iculty
−
A
pr
opor
it
e
f
or
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
tec
hniques
ove
r
a
c
ha
nne
l
of
mul
ti
pa
th
f
a
ding
with
h
igh
-
da
ta
-
r
a
te
−
I
n
ter
ms
o
f
li
nk
a
da
ptation
,
OFDM
is
of
High
f
lexibil
it
y
−
OFDM
ha
s
many
s
c
he
mes
whic
h
a
ll
of
mul
t
ipl
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
L
ow
-
c
ompl
e
xit
y
(
OFDM
A)
Due
to
the
a
bove
a
dva
ntage
s
,
the
tar
ge
t
tec
hniqu
e
,
OFDM
,
ha
s
be
e
n
wide
ly
e
mpl
oye
d
in
wi
r
e
les
s
s
tanda
r
ds
.
T
he
s
e
s
tanda
r
ds
include
the
wir
e
les
s
lo
c
a
l
a
r
e
a
ne
twor
k
(
W
L
AN
)
s
tanda
r
d
s
of
the
I
E
E
E
802.
11a
a
nd
I
E
E
E
802.
16a
,
ter
r
e
s
tr
ial
digi
tal
video
b
r
oa
dc
a
s
ti
ng
(
DVB
-
T)
,
di
gi
tal
a
udio
br
oa
dc
a
s
ti
ng
(
D
AB
)
,
e
tc.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
f
o
r
u
p
c
o
m
i
n
g
-
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
ys
t
e
m
s
,
t
h
e
O
F
D
M
c
o
u
l
d
b
e
t
h
e
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
[
1
2
]
.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
the
wor
ld
ha
s
witnes
s
e
d
s
ini
f
igent
e
f
f
or
ts
in
th
is
a
r
e
a
of
s
tudy,
OFDM
,
s
o
a
s
to
t
r
a
ns
mi
te
da
ta
s
tr
e
a
ms
with
high
bit
r
a
te.
R
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
[
13
-
15]
a
dopted
a
c
las
s
ica
l
OFD
M
s
ys
tem
to
buil
d
opti
c
a
l
s
ys
tems
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
the
im
pleme
ntation
a
nd
a
na
lys
e
of
OFDM
s
ys
te
m
in
vis
ibl
e
li
ght
c
omm
unica
ti
on
we
r
e
inves
ti
ga
ted.
Author
s
in
[
16]
pr
e
s
e
nted
the
f
unda
menta
l
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
a
n
OFM
D
ba
s
e
d
wir
e
les
s
M
AN
modems
im
p
leme
ntation,
whe
r
e
the
pr
opos
e
d
wir
e
les
s
M
AN
modem
s
howe
d
a
high
-
s
pe
e
d
c
omm
unica
ti
on.
T
he
de
s
ign
a
nd
im
pleme
ntation
s
c
he
me
of
the
ba
s
e
ba
nd
mul
ti
media
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem,
whic
h
is
c
ur
r
e
ntl
y
c
a
r
r
ie
d
out
by
a
utom
obil
e
,
wa
s
de
s
c
r
ibed
by
[
17]
.
R
e
f
r
e
nc
e
[1
8]
in
tr
oduc
e
d
a
c
ons
tr
uc
ti
on
f
or
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem
whic
h
ba
s
e
d
on
the
M
I
M
O
a
nd
OFDM
ba
s
ic
pr
inciples
.
W
he
r
e
a
s
[
19]
im
pleme
nted
a
n
OFDM
tr
a
ns
c
e
iver
s
ys
tem
F
P
GA
kit
f
o
r
HD
T
V
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
pur
pos
e
uti
li
z
ing
two
a
ntenna
s
f
or
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
a
nd
one
a
nt
e
nna
f
or
r
e
c
e
iveing.
I
n
[
20
]
,
the
F
P
GA
wa
s
a
dopted
in
or
d
e
r
to
im
pleme
nt
M
I
M
O
-
OFDM
s
ys
tem
with
4x2
a
ntenna
s
,
whic
h
pr
ovided
20-
mete
r
c
omm
unica
ti
on
r
a
nge
with
600
M
bps
ba
ndwidth.
Author
s
i
n
[
21]
ut
il
ize
d
a
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
e
lec
ti
ve
mul
ti
pa
th
c
ha
nne
l
to
de
mons
tr
a
te
the
r
obu
s
tnes
s
of
the
OFM
D
s
ys
tem
a
t
high
da
ta
r
a
tes
.
Ac
c
or
dingl
y,
a
n
im
pleme
ntation
of
a
high
-
s
pe
e
d
W
L
AN
s
y
s
te
m
ba
s
e
d
on
a
n
a
s
ync
hr
onous
OFDM
,
a
t
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
DSP
,
ha
s
be
e
n
pr
e
s
e
nted.
T
he
im
p
leme
ntation
o
f
a
n
a
ir
bo
r
n
e
ult
r
a
s
onic
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem
wa
s
pr
opos
e
d
by
[
22]
,
whe
r
e
the
OFDM
tec
hnologh
wa
s
inves
ti
ga
ted
wit
h
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
modul
a
ti
on
s
c
he
mes
s
uc
h
a
s
B
P
S
K,
QP
S
K
a
nd
16-
QA
M
.
T
he
wor
k
p
r
ove
d
that
OD
F
M
ha
s
a
s
upe
r
ior
be
ha
viour
e
s
pe
c
ially
with
16
-
QA
M
modul
a
ti
o
n.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
,
O
F
D
M
s
y
s
t
e
m
h
a
s
s
o
m
e
d
i
s
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
l
o
w
e
r
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
p
e
a
k
-
to
-
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
p
o
w
e
r
r
a
t
i
o
(
P
A
P
R
)
a
n
d
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
t
o
e
r
r
o
r
s
of
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
t
i
m
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
[7
,
23
,
24]
.
T
his
a
r
ti
c
le
f
oc
us
e
s
on
pr
e
s
e
nti
ng
a
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem,
ba
s
e
d
on
OFDM
modul
a
ti
on
tec
hnique,
whos
e
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
pa
r
t
s
hould
be
c
a
pa
ble
to
r
e
c
ove
r
the
or
igi
na
l
inf
o
r
mati
on
s
ignal
a
nd
to
e
li
mi
na
te
the
c
ha
nne
l
nois
e
.
A
M
AT
L
AB
c
o
de
wa
s
e
xploi
ted
to
c
ons
tr
uc
t
a
wir
e
les
s
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
,
wir
e
les
s
f
a
de
d
c
ha
nne
l
a
nd
wir
e
les
s
r
e
c
e
iver
with
f
r
e
que
nc
y
domain
e
quil
ize
r
.
T
he
f
r
e
que
nc
y
e
quil
ize
r
ha
s
be
e
n
a
dopted
a
nd
tes
ted
f
or
the
pur
pos
e
of
mee
ti
ng
the
a
r
ti
c
a
le
topi
c
idea
.
T
he
e
mpl
oye
d
e
quil
i
z
e
r
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y
s
a
ti
s
f
id
thi
s
pur
pos
e
,
whe
r
e
it
pr
ovided
,
a
ppr
oxim
a
tely
,
10
-
5
-
bit
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
f
or
the
ove
r
a
ll
s
ys
tem.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
W
ir
e
les
s
c
omm
unication
s
y
s
tem
w
it
h
fr
e
que
nc
y
s
e
l
e
c
ti
v
e
c
hanne
l
OF
D
…
(
Hay
de
r
A
l
I
br
ahe
e
mi
)
1205
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
OFDM
s
ys
tem
is
a
s
pe
c
tr
um
e
f
f
icie
nt
type
of
a
m
ult
ica
r
r
ier
s
modul
a
ti
on
t
r
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
a
nd
it
s
ba
s
ic
s
tr
uc
tur
e
is
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
1
a
s
given
by
[
25]
.
A
number
of
li
ne
a
r
indepe
nde
nt
s
ub-
c
ha
nne
ls
,
or
s
ub-
c
a
r
r
ier
s
whos
e
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
pa
c
ing
is
r
e
ve
r
s
ly
pr
opor
ti
ona
l
t
o
the
s
ymbol
pe
r
iod
,
a
r
e
e
xploi
ted
to
tr
a
ns
mi
te
a
s
i
ngle
da
ta
s
tr
e
a
m
a
s
s
hown
by
F
igur
e
2
.
T
his
mea
ns
a
t
each
c
ha
nne
l
c
e
ntr
e
f
r
e
que
nc
y
,
the
c
r
os
s
talk
f
r
om
other
c
ha
nne
ls
will
be
unnoti
c
e
a
ble
.
T
he
DF
T
a
nd
I
DF
T
(
di
r
e
c
t
a
nd
inver
s
e
dis
c
r
e
te
f
our
ier
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
m
s
)
a
r
e
r
e
s
p
e
c
ti
ve
ly
e
mpl
oye
d
f
or
the
de
modul
a
ti
on
a
nd
modul
a
ti
on
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
T
he
r
e
by,
a
n
e
f
f
icie
nt
r
e
plac
e
ment
to
the
ba
nks
of
I
/Q
-
modul
a
tor
s
a
s
we
ll
a
s
de
modul
a
tor
s
i
s
pe
r
f
or
med.
Othe
r
wis
e
,
th
os
e
ba
nks
would
be
r
e
q
uir
e
d
in
im
pleme
nti
ng
the
wi
r
e
les
s
s
ys
tem
.
F
igur
e
1.
B
a
s
ic
OFDM
s
ys
tem
F
igur
e
2
.
OFDM
c
ha
nne
ls
A
f
or
wa
r
d
e
r
r
o
r
c
or
r
e
c
ti
on
c
ode
ha
s
be
e
n
us
e
d,
b
e
f
or
e
the
I
DFT
-
modul
a
ti
on,
to
e
nc
ode
t
he
or
igi
na
l
binar
y
input
da
ta
. T
he
r
e
a
f
ter
the
e
nc
ode
d
da
ta
a
r
e
int
e
r
lea
ve
d
a
nd
then
mappe
d
to
p
r
oduc
e
the
P
S
K
f
or
m
.
On
the
other
s
ide
of
the
tr
a
ns
c
e
ivi
ng
s
ys
tem,
r
e
c
e
iv
e
r
s
ide
,
DFT
pr
oc
e
s
s
is
uti
li
z
e
d
to
de
modul
a
te
t
he
s
ignal
s
a
mpl
e
s
.
T
he
n,
obtaine
d
s
e
que
nc
e
s
a
r
e
de
mappe
d,
de
int
e
r
lea
ve
d
a
nd
las
tl
y
de
c
ode
d
to
e
xtr
a
c
t
the
ou
tput
da
ta
in
binar
y
f
or
m
.
On
the
r
e
c
e
iv
ing
s
ide
,
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
a
nd
the
s
ymbol
ti
mi
ng
ha
ve
to
be
de
t
e
r
mi
ne
d.
W
he
r
e
a
s
,
a
c
yc
li
c
gua
r
d
int
e
r
va
l
in
OFDM
s
ymbol
s
is
int
r
oduc
e
d
to
pr
e
s
e
r
ve
t
he
indepe
nde
nc
e
of
s
ubs
e
que
nt
a
nd
the
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
or
thogonalit
y
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1203
-
12
08
1206
T
he
las
t
pa
r
t
of
the
OFDM
s
ymbol
is
c
opied
to
e
s
tablis
h
t
he
gua
r
d
int
e
r
va
l
,
whi
le
the
dur
a
ti
on
T
g
u
a
r
d
is
a
djus
ted
to
be
lar
ge
r
than
the
highes
t
va
lue
of
e
xc
e
s
s
de
lay
in
the
r
a
dio
c
ha
nne
l.
Tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
of
t
he
gua
r
d
int
e
r
va
l
is
done
dir
e
c
tl
y
be
f
or
e
the
s
ymbol
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
pa
r
t.
T
h
e
r
e
f
or
e
,
the
p
r
oc
e
s
s
of
DFT
de
modul
a
ti
o
n
,
a
t
the
r
e
c
e
iv
ing
s
ide
,
wil
l
not
be
s
tar
ted
be
f
o
r
e
the
dur
a
t
ion
T
g
u
a
rd
a
nd
only
f
or
the
pe
r
iod
T
,
the
or
igi
na
l
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
ymbol
ti
me.
Dur
ing
thi
s
ti
me
,
a
nd
r
e
ga
r
ding
the
c
ha
nne
l
im
puls
e
r
e
s
pons
e
,
the
s
tationar
y
pa
r
t
in
t
he
c
yc
li
c
c
onvolut
ion
of
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
O
F
DM
s
ymbol
c
a
n
be
c
ons
ider
e
d
a
s
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal.
T
he
n,
a
r
oll
-
of
f
r
e
gion
(
tr
a
ns
it
ion
pe
r
iod)
is
r
e
quir
e
d
be
f
or
e
in
tr
oduc
ing
the
ne
xt
s
ymbol
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
-
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
t
h
e
O
F
D
M
s
y
m
b
o
l
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
I
D
F
T
(
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
T
,
T
g
u
a
r
d
)
.
T
h
i
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
int
r
oduc
e
s
ide
-
lobe
e
f
f
e
c
ts
by
the
r
e
c
tangula
r
wind
owing.
I
ns
e
r
ti
ng
o
f
e
xtr
a
s
a
mpl
e
s
a
f
ter
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
s
ymbol
time
a
nd
be
f
or
e
the
gua
r
d
int
e
r
va
l
c
a
n
int
r
oduc
e
a
s
moot
he
r
windowing.
R
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
[
5]
de
ter
mi
ne
d
the
tot
a
l
s
ymbol
ti
me
whic
h
is
given
in
F
igur
e
3
by
=
+
+
.
F
igur
e
3
.
OFDM
c
yc
li
c
pe
r
iods
F
unda
menta
ll
y,
t
he
bit
r
a
te
,
de
lay
s
pr
e
a
d
a
nd
ba
ndwidth
r
e
quir
e
ments
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
the
c
r
it
e
r
ions
on
whic
h
c
hoic
ing
of
the
OFDM
pa
r
a
mete
r
s
de
pe
nds
upon
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
t
he
de
lay
s
pr
e
a
d
dir
e
c
tl
y
de
c
ide
t
he
T
g
u
a
r
d
T
w
.
De
pe
nding
on
the
P
S
K
modul
a
ti
on
a
nd
th
e
c
oding
va
lues
of
T
g
u
a
r
d
T
w
s
hould
be,
a
ppr
o
xim
a
tely,
two
-
to
-
f
our
ti
mes
the
R
M
S
-
va
lue
of
the
de
lay
s
pr
e
a
d.
I
t
is
de
s
ir
a
ble
to
ha
ve
a
long
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
ymbol
ti
m
e
T
s
,
c
ompar
e
d
to
T
g
u
a
r
d
a
nd
T
w
in
or
de
r
to
mi
nim
ize
the
S
NR
-
los
s
whic
h
a
lwa
ys
c
a
us
e
d
by
the
“
wa
s
ted
ti
me”
T
g
u
a
rd
,
T
w
.
T
he
c
hoice
of
T
x
,
is
not
f
r
e
e
be
c
a
us
e
a
high
e
r
va
lue
of
s
ymbol
ti
me
lea
ds
to
s
pa
c
e
d
s
ub
-
c
a
r
r
ier
s
a
nd
,
c
ons
e
que
ntl
y
,
higher
s
e
ns
it
ivi
ty
to
f
r
e
que
nc
y
of
f
s
e
t
a
nd
pha
s
e
nois
e
,
a
lar
ge
r
im
pleme
ntation
c
ompl
e
xit
y
a
nd
a
n
incr
e
a
s
e
d
pe
a
k
-
to
-
a
ve
r
a
ge
powe
r
r
a
ti
o.
I
n
thi
s
a
r
ti
c
le,
t
he
de
s
c
r
ipt
ion
of
a
n
OFDM
s
ys
tem
with
6
taps
(
pr
opa
ga
ti
on
de
lays
)
wa
s
inves
ti
ga
ted.
T
he
bit
e
r
r
or
r
a
te,
B
E
R
,
wa
s
c
a
lcula
ted
a
c
c
ur
a
tely
by
a
id
of
a
M
AT
L
AB
c
ode
f
or
thi
s
pur
pos
e
.
T
he
p
r
opos
e
d
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem
ba
s
e
d
on
a
P
S
K
modu
lati
on
with
OFDM
tec
hnique.
T
he
numbe
r
o
f
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
o
r
s
ub-
c
ha
nn
e
ls
wa
s
c
on
s
ider
e
d
to
be
128
c
ha
nne
ls
with
a
c
yc
li
c
pr
e
f
ix
length
o
f
16
.
T
he
s
a
mpl
ing
t
im
e
wa
s
c
ons
ider
e
d
to
be
1
ms
e
c
with
a
ne
gli
gibl
e
Dopple
r
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
hif
t
(
e
qua
l
to
z
e
r
o)
.
T
he
inve
r
s
e
dis
c
r
e
te
f
our
ier
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
wa
s
in
tr
oduc
e
d
in
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
in
or
de
r
to
pr
ovide
the
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
or
thogonalit
y
be
twe
e
n
the
s
ubc
a
r
r
ier
s
.
T
his
wo
r
k
a
dopted
a
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
e
lec
ti
ve
c
ha
nne
l
to
s
im
ulate
the
ove
r
a
ll
s
ys
tem
with
6
taps
(
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
pa
ths
be
twe
e
n
the
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
a
nd
r
e
c
e
iver
)
,
the
pa
th
de
lays
we
r
e
g
iven
by:
=
10
−
6
[
0
0
.
1
0
.
3
0
.
5
15
17
17
.
2
]
(
1)
.
a
nd
the
a
ve
r
a
ge
pa
th
powe
r
g
a
ins
by:
=
[
0
−
1
.
5
−
4
.
5
−
7
.
5
−
8
−
17
.
7
]
(
2)
T
he
S
NR
wa
s
c
a
lcula
ted
s
o
a
s
to
c
a
lcula
te
the
b
it
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
of
the
s
ys
tem
a
t
the
r
e
c
e
iver
point
.
T
he
bit
e
r
r
or
r
a
te,
whe
n
jus
t
one
s
tation
ha
s
a
n
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
the
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
s
ys
tem,
c
a
n
be
c
a
lcula
ted
b
a
s
e
d
on
the
f
oll
owing
f
or
mul
a
[
1]
:
(
1
)
=
(
1
+
(
2
)
(
2
2
)
+
1
⁄
1
−
(
2
)
(
2
2
)
+
1
⁄
+
1
)
−
1
e
xp
(
−
2
2
⁄
1
+
2
2
⁄
)
(
3)
whe
r
e
a
nd
s
tand
f
or
z
e
r
o
-
or
de
r
B
e
s
s
e
l
f
unc
ti
o
n
a
nd
Dopple
r
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly,
a
nd
a
r
e
the
va
r
ianc
e
s
of
dir
e
c
t
wa
ve
a
nd
nois
e
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
l
y
a
nd
is
the
bit
pe
r
iod.
At
the
r
e
c
e
iver
s
ide
a
f
r
e
q
ue
nc
y
domain
e
qua
li
z
e
r
wa
s
a
dopted.
T
he
pur
pos
e
of
a
n
e
q
ua
li
z
e
r
is
to
r
e
duc
e
int
e
r
s
ymbol
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
due
to
nois
e
a
nd
f
a
ding
e
f
f
e
c
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
W
ir
e
les
s
c
omm
unication
s
y
s
tem
w
it
h
fr
e
que
nc
y
s
e
l
e
c
ti
v
e
c
hanne
l
OF
D
…
(
Hay
de
r
A
l
I
br
ahe
e
mi
)
1207
3.
RE
S
UL
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
YSI
S
Ha
r
ne
s
s
ing
M
AT
L
A
B
s
im
ulation,
the
de
s
igned
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem
s
hows
a
va
r
iant
r
e
s
pon
s
e
a
c
c
or
ding
to
the
ti
me,
due
to
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
s
e
lec
ti
v
e
,
ti
me
s
e
lec
t
ive
c
ha
nne
l
a
nd
the
a
dopted
e
quil
ize
r
.
T
he
bit
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
wa
s
c
a
lcula
ted
with
r
e
s
pe
c
t
to
the
s
ignal
to
nois
e
r
a
ti
o,
whe
r
e
it
s
howe
d
a
good
r
e
s
pons
e
e
s
pe
c
ially
a
t
S
NR
=
30
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
4.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
ge
ne
r
a
tes
the
inf
or
mation
s
ignal
whic
h
will
be
dis
tor
ted
r
a
ndoml
y
a
f
ter
pa
s
s
ing
it
thr
ough
the
f
a
de
d
c
ha
nne
l.
T
ha
t
mea
ns
,
e
a
c
h
ti
me
the
r
e
c
e
ived
s
ignal
by
the
r
e
c
e
iver
pa
r
it
y
will
be
dif
f
e
r
e
nt.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
e
quil
iza
r
will
p
r
ovide
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
r
e
s
ult
e
a
c
h
ti
me,
a
nd
it
is
not
e
xpe
c
ted
to
obtain
the
s
a
me
B
E
R
dis
tr
ibut
ion
with
e
a
c
h
r
e
-
r
unning
o
f
the
wor
k
s
of
twa
r
e
.
F
igur
e
5
il
lus
tr
a
tes
thi
s
topi
c
whe
r
e
the
s
of
twa
r
e
wa
s
r
un
f
ive
ti
mes
.
B
y
th
is
f
igur
e
,
it
c
a
n
be
noti
c
e
d
that
r
a
ndom
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
bi
t
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
be
c
omes
noti
c
e
a
ble
a
s
t
he
s
ignal
s
tar
t
ha
ving
a
c
ons
ider
a
ble
e
f
f
e
c
t
than
that
of
nois
e
,
i.
e
.
f
or
S
NR
gr
e
a
ter
than
10.
T
o
ove
r
c
ome
th
e
pr
oblem
of
nonl
inea
r
it
y
in
s
a
mpl
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
,
th
e
a
ve
r
a
ge
f
or
100
it
e
r
a
ti
ons
wa
s
take
n
f
or
e
a
c
h
va
lue
of
S
NR
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
f
or
thi
s
a
c
ti
on
a
r
e
given
by
F
igu
r
e
6.
T
he
r
e
by,
the
obtaine
d
r
e
s
ult
s
by
thi
s
a
r
ti
c
le
c
ould
be
s
umm
a
r
ize
d
by
the
f
oll
owing
point
s
:
−
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
l
y
m
a
n
i
p
u
l
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
r
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
.
−
T
he
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
ing
da
ta,
a
nd
c
or
r
e
s
pondingl
y
the
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
da
ta,
may
de
f
f
e
r
with
e
a
c
h
it
e
r
a
ti
on
du
e
to
the
r
a
ndom
na
tur
e
of
the
ge
ne
r
a
ted
s
a
mpl
e
s
a
nd
th
e
f
r
e
que
nc
y
domain
e
qua
li
z
e
r
.
−
S
ignal
-
to
-
Nois
e
r
a
ti
o
S
NR
=
30
is
a
f
a
ir
mi
nim
um
c
r
e
tr
ion
f
or
s
uc
c
e
s
s
of
OFDM
s
ys
tem.
F
igur
e
4
.
B
it
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
F
i
gu
r
e
5
.
B
it
e
r
r
o
r
r
a
t
e
f
o
r
f
i
ve
ti
mes
r
e
ge
ne
r
a
t
in
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
F
igur
e
6
.
B
it
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
f
or
100
it
e
r
a
ti
ons
a
t
e
a
c
h
S
NR
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
B
e
ha
vior
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
the
f
r
e
que
nc
y
do
main
e
quil
iza
r
ha
s
be
e
n
ins
pe
c
ted
a
nd
e
xa
mi
ne
d
thr
ough
the
r
e
s
pons
e
a
nd
the
bit
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
c
a
lcula
ti
on
of
a
wir
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem
ba
s
e
d
o
n
OFDM
tec
hnique
a
nd
P
S
K
modul
a
ti
on
.
OFDM
wir
e
les
s
c
o
mm
unica
ti
on
s
ys
tem
is
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
a
nd
e
xa
mi
ne
d
ba
s
e
d
on
M
AT
L
AB
c
oding,
i
t
c
ons
is
ts
of
wir
e
les
s
tr
a
ns
mi
t
ter
,
r
e
c
e
iver
a
nd
6
p
r
opa
ga
ti
on
pa
ths
(
taps
)
f
a
de
d
c
ha
nne
l.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
s
how
that
the
a
dopted
f
r
e
que
nc
y
doma
in
e
quil
iza
r
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y
c
a
n
r
e
duc
e
a
nd
e
li
mi
na
tethe
c
ha
nne
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1203
-
12
08
1208
nois
e
a
nd
the
int
e
r
s
ymbol
int
e
r
f
e
r
e
nc
e
.
Due
to
the
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
e
quil
iza
r
mi
nmum
bit
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
of
10
-
5
is
obtaine
d.
T
he
bit
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
is
inver
s
e
ly
pr
opo
r
ti
ona
l
with
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
or
S
NR
.
As
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
5,
be
s
t
B
it
e
r
r
or
r
a
te
is
obtaine
d
a
t
the
leve
l
o
f
S
NR
=
30.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[1
]
F.
B.
Fred
eri
k
s
en
an
d
R.
Pras
a
d
,
“A
n
o
v
er
v
i
e
w
o
f
O
F
D
M
an
d
Re
l
at
ed
T
ech
n
i
q
u
e
s
T
o
w
ard
s
D
e
v
el
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
F
u
t
u
re
W
i
re
l
es
s
Mu
l
t
i
me
d
i
a
Co
mm
u
n
i
cat
i
o
n
s
,
”
P
r
o
cee
d
i
n
g
s
R
A
W
C
O
N
2
0
0
2
.
2
0
0
2
IE
E
E
R
a
d
i
o
a
n
d
W
i
r
el
e
s
s
Co
n
f
e
r
e
n
ce
,
p
p
.
1
9
-
22
,
2
0
0
2
.
[2
]
S.
Ro
y
an
d
A
.
Ch
an
d
ra,
“In
t
erp
o
l
a
t
ed
Ban
d
-
p
a
s
s
Met
h
o
d
Bas
ed
N
arro
w
-
b
a
n
d
FIR
Fi
l
t
er
:
A
Pro
s
p
ec
t
i
v
e
Can
d
i
d
at
e
i
n
Fi
l
t
ere
d
-
O
F
D
M
T
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
fo
r
t
h
e
5
G
Cel
l
u
l
ar
N
et
w
o
r
k
,
”
TE
NCO
N
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
1
9
IE
E
E
R
e
g
i
o
n
1
0
Co
n
f
e
r
e
n
ce
(TE
NCO
N)
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
3
1
1
-
3
1
5
.
[3
]
F.
A
.
P.
d
e
Fi
g
u
e
i
red
o
an
d
et
al
,
“Co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
f
-
O
F
D
M
an
d
O
FD
M
Perf
o
rman
ce
fo
r
MIM
O
Sy
s
t
em
s
Co
n
s
i
d
er
i
n
g
a
5
G
Scen
ari
o
,
”
2
0
1
9
IE
E
E
2
nd
5
G
W
o
r
l
d
F
o
r
u
m
(
5
G
W
F
)
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
5
3
2
-
5
3
5
.
[4
]
A
.
M.
J
arad
at
an
d
J
.
M.
H
amamreh
,
“Mo
d
u
l
at
i
o
n
O
p
t
i
o
n
s
fo
r
O
FD
M
-
Bas
e
d
W
av
ef
o
rms
:
Cl
as
s
i
f
i
cat
i
o
n
,
Co
mp
ari
s
o
n
,
an
d
Fu
t
u
re
D
i
rec
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
IE
E
E
A
cces
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
7
2
6
3
-
1
7
2
7
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
]
F.
Sas
amo
rj
a
n
d
F.
T
ak
a
h
at
a,
“
T
h
e
o
ret
i
cal
a
n
d
A
p
p
ro
x
i
ma
t
e
D
er
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
Bi
t
E
rr
o
r
Rat
e
i
n
D
S
-
C
D
MA
Sy
s
t
em
s
u
n
d
er
Ri
ci
a
n
Fad
i
n
g
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
,
”
IE
ICE
Tr
a
n
s
.
F
u
n
d
a
m
.
E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
.
Co
m
m
u
n
.
Co
m
p
u
t
.
S
ci
.
,
v
o
l
.
E
8
2
-
A
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
6
6
0
-
2
6
6
7
,
1
9
9
9
.
[6
]
B.
A
h
med
an
d
M.
A
.
Ma
t
i
n
,
“W
i
rel
e
s
s
C
h
an
n
el
s
,
”
i
n
Co
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
M
I
M
O
-
O
F
D
M
i
n
F
u
t
u
r
e
W
i
r
el
e
s
s
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
Br
u
n
ei
:
Sp
ri
n
g
erBr
i
efs
i
n
E
l
ect
r
i
cal
an
d
Co
m
p
u
t
er
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
1
-
21.
[7
]
R.
J
.
H
as
an
an
d
H
.
N
.
A
b
d
u
l
l
ah
,
“Co
m
p
arat
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
s
el
ec
t
ed
s
u
b
carr
i
er
i
n
d
e
x
mo
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
O
F
D
M
s
ch
em
es
,
”
TE
LKO
M
NIK
A
Tel
ec
o
m
m
u
n
Co
m
p
u
t
E
l
Co
n
t
r
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
-
2
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[8
]
J
.
J
.
v
an
d
e
Bee
k
an
d
e
t
al
,
“O
n
ch
an
n
el
e
s
t
i
mat
i
o
n
i
n
O
F
D
M
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
”
IE
E
E
V
e
h
.
Tech
n
o
l
.
Co
n
f
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
1
5
-
8
1
9
,
1
9
9
5
.
[
9
]
K
e
y
s
i
g
h
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
I
n
c
.
,
“
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
o
f
O
r
t
h
o
g
o
n
a
l
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
D
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
i
n
g
(
O
F
D
M
)
a
n
d
8
0
2
.
1
1
W
L
A
N
,
”
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
:
/
/
r
f
m
w
.
e
m
.
k
e
y
s
i
g
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t
.
c
o
m
/
w
i
r
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l
e
s
s
/
h
e
l
p
f
i
l
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s
/
8
9
6
0
0
b
/
w
e
b
h
e
l
p
/
s
u
b
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
/
w
l
a
n
-
o
f
d
m
/
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
/
o
f
d
m
_
b
a
s
i
c
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
.
h
t
m
.
[
A
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
:
2
5
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
9
]
.
[1
0
]
In
t
e
l
Co
r
p
o
ra
t
i
o
n
,
“Im
p
l
eme
n
t
i
n
g
O
FD
M
M
o
d
u
l
at
i
o
n
an
d
D
emo
d
u
l
at
i
o
n
.
”
[O
n
l
i
n
e].
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
i
n
t
el
.
c
o
m/
c
o
n
t
en
t
/
w
w
w
/
u
s
/
en
/
p
r
o
g
ramma
b
l
e/
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
/
s
u
p
p
o
rt
-
re
s
o
u
rces
/
d
e
s
i
g
n
-
e
x
amp
l
es
/
d
e
s
i
g
n
-
s
o
ft
w
are
/
v
h
d
l
/
v
h
d
-
cy
c
l
i
c
-
p
refi
x
-
i
n
s
er
t
i
o
n
-
o
fd
m.
h
t
m
l
.
A
c
ces
s
e
d
:
2
5
N
o
v
em
b
er
2
0
1
9
.
[1
1
]
A
.
N
.
Barret
o
a
n
d
S.
F
u
rrer,
“A
d
ap
t
i
v
e
b
i
t
l
o
ad
i
n
g
fo
r
w
i
rel
es
s
O
F
D
M
s
y
s
t
ems
,
”
I
E
E
E
I
n
t
.
S
ym
p
.
P
e
r
s
.
I
n
d
o
o
r
M
o
b
.
R
a
d
i
o
Co
m
m
u
n
.
P
IM
R
C
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
O
c
t
o
b
er,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
2
]
R.
T
o
u
h
ami
,
D
.
Sl
i
man
i
,
an
d
A
.
K
h
e
l
i
l
,
“A
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
a
n
O
FD
M
b
as
e
d
In
d
o
o
r
V
i
s
i
b
l
e
L
i
g
h
t
Co
mm
u
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
em,
”
in
2
0
1
8
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
o
n
Co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
E
l
ect
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
eer
i
n
g
(ICCE
E
)
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
4.
[1
3
]
S.
A
t
o
u
i
,
N
.
D
o
g
h
man
e,
an
d
S.
A
fi
f
i
,
“Bl
i
n
d
freq
u
en
cy
o
ffs
e
t
es
t
i
ma
t
o
r
f
o
r
O
F
D
M
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
”
TE
LKO
M
NI
KA
Tel
eco
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
Co
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
El
ect
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
Co
n
t
r
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
2
-
2
7
2
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
4
]
R.
G
.
A
.
G
al
l
o
,
“Real
-
D
FT
Bas
ed
D
CO
-
O
FD
M
an
d
A
C
O
-
O
FD
M
fo
r
O
p
t
i
cal
Co
mmu
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
Sy
s
t
ems
,
”
2
0
1
9
2
1
st
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
o
n
Tr
a
n
s
p
a
r
en
t
O
p
t
i
ca
l
Net
wo
r
ks
(ICTO
N),
A
n
g
e
r
s
,
F
r
a
n
ce
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
4.
[1
5
]
T
.
N
g
u
y
e
n
a
n
d
e
t
a
l
,
“2
D
-
O
F
D
M
fo
r
O
p
t
i
cal
Camera
Co
mmu
n
i
cat
i
o
n
:
Pr
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
a
n
d
Im
p
l
eme
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
E
E
E
A
cc
es
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
p
p
.
2
9
4
0
5
-
2
9
4
2
4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
6
]
B.
Mah
am,
“D
SP
Im
p
l
eme
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
A
s
p
ect
s
o
f
an
O
F
D
M
Bas
ed
W
i
re
l
es
s
MA
N
M
o
d
em,
”
i
n
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
er
e
n
ce
o
n
W
i
r
e
l
es
s
Co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
,
Net
wo
r
ki
n
g
a
n
d
M
o
b
i
l
e
,
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
4.
[1
7
]
Y
.
W
an
g
,
J
.
A
n
,
an
d
X
.
Bu
,
“
T
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eme
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rel
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s
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em,
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i
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In
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er
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a
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m
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,
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w
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e
,
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
1
-
4.
[1
8
]
C.
Pei
j
i
a
n
g
,
“S
t
u
d
y
an
d
Imp
l
emen
t
at
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f
MIMO
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D
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Sy
s
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Ba
s
ed
o
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Mat
l
ab
,
”
i
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I
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t
e
r
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fer
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ce
o
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In
f
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T
ech
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Co
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p
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r
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ci
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,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
9
]
L
.
H
en
ri
q
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e
an
d
e
t
al
,
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n
FPG
A
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mp
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at
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ran
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mi
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d
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ech
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p
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em,
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n
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p
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1
4
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1
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2
,
2
0
0
6
.
[2
0
]
K
.
N
.
T
ad
as
h
i
,
Y
.
N
ag
ao
t
,
an
d
A
.
T
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ramo
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t
,
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g
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p
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2
MIMO
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s
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d
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s
FPG
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Imp
l
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t
at
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o
n
,
”
10
th
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
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n
a
l
Co
n
f
er
en
ce
o
n
A
d
v
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ce
d
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m
m
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t
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Tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
p
.
7
-
10
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
1
]
M.
F.
T
ari
q
a
n
d
e
t
al
,
“
D
ev
e
l
o
p
men
t
o
f
an
O
FD
M
b
as
e
d
H
i
g
h
S
p
eed
W
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re
l
es
s
L
A
N
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l
at
f
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rm
u
s
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g
t
h
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I
C
6
x
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SP,
”
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E
In
t
e
r
n
a
t
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n
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l
Co
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m
m
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ca
t
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o
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s
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n
f
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ce
P
r
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d
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n
g
s
.
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0
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2
,
2
0
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2
,
p
p
.
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2
2
-
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2
6
.
[2
2
]
W
.
J
i
a
n
g
an
d
W
.
M.
D
.
W
ri
g
h
t
,
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d
o
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r
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rel
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s
s
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o
mm
u
n
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cat
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l
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s
,
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t
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p
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m
(I
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)
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
3
]
S.
N
es
t
a
n
d
e
t
al
,
“
U
n
s
cen
t
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Par
t
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c
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l
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h
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n
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t
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f
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D
M
Co
mm
u
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cat
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n
Sy
s
t
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ms
,
”
2
0
1
9
3
rd
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
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l
C
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f
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en
d
s
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l
ect
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
In
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
cs
(IC
O
E
I),
T
i
r
u
n
e
l
vel
i
,
In
d
i
a
,
p
p
.
6
0
0
-
6
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4
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
4
]
A
.
H
i
l
ari
o
-
T
ac
u
ri
,
“O
n
t
h
e
N
o
n
-
l
i
n
eari
t
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ffect
s
O
v
e
r
t
h
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Sp
ec
t
ru
m
o
f
E
SIM
-
O
FD
M
Ba
s
ed
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y
s
t
ems
,
”
2
0
1
9
42
nd
In
t
er
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
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f
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r
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ce
o
n
Tel
eco
m
m
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ca
t
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n
s
a
n
d
S
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g
n
a
l
P
r
o
ces
s
i
n
g
(TS
P
),
B
u
d
a
p
es
t
,
H
u
n
g
a
r
y,
p
p
.
2
7
8
-
2
8
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
5
]
P.
L
i
n
,
“O
FD
M
Si
mu
l
at
i
o
n
i
n
M
A
T
L
A
B,
”
P
o
l
y
t
ech
n
i
c
S
t
a
t
e
U
n
i
ve
r
s
i
t
y
,
Cal
i
fo
r
n
i
a,
2
0
1
0
.
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