T
E
L
K
O
M
N
I
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n,
Co
m
pu
t
ing
,
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Co
ntr
o
l
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
638
~
644
I
SS
N:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
,
ac
cr
ed
ited
First Gr
ad
e
b
y
Kem
en
r
is
tek
d
i
k
ti,
Dec
r
ee
No
: 2
1
/E/KPT
/2
0
1
8
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
2
9
2
8
/TE
L
KOM
NI
K
A.
v
1
9
i
2
.
1
6
1
1
8
638
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//jo
u
r
n
a
l.u
a
d
.
a
c.
id
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/TELK
OM
N
I
K
A
Rev
iew on lo
a
d f
r
equency
cont
ro
l f
o
r power sy
stem s
tability
M
uh
a
m
m
a
d Niz
a
m
K
a
m
a
ru
din
1
,
Na
bil
a
h S
ha
ha
rudi
n
2
,
No
o
r
H
a
qk
i
m
i A
bd
Ra
hm
a
n
3
,
M
o
hd
H
endra
H
a
iri
4
,
Sa
ha
za
t
i Md
.
Ro
za
li
5
,
T
o
le
Su
t
ik
no
6
1,
2,
4
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsit
i
Tek
n
ik
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
lak
a
,
M
a
lay
sia
3
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
S
y
ste
m
s E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
sia
P
e
rli
s,
M
a
lay
sia
5
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
U
n
iv
e
rsit
i
Tek
n
ik
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
lak
a
,
M
a
lay
sia
6
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsitas
Ah
m
a
d
Da
h
lan
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
r
2
2
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
15
,
2
0
2
0
Acc
ep
ted
Dec
28
,
2
0
2
0
P
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
it
y
is
th
e
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
to
m
a
in
tain
lo
a
d
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
wit
h
in
sp
e
c
ifi
e
d
li
m
it
s
u
n
d
e
r
ste
a
d
y
sta
te
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
tran
sm
issio
n
.
I
n
m
o
d
e
rn
d
a
y
s,
th
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
sy
s
tem
s
h
a
v
e
g
ro
wn
in
term
s
o
f
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
d
u
e
to
i
n
c
re
a
sin
g
i
n
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
o
we
r
li
n
e
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
.
F
o
r
th
a
t,
a
n
i
n
h
e
re
n
t
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
rs
we
re
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
to
c
o
rre
c
t
th
e
d
e
v
iatio
n
in
th
e
p
re
se
n
c
e
o
f
e
x
tern
a
l
d
istu
r
b
a
n
c
e
s.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
h
e
n
c
e
a
ims
to
re
v
iew
th
e
b
a
sic
c
o
n
c
e
p
ts
o
f
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
it
y
in
l
o
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l.
Va
rio
u
s
c
o
n
tr
o
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
we
re
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
a
n
d
p
re
se
n
t
e
d
.
P
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
it
y
c
a
n
b
e
c
las
sified
in
term
s
o
f
m
e
th
o
d
t
o
imp
r
o
v
e
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
it
y
,
wh
ich
a
re
ro
t
o
r
a
n
g
le
sta
b
il
it
y
,
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
sta
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sta
b
il
it
y
.
It
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
e
a
c
h
m
e
th
o
d
h
a
s
d
iffere
n
t
p
u
r
p
o
se
a
n
d
fo
c
u
s
o
n
so
lv
i
n
g
d
iffere
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
p
ro
b
lem
o
c
c
u
rre
d
.
It
is
h
o
p
e
d
th
a
t
t
h
is
stu
d
y
c
a
n
c
o
n
tri
b
u
te
to
c
larify
t
h
e
d
iffere
n
t
ty
p
e
s
o
f
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
sta
b
il
it
y
i
n
term
s
o
f
wh
e
re
it
o
c
c
u
rs,
a
n
d
w
h
ich
is
th
e
b
e
st me
th
o
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
iffere
n
t
si
t
u
a
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
L
o
ad
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
co
n
tr
o
l
Po
wer
lin
e
ex
ch
an
g
e
Po
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
Po
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
R
o
to
r
an
g
le
s
tab
ilit
y
Vo
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mu
h
am
m
ad
Niza
m
Kam
a
r
u
d
i
n
Fac
u
lty
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Un
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
n
ik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
lak
a
Han
g
T
u
ah
J
ay
a,
7
6
1
0
0
Du
r
ia
n
T
u
n
g
g
al,
Me
lak
a,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
n
izam
k
am
ar
u
d
in
@
u
tem
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
S
tab
ilit
y
in
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
is
k
n
o
wn
as
it
s
cap
ab
ilit
y
to
r
etu
r
n
t
o
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
af
ter
p
er
tu
r
b
ed
b
y
d
is
tu
r
b
an
c
e
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
,
in
s
tab
ilit
y
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
in
d
icate
s
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
of
lo
s
in
g
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
is
m
o
r
f
allin
g
o
u
t
o
f
s
tep
.
Stab
ilit
y
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
an
ess
en
tial
p
ar
t
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
co
n
tin
u
ally
g
r
o
win
g
an
d
e
x
ten
d
in
g
o
v
er
v
ast g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
al
r
eg
io
n
s
.
As s
u
ch
,
p
r
eser
v
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
r
eg
io
n
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
is
m
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
ts
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
h
as
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
cr
u
cial
task
s
to
en
g
in
ee
r
s
[1
-
3
]
.
Su
cc
ess
f
u
l
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
i
r
es
th
e
m
atch
in
g
o
f
to
ta
l
g
en
e
r
atio
n
with
to
tal
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
also
ass
o
ciate
with
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es.
C
h
an
g
es
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
m
ay
d
ev
iates
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
.
S
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
in
t
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
r
e
q
u
ir
es
th
e
m
atch
i
n
g
o
f
to
tal
g
en
e
r
atio
n
with
to
tal
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
as
well
as
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
t
o
ler
ate
to
ass
o
ciate
d
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es.
Hen
ce
,
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
with
p
o
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
co
n
d
itio
n
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
ev
iatio
n
s
in
n
o
m
in
al
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
th
at
y
ield
to
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
ic
ef
f
ec
ts
[
1
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
elem
en
t
s
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
is
l
o
ad
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
L
FC
)
[3
-
4]
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
in
a
d
esira
b
le
lev
el
af
ter
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
o
cc
u
r
s
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
R
ev
iew
o
n
lo
a
d
fr
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
p
o
w
er sys
tem
s
ta
b
ilit
y
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
N
iz
a
m
K
a
ma
r
u
d
in
)
639
s
ev
er
al
ty
p
es
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
at
w
er
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
[3
-
1
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
r
esear
ch
h
as
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
s
h
o
wn
th
at
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
lack
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
to
war
d
s
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
’
s
p
ar
am
eter
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
to
r
ev
iew
a
f
ew
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
p
r
esen
tin
g
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
s
an
d
n
ew
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
in
L
FC
.
2.
CO
NCEPT
S
O
F
P
O
WE
R
S
YST
E
M
ST
A
B
I
L
T
Y
Stab
ilit
y
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
de
f
i
n
es
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
to
r
eg
ain
a
s
tate
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
e
q
u
ilib
r
iu
m
af
ter
b
ein
g
in
jecte
d
b
y
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
I
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
all
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
b
o
u
n
d
e
d
.
As
s
u
ch
,
th
e
en
tire
s
y
s
tem
r
em
ain
s
in
tact
[
1
,
2]
an
d
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
.
T
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
ar
e
f
au
lts
,
lo
ad
ch
a
n
g
es,
g
en
er
at
o
r
o
u
tr
a
g
e,
an
d
lin
e
o
u
tr
ag
e
or
v
o
ltag
e
co
llap
s
e
.
Plu
s
,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
ca
n
b
e
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
all
.
As
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ili
ty
ca
n
b
e
clas
s
if
ie
d
in
to
r
o
to
r
an
g
le,
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
tab
ilit
y
[
2
]
.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
ese
th
r
ee
s
tab
ilit
ies
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
class
if
ied
in
to
lar
g
e
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
o
r
s
m
all
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
,
as we
ll a
s
s
h
o
r
t te
r
m
o
r
l
o
n
g
ter
m
s
tab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
2
.
1
.
Ro
t
o
r
a
ng
le
s
t
a
bil
it
y
R
o
to
r
an
g
le
s
tab
ilit
y
is
th
e
ab
i
lity
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
r
em
ain
in
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
s
tate
wh
en
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
a
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
.
T
h
e
r
o
t
o
r
an
g
le
o
f
a
g
en
er
ato
r
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
to
r
q
u
e
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
o
wer
th
at
is
ex
er
ted
b
y
p
r
im
e
m
o
v
er
.
W
h
er
ea
s
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
g
en
er
ato
r
elec
tr
ical
p
o
we
r
.
W
h
ile
in
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izin
g
s
tate,
all
g
en
er
ato
r
s
’
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
eti
c
to
r
q
u
e
is
ex
ac
tly
eq
u
al
to
th
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
to
r
q
u
e
in
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
If
th
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
i
s
d
is
tu
r
b
ed
b
y
an
y
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
,
th
e
r
o
t
o
r
a
n
g
le
w
ill
o
s
cillate
.
R
o
to
r
an
g
le
s
tab
il
ity
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
in
to
s
m
all
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
an
g
le
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
lar
g
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
an
g
le
s
tab
ilit
y
.
2
.
2
.
Vo
lt
a
g
e
s
t
a
bil
it
y
Vo
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
m
ain
tain
s
tea
d
y
s
tate
v
o
ltag
es
at
all
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
u
s
es
wh
en
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
a
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
.
L
ar
g
e
r
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
lar
g
e
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
W
h
ile
less
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
p
r
o
d
u
c
es
a
s
m
all
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
r
o
to
r
an
g
le
s
tab
ilit
y
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
ca
n
also
b
e
class
if
ied
a
s
a
lo
n
g
ter
m
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
d
u
e
t
o
f
ast
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ice
lik
e
th
e
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
t
o
r
,
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
r
iv
e
,
o
r
HVDC,
th
e
tim
e
f
r
am
e
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
is
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
0
-
2
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
Fo
r
th
at,
th
e
is
s
u
e
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
s
h
o
r
t
-
te
r
m
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
[
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
if
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
a
r
e
d
u
e
to
s
lo
w
ch
an
g
es
in
lo
ad
,
o
v
er
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
lin
e,
as
well
as
g
en
er
ato
r
s
h
itti
n
g
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
lim
its
o
r
tap
ch
a
n
g
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
th
en
th
e
tim
e
f
r
am
e
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
ca
n
b
e
lo
n
g
e
r
.
T
h
e
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
tim
e
f
r
am
e
is
ar
o
u
n
d
1
m
in
u
te
to
s
ev
er
al
m
in
u
tes
(
m
o
r
e
th
at
1
m
in
u
te)
.
2
.
3
.
F
re
qu
ency
s
t
a
bil
it
y
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
to
m
ain
tain
s
tead
y
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
u
e
to
s
ev
er
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
c
e
b
etwe
en
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
lo
ad
is
ca
lled
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
th
e
cap
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
to
r
esto
r
e
eq
u
ilib
r
i
u
m
b
etwe
en
s
y
s
tem
g
en
er
atio
n
a
n
d
lo
ad
,
with
m
in
im
u
m
lo
s
s
o
f
lo
ad
.
Fre
q
u
e
n
cy
in
s
tab
ilit
y
m
ay
ca
u
s
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
win
g
s
th
at
lead
to
tr
ip
p
in
g
o
f
g
en
e
r
atio
n
u
n
its
o
r
l
o
a
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
202
1
:
6
3
8
-
644
640
3.
T
E
CH
N
I
CA
L
WO
RK
S
O
N
L
O
AD
F
RE
Q
U
E
NCY
CO
N
T
RO
L
Po
wer
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
n
tr
o
l
is
v
er
y
well
k
n
o
wn
as
L
F
C
.
L
FC
h
as
b
ee
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
au
to
m
atic
g
e
n
er
atio
n
co
n
t
r
o
l
(
AGC)
an
d
n
o
wad
ay
s
b
ec
o
m
es
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
u
b
jects
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
m
ain
ly
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
u
p
o
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
e
v
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
its
n
o
m
in
al
v
alu
e
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
s
of
L
FC
ar
e
[
4
]
:
to
m
ai
n
tain
c
o
n
s
tan
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
to
p
r
eser
v
e
th
e
tie
lin
e
p
o
wer
at
a
s
ch
ed
u
led
lev
el
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
lo
ad
ch
a
n
g
es
in
an
y
a
r
ea
,
t
o
d
im
in
is
h
ar
ea
co
n
tr
o
l
er
r
o
r
(
AC
E
)
,
an
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
r
an
s
ien
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
AGC
s
ch
em
es
h
av
e
ev
o
lv
e
d
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast
s
ix
d
ec
ad
es.
T
h
is
is
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
tie
lin
e
lo
ad
b
ias
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
ce
p
t.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
two
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
in
ter
est
n
am
ely
,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
tie
lin
e
p
o
wer
ex
ch
a
n
g
es.
T
h
eir
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ar
e
weig
h
ted
t
o
g
eth
er
b
y
a
lin
ea
r
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
to
a
s
in
g
le
v
a
r
iab
le
ca
lled
AC
E
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
AGC
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
as
en
a
b
led
p
o
wer
en
g
in
ee
r
s
to
d
ea
l
with
AGC
p
r
o
b
lem
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
tly
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
5
,
6
]
.
Sev
er
al
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
in
t
h
e
p
ast
a
p
p
licab
le
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
co
n
tr
o
l
in
th
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
m
u
lti
ar
ea
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
So
m
e
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
b
ased
o
n
class
ical
li
n
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
l
[
7
,
8
]
.
So
m
e
h
o
w,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
q
u
alities
o
f
th
e
ch
an
g
in
g
lo
ad
s
,
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
ch
an
g
es
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
u
r
in
g
a
d
aily
c
y
cle.
T
h
u
s
,
a
f
ix
e
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
m
a
y
n
o
lo
n
g
er
b
e
s
u
itab
le
in
all
co
n
n
ec
ted
v
ar
iab
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
n
tr
o
l
[
9
-
1
2
]
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
s
en
s
itiv
ity
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
s
ch
an
g
e
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
a
p
er
in
th
e
f
iel
d
o
f
au
to
m
atic
g
en
er
atio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
1
9
5
4
b
y
C
o
n
co
r
d
ia
[
1
3
]
.
Up
to
d
ate,
ap
p
r
ec
iab
le
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
is
d
o
n
e
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
a
u
to
m
atic
g
e
n
er
atio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
lo
ad
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
t
r
o
l
[
1
3
-
1
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
s
m
ar
t
lo
ad
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
h
ad
b
e
en
an
aly
ze
d
in
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
two
eq
u
al
ar
ea
h
y
d
r
o
,
th
er
m
al
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
-
th
er
m
al
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
ias
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
et
eq
u
al
to
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
o
b
tain
m
in
im
u
m
in
ter
a
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
ea
s
.
E
lg
er
d
an
d
Fo
s
h
a
[
1
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
m
eg
awa
tt
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(P
-
f
)
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
b
lem
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
c
r
itical
ex
am
in
atio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
is
as
o
ld
as
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
its
elf
.
T
h
e
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
ar
y
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l
is
a
co
n
ce
p
t
f
o
r
au
to
m
atic
g
en
e
r
atio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
r
eg
u
lato
r
d
esig
n
s
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Du
e
to
r
ec
en
t
s
y
s
tem
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
s
,
in
ter
est
in
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
h
as
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
ar
ea
.
C
o
h
n
[
1
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
ased
o
n
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
s
y
s
tem
wid
e
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
in
ad
v
er
ten
t
in
ter
c
h
an
g
e
a
n
d
ti
m
e
er
r
o
r
.
I
t
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
s
tatic
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
n
et
in
ter
ch
an
g
e
tie
lin
e
b
ias
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
f
o
r
d
ec
id
in
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
b
ias
s
ettin
g
.
B
ased
o
n
s
tatic
an
aly
s
is
,
f
o
r
m
in
im
u
m
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
co
n
tr
o
ls
ar
ea
s
,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
ettin
g
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
a
r
ea
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
atc
h
e
d
to
c
o
m
b
in
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
l
o
ad
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
ar
ea
.
H
o
wev
er
,
it
r
em
ain
ed
s
ilen
t r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
g
ai
n
s
ettin
g
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
attem
p
t
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
AGC
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
a
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
v
ia
th
e
f
ly
wh
ee
l
g
o
v
er
n
o
r
o
f
th
e
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
ac
h
in
e.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t,
an
d
a
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
co
n
tr
o
l
was
in
clu
d
e
d
to
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
a
s
ig
n
al
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
in
teg
r
al
p
l
u
s
its
d
ev
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
s
ch
em
e
co
n
s
titu
tes
th
e
class
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
t
h
e
AGC
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ver
y
ea
r
ly
wo
r
k
s
in
th
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ar
ea
o
f
AGC
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
C
o
h
n
et
a
l.
[
1
6
-
2
0
]
.
T
h
ese
wo
r
k
s
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
tie
-
lin
e
b
ia
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
.
Qu
az
za
[
2
1
]
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
h
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
o
n
n
o
n
-
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
n
o
n
-
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
tie
lin
e
p
o
wer
s
co
n
tr
o
l,
wh
er
e
ea
c
h
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ar
ea
s
d
ea
ls
with
its
o
w
n
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
with
lar
g
e
s
ig
n
al
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
L
FC
s
y
s
tem
s
w
er
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
Ag
g
ar
wal
an
d
B
er
g
s
eth
[
2
2
]
.
Su
p
p
lem
e
n
t
ar
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
AC
E
s
to
ze
r
o
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
L
ater
o
n
,
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
d
y
n
am
ics
wer
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
AGC
r
eg
u
lato
r
d
esig
n
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ter
m
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
th
e
AG
C
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
wer
e
f
in
alize
d
in
[
2
4
]
.
Fo
llo
w
in
g
th
at,
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
f
o
r
L
FC
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
in
[
2
5
-
2
7
]
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
with
ac
tu
al
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
AGC
s
ch
em
es,
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
to
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
AC
E
ar
e
s
u
g
g
ested
f
r
o
m
tim
e
to
tim
e
to
co
p
e
with
th
e
c
h
an
g
ed
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
2
8
-
3
2
]
.
Sin
ce
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
tly
r
eg
u
l
ated
m
ar
k
ets
ar
e
lik
ely
to
e
v
o
lv
e
in
to
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
ch
em
e,
an
d
s
o
m
e
d
er
e
g
u
late
d
m
ar
k
ets
ar
e
alr
ea
d
y
o
f
th
is
t
y
p
e
(
e.
g
.
,
No
r
way
)
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
d
er
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
in
d
u
s
tr
y
o
n
L
FC
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
in
[
3
3
]
.
4.
P
E
RF
O
RM
A
NCE A
NAL
YS
I
S O
N
P
RE
V
I
O
US C
O
N
T
R
O
L
ST
R
AT
E
G
I
E
S
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
b
ein
g
p
u
t
f
o
r
war
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
th
eir
p
io
n
ee
r
wo
r
k
to
d
esig
n
L
FC
co
n
tr
o
ller
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
class
ical
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
-
d
er
i
v
ativ
e
(
PID
)
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es,
a
lin
ea
r
q
u
ad
r
atic
r
eg
u
lato
r
(
L
Q
R
)
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
an
d
lin
ea
r
m
atr
ix
in
eq
u
alities
.
Oth
er
th
an
th
at,
th
e
L
FC
d
esig
n
wer
e
al
s
o
b
as
ed
o
n
s
o
f
t
co
m
p
u
tin
g
o
r
ar
tifi
cial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
,
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic,
b
ac
ter
ial
f
o
r
ag
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
∞
an
d
p
ar
ticles
s
war
m
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Vijay
in
[
3
4
]
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
ac
ter
ial
f
o
r
a
g
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
B
FO)
with
g
e
n
e
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
GA)
an
d
p
ar
ticl
e
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
el
o
f
B
FO
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
R
ev
iew
o
n
lo
a
d
fr
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
p
o
w
er sys
tem
s
ta
b
ilit
y
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
N
iz
a
m
K
a
ma
r
u
d
in
)
641
is
to
tack
le
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
lo
a
d
d
i
s
p
atch
(
E
L
D)
is
s
u
e
in
clu
d
in
g
v
alv
e
p
o
i
n
t
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
b
ee
n
test
ed
with
a
test
b
ed
w
ith
th
r
ee
to
th
ir
teen
g
en
er
ati
n
g
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
g
av
e
ef
f
e
ct
iv
e
q
u
ali
ty
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
E
L
D
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
also
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
f
u
el
co
s
ts
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Sab
ah
il
in
[
3
5
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
lo
ad
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
b
y
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
MD
NN)
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
two
-
ar
ea
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
el
ec
tr
icity
with
g
o
o
d
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
d
y
n
am
ic
n
eu
r
o
n
s
in
h
id
d
e
n
lay
e
r
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
n
eu
r
o
n
s
in
o
th
er
lay
er
s
.
T
h
e
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
em
u
lato
r
(
NN
-
em
u
lato
r
)
was
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
with
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
co
n
s
i
d
er
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
n
eu
r
o
n
r
ec
eiv
es
its
in
p
u
t e
ith
er
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
n
eu
r
o
n
s
o
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
e
u
r
al
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
weig
h
ted
s
u
m
o
f
th
ese
in
p
u
ts
co
n
s
titu
ted
th
e
ar
g
u
m
en
t
o
f
a
f
ix
e
d
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
h
a
d
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
wh
o
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
h
av
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
d
th
eir
o
p
er
ati
o
n
p
o
i
n
ts
m
ay
c
h
an
g
e
,
wh
ich
th
er
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
ad
a
p
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
a
n
d
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
g
av
e
g
o
o
d
r
esu
lts
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
C
NN)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
Ku
m
ar
in
[
3
6
]
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
b
ias
co
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
lo
ad
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
(
L
FC
)
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
a
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
te
ch
n
iq
u
e,
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
in
s
tab
ilit
ie
s
a
n
d
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
im
p
ed
im
e
n
ts
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
o
r
s
an
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
i.e
.
v
alv
e
s
p
e
ed
lim
it
(
VSL)
an
d
g
en
er
atio
n
r
ate
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
(
G
R
C
)
,
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
n
th
e
d
esig
n
.
Var
iatio
n
s
o
f
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
an
d
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lim
itatio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
to
b
e
b
etwe
en
-
4
0
%
an
d
+4
0
%
o
f
n
o
m
in
al
q
u
alities
with
5
%
s
tep
.
T
h
e
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
tu
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
GA
was
u
s
ed
to
n
u
llify
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
tie
lin
e
p
o
wer
d
ev
iatio
n
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
Sre
e
d
h
ar
Allu
in
[
3
7
]
em
p
h
asized
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
e
r
PID
(
FOPID)
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
v
er
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PID
with
r
o
o
t lo
cu
s
tu
n
in
g
in
s
in
g
le
ar
ea
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
[
3
7
]
,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
was e
x
ten
d
ed
to
a
m
u
lti
ar
ea
th
e
r
m
al
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
with
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ity
o
f
GR
C
.
T
o
r
ea
ch
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
u
tco
m
es,
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
tu
n
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
b
ac
ter
ial
f
o
r
ag
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
B
FOA)
th
at
em
p
lo
y
an
in
teg
r
al
tim
e
m
u
ltip
lied
ab
s
o
lu
te
er
r
o
r
(
I
T
A
E
)
as
a
n
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
d
elay
(
T
D)
.
Pad
h
an
in
[
3
8
]
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
e
tu
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
m
o
d
e
l
PID
lo
a
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
tr
o
ller
im
p
lied
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
alo
n
g
s
id
e
tr
an
s
f
er
b
ased
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
.
Stre
n
g
th
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
s
o
n
d
e
p
en
d
ab
ilit
y
an
d
in
ad
d
itio
n
ex
ec
u
tio
n
wer
e
g
iv
e
n
in
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
v
u
l
n
er
ab
ilit
ies
in
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
p
lan
t
a
n
d
it
was
s
ee
n
th
at
all
in
all
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
em
ain
s
a
s
y
m
p
to
tically
r
elen
tles
s
f
o
r
ev
er
y
en
ca
s
ed
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
n
o
t
wi
th
s
tan
d
in
g
m
o
tio
n
s
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Saik
ia
in
[
3
9
]
,
witn
ess
ed
th
at
th
e
ex
tr
a
d
eg
r
ee
-
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
d
r
o
p
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
u
n
d
esira
b
le
p
o
s
ts
o
f
th
e
u
n
s
ettlin
g
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
ag
g
r
av
atio
n
less
en
in
g
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
s
y
s
tem
h
av
in
g
s
h
u
t
cir
cle.
Fire
f
ly
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
FA)
was
u
tili
ze
d
as
p
ar
t
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
n
tr
o
l
i
n
co
m
b
in
ed
cy
cle
g
as
tu
r
b
i
n
e
(
C
C
GT
)
p
lan
t
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
c
r
ea
s
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
th
e
p
a
p
er
.
L
ik
ewise,
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
c
u
s
to
m
ar
y
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
in
teg
r
al
(
I
)
,
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
i
n
teg
r
al
(
PI
)
,
PID
an
d
in
ad
d
iti
o
n
al
in
teg
r
al
d
er
i
v
ativ
e
(
ID
)
wer
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
an
aly
ze
d
.
Me
a
n
wh
ile
in
[
4
0
]
,
W
en
T
an
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
in
to
a
n
i
d
ea
o
f
PID
tu
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
u
b
ject
to
two
-
lev
el
f
lex
ib
ilit
ies
f
o
r
L
FC
in
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
.
L
ik
ewise
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
im
p
o
r
tan
t
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
r
elate
d
to
two
r
eg
u
latio
n
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
its
s
tr
en
g
th
was
ex
a
m
in
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
ch
an
g
e
s
in
d
am
p
in
g
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
[
4
1
]
,
El
-
Sh
er
b
in
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
an
ap
p
l
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
tech
n
iq
u
e
wh
ile
d
esig
n
i
n
g
th
e
lo
ad
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
to
d
am
p
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
tie
lin
e
p
o
we
r
o
s
cillatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
l
o
ad
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
ca
lled
a
two
lay
er
ed
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
av
i
n
g
two
lay
er
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
u
n
ter
p
a
r
t
,
is
ca
lled
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
PID
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
was
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
L
o
k
a
n
ath
a
[
4
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
PID
(
PSO
-
PID
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
co
m
p
ar
e
with
th
e
class
ical
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
PS
O
tu
n
ed
PIO
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
two
a
r
ea
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
is
p
r
o
v
en
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
wh
ile
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
b
ee
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
.
As
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PI
an
d
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
ad
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PS
O
-
PID
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
In
[
4
3
]
Ali
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
a
n
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
n
o
v
el
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
t
s
ea
r
ch
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
r
ee
-
ter
m
PID
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lo
a
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
d
,
two
ar
ea
n
o
n
r
eh
ea
t
th
er
m
al
s
y
s
tem
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
o
m
i
n
im
ize
th
e
tim
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
lled
a
b
ac
ter
ial
f
o
r
ag
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
(
B
FOA)
is
u
y
ilized
wh
ile
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Ah
s
an
in
[
4
4
]
co
n
d
u
ct
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
b
etwe
en
a
two
-
ter
m
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
f
o
r
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
with
lo
ad
f
r
en
q
u
en
cy
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
PI
co
n
t
r
o
ller
.
R
er
k
p
r
ee
d
ap
o
n
g
in
[
4
5
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
two
d
ec
en
tr
alize
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
lo
ad
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
in
g
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
lin
ea
r
m
atr
ix
i
n
eq
u
alities
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
was
b
ased
o
n
H
I
n
f
i
n
ity
(
∞
)
c
o
n
tr
o
l
d
esig
n
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
e
was b
ased
o
n
g
en
e
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
GA)
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
.
B
o
th
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
tu
n
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
lled
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
lin
ea
r
m
at
r
ix
in
eq
u
alities
(
GAL
MI
)
.
B
o
th
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
202
1
:
6
3
8
-
644
642
wer
e
test
ed
o
n
a
th
r
ee
ar
ea
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
with
th
r
ee
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
o
f
lo
ad
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
GAL
MI
tu
n
ed
PI
lo
ad
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
we
r
e
al
m
o
s
t
th
e
s
am
e
as
t
h
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
∞
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
wh
ich
h
av
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ag
ain
s
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
Pan
d
ey
i
n
[
4
6
]
p
r
es
en
ted
a
n
o
v
el
L
QR
co
n
tr
o
l a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
alo
n
g
with
th
e
d
o
u
b
l
y
f
ed
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
g
en
e
r
at
o
r
(
DFI
G)
o
f
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
u
s
ed
to
e
x
tr
ac
t
th
e
k
in
eti
c
en
er
g
y
o
f
DFI
G
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
m
in
im
ize
d
th
e
a
r
ea
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
er
r
o
r
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
tim
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
tie
lin
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
ev
iatio
n
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
s
tab
le
s
y
s
tem
alo
n
g
with
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
tim
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
th
e
L
QR
was
in
s
er
ted
in
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ele
m
e
n
t
.
I
n
[
4
7
]
,
K
u
m
ar
i
an
d
J
h
a
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
cien
tifi
c
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
two
ar
ea
s
y
s
tem
with
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
war
m
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
in
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
L
QR
alo
n
g
s
id
e
with
r
elativ
e
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
ea
ctio
n
u
p
g
r
ad
e
was
th
e
aim
in
th
is
p
ap
e
r
.
T
h
e
PI
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
in
cr
e
m
en
t
w
er
e
tak
en
as
th
e
id
ea
l
s
tate
-
in
p
u
t
p
ick
s
u
p
alo
n
g
s
id
e
o
th
er
s
tate
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
AGC.
T
h
e
war
m
t
u
r
b
in
e
f
o
r
war
m
ar
ea
h
av
e
b
e
en
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
At
th
e
p
o
in
t
wh
en
th
e
lo
ad
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ch
an
g
es,
th
e
v
ar
iety
i
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
was
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
least
f
o
r
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
with
leg
itima
tely
d
esig
n
ed
au
to
m
at
ic
ar
ea
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
T
o
u
p
g
r
a
d
e
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
ea
ctio
n
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
h
ea
p
ch
an
g
es,
L
QR
was
tu
n
ed
b
y
PS
O.
Mi
in
[
4
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
L
FC
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ased
o
n
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
SM
C)
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
u
n
ce
r
tain
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
ev
ia
tio
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
u
n
m
atch
ed
p
a
r
am
eter
u
n
ce
r
t
ain
ties
s
u
ch
as
th
e
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
ad
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
o
b
s
er
v
er
(
D
OB
)
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
s
h
o
ws
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
th
e
ch
atter
in
g
th
at
r
esu
lts
in
s
tab
le
an
d
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
o
b
s
er
v
er
was
also
d
esig
n
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
o
ad
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
n
th
e
m
ea
n
tim
e,
R
an
i
in
[
4
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ased
PID
(
GAPI
D)
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
a
m
u
lti
-
ar
ea
AGC
s
ch
em
e.
T
h
e
GAPI
D
was
tu
n
ed
b
y
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
g
et
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
PID
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
I
n
teg
r
al
o
f
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
th
e
ar
ea
co
n
tr
o
l
er
r
o
r
(
I
SAC
E
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
elec
t
th
e
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
GA.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ize
is
50
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ad
e
q
u
ate
f
o
r
GA
to
o
b
tain
th
e
o
p
tim
al
v
alu
es
o
f
PID
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ler
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
o
p
tim
al
A
GC
s
ch
em
es
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
t
ed
to
ca
ter
1
%
lo
a
d
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
in
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
tem
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
AG
C
u
s
i
n
g
GAPI
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
1
1
s
ec
ond
s
ettlin
g
tim
e.
Fin
ally
,
Kar
u
n
[
5
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
Fu
zz
y
L
o
g
ic
b
ased
c
o
n
tr
o
l
to
d
esig
n
a
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
i
cles
(
E
V)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
aim
s
to
s
tab
ilize
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
with
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
ip
o
p
er
ato
r
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
wer
t
o
th
e
d
esire
d
v
alu
e
b
y
s
en
d
in
g
s
ig
n
al
to
all
E
V
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
war
d
s
lo
ad
c
h
an
g
es
an
d
g
u
a
r
an
tee
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
E
V
ag
ain
s
t PV
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Po
wer
s
tab
ilit
y
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
in
to
t
h
r
ee
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
m
ain
p
ar
ts
ar
e
r
o
t
o
r
a
n
g
l
e,
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
tab
ilit
y
.
V
o
ltag
e
co
llap
s
e
at
a
b
u
s
tr
ig
g
er
a
lar
g
e
ex
c
u
r
s
io
n
in
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
r
o
to
r
an
g
le.
C
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
l
y
,
lar
g
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
ca
u
s
e
lar
g
e
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
.
Po
wer
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
es
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
s
t
ab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
at
r
ated
o
p
er
ati
n
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
to
p
r
eser
v
e
s
tab
il
ity
.
I
t
was
n
o
ted
in
th
e
p
ap
er
,
lis
ts
o
f
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ex
is
ted
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
an
d
s
tab
ilizin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
eith
er
in
a
s
in
g
le
o
r
m
u
lti
ar
ea
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
.
Dif
f
er
en
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
I
t
is
h
o
p
e
d
th
at
th
is
r
ev
iew
o
p
en
s
n
ew
a
v
en
u
e
in
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
r
esear
ch
g
r
o
wth
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
Sp
ec
ial
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
t
h
e
C
en
ter
f
o
r
R
o
b
o
tics
an
d
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
Au
to
m
atio
n
(
C
eR
I
A)
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
ik
al
Ma
la
y
s
ia
Me
lak
a
(
UT
eM
)
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
f
ac
ilit
ies,
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
r
ese
ar
ch
g
r
an
t
f
u
n
d
in
g
Vo
te
No
: FR
GS/1
0
/2
0
1
5
/TK
0
4
/FKE/0
3
/F0
0
2
5
9
(
MO
HE
)
a
n
d
PJ
P/2
0
1
5
/FKE(
2
1
C
)
S0
1
6
4
1
(
UT
eM
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
IEE
E
TF
re
p
o
r
t,
"
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
Ter
m
s
&
D
e
fin
it
io
n
s
f
o
r
P
o
we
r
S
y
s
tem
S
tab
il
it
y
,
"
in
IE
EE
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
Ap
p
a
ra
t
u
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
P
A
S
-
1
0
1
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
8
9
4
-
1
8
9
8
,
J
u
ly
1
9
8
2
.
[2
]
P
.
Ku
n
d
u
r
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
De
fin
it
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
las
sifica
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
st
a
b
il
it
y
IEE
E/
CIG
RE
jo
in
t
tas
k
f
o
rc
e
o
n
sta
b
il
i
t
y
term
s a
n
d
d
e
fin
it
io
n
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
7
-
1
4
0
1
,
Au
g
.
2
0
0
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
R
ev
iew
o
n
lo
a
d
fr
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
p
o
w
er sys
tem
s
ta
b
ilit
y
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
N
iz
a
m
K
a
ma
r
u
d
in
)
643
[3
]
R.
Um
ra
o
,
S
.
Ku
m
a
r,
M
.
M
o
h
a
n
a
n
d
D.
K.
C
h
a
tu
r
v
e
d
i,
"
L
o
a
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
tro
l
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
fo
r
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
,
"
2
0
1
2
2
n
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Po
we
r,
C
o
n
tro
l
a
n
d
Emb
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
Allah
a
b
a
d
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
0
.
[4
]
S
rik
a
n
t
h
Ba
b
u
a
n
d
Ali
v
e
lu
S
o
n
d
i,
“
L
o
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
C
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
rs
De
sig
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
ris
o
n
f
o
r
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
Hy
d
ro
-
Th
e
rm
a
l
sy
ste
m
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
S
c
ien
c
e
,
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
6
,
no
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
3
0
7
-
1
7
3
1
5
,
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
1
7
.
[5
]
Na
imu
l
Ha
sa
n
,
“
An
Ov
e
rv
iew
o
f
AG
C
S
trate
g
ies
in
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
,
”
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Rec
e
n
t
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
El
e
c
trica
l
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
RAE
EE
-
0
9
,
NIT
-
Ha
m
irp
u
r,
In
d
ia,
20
09
.
[6
]
N.
Ja
lee
li
,
L.
S
.
Va
n
S
ly
c
k
,
D.
N
.
Ewa
rt,
L.
H.
F
i
n
k
a
n
d
A.
G
.
Ho
ffm
a
n
n
,
"
U
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
a
u
to
m
a
ti
c
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
o
n
tro
l,
"
in
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
6
-
1
1
2
2
,
Au
g
.
1
9
9
2
.
[7
]
P
.
Ag
a
t
h
o
k
li
s
a
n
d
M
.
H.
Ha
m
z
a
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
th
re
e
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
fo
r
l
o
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
,
”
El
e
c
t
r.
Po
we
r
S
y
st.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
5
-
1
7
2
,
1
9
8
4
.
[8
]
A.
Bo
se
a
n
d
I
.
Ati
y
y
a
h
,
"
Re
g
u
lati
o
n
Err
o
r
in
L
o
a
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
C
o
n
t
ro
l,
"
in
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
Ap
p
a
ra
t
u
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
P
AS
-
9
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
5
0
-
6
5
7
,
M
a
rc
h
1
9
8
0
.
[9
]
T.
Ke
n
n
e
d
y
,
S
.
M
.
Ho
y
t
a
n
d
C.
F
.
A
b
e
ll
,
"
Va
riab
le,
n
o
n
li
n
e
a
r
ti
e
-
li
n
e
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
b
ias
fo
r
i
n
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
sy
ste
m
s
c
o
n
tro
l,
"
in
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
4
-
1
2
5
3
,
Au
g
.
1
9
8
8
.
[1
0
]
Z.
M
.
Ai
-
Ha
m
o
u
z
a
n
d
Y.
L.
A
b
d
e
l
-
M
a
g
id
,
“
Va
riab
le
stru
c
tu
re
lo
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
rs
fo
r
m
u
lt
iare
a
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,”
In
t.
J.
El
e
c
tr.
P
o
we
r
E
n
e
rg
Ja
S
y
st.,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
,
2
9
3
-
300
,
1
9
9
3
.
[1
1
]
A.
Ku
m
a
r,
O.
P
.
M
a
li
k
a
n
d
G
.
S
.
Ho
p
e
,
"
Va
riab
le
-
stru
c
tu
re
-
sy
ste
m
c
o
n
tro
l
a
p
p
li
e
d
to
AG
C
o
f
a
n
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
,
"
in
IE
E
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
C
-
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
a
n
d
Distri
b
u
t
io
n
,
v
o
l.
1
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
1
9
8
5
,
p
p
.
2
3
-
29
.
[1
2
]
A.
Ru
b
a
a
i
a
n
d
V.
U
d
o
.
,
“
An
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sc
h
e
m
e
fo
r
lo
a
d
-
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
m
u
lt
iare
a
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,”
E
lec
tr.
Po
we
r S
y
st.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
3
-
1
8
8
,
1
9
8
2
.
[1
3
]
C.
Co
n
c
o
r
d
ia
a
n
d
L.
K.
Kirc
h
m
a
y
e
r,
"
Tie
-
Li
n
e
P
o
we
r
a
n
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
s
-
P
a
rt
II
[in
c
lu
d
e
s d
isc
u
ss
io
n
]
,
"
in
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
f
th
e
Ame
ric
a
n
I
n
stit
u
te o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rs
.
Pa
rt I
II:
P
o
we
r A
p
p
a
ra
t
u
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
7
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
-
1
4
6
,
Ap
r
il
1
9
5
4
.
[1
4
]
O.
I.
El
g
e
rd
a
n
d
C.
E.
F
o
s
h
a
,
"
O
p
ti
m
u
m
M
e
g
a
wa
tt
-
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
M
u
l
ti
a
re
a
El
e
c
tri
c
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r A
p
p
a
ra
tu
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
P
AS
-
8
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
5
6
-
5
6
3
,
Ap
ril
1
9
7
0
.
[1
5
]
N.
Co
h
n
,
"
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
fo
r
Im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
C
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
B
u
lk
P
o
we
r
Tran
sfe
rs
o
n
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
S
y
st
e
m
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r A
p
p
a
ra
t
u
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
P
AS
-
9
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
4
0
9
-
2
4
1
9
,
N
o
v
.
1
9
7
1
.
[1
6
]
Ib
ra
h
e
e
m
,
P
.
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
D.
P
.
K
o
th
a
ri,
"
Re
c
e
n
t
p
h
il
o
s
o
p
h
ies
o
f
a
u
to
m
a
ti
c
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
ies
in
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,"
in
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
4
6
-
3
5
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
0
5
.
[1
7
]
L.
K.
Kirc
h
m
a
y
e
r,
“
Eco
n
o
m
ic C
o
n
tro
l
o
f
I
n
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
S
y
ste
m
s,”
Ne
w Yo
rk
:
Wi
ley
,
1
9
5
9
.
[1
8
]
N.
Co
h
n
,
"
S
o
m
e
As
p
e
c
ts
o
f
Ti
e
-
Li
n
e
Bias
Co
n
tr
o
l
o
n
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
s
[in
c
lu
d
e
s
d
isc
u
ss
io
n
]
,
"
i
n
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
Ame
ric
a
n
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rs
.
P
a
rt
III:
P
o
we
r
Ap
p
a
r
a
tu
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
7
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
4
15
-
1
4
3
6
,
Ja
n
.
1
9
5
6
.
[1
9
]
N.
Co
h
n
,
"
C
o
n
si
d
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
Re
g
u
latio
n
o
f
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
Are
a
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
Ap
p
a
ra
t
u
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
P
AS
-
8
6
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
2
7
-
1
5
3
8
,
De
c
.
1
9
6
7
.
[2
0
]
J.
E.
Va
n
Ne
ss
,
“
Ro
o
t
lo
c
i
o
f
lo
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
sy
ste
m
s,”
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s.
Po
we
r
Ap
p
.
S
y
st
.
,
v
o
l.
P
AS
-
8
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
7
1
2
-
7
2
6
,
1
9
6
3
.
[2
1
]
G
.
Qu
a
z
z
a
,
"
No
n
in
tera
c
ti
n
g
Co
n
t
ro
ls
o
f
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
El
e
c
tri
c
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r
Ap
p
a
ra
t
u
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
P
A
S
-
8
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
7
2
7
-
7
4
1
,
Ju
l
y
1
9
6
6
.
[2
2
]
R.
P
.
Ag
g
a
rwa
l
a
n
d
F
.
R.
Be
rg
se
th
,
"
Larg
e
S
i
g
n
a
l
Dy
n
a
m
ics
o
f
Lo
a
d
-
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
C
o
n
tr
o
l
S
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
Th
e
ir
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
Us
i
n
g
N
o
n
l
in
e
a
r
P
ro
g
ra
m
m
in
g
:
I,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r
Ap
p
a
ra
tu
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
P
AS
-
8
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
2
7
-
5
3
2
,
F
e
b
.
1
9
6
8
.
[2
3
]
O.
I.
El
g
e
rd
a
n
d
C.
E.
F
o
s
h
a
,
"
O
p
ti
m
u
m
M
e
g
a
wa
tt
-
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
M
u
l
ti
a
re
a
El
e
c
tri
c
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r A
p
p
a
ra
tu
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
P
AS
-
8
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
5
6
-
5
6
3
,
Ap
ril
1
9
7
0
.
[2
4
]
H.
G
.
Kw
a
tn
y
,
K.
C
.
Ka
ln
it
s
k
y
a
n
d
A.
Bh
a
tt
,
"
An
o
p
ti
m
a
l
trac
k
i
n
g
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
l
o
a
d
-
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
,
"
i
n
IE
EE
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r A
p
p
a
ra
t
u
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
9
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
6
3
5
-
1
6
4
3
,
S
e
p
t.
1
9
7
5
.
[2
5
]
"
IEE
E
S
ta
n
d
a
rd
De
fin
it
i
o
n
s
o
f
Term
s
fo
r
Au
to
m
a
ti
c
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
Co
n
tro
l
o
n
El
e
c
tri
c
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r A
p
p
a
ra
t
u
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
P
AS
-
8
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
3
5
6
-
1
3
6
4
,
J
u
ly
1
9
7
0
.
[2
6
]
I.
C.
Re
p
o
rt
,
"
Dy
n
a
m
ic
M
o
d
e
ls
f
o
r
S
tea
m
a
n
d
H
y
d
r
o
T
u
rb
in
e
s
i
n
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
S
tu
d
ies
,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r A
p
p
a
ra
tu
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
P
A
S
-
9
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
9
0
4
-
1
9
1
5
,
No
v
.
1
9
7
3
.
[2
7
]
Wo
rk
i
n
g
G
ro
u
p
P
rime
M
o
v
e
r
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
S
u
p
p
ly
,
"
Hy
d
ra
u
li
c
t
u
rb
i
n
e
a
n
d
tu
r
b
in
e
c
o
n
tro
l
m
o
d
e
ls
fo
r
sy
ste
m
d
y
n
a
m
ic stu
d
ies
,
"
in
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
P
o
we
r S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
-
1
7
9
,
F
e
b
.
1
9
9
2
.
[2
8
]
P
.
Ku
n
d
u
r,
“
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
S
tab
il
it
y
a
n
d
Co
n
tr
o
l,
”
Ne
w Yo
r
k
:
M
c
Gr
a
w
-
Hill
,
1
9
9
4
.
[2
9
]
"
Cu
rre
n
t
Op
e
ra
ti
n
g
P
r
o
b
lem
s
As
so
c
iate
d
with
Au
t
o
m
a
ti
c
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
Co
n
tro
l,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
io
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
Ap
p
a
ra
t
u
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
P
A
S
-
9
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
8
-
9
6
,
Ja
n
.
1
9
7
9
.
[3
0
]
N.
Ja
lee
li
,
L.
S
.
Va
n
S
ly
c
k
,
D.
N
.
Ewa
rt,
L.
H.
F
i
n
k
a
n
d
A.
G
.
Ho
f
fm
a
n
n
,
"
U
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
a
u
to
m
a
ti
c
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
o
n
tro
l,
"
in
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
6
-
1
1
2
2
,
Au
g
.
1
9
9
2
.
[3
1
]
R.
K.
G
re
e
n
,
"
Tran
sfo
rm
e
d
a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
c
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
o
n
tro
l,
"
i
n
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
9
9
-
1
8
0
4
,
No
v
.
1
9
9
6
.
[3
2
]
A.
M
.
S
tan
k
o
v
ic,
G
.
Tad
m
o
r
a
n
d
T.
A.
S
a
k
h
a
ru
k
,
"
On
r
o
b
u
st
c
o
n
tro
l
a
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
fo
r
lo
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
re
g
u
latio
n
,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
4
9
-
4
5
5
,
M
a
y
1
9
9
8
.
[3
3
]
R.
D.
C
h
risti
e
a
n
d
A.
Bo
se
,
"
Lo
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
issu
e
s in
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
a
fter
d
e
re
g
u
l
a
ti
o
n
,
"
i
n
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
1
-
1
2
0
0
,
Au
g
.
1
9
9
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
1
9
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
202
1
:
6
3
8
-
644
644
[3
4
]
R.
Vijay
,
“
In
telli
g
e
n
t
Ba
c
teria
l
F
o
ra
g
in
g
Op
t
imiz
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
t
o
Eco
n
o
m
ic
Lo
a
d
Disp
a
tch
P
r
o
b
lem
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
f
t
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
2
,
no
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
5
-
5
9
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
2
.
[3
5
]
K.
S
a
b
a
h
i
,
M
.
A.
Ne
k
o
u
i,
M
.
Tes
h
n
e
h
la
b
,
M
.
Ali
y
a
ri
a
n
d
M
.
M
a
n
so
u
ri,
"
L
o
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
i
n
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
u
si
n
g
m
o
d
ifi
e
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
"
2
0
0
7
M
e
d
it
e
rr
a
n
e
a
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
n
tr
o
l
&
Au
to
m
a
ti
o
n
,
At
h
e
n
s,
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
5.
[3
6
]
B
Ra
v
i
Ku
m
a
r
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Tu
n
in
g
P
ID
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
P
a
ra
m
e
ters
fo
r
Lo
a
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
C
o
n
tr
o
l
Co
n
s
id
e
rin
g
S
y
ste
m
Un
c
e
rtain
ti
e
s,”
In
t.
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
no
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
2
-
4
7
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
5
.
[3
7
]
S
re
e
d
h
a
r
All
u
,
G
a
y
a
tri
B,
A
n
u
sh
a
M
a
n
d
M
a
n
m
a
d
h
a
Ku
m
a
r
“
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
F
ra
c
ti
o
n
a
l
o
r
d
e
r
P
ID
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
fo
r
non
-
li
n
e
a
r
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
.
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Gl
o
b
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
I,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
0
4
,
Ap
ril
2
0
1
5
.
[3
8
]
D
.
G
.
P
a
d
h
a
n
S
M
a
jh
i
,
“
A
n
e
w
c
o
n
tro
l
sc
h
e
m
e
fo
r
P
ID
l
o
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
ler
o
f
sin
g
le
a
re
a
a
n
d
m
u
lt
i
a
re
a
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,”
IS
A
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
ons
,
v
o
l
.
5
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
4
2
-
2
5
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[3
9
]
L
.
C
.
S
a
ik
ia
“
Au
t
o
m
a
ti
c
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
Co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
c
y
c
le
g
a
s
tu
rb
i
n
e
p
lan
t
with
c
las
sic
a
l
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
rs
u
sin
g
firefly
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r
a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
5
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
-
3
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
0
]
W.
Tan
,
"
Un
ifi
e
d
Tu
n
in
g
o
f
P
ID
Lo
a
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
tro
ll
e
r
f
o
r
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
s v
ia IM
C,
"
i
n
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
4
1
-
3
5
0
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
0
.
[4
1
]
M
.
K.
El
-
S
h
e
rb
i
n
y
,
G
.
El
-
S
a
a
d
y
,
Ali
M
.
Y
o
u
se
f,
“
Eff
icie
n
t
f
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
lo
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
t
ro
ll
e
r,
”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t,
v
ol
.
4
3
,
n
o
.
14,
p
p
.
1
8
5
3
-
1
8
6
3
,
2
0
0
2
.
[4
2
]
M
.
L
o
k
a
n
a
t
h
a
a
n
d
K.
Va
su
,
“
Lo
a
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
C
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
Two
Are
a
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
P
I
D
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
6
8
7
-
6
9
2
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
4
.
[4
3
]
E.
S.
Ali,
S
.
M.
A
b
d
-
E
laz
im,
“
Ba
c
teria
fo
ra
g
in
g
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
ri
th
m
-
b
a
se
d
lo
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
ler
fo
r
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
,
”
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
3
3
–
6
3
8
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
4
]
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
Ah
sa
n
Zam
e
e
,
Dip
a
n
k
a
r
M
it
ra
,
S
a
d
a
f
Y
u
su
f
Ta
h
h
a
n
,
“
Lo
a
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
C
o
n
tro
l
o
f
In
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
Hy
d
ro
-
Th
e
rm
a
l
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
Us
in
g
C
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
l
P
I
a
n
d
F
u
z
z
y
Lo
g
ic
C
o
n
tro
ll
e
r,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
Po
we
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
9
1
-
1
9
6
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
.
[4
5
]
D.
Re
rk
p
re
e
d
a
p
o
n
g
,
A.
Ha
sa
n
o
v
ic
a
n
d
A.
F
e
li
a
c
h
i,
"
R
o
b
u
st
lo
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
u
si
n
g
g
e
n
e
ti
c
a
lg
o
ri
th
m
s
a
n
d
li
n
e
a
r
m
a
tri
x
i
n
e
q
u
a
li
ti
e
s,"
i
n
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
P
o
we
r S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
8
5
5
-
8
6
1
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
3
.
[4
6
]
G
.
P
a
n
d
e
y
a
n
d
S
.
Bh
o
n
g
a
d
e
,
"
P
a
r
ti
c
ip
a
ti
o
n
o
f
DFIG
b
a
se
d
win
d
tu
rb
in
e
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r
i
n
Lo
a
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
tr
o
l
with
li
n
e
a
r
q
u
a
d
ra
ti
c
re
g
u
lato
r,
"
2
0
1
4
An
n
u
a
l
IEE
E
I
n
d
ia
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(I
NDICO
N),
P
u
n
e
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
.
[4
7
]
N.
Ku
m
a
ri,
A.
N.
J
h
a
,
“
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
m
u
lt
i
-
a
re
a
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
n
e
two
r
k
u
sin
g
P
S
O
b
a
se
d
LQR,
”
P
o
we
r
In
d
i
a
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Pu
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
(
PII
CON),
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
6.
[4
8
]
Ya
n
g
M
i,
Ya
n
g
F
u
,
D
o
n
g
d
o
n
g
Li
,
Ch
e
n
g
sh
a
n
Wan
g
,
P
o
h
Ch
ian
g
a
n
d
P
e
n
g
Wan
g
,
“
Th
e
sli
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
l
o
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
fo
r
h
y
b
rid
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
istu
r
b
a
n
c
e
o
b
se
rv
e
r,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r a
n
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
y
ste
m
,
v
o
l.
7
4
,
p
p
.
4
4
6
-
4
5
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
9
]
P
o
o
n
a
m
Ra
n
i
a
n
d
M
r
.
Ra
m
Av
tar
,
“
Au
to
m
a
ti
c
L
o
a
d
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
Two
Are
a
p
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
Us
in
g
G
e
n
e
ti
c
Alg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(IJ
ER
T
)
,
v
o
l.
2
,
no
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
2
3
-
2
2
9
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2
0
1
3
.
[5
0
]
D.
Ka
ru
n
a
n
d
S
in
d
h
u
T.
K,
"
F
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
ic
-
b
a
se
d
lo
a
d
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
d
istr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs,
"
2
0
1
5
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ic
a
l
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
me
n
ts
in
Po
we
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
(T
A
P
E
n
e
rg
y
)
,
Ko
ll
a
m
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
4
3
2
-
4
3
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.