TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol. 13, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
5, pp. 1305
~1
311
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v13i4.1827
1305
Re
cei
v
ed Ap
ril 7, 2015; Re
vised Augu
st
11, 2015; Accepted Septe
m
ber 5, 2015
Distinguish Sea Turtle and Fish Using Sound
Technique in Designing Acoustic Deterrent Device
A Mah
f
urd
z
*
1
, Sunardi
2
, H
Ahm
a
d
3
, S
y
ed Abdulla
h
4
, Naz
u
ki
4
1
Electrical En
gi
neer
ing D
e
p
a
rtment, Sultan A
h
mad Sh
ah Po
l
y
tec
h
n
i
c (POLISAS)
253
50 Sem
a
m
bu, Kuant
an P
aha
ng, Mal
a
ysi
a
, Ph. /F
ax: +
609-5
655
30
0/+
609-5
663
14
0
2
D
epart
m
ent
of
El
ec
tr
ic
a
l
E
n
g
i
neer
in
g, U
n
ivers
i
t
a
s A
h
m
a
d
D
ahl
an
(U
AD
)
J
l
n. Pr
of. S
o
ep
o
m
o,
J
a
ntur
a
n
, Y
o
g
y
ak
arta
5
5
164, Ind
o
n
e
s
i
a,
Ph.
/F
ax
: +
622
74
-
3
7
9
4
18/
3
8
1
5
2
3
3
F
a
cult
y
of Ele
c
trical an
d Elec
tronics Eng
i
ne
erin
g, Univers
i
ti Mala
ysi
a
Pah
ang (UMP)
266
00 Pek
an
Paha
ng, Mal
a
ysia, Ph. /fax: +
609-
424
60
0/+
609-4
246
11
4
T
u
rtle and Ma
rine Ecos
yste
m Center (T
U
M
EC), Mala
ysi
a
F
i
sheri
e
s De
partment
230
50 R
antau
Aban
g, Dun
g
u
n
T
e
rengga
nu, Mala
ysi
a
, Ph. /F
ax: +
609-
845
816
9/+
609-
845
801
7
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, em
ail
:
azrulpmu
@
y
a
hoo.com.m
y
1
, sunar
gm@
y
a
h
oo.com
2
,
hamza
h@um
p.edu.m
y
2
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Acoustic is a c
o
mmon
meth
o
d
for und
erw
a
ter obj
ect classi
fication a
nd to
observ
e
fish schoo
ls or
other
marin
e
a
n
i
m
als
i
n
the
i
r
envir
on
me
nt, b
u
t it w
a
s n
e
ver
ap
pli
ed
on
se
a turtle. K
now
l
edg
e a
b
o
u
t tur
t
le
detectio
n
usi
n
g
sound is v
e
ry li
mit
ed
and th
e
r
e are no tar
g
e
t
strength (T
S)
recorde
d
befo
r
e. In this study,
an
echo
vo
lta
ge r
e
ferenc
e
meth
od
incor
p
o
r
ating
stand
ar
d targ
et w
a
s
used
to
me
as
ure
ex situ
ta
rget
strength of tw
o Green T
u
rtle (Chel
on
ian
my
das) an
d thre
e
species of fish (India
n
scad,
Indian Mack
er
el
and Bi
gey
esca
d). T
he echo
sign
al of an
imals has b
e
e
n
observ
ed fro
m
echoso
u
n
der
output a
nd ev
ery
enve
l
op
e of th
e ech
o
w
a
s d
i
giti
z
e
d
at a
sa
mp
lin
g rate
1M
H
z
usi
ng
hig
h
spee
d a
nal
og t
o
di
gital
conv
e
r
ter
(USB-12
08HS)
. T
he findin
g
s
how
s a sign
ific
ant differe
nce
betw
een fish
a
nd turtles a
g
e
d
18 years o
l
d.
T
h
e
result
also
de
mo
nstrates th
a
t
T
S
in
creas
e
as a
ge
of turtle
incre
a
se. T
h
is
result
is co
nsi
dere
d
i
m
porta
n
t
in
desi
gni
ng
an
acoustic
deter
rent d
e
vice. T
he res
u
lt re
v
e
als that s
i
z
e
,
surface, a
nd
ani
mal b
ody
p
a
rt
influ
ence i
n
det
ermini
ng targ
et strength valu
e
.
Ke
y
w
ords
: Acoustic deterr
e
n
t
device, target
strengt
h, echo
voltage,
mari
n
e
ani
mal det
ection
Copy
right
©
2015 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
1. Introduc
tion
Scientist
s
bel
ieve that sea
turtles are anc
i
ent reptil
es that have
inhabited th
e worl
d
oce
a
n
s
for 1
75 million ye
ars. Sea tu
rtle popul
at
ion
s
have decli
ne
d dram
aticall
y
due to various
activities
su
ch as fi
shin
g trawlin
g, mari
n
e
re
creat
ion
and p
o
llution.
By-catch in fi
she
r
ie
s a
c
tivities
has b
een d
e
termin
ed to b
e
a major fa
ctor of death f
o
r juvenile
an
d adult se
a turtles [1], [2]. For
several years now we have
heard la
rg
e numbe
rs
of turtles were taken in fishe
r
ie
s net.
In Malaysi
a
there
are
two re
gulation
s
applie
d on
turtle p
r
ote
c
tion. Th
e fishe
r
ie
s
regul
ation
(Prohibition
of Fi
shin
g Meth
od
) R
egul
ation
s
1985
ha
s b
a
nned l
a
rge m
e
sh
ed gill
net
s
and fishe
r
ies reg
u
lation
(Fishe
rie
s
zon
i
ng)
1991
provides
offsho
re p
r
ote
c
tion
to turtles
du
rin
g
their ne
sting
perio
d [3]. Althoug
h many enforce
m
ents has bee
n do
ne throu
gh th
e existing laws,
but still fail to
prevent turtles from
bei
ng
caught in the fishing net.
Interviews wit
h
six islan
d
e
r
drift net vesse
l o
w
ne
r an
d ope
rators i
n
Malaysia
reporte
d
that 140 turtl
e
s
were cau
ght ann
ually from 20
05 to
2006. G
r
ee
n
and h
a
wksbi
ll spe
c
ie
s we
re
repo
rted to b
e
the most fre
quently
ca
ug
ht in Malaysia
[4]. In addi
tion, the most freque
ntly cau
ght
in Malaysia
was green
spe
c
ie
s and the
majority trapp
ed in fishin
g nets were a
d
u
lt turtles [5].
Sound
s a
r
e
extensively u
s
ed
in va
riou
s fi
eld
s
and
contri
bute m
any
ne
w
i
n
n
o
vations
esp
e
ci
ally in the field of
en
ginee
ring
and
techn
o
l
ogy.
This
appli
c
ati
on al
so
widel
y used
in ma
rine
environ
ment
esp
e
ci
ally in
developi
ng
aco
u
sti
c
det
errent devi
c
e
whi
c
h i
s
ca
n avoid ma
ri
ne
animal
s
trap
p
ed in fishin
g gear.
Incide
ntal mo
rtality through
interactio
n with fishing op
eration
s
ha
s
been a
s
soci
a
t
ed with
a global d
e
cli
ne of seve
ral
spe
c
ie
s of se
abird
s.
The
r
e
are some
strategie
s
su
gg
ested to redu
ce
incid
ental ca
pture of sea
b
i
rd su
ch a
s
water
ca
n
non
s, acou
sti
c
deterr
ents, ma
gnetic dete
r
rent
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 13, No
. 4, Decem
b
e
r
2015 : 130
5 – 1311
1306
and ele
c
tri
c
deterrent
s [6]. The comme
rcial d
e
vice
s that emit high freque
ncy
noise or dist
ress
call will
give
tempo
r
ary sca
r
es
to birds. Comp
ar
ed to
the tradition
al monofilam
ent net, acou
stic
device
s
redu
ce bycatch
ra
tes by
50% without di
sturbing fishi
ng a
c
tivities. The
aco
u
sti
c
ping
ers
usu
a
lly attach
ed to the trad
itional gillnet
can e
m
it a so
und si
gnal
within the hea
rin
g
frequ
en
cy of
s
e
abirds
[7].
A study on He
ctor’
s
dolp
h
ins fou
nd that ac
o
u
sti
c
gillnet ping
ers ca
n avoid
dolphi
n
incid
ental ca
pture in th
e n
e
t. Three a
c
o
u
stic
g
illnet p
i
ngers (white,
red a
nd bla
c
k ping
er) were
tested by usi
ng in situ m
e
thod to ob
serve He
cto
r
’
s
dolp
h
in be
havior. The
dolphi
n spe
c
i
e
s
exhibited avo
i
dan
ce wh
en
exposed to
the white acou
stic ping
ers
[8]. In addition, the study was
con
d
u
c
ted on
the bottlenose spe
c
ie
s an
d it also
contributed to the same results.
The bottleno
se
dolphi
n avoid
ed gillnet whe
n
exposed to
sou
nd em
is
s
i
ons
from acous
t
ic
pinger [9], [10].
Ac
o
u
s
t
ic p
i
nge
r
is
s
e
e
n
as
a ve
r
y
e
ffec
t
iv
e devi
c
e
i
n
solving
the
problem
of
marin
e
mammal
s
bei
ng accid
ental
ly caught in fishin
g ne
t.Thi
s device ha
s also b
een a
p
p
lied to seve
ral
spe
c
ie
s of whale
s
. The u
s
age of acou
stic ping
er
sign
ificantly redu
ced the n
u
m
ber of po
rpoi
se
s
spe
c
ie
s withi
n
500 mete
rs from the sim
u
lated net
[1
1]. In addition
, the investig
ation of acou
stic
pinge
r elimin
ating be
aked
whal
e by-cat
ch
sho
w
e
d
th
at the sp
eci
e
s tra
pped
in
gill net dropp
ed to
zero wh
en th
e device
wa
s adde
d to the net.
The ide
a
of
usin
g an
aco
u
stic
dete
rre
nt dev
ice
to prevent sea
turtles
from enterin
g
fishing
net was int
r
odu
ce
d by Len
hardt in 200
2. The devi
c
e h
a
s b
een
de
si
gned to t
r
an
smi
t
sou
nd
in
thre
e
freq
uen
cy band
s within the
ra
nge
of
200
Hz to 15
kHz [1
2]. Fu
rtherm
o
re, there
wa
s a
re
se
arch
co
ndu
cted
to ident
ify type of
sou
nd
that co
uld fri
ghten
se
a tu
rtle in
ord
e
r to
improve
tra
d
i
tional tu
rtle exclu
d
e
r
d
e
vice. Studi
es
on
green
turtle
re
acti
on to
wa
rd
s
low
freque
ncy m
odulatio
n
(LF
M
) sou
nd sh
owe
d
that
an
imal would
swim a
w
ay
when
so
und
were
emitted to them [13].
Although u
s
i
ng ultra
s
ou
n
d
can avoi
d turtles fro
m
approa
chin
g the fishing n
e
t, soun
d
must b
e
emit
ted at all tim
e
. This situ
ation w
ill
contri
bute to n
o
ise
pro
d
u
c
tion i
n
the
water
and
coul
d di
srupt
othe
r m
a
rin
e
life. Sci
ent
ists
and
con
s
ervatio
n
ist
s
agre
e
th
at we shoul
d av
oid
increa
sing an
thropo
geni
c sound level
s
in the ocea
n
unle
ss it is nece
s
sary to do so [14]. Othe
r
than that, this method also coul
d not ensure whet
he
r or not the turtles
have al
re
ady swum away
or still moving to the fishing nets.
Therefore, to overcome thi
s
problem
a n
e
w system
sh
ould be de
signed which as able to
detect the presence of se
a turtles earlier. Th
rough t
h
is method, the repellent
sound
will be
controlled an
d is n
o
t relea
s
ed all the
time. One of
the
best methods to detect und
e
rwater
object is
using acou
stic technique
s. The turtle detection us
ing sound techniq
ue is useful in order to desi
gn
and improve acoustic dete
rrent device.
2. Animal De
tec
t
ion Usin
g Sound
Targ
et streng
th (TS) refe
rs to the a
b
ility of
a target to
return a
n
e
c
h
o
. De
pendi
ng
on th
e
intere
st of th
e ob
se
rver, t
he target m
a
y be a
s
ubm
arine,
mari
ne
life, or sunken
ship. In
the
context of
so
nar, TS
is de
fined a
s
10 l
og of th
e ra
tio of the
in
cid
ent a
c
ou
stic i
n
tensity to th
e
r
e
fle
c
ted
ac
ou
s
t
ic
in
te
ns
ity, r
e
fe
r
e
nc
ed to
a
s
p
e
c
ified di
stan
ce
(usually 1
m
e
ter) from th
e
aco
u
sti
c
ce
nter of the targ
et [15].
There a
r
e
m
any ap
pro
a
ches to m
ode
ling the
scat
tering
of
sou
nd by
obje
c
t
s
. Th
e
particula
r app
roa
c
h d
epen
d
s
upo
n the sh
ape an
d mate
rial prope
rties of the body [16]. The stud
y
on a
c
ou
stic
strength
of sh
elled a
n
imal i
s
quite
ch
alle
nging
be
cau
s
e it involves
a variety of b
ody
sha
p
e
s
and
biology p
r
op
e
r
ties
whi
c
h m
a
ke, thei
r a
c
ousti
c scattering characte
ri
stic
sometim
e
s
very compli
cated [17]. Z
o
oplan
kton
s
h
a
ve a va
ri
ety
of body
sh
ap
es
and
phy
si
cal
prope
rties, so
their acou
stic scatte
ring
s chara
c
te
risti
c
are sometime
s very com
p
li
cated [18].
The scatteri
n
g
pro
c
e
ss of the animal
s
was ob
se
rved to be quite co
mplex as the
ech
o
e
s
were stro
ngly
dep
end
ent upon both freq
uen
cy and an
gl
e of orientat
ion [16], [19]. The scatte
rin
g
from ela
s
tic
shelled a
n
imal
is ch
ara
c
te
ri
zed by
a ve
ry strong
ech
o
se
cula
rly reflected by t
heir
hard
sh
ell [2
0]. Moreove
r
,
a study o
n
aco
u
sti
c
scat
tering by
she
ll animal
s
co
vering
seaflo
or
discovered th
at sh
ellfish
pl
ay an imp
o
rt
ant rol
e
in
scattering
se
afloor [1
9]. Find
ing on
the tu
rtle
TS are very limited becau
se there i
s
no
ech
o
st
rength
value of that animal re
co
rded. Thu
s
th
e
study on turtl
e
detectio
n
u
s
ing
sou
nd in
this
study is
aided
kno
w
le
dge in a
r
ea o
f
marine ani
m
a
l’s
aco
u
st
i
c
st
re
ngt
h re
sea
r
ch
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Distin
gui
sh Sea Turtle a
n
d
Fish Using S
ound Te
ch
niq
ue in De
sig
n
ing Acou
stic
…
(
A
Ma
h
f
ur
dz
)
1307
3. Material a
nd Metho
d
Target streng
th measurem
ent can be conducted
either by using the in situ method in
natural habitats and ex situ
method in th
e laborat
ory
experiments. Normally ex situ methods a
r
e
often chosen
in measurin
g target strength of
marine life.
By usin
g this method the experiment
can be
carrie
d
out indepe
ndently without interfer
ence such
as
weather, water conditions a
n
d
other disrupti
ons. In addition the measurement
distance ca
n be
control and
measurem
ent o
f
each angle of the animal can be performs easily.
The
experim
ents
we
re
co
ndu
cted i
n
in
door hat
che
r
y of Turtle
a
nd M
a
rin
e
E
c
o
s
ystem
Cente
r
(T
UM
EC) Rantau
Abang, D
ung
un Tereng
ga
nu, Malaysi
a
. There
are t
w
o gre
en turtle
and
three
spe
c
ie
s of the fish that we
re u
s
e
d
in this
st
u
d
y
.
The spe
c
i
e
s of
f
i
sh in
t
h
is st
udy
we
re
Indian sca
d
(
De
ca
pterusrusselli
), Bige
yescad (
Sel
a
rcrum
enop
hthalm
u
s
) a
n
d
Indian ma
ckerel
(
Ra
strellige
r
kanag
urta
). Th
e e
c
ho
so
un
d re
co
rdin
g
measurement
co
ndu
cted i
n
a 1
3
m x
2.4 m
recta
ngul
ar t
ank
co
ntaine
d sali
ne
wat
e
r. The
po
sition tran
sd
ucer an
d ani
m
a
l is d
epi
cte
d
in
Figure 1
an
d
the m
e
a
s
ure
m
ent a
ngle
o
f
turtle a
nd fi
sh
body i
s
shown in
Figu
re
2. The
sali
ne
water supply
wa
s
obtaine
d directly fro
m
the
se
a
shore.
The
qu
ality of wate
r wa
s m
onito
red
regul
arly. Pri
o
r to the
re
search, the
se
a wate
r
was
cha
nge
daily, to ensure
water p
r
ofile in
the
tank
was con
d
itioned simil
a
r
with sea
w
a
t
er.
Figure 1. Equipment setu
p an animal p
o
s
ition in re
se
arch tank Effects
Figure 2. Animal Mea
s
ure
m
ent Angle
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
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Vol. 13, No
. 4, Decem
b
e
r
2015 : 130
5 – 1311
1308
Modified d
ual
frequ
en
cy e
c
ho
so
und
er
V1082 u
s
e
d
i
n
this
re
sea
r
ch. Th
e e
c
ho
sign
al
from the time varying gain
(TVG) ci
rcui
t read di
re
ctl
y
into laptop comp
uter. Th
e freque
ncy
o
f
ech
o
so
unde
r wa
s setting
at 200 kHz.
This freq
uen
cy has b
een
cho
s
e
n
be
ca
use h
a
ve sm
all
beam which is ca
n avoid
s
and re
du
ce reflected
si
gn
al from tank
wall. The env
elope of the
ech
o
wa
s digiti
zed
at a sa
mpli
ng rate
1M
Hz u
s
ing
anal
og to digital
conve
r
ter
(USB-1208
HS)
rea
d
dire
ct
fro
m
ech
o
re
cordi
ng
p
r
o
g
ra
m cre
a
ted
in m
a
tlab.
TS of
the animal
were cal
c
ulat
ed
inco
rpo
r
ating
referen
c
e targets. In this e
x
perim
e
n
t ste
e
l ball with ra
dius 0.0
215
m wa
s used
as a
referen
c
e target. Refle
c
te
d value from
turtle
and fi
sh
will be referri
ng to reflected val
ue fro
m
steel ball for
every distan
ce as sho
w
n in
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Target stre
ngt
h
measurement
incorpo
r
ating
refere
nce target
Targ
et streng
th (TS) refe
rs to the a
b
ility of
a target to
return a
n
e
c
h
o
. De
pendi
ng
on th
e
intere
st of th
e ob
se
rver, t
he target m
a
y be a
s
ubm
arine,
mari
ne
life, or sunken
ship. In
the
context of
so
nar, TS
is de
fined a
s
10 l
og of th
e ra
tio of the
in
cid
ent a
c
ou
stic i
n
tensity to th
e
r
e
fle
c
ted
ac
ou
s
t
ic
in
te
ns
ity, r
e
fe
r
e
nc
ed to
a
s
p
e
c
ified di
stan
ce
(usually 1
m
e
ter) from th
e
aco
u
sti
c
ce
nter of the targ
et [15].
In pra
c
tical
work,
sph
e
res
make
goo
d referen
c
e ta
rg
ets for
son
a
r
becau
se thei
r TS are
relatively inde
pend
ent of ori
entation.
The
TS of sphe
re
is rep
r
e
s
e
n
te
d by
TS = 10 log (
a
2
/4
)
(
1
)
The use of sphere as refe
ren
c
e in cal
c
ulati
ng the value of the TS of marine life is not
somethi
ng n
e
w. Thi
s
techniqu
e ha
s
been u
s
e
d
i
n
[21] as re
feren
c
e in
calcul
ating TS
o
f
clup
eoid
s
an
d ga
doid
s
sp
ecie
s. In
addi
tion, the
sam
e
meth
od
ha
s bee
n u
s
e
d
to
study
TS of
kril
l
[22] and TS of squid [23]. Base
d on Figu
re 3,
we ca
n e
x
press TS eq
uation, theref
ore,
TS = 10 log (
I
1
/
I
o
) + TS
sph
e
r
e
(2)
whe
r
e
I
1
is the ech
o
intensity of object,
I
o
is the echo
intensity of the referen
c
e target (sp
here
)
,
and TS
sphere
is the kno
w
n
target stren
g
t
h of the sphere.
Ho
weve
r, most of the
target stren
g
th
measurement
of the
inten
s
i
t
y value i
s
al
ways referred
as p
e
a
k
squ
a
re. TS
of m
a
rine
a
n
imal
s a
s
sug
g
e
s
ted in
[24] can be
re
pre
s
ente
d
by
TS
=
10 log (V
en
v
e
lo
pe
2/ V
c
a
li
brated
2) + 20 log R+ TS
sphere
(3)
whe
r
e V
env
elop
e
is the voltag
e re
ceived
by
theecho
sou
n
der from the
animal,V
calibrat
e
d
is the volta
ge
received fro
m
a sph
e
re
at the sa
me rang
e, 20 log R i
s
the TVG co
rrection a
nd T
S
spher
e
is
k
n
ow
n
target strengt
h of sphe
re (-39.372
dB).
4. Results a
nd Analy
s
is
The echo sig
nals
of
t
w
o green
tu
rtle (12
years
&
18
years
old) an
d
thre
e
spe
c
ie
s of
fish
were
re
cord
ed at 5
met
e
rs di
stan
ce.
Echo
ob
se
rvations fo
cu
sed
on th
e
head,
side, t
a
il,
carapa
ce a
n
d
plastron an
gle. The sam
p
les
were
col
l
ected rand
o
m
ly from the TVG output for
each a
ngle.
The
sign
al
was
re
co
rde
d
for 0.06
5
se
cond fo
r e
a
ch
sam
p
le. T
h
e
so
und
samp
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Distin
gui
sh Sea Turtle a
n
d
Fish Using S
ound Te
ch
niq
ue in De
sig
n
ing Acou
stic
…
(
A
Ma
h
f
ur
dz
)
1309
recorded
con
t
ain the
tran
smit pul
se, the
echo
of the
animal
s
, a
nd
the reflecte
d
sign
al from t
h
e
tank wall. Therefo
r
e, the sample ha
d to be se
l
e
cte
d
a
nd filtered carefully in time
domain.
The exampl
e
wave form
s in time domai
n for 12
years old turtle at
five different angle
s
are
sho
w
n in
Figure 4. Th
e ech
o
re
sult
demon
strate
d each body
part of turtle
have differe
nt
sha
pe
and
a
m
plitude. T
h
e
lowest
sig
nal
pea
k i
s
re
co
rded
from
tail
angl
e. Head
and
si
de
an
gle
contri
buted a
m
plitude voltage of 0.4 Volt. Meanw
hile the high e
c
ho
stre
ngth
is comi
ng fro
m
carapa
ce
an
d pla
s
tro
n
a
n
g
le in
ra
nge
0.26 to
0.
32
Volt pea
k to
pea
k. On
e of
the
rea
s
on
s
that
can b
e
highli
ghted is that these part
s
ha
ve larger
su
rface
s
than the
others.
Th
e greate
r
the area
is covere
d by
the so
und, t
he hig
her
echo inten
s
it
y is re
ceive
d
. In addition, oth
e
r po
ssibility that
coul
d be con
s
ide
r
ed i
s
du
e to the hard
surfa
c
e of the
shell an
d pla
s
tron.
Figure 4. Ech
o
sign
al of 12
years old tu
rtle at different angle
s
Figure 5 sh
o
w
ed TS com
parison b
e
tween sea turtl
e
and fish. According to the result
found most of the value for
turtle
is above -23dB. The highest value
is reco
rded from 18 years
old
turtle at plastron pa
rt. Alth
ough mo
st of the TS va
lue of turtle is
higher than fi
sh, but there
are
overlapped o
ccur which is at tail par
ts for 12 years o
l
d turtle. The result also de
monstrates th
at
TS increase
as the age of turtle
increase. There
f
ore, this fin
d
ing is con
s
ider important in
distinguish se
a turtle and
fish espe
cially
adult fe
male
turtle that come to beach for nesting.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 13, No
. 4, Decem
b
e
r
2015 : 130
5 – 1311
1310
Figure 5. Target stre
ngth comp
a
r
ison be
tween turtle a
nd fish
The
re
sult d
e
m
onst
r
ated
that the TS
m
easure
m
ent
at 5 mete
rs
distan
ce
is si
gnifica
nt
differen
c
e b
e
t
ween a
dult g
r
een tu
rtle an
d 3 sp
eci
e
s
o
f
fish. In addi
tion, the re
su
lt also sho
w
e
d
TS value for
each turtle an
gle is differen
t
which
majo
r contri
buter i
s
from ca
ra
pa
ce an
d pla
s
tron
angle. T
he
sea turtle
TS
value rang
e i
n
this
re
sea
r
ch i
s
con
s
id
ered
a
s
an
i
m
porta
nt find
ing
esp
e
ci
ally as
informatio
n to improve
sea
turtle aco
u
sti
c
deterre
nt device.
5. Conclusio
n
The TS of two gre
en tu
rtle
and th
ree
sp
ecie
s of fish
wa
s mea
s
u
r
e
usin
g modifi
ed e
c
ho
sou
nde
r. The
experime
n
ta
l result
s sh
o
w
that, t
here
is signifi
cant
difference b
e
twee
n fish
and
turtles a
ged
18 years old
at all angle
.
This value
s
obtained a
r
e con
s
ide
r
e
d
importa
nt in
determi
ning
the b
e
st
meth
od of
sepa
rat
i
ng a
dult tu
rtle from
fish.
The
com
p
a
r
i
s
on
bet
wee
n
12
years turtle
and fi
sh
sh
o
w
ed
that the
r
e a
r
e
overl
a
pped
o
c
curs
at tail an
gle.
In ad
dition,
the
finding al
so d
e
mon
s
trate
d
that carapa
ce and pla
s
tr
o
n
is pa
rts co
ntributed
hig
h
target st
ren
g
th.
In othe
r
word
, aco
u
sti
c
strength
of the t
a
rget
is
dep
e
nds on
si
ze,
surfa
c
e
an
d
material. Alth
ough
the study sh
ow si
gnificant
result, but further
re
se
a
r
ch must b
e
co
ndu
ct for different
spe
c
ie
s of
fish, in o
r
de
r
to ensure
the
r
e a
r
e n
o
ove
r
lap TS valu
e
betwe
en
sea
turtle an
d fish. Beside
s th
at,
this
study
onl
y focu
sed
me
asu
r
em
ent in
the res
earch
tank,
whi
c
h
is limited
sp
ace an
d di
stan
ce.
Therefore, fu
rther
re
sea
r
ch sug
g
e
s
ted
cond
ucti
n
g
in the se
a, where
ha
s vast are
a
and
not
limited ran
ge.
Referen
ces
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a
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r
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Distin
gui
sh Sea Turtle a
n
d
Fish Using S
ound Te
ch
niq
ue in De
sig
n
ing Acou
stic
…
(
A
Ma
h
f
ur
dz
)
1311
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7.
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