T
E
L
K
O
M
N
I
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n,
Co
m
pu
t
ing
,
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Co
ntr
o
l
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
7
~
4
0
5
I
SS
N:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
,
ac
cr
ed
ited
First Gr
ad
e
b
y
Kem
en
r
is
tek
d
i
k
ti,
Dec
r
ee
No
: 2
1
/E/KPT
/2
0
1
8
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
2
9
2
8
/TE
L
KOM
NI
K
A.
v
1
9
i2
.
1
8
3
2
3
397
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//jo
u
r
n
a
l.u
a
d
.
a
c.
id
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/TELK
OM
N
I
K
A
Usa
bility impro
v
e
ment of
public
t
r
a
nsit app
lica
tion t
hro
ug
h
menta
l mo
del and
user j
o
u
rney
K
o
m
a
ng
Ca
nd
ra
B
ra
t
a
1
,
Ar
y
o
P
ina
nd
it
o
2
,
Nuriza
l D
wi
P
ria
nd
a
ni
3
,
M
a
ha
rdek
a
T
ri
Ana
nta
4
1
,
2,
3,
4
M
u
l
ti
m
e
d
ia,
G
a
m
e
a
n
d
M
o
b
i
le T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Re
se
a
rc
h
G
ro
u
p
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Un
iv
e
rsitas
Bra
wijay
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
2
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
G
ra
d
u
a
te S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Hiro
sh
ima
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Hi
g
a
sh
i
h
ir
o
sh
ima
,
Ja
p
a
n
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
1
7
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
6
,
2
0
2
0
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
Us
in
g
a
m
o
b
il
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
t
h
a
t
is
fe
a
tu
re
d
with
lo
c
a
l
p
u
b
li
c
tran
si
t
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
c
a
n
g
re
a
tl
y
imp
ro
v
e
u
se
r
a
c
ti
o
n
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
a
ss
isti
n
g
trav
e
lers
t
o
h
a
v
e
a
b
e
tt
e
r
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
wh
il
e
ta
k
in
g
p
u
b
li
c
tr
a
n
sit
se
rv
ice
s.
Cro
w
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
sid
e
a
p
u
b
li
c
tran
sit
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
st
fre
q
u
e
n
t
c
a
u
se
s
th
a
t
lea
d
d
i
ff
icu
lt
ies
to
p
a
ss
e
n
g
e
rs wh
e
n
t
h
e
y
e
n
g
a
g
in
g
t
h
e
ir
m
o
b
il
e
d
e
v
ice
s to
a
c
c
e
ss
th
e
ir
a
p
p
s
o
r
i
n
so
m
e
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s.
F
in
d
i
n
g
c
ru
c
i
a
l
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
su
c
h
a
s
sto
p
s
p
o
i
n
ts
a
n
d
re
m
a
in
in
g
ti
m
e
to
i
n
terc
h
a
n
g
e
s p
o
in
t
w
h
e
n
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
t
o
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
li
n
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
m
o
re
d
iffi
c
u
lt
i
n
t
h
o
se
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
e
sp
e
c
ially
f
o
r
f
o
re
ig
n
e
rs
wh
o
n
e
w
in
a
p
a
rti
c
u
lar
re
g
i
o
n
.
Th
is
st
u
d
y
p
re
s
e
n
ts
th
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
m
e
n
tal
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
a
u
sa
b
il
it
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
to
c
o
n
str
u
c
t
a
u
se
r
jo
u
rn
e
y
m
a
p
th
a
t
led
to
n
e
w
in
sig
h
ts
o
n
u
se
r'
s
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
wh
e
n
u
t
il
izin
g
t
h
e
ir
m
o
b
i
le
lo
c
a
l
tran
sit
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
.
Th
is
v
a
l
u
a
b
le
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
is
a
p
a
rt
o
f
th
e
e
li
c
it
a
t
io
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
to
p
ro
p
o
se
a
n
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
in
tera
c
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
u
sa
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
trav
e
l
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
b
li
c
tran
sit
a
p
p
.
Th
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
re
su
lt
s
in
d
i
c
a
te
th
a
t
in
c
o
n
tras
t
to
t
h
e
e
x
isti
n
g
m
o
b
il
e
t
ra
n
sit
a
p
p
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
in
terfa
c
e
with
th
e
u
ti
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
we
a
ra
b
le
d
e
v
ice
c
o
u
l
d
c
o
n
si
d
e
ra
b
ly
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
u
se
r
a
c
ti
o
n
wh
e
n
try
in
g
to
re
a
c
h
th
e
d
e
sire
d
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
in
term
s
o
f
t
o
tal
ti
m
e
a
n
d
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
It
imp
li
e
s
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
so
l
u
ti
o
n
,
wh
ic
h
w
o
rk
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
e
n
tal
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
u
se
r
jo
u
r
n
e
y
is ab
le t
o
i
n
tu
i
ti
v
e
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
p
u
b
li
c
tran
sit
a
p
p
u
sa
b
il
it
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Me
n
tal
m
o
d
el
Nav
ig
atio
n
Usab
ilit
y
User
j
o
u
r
n
ey
W
ea
r
ab
le
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ko
m
an
g
C
an
d
r
a
B
r
ata
Mu
ltime
d
ia,
Gam
e
an
d
M
o
b
il
e
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
R
esear
ch
Gr
o
u
p
,
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
C
o
m
p
u
te
r
Scien
ce
Un
iv
er
s
itas
B
r
awijay
a
8
Vete
r
an
St.,
Ma
lan
g
6
5
1
4
5
,
E
ast J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
k
.
ca
n
d
r
a
.
b
r
ata@u
b
.
ac
.
i
d
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
On
e
o
f
m
an
y
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
-
u
s
ed
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
u
s
ed
in
d
aily
co
m
m
u
tin
g
is
a
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
th
at
r
elate
s
to
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
a
n
d
n
av
i
g
atio
n
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
d
em
a
n
d
o
f
l
o
ca
l tr
an
s
p
o
r
t a
p
p
licatio
n
an
d
th
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
Go
o
g
le
Ma
p
s
f
ea
tu
r
e
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
o
u
r
b
an
n
a
v
ig
atio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
[
1
]
h
as
m
o
tiv
ated
co
m
m
u
n
ity
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
lo
c
al
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
r
o
u
te
s
eg
m
e
n
ts
to
h
elp
p
eo
p
le
w
h
en
tr
a
v
elin
g
with
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
i
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
e
g
io
n
.
I
n
2
0
1
6
,
a
lo
ca
l
m
o
b
ile
a
p
p
f
o
r
Gr
ea
ter
Ma
la
n
g
was
d
e
v
el
o
p
ed
,
n
am
ely
"
A
n
g
k
o
t
Ma
la
n
g
Ap
p
s
.
"
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
t
h
is
ap
p
was to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
b
o
u
t o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t u
s
ed
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t m
o
d
es i
n
th
e
city
ca
lled
"
A
n
g
ku
ta
n
K
o
t
a
"
o
r
s
im
p
ly
"
A
n
g
ko
t
.
"
T
h
is
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
Gr
an
d
Ma
lan
g
ar
ea
r
o
u
tin
g
s
eg
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
ap
p
licatio
n
h
elp
s
u
s
er
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
A
n
g
ko
t
r
o
u
te
an
d
its
itin
er
ar
y
p
o
in
ts
o
f
tr
an
s
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
39
7
-
40
5
398
o
n
a
p
ar
ticu
la
r
r
o
u
te
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
is
s
u
e
o
f
u
tili
zin
g
th
is
a
p
p
f
o
r
r
eg
u
lar
d
aily
u
s
e
is
t
h
e
l
ac
k
o
f
u
s
ab
ilit
y
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
u
s
er
an
d
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e.
O
th
er
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
f
law
o
f
an
ap
p
licatio
n
in
its
ac
tu
al
u
s
ag
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
m
ay
ca
u
s
e
s
ev
er
al
n
eg
ativ
e
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
,
u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
,
r
esu
lts
,
o
r
in
ju
r
ies [
3
]
.
T
h
e
in
d
icatio
n
o
f
u
s
ab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es o
f
a
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
th
at
is
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
t
o
o
p
e
r
ate
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a
)
User
’
s
g
estu
r
e
in
s
id
e
a
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
a
n
d
(
b
)
b
r
o
k
e
n
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
th
at
ca
u
s
ed
f
r
o
m
in
co
n
v
en
ien
t
g
estu
r
e
I
t
is
co
m
m
o
n
to
f
o
u
n
d
p
e
o
p
le
tak
e
th
eir
d
ev
ice
o
u
t
o
f
th
eir
p
o
ck
et
o
r
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
an
d
h
o
ld
th
eir
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
to
u
s
e
th
e
tr
an
s
it
ap
p
.
Fo
r
co
m
m
u
ter
s
wh
o
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
e
p
u
b
l
ic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
o
n
a
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
,
t
o
k
ee
p
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
cr
ee
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
ee
th
eir
l
o
c
atio
n
as
th
ey
tr
a
v
el
alo
n
g
a
way
p
o
in
t
o
r
a
tr
an
s
it
r
o
u
te
s
eg
m
e
n
t
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
i
n
co
n
v
en
ie
n
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
th
at
,
m
an
y
lo
ca
l
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
wer
e
s
m
all
in
its
ca
p
ac
ity
.
E
s
p
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
b
u
s
y
h
o
u
r
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
in
a
c
r
o
wd
ed
s
itu
a
tio
n
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
co
n
v
en
ie
n
t
o
r
ev
en
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
o
.
T
h
e
in
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
in
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
in
a
s
u
ch
s
itu
atio
n
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
p
o
o
r
g
estu
r
es
o
f
u
s
er
s
,
th
u
s
lo
wer
th
eir
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
tab
ilit
y
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
d
ev
ice
f
allin
g
an
d
b
r
ea
k
o
f
f
.
W
ith
th
is
f
ac
t,
f
in
d
i
n
g
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
s
to
p
s
o
r
in
ter
c
h
an
g
e
p
o
in
ts
to
s
witch
lin
es
a
n
d
f
in
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
tim
e
t
h
at
th
e
y
h
av
e
to
s
tay
o
n
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
lin
e
b
ef
o
r
e
ch
an
g
in
g
to
an
o
t
h
er
li
n
e
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt.
B
ased
o
n
th
o
s
e
is
s
u
es,
u
s
ab
ilit
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
d
ef
in
itiv
e
f
ac
to
r
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
l
o
c
al
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it.
T
h
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
is
a
cr
i
tical
to
p
ic
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t sin
ce
it is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
u
s
er
-
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
th
is
asp
ec
t h
as b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
as o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ca
n
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
an
ap
p
’
s
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Usab
ilit
y
s
p
ec
if
icall
y
in
d
icat
es
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
u
s
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
iles
u
s
in
g
an
ap
p
licatio
n
to
attain
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
o
al
[
4
]
.
As
p
ar
t
o
f
u
s
ab
ilit
y
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
a
s
y
s
tem
wo
r
k
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
m
en
t
al
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
th
eir
m
in
d
s
.
T
h
e
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
s
wh
e
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Hav
in
g
a
d
ef
icien
t
m
e
n
tal
m
o
d
el
m
ay
in
d
icate
a
lack
o
f
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
r
is
k
s
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
5
].
A
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
e
y
m
ap
is
a
m
o
d
e
r
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
an
aly
zi
n
g
t
h
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
u
s
er
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
esig
n
.
R
ec
en
t
in
s
ig
h
t
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
ey
m
ap
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
ls
t
o
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
m
e
n
tal
m
o
d
el
f
r
o
m
a
s
y
s
tem
[
6
-
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
a
p
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
u
s
er
p
er
s
o
n
as
a
th
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
attr
ib
u
te
b
y
ad
d
i
n
g
a
d
iach
r
o
n
ic
o
u
tlin
e
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
in
ter
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
0
]
.
W
e
d
ev
el
o
p
a
u
s
er
s
t
o
r
y
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
u
s
e
r
j
o
u
r
n
e
y
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
t
o
r
e
c
o
r
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
r
’
s
m
e
n
t
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
w
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
t
o
g
ath
e
r
u
s
er
s
to
r
y
f
o
r
m
th
e
p
o
ten
tial u
s
er
’
s
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
an
d
wo
r
k
with
th
e
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
esen
t
th
e
n
ew
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it
ap
p
licatio
n
th
at
h
av
e
b
etter
u
s
ab
ilit
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
c
o
m
m
o
n
ex
is
t
in
g
lo
ca
l
tr
an
s
it
ap
p
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
h
o
w
th
e
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el
an
d
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
e
y
m
ap
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
as
a
to
o
l
f
o
r
r
ap
id
l
y
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
u
s
e
r
s
to
r
ies
in
to
s
o
f
twar
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
l
p
u
b
lic
t
r
an
s
it
s
y
s
tem
th
at
h
elp
s
u
s
er
s
in
tu
itiv
ely
ac
h
iev
e
th
eir
d
esti
n
atio
n
p
o
in
t.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
u
s
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
v
ar
iab
les
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
etr
ics:
1
)
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
2
)
lear
n
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
3
)
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
is
r
ep
o
r
t
also
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it
n
av
ig
atio
n
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
th
at
r
u
n
n
in
g
o
n
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
with
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it
n
av
ig
atio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
with
a
s
et
o
f
th
e
n
ew
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
th
at
v
alu
e
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
s
f
r
o
m
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
e
y
m
ap
p
in
g
r
esu
lts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Usa
b
ilit
y
imp
r
o
ve
men
t o
f p
u
b
l
ic
tr
a
n
s
it a
p
p
lica
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
men
ta
l m
o
d
el
a
n
d
…
(
K
o
ma
n
g
C
a
n
d
r
a
B
r
a
ta
)
399
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lo
c
al
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it
ap
p
f
o
r
n
av
ig
atio
n
h
as
ex
p
an
d
e
d
o
u
r
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
tr
an
s
it
s
y
s
tem
s
.
A
d
iar
y
s
tu
d
y
was
u
s
ed
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
an
d
in
v
esti
g
ate
v
ar
io
u
s
u
s
er
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
g
et
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
lo
ca
l
tr
a
n
s
it
wh
en
t
r
av
elin
g
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
b
r
ief
ly
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
u
s
ed
t
o
g
ath
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
s
er
,
i
d
e
n
tify
u
s
er
’
s
c
h
allen
g
e
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
m
e
n
tal
m
o
d
el
th
en
m
a
p
p
in
g
th
e
in
s
ig
h
t
to
a
s
et
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
s
tr
a
teg
ies.
2
.
1
.
Usa
bil
it
y
o
rient
ed
a
pp
r
o
a
ch
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Stan
d
ar
d
s
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
I
SO
9
2
4
1
-
1
1
)
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
th
r
ee
p
r
im
ar
y
asp
ec
ts
th
at
co
m
p
r
is
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
r
s
er
v
ice:
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
e
s
s
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
es
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
to
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
ce
r
tain
task
s
.
Or
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
h
o
w
g
o
o
d
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
wh
en
d
o
in
g
t
h
e
task
s
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
o
n
e.
E
f
f
icie
n
cy
is
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
h
o
w
q
u
ick
l
y
a
u
s
er
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
a
g
o
al
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
W
h
ile
th
e
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
d
escr
ib
es
wh
eth
er
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
f
r
ee
o
f
in
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
an
d
wh
eth
er
th
e
u
s
er
s
h
o
ws
a
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
ab
ilit
y
s
ca
l
e
(
SUS)
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
o
p
ted
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
o
s
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
u
s
ab
ilit
y
[
1
2
]
.
Usab
ilit
y
o
r
ien
ted
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
i
ll
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
t
h
r
e
e
as
p
e
ct
s
t
h
a
t
r
el
e
v
a
n
t
t
o
u
s
e
w
h
e
n
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
a
l
o
c
a
l
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
f
i
e
l
d
s
t
u
d
y
,
m
e
n
t
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
u
s
e
r
t
as
k
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
,
a
n
d
u
s
e
r
j
o
u
r
n
e
y
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
.
2.
2
.
Co
ns
t
ruct
ing
m
ent
a
l mo
dels
T
h
e
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el
is
a
s
im
p
ler
wo
r
ld
in
p
eo
p
le'
s
m
in
d
s
wh
en
th
ey
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
wo
r
ld
[
1
3
]
.
A
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el
is
a
s
er
ies
o
f
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
i
d
ea
s
,
im
ag
es,
o
r
im
p
r
ess
io
n
s
th
at
in
g
r
ain
ed
in
th
e
m
in
d
,
af
f
ec
tin
g
h
o
w
p
e
o
p
le
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
,
an
d
h
o
w
th
ey
tak
e
ac
tio
n
.
I
t
is
a
u
n
iq
u
e
way
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
wh
ich
f
o
r
m
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
th
e
wo
r
ld
an
d
it
is
b
u
ilt
b
y
p
e
o
p
le
o
n
th
eir
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
liv
es,
p
o
in
ts
o
f
v
i
ew,
an
d
wo
r
ld
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
s
[
1
4
-
16
]
.
T
o
p
u
t
it
s
im
p
ly
,
m
en
tal
m
o
d
els
ar
e
p
eo
p
le’
s
in
n
e
r
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
r
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
h
o
w
s
o
m
eth
in
g
s
h
o
u
l
d
wo
r
k
,
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
ast
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
.
Me
n
tal
m
o
d
els
ac
tiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
r
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
u
s
er
s
will
tak
e.
Fro
m
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
n
av
ig
a
t
io
n
,
it
is
clea
r
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
n
ee
d
ed
wh
en
u
s
i
ng
a
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
ap
p
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
esti
n
atio
n
p
o
in
t
co
u
l
d
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
s
tar
ts
wh
en
th
e
co
m
m
u
ter
s
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
eir
d
esti
n
atio
n
(
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
)
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
av
ailab
le
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it
lin
e
to
b
e
u
s
ed
an
d
,
if
n
ec
ess
ar
y
,
th
ey
m
ay
n
ee
d
to
s
p
ec
if
y
wh
er
e
t
h
ey
n
ee
d
t
o
s
witch
to
an
o
th
er
tr
an
s
it
lin
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
ey
ac
tu
ally
a
r
r
iv
e
at
th
eir
d
esti
n
atio
n
(
th
e
itin
er
a
r
y
r
e
v
iew
p
h
ase)
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
n
av
ig
atio
n
g
u
id
in
g
p
h
ase
in
wh
ich
a
tr
av
el
p
lan
is
ar
r
an
g
e
d
an
d
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t a
s
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
in
t
h
e
itin
e
r
ar
y
.
T
h
is
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
s
till
wid
ely
u
s
ed
an
d
b
ec
o
m
es th
e
m
en
tal
m
o
d
e
l in
p
u
b
lic
tr
a
n
s
it a
p
p
p
r
ac
tice
[
1
7
-
1
9
].
2.
3
.
Rec
o
rding
us
er
s
t
o
ry
A
User
J
o
u
r
n
ey
Ma
p
(
UJM)
is
a
tab
u
latio
n
f
o
r
m
o
f
u
s
er
’
s
b
eh
av
io
r
with
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ax
is
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
u
s
er
ac
tio
n
s
tag
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
tim
e
an
d
t
h
er
e
will
b
e
in
s
ig
h
t
m
etr
ics
o
r
ca
teg
o
r
ies
o
f
th
em
e
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
alo
n
g
th
e
v
er
tica
l a
x
is
.
T
h
e
ac
tio
n
s
o
n
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ax
is
will v
ar
y
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
d
o
m
ain
,
b
u
t th
e
v
er
tical
ax
is
will
g
en
er
ally
co
n
tain
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
etr
ics
[
2
0
]
.
I
t
v
is
u
alize
s
h
o
w
u
s
er
s
h
av
e
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
th
eir
tr
ip
to
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
d
esti
n
atio
n
u
s
in
g
lo
ca
l
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
.
Deta
iled
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
ey
m
ap
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
2
1
].
Sev
er
al
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
f
ield
o
b
s
e
r
v
atio
n
s
,
d
ia
r
y
r
ec
o
r
d
i
n
g
s
,
an
d
ex
ten
s
iv
e
in
ter
v
iews
h
av
e
led
to
g
ai
n
a
b
etter
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
u
s
er
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
m
o
b
ile
tr
an
s
it
ap
p
s
an
d
s
er
v
i
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
eir
tr
ip
s
.
W
e
ar
e
o
b
jectiv
ely
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
th
eir
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
lic
tr
a
n
s
it
ap
p
.
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ca
n
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
f
ield
-
s
tu
d
y
an
d
test
in
g
.
Ma
ce
f
ield
n
o
tes
th
at
th
e
in
v
o
l
v
em
en
t
o
f
2
0
p
o
ten
tial
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
th
e
u
s
ab
il
ity
e
x
p
er
im
en
t
wo
u
ld
r
ev
ea
l
as
m
an
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
u
s
ab
ilit
y
a
s
m
o
r
e
p
e
o
p
le
d
o
a
n
d
it
o
f
f
er
s
a
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
v
alu
e
-
to
-
co
s
t
r
atio
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
ex
p
er
im
en
t
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
2
0
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
p
ar
ticip
ated
b
ased
o
n
Ma
ce
f
ield
'
s
in
s
i
g
h
t.
T
o
r
ec
o
r
d
u
s
er
s
to
r
i
es,
we
ad
o
p
ted
a
s
ce
n
ar
io
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
2
3
]
.
Scen
ar
i
o
s
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
5
m
ain
task
s
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
u
s
er
b
asic
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el
wh
en
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
it
ap
p
.
T
ab
le
1
d
e
s
cr
ib
es
th
e
d
etailed
task
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
m
p
leted
b
y
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
W
h
en
th
ey
wer
e
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
o
u
t
th
e
task
th
at
p
ar
ticu
lar
y
u
s
e
th
e
s
am
e
4
G
n
etwo
r
k
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
th
eir
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
E
ac
h
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
tep
o
f
th
ei
r
ac
tiv
ities
was
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
an
d
m
ap
p
ed
with
a
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
o
r
m
.
All
th
e
lis
t
o
f
task
s
c
en
ar
io
s
wil
l
b
e
co
m
p
leted
b
y
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticip
an
t
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
s
er
s
to
r
y
a
n
d
ac
tiv
ities
,
we
g
en
er
ate
a
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
e
y
m
ap
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
2.
I
n
th
e
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
e
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
th
e
u
s
er
ac
tio
n
,
q
u
esti
o
n
,
h
ap
p
y
m
o
m
en
t,
p
ain
p
o
in
t
,
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
ar
e
u
s
e
d
as
v
er
tical
ax
is
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
A
ctio
n
s
:
th
e
th
in
g
th
at
th
e
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
h
as
to
co
m
p
lete
to
p
as
s
to
th
e
n
e
x
t
ac
tio
n
s
tag
e.
Qu
esti
o
n
s
:
th
e
th
in
g
s
th
at
th
e
u
s
er
n
ee
d
s
to
a
n
s
wer
wh
en
d
o
i
n
g
a
n
ac
tio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
y
ar
e
willin
g
to
m
o
v
e
to
th
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
tep
.
Hap
p
y
m
o
m
en
ts
:
p
leasan
t,
en
j
o
y
ab
le
th
i
n
g
s
th
at
t
r
ig
g
er
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Pain
p
o
in
ts
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
39
7
-
40
5
400
n
eg
ativ
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
co
m
p
lain
t
s
,
an
d
an
n
o
y
an
ce
s
th
at
r
u
in
th
e
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
:
th
e
d
esig
n
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
in
a
n
ew
p
r
o
d
u
ct
to
ad
d
r
ess
an
y
o
f
th
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
v
alu
atio
n
task
s
Ta
sk
s
Ta
sk
D
e
scr
i
p
t
i
o
n
1
S
t
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
a
me
s
o
u
r
c
e
p
o
i
n
t
,
a
ss
u
mi
n
g
t
h
e
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
i
n
a
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
r
a
v
e
l
a
r
o
u
n
d
M
a
l
a
n
g
c
i
t
y
b
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
,
l
a
u
n
c
h
t
h
e
c
o
m
mo
n
t
r
a
n
si
t
a
p
p
,
a
n
d
r
e
v
i
e
w
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
!
2
P
l
a
n
t
o
g
o
t
o
a
L
a
n
d
u
n
g
s
a
r
i
b
u
s st
a
t
i
o
n
(
5
k
m i
n
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
)
,
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
se
a
r
c
h
t
h
e
d
e
st
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
3
C
h
e
c
k
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
l
i
n
e
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
b
y
a
p
p
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
o
n
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
l
i
n
e
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
st
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
.
4
En
t
e
r
t
h
e
i
t
i
n
e
r
a
r
y
r
e
su
l
t
p
a
g
e
a
n
d
r
e
v
i
e
w
d
e
t
a
i
l
o
f
t
r
a
v
e
l
i
t
i
n
e
r
a
r
i
e
s,
a
n
d
p
r
e
sen
t
i
t
s
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
a
m
a
p
v
i
e
w
.
5
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
a
n
i
t
i
n
e
r
a
r
y
l
i
n
e
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
st
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
s
t
a
r
t
t
h
e
n
a
v
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
a
p
p
s
u
g
g
e
st
e
d
r
e
s
u
l
t
s,
a
n
d
c
o
mp
l
e
t
e
t
h
e
n
a
v
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
ab
l
e
2
.
User
jo
u
r
n
ey
m
ap
f
o
r
in
-
city
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
ap
p
S
p
e
c
i
f
y
t
h
e
D
e
st
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
C
h
o
o
se
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
L
i
n
e
N
a
v
i
g
a
t
e
t
o
D
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
A
c
t
i
o
n
−
O
p
e
n
A
p
p
s.
−
S
e
l
e
c
t
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
n
d
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
map
v
i
e
w
.
−
P
r
e
ss t
h
e
“
G
o
”
b
u
t
t
o
n
.
−
S
e
l
e
c
t
o
n
e
l
i
n
e
f
r
o
m
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
.
−
S
e
l
e
c
t
o
n
e
l
i
n
e
f
r
o
m
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
r
o
u
t
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
ma
p
.
−
G
e
t
i
n
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
sp
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
−
C
h
e
c
k
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
p
o
i
n
t
(
i
f
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
l
i
n
e
i
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
)
.
−
W
a
i
t
u
n
t
i
l
a
r
r
i
v
e
a
t
t
h
e
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
.
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
−
D
o
I
h
a
v
e
a
G
P
S
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
?
−
D
o
I
h
a
v
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
?
−
W
h
y
i
s
t
h
e
ma
p
n
o
t
sh
o
w
i
n
g
?
−
D
o
I
c
h
o
o
se
t
h
e
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
y
?
−
I
s t
h
i
s
t
h
e
f
a
s
t
e
s
t
r
o
u
t
e
?
−
W
h
e
r
e
I
a
m n
o
w
?
−
H
o
w
f
a
r
m
y
t
r
i
p
g
o
e
s?
−
A
m
I
c
h
o
o
se
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
l
i
n
e
?
−
(
I
f
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
)
W
h
e
r
e
a
n
d
w
h
e
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
I
d
o
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
?
−
A
m
I
c
l
o
se
t
o
m
y
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
?
H
a
p
p
y
M
o
m
e
n
t
−
A
p
p
s
h
o
w
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
M
a
p
.
−
A
p
p
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
p
e
r
l
y
a
n
d
r
e
sp
o
n
s
i
v
e
.
−
U
sers
c
a
n
c
h
o
o
s
e
t
h
e
p
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
l
i
n
e
o
f
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
sp
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
e
a
si
l
y
.
−
U
sers
c
a
n
a
c
c
e
ss
d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
e
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
sh
o
w
n
o
n
t
h
e
ma
p
s.
−
U
sers
g
e
t
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
l
i
n
e
o
n
t
h
e
t
r
i
p
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
w
h
e
n
t
o
c
h
a
n
g
e
a
l
i
n
e
e
a
si
l
y
.
−
I
n
f
o
r
med
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
t
o
p
p
o
i
n
t
o
r
d
e
st
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
n
e
a
r
.
P
a
i
n
p
o
i
n
t
−
U
sers
h
a
v
e
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
m
a
p
b
e
c
a
u
se
t
h
e
y
m
u
st
sea
r
c
h
a
n
d
s
e
l
e
c
t
a
p
i
n
p
o
i
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
p
s ma
n
u
a
l
l
y
.
−
Ty
p
e
a
n
d
se
l
e
c
t
a
w
r
o
n
g
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
−
Th
e
a
p
p
s
c
a
n
’
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
s
u
c
h
a
s
a
c
t
u
a
l
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
t
r
a
v
e
l
t
i
m
e
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
u
ser
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
.
−
U
sers
d
o
n
’
t
k
n
o
w
h
o
w
f
a
r
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
e
a
c
h
r
o
u
t
e
o
r
i
n
t
e
r
-
r
o
u
t
e
(
i
f
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
)
.
−
U
sers
o
f
t
e
n
d
o
n
’
t
h
a
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
smar
t
p
h
o
n
e
a
p
p
.
−
U
sers
d
o
n
’
t
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
i
r
a
c
t
u
a
l
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
w
h
e
n
i
n
s
i
d
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
u
n
t
i
l
i
n
t
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
o
i
n
t
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
.
−
U
sers
d
o
n
’
t
k
n
o
w
h
o
w
f
a
r
t
h
e
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
y
sh
o
u
l
d
t
a
k
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
o
i
n
t
o
r
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
O
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
−
C
r
e
a
t
e
a
n
e
w
i
n
p
u
t
m
e
t
h
o
d
t
h
a
t
a
u
ser
n
o
t
n
e
c
e
s
sari
l
y
t
y
p
e
a
si
n
g
l
e
w
o
r
d
w
h
e
n
c
h
o
o
s
i
n
g
a
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
.
−
C
r
e
a
t
e
a
n
e
w
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
s
h
o
w
s
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
t
o
t
h
e
f
i
r
st
s
t
o
p
i
n
t
u
i
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
−
C
r
e
a
t
e
a
n
e
w
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
t
o
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
e
a
c
h
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
r
o
u
t
e
w
h
e
n
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
.
−
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
n
e
w
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
c
c
e
ss
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
u
ser
i
n
s
i
d
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
.
−
G
i
v
e
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
n
o
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
w
h
e
n
u
ser
a
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
t
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
o
i
n
t
o
r
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
2.
4
.
P
r
o
t
o
t
y
pe
des
ig
n
Desig
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
atio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
is
n
o
t
s
im
p
ly
a
m
atter
o
f
tech
n
ical
wiza
r
d
r
y
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
a
ct
th
at
th
e
g
en
e
r
al
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
d
ata
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ar
e
u
n
r
eliab
le
an
d
n
o
t
well
o
r
g
an
ized
b
y
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
g
en
er
al
p
u
b
lic
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
d
ev
elo
p
ed
co
u
n
tr
ies.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
in
s
ig
h
t
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it
ap
p
lack
s
an
in
p
u
t
m
eth
o
d
in
ter
f
ac
e
an
d
d
ata
in
teg
r
atio
n
as
a
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el
wh
en
u
s
er
s
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
u
s
e
th
e
a
p
p
in
s
id
e
th
e
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
C
o
m
m
u
ter
s
also
h
o
p
e
a
tr
a
v
el
ass
is
tin
g
ap
p
th
at
ca
n
tak
e
m
o
r
e
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
co
m
f
o
r
t
an
d
s
af
ety
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
ap
p
,
in
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
o
p
r
o
v
e
o
u
r
co
n
ce
p
t,
we
b
u
ild
a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
s
ig
h
t th
at
we
h
av
e
o
n
th
e
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
ey
m
a
p
we
h
ad
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
lo
ca
l p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
Deta
iled
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
n
[
2
4
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t stag
e
o
f
th
e
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el,
th
e
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
h
o
u
l
d
o
b
tain
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
as
th
e
o
r
ig
in
p
o
in
t
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
ev
ice’
s
gl
o
b
al
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
(
GPS)
s
en
s
o
r
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
o
esn
’
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
n
y
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Usa
b
ilit
y
imp
r
o
ve
men
t o
f p
u
b
l
ic
tr
a
n
s
it a
p
p
lica
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
men
ta
l m
o
d
el
a
n
d
…
(
K
o
ma
n
g
C
a
n
d
r
a
B
r
a
ta
)
401
th
e
wea
r
ab
le
d
ev
ice
ap
p
as
it
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
au
to
m
atica
ll
y
in
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
d
ef
in
es
th
e
tar
g
et
d
esti
n
atio
n
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
o
f
s
ev
er
al
in
p
u
t
m
eth
o
d
s
,
i.e
.
,
v
o
ice
in
p
u
t,
m
an
u
ally
ty
p
e
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
n
am
e
,
an
d
p
in
p
o
i
n
t
a
lo
ca
tio
n
o
n
a
m
ap
v
iew.
T
h
e
v
o
ice
an
d
ty
p
e
lo
ca
tio
n
n
am
es
in
p
u
t
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
o
lv
in
g
t
h
e
u
s
er
s
'
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
d
e
s
tin
at
io
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
in
p
o
in
t
m
eth
o
d
.
Activ
ities
in
th
is
p
h
ase
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
.
T
h
e
itin
er
ar
y
r
e
v
iew
p
h
ase
b
eg
in
s
af
ter
a
u
s
er
en
ter
s
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
p
o
in
t
in
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
o
r
ig
in
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
p
o
in
ts
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
t
ar
ts
f
in
d
in
g
s
ev
er
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it
r
o
u
te
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
wea
r
a
b
le
ap
p
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
lis
t
o
f
itin
er
ar
ies
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
er
to
r
ev
ie
w.
An
itin
er
ar
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
s
eq
u
en
ce
o
f
l
o
ca
tio
n
c
h
ec
k
p
o
in
ts
wh
er
e
p
a
r
ticu
lar
p
u
b
lic
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
will
p
ass
.
I
n
s
id
e
a
n
itin
er
ar
y
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
tak
e
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
s
er
cu
r
r
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
to
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
o
in
t
o
f
p
ick
u
p
to
g
et
in
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
is
also
d
is
p
lay
ed
.
T
h
e
walk
d
is
tan
ce
to
th
e
n
ea
r
est
s
to
p
s
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
if
th
ey
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
s
tan
d
s
ev
er
al
m
eter
s
f
ar
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
way
p
o
in
t,
ass
u
m
in
g
th
e
u
s
er
s
p
r
ef
er
to
walk
f
r
o
m
th
ei
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
to
th
e
f
ir
s
t w
ay
p
o
in
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
at,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
ea
ch
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
r
o
u
te
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
wn
o
n
d
e
m
an
d
i
n
th
e
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
th
ir
d
p
h
ase,
th
e
wea
r
ab
le
d
ev
ice
a
p
p
licatio
n
en
ter
s
th
e
Nav
ig
atio
n
Gu
id
e
p
h
a
s
e.
I
t
p
er
io
d
ically
ch
ec
k
s
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
to
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
ac
tiv
e
ch
ec
k
p
o
i
n
t
an
d
n
o
tifie
s
th
e
u
s
er
s
wh
en
th
ey
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
th
e
ch
ec
k
p
o
i
n
t.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
g
ettin
g
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
ac
tu
al
lo
ca
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ev
ic
e’
s
GPS
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
ca
lcu
lated
it
to
war
d
an
ac
tiv
e
ch
ec
k
p
o
i
n
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
Hav
e
r
s
in
e
f
o
r
m
u
la.
W
h
en
a
u
s
er
h
as
en
ter
ed
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
ar
e
a
f
o
r
a
ch
ec
k
p
o
in
t,
b
y
m
e
r
ely
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
d
i
s
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
ch
ec
k
p
o
in
t
in
a
cir
cu
la
r
f
o
r
m
(
g
e
o
f
en
ce
)
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
2
5
]
,
t
h
e
wea
r
ab
l
e
ap
p
licatio
n
g
iv
es
a
n
o
tific
atio
n
to
th
e
u
s
er
with
a
v
ib
r
ati
on
wh
en
t
h
ey
wer
e
en
ter
in
g
th
e
g
eo
f
e
n
ce
a
r
ea
o
f
a
ch
ec
k
p
o
in
t.
Par
t
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
d
esig
n
f
l
o
w
o
f
th
e
w
ea
r
ab
le
d
e
v
ice
a
p
p
wh
en
s
ee
in
g
itin
e
r
ar
ies
in
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
an
d
wh
en
a
u
s
er
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
th
e
c
h
ec
k
p
o
in
t
in
th
e
n
av
ig
atio
n
p
h
ase
ar
e
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
(
b
)
a
n
d
2
(
c
)
,
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
ely
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
(
a
)
Or
ig
in
a
n
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
in
p
u
t
p
h
ase
,
(
b
)
R
ev
iewin
g
i
tin
er
ar
y
,
(
c)
D
u
r
in
g
n
av
ig
a
tio
n
p
h
ase
2.
5
.
Usa
bil
it
y
co
m
pa
riso
n
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
an
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
s
u
ch
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
cr
iter
i
o
n
.
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
,
u
s
ab
ilit
y
ev
alu
atio
n
is
a
n
ess
en
tial
tas
k
in
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Per
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
u
s
ab
ilit
y
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
r
in
g
s
ev
er
al
b
en
ef
its
s
u
ch
as in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
in
u
s
e
an
d
o
f
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
e
f
o
r
e
its
r
el
ea
s
e
[
2
6
]
.
W
e
co
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
lev
el
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
wh
ich
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
with
th
e
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el
an
d
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
e
y
m
ap
wit
h
ex
is
tin
g
co
m
m
o
n
tr
an
s
it
ap
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
2
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wer
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
an
d
th
ey
wer
e
as
k
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
s
am
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
as
in
T
ab
le
1
an
d
u
s
e
t
h
e
s
am
e
4
G
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
u
t
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e.
E
ac
h
p
ar
ticip
a
n
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
task
s
o
n
ly
o
n
ce
f
o
r
ea
ch
ty
p
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
,
i.e
.
,
th
e
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
a
w
ea
r
ab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
39
7
-
40
5
402
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
am
e
task
co
m
p
letio
n
with
two
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ap
p
licatio
n
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
(
a
)
Scr
ee
n
s
h
o
ts
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it a
p
p
,
(
b
)
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Usab
ilit
y
tes
tin
g
b
ec
o
m
es
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
s
in
v
er
if
y
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
a
s
o
f
twar
e
q
u
ality
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
r
ate
an
d
tr
a
v
el
tim
e
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
a
k
ey
in
d
icato
r
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it a
p
p
licatio
n
b
ased
o
n
in
d
icato
r
s
in
th
e
I
E
E
E
v
alid
atio
n
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
[
2
8
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
th
e
task
s
,
th
eir
b
eh
av
io
r
s
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
an
d
a
n
y
is
s
u
es
ar
o
s
e
o
r
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
th
e
u
s
er
s
wer
e
n
o
ted
.
Up
o
n
co
m
p
letin
g
all
task
s
o
n
b
o
t
h
m
o
b
ile
a
n
d
wea
r
ab
l
e
ap
p
s
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
f
ill
th
e
Sy
s
tem
Usab
ilit
y
Scale
(
SUS)
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
q
u
ality
o
f
b
o
th
ap
p
s
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
s
co
r
e
ten
-
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
,
wh
ich
w
er
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
SUS
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e,
to
ass
ess
s
ev
er
al
u
s
ab
ilit
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
with
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
iv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es th
at
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
to
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
2
9
].
T
h
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
test
in
g
s
ess
io
n
is
clo
s
ed
with
th
e
SUS
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
n
p
ar
ticip
an
t
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
t
er
f
ac
e
th
at
in
v
o
lv
es
a
wea
r
ab
l
e
m
o
b
ile
a
p
p
.
T
h
e
SUS
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
i
n
clu
d
es
th
e
m
ain
u
s
ab
ilit
y
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
i.e
.
,
lear
n
ab
ilit
y
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
a
d
ir
e
ct
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
ex
p
licitly
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
two
ev
alu
ated
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
SUS
item
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
co
v
e
r
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
u
s
e.
SUS
s
co
r
es
d
id
n
o
t
ap
p
ea
r
to
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ted
ev
e
n
wh
en
th
e
ev
e
n
it
em
s
wer
e
r
ewr
itten
with
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
to
n
e
[
3
0
,
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
r
esu
lts
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
ea
ch
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
w
h
ich
in
cl
u
d
es
th
e
tr
av
el
tim
e,
s
u
cc
ess
r
ate,
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
SUS
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
a
n
d
s
m
ar
twatch
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ed
u
p
in
T
ab
le
3
.
As
f
ar
as
ef
f
icien
cy
is
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
,
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
b
o
th
o
f
th
e
ap
p
s
co
u
ld
u
n
d
o
u
b
te
d
ly
ass
i
s
t
th
e
u
s
er
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
b
u
t
t
ak
in
g
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
th
e
to
tal
tim
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
co
m
p
lete
ea
ch
task
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
task
r
elativ
ely
f
aster
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
ter
ac
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
(
2
0
.
4
m
in
u
tes
in
av
er
ag
e)
wh
ich
is
ex
ten
ts
th
e
ap
p
with
th
e
s
m
ar
twatch
as
a
n
ew
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iati
o
n
(
σ
)
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
SUS
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
m
o
s
t
u
s
er
s
h
av
e
s
im
ilar
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
wh
en
u
s
in
g
b
o
t
h
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
a
p
p
s
(
a
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ap
p
with
th
e
m
ap
-
ba
s
ed
in
ter
f
ac
e
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
wit
h
s
m
ar
twatch
)
h
av
e
a
r
elativ
ely
eq
u
al
n
u
m
b
er
in
SUS
r
atin
g
s
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
te
d
th
at
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
h
av
e
a
f
ast
er
lear
n
in
g
cu
r
v
e
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
en
tire
ap
p
licati
o
n
f
lo
ws
in
t
h
e
s
im
p
le
s
m
ar
tw
atch
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
t
o
f
Q6
s
h
o
ws
th
at
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Usa
b
ilit
y
imp
r
o
ve
men
t o
f p
u
b
l
ic
tr
a
n
s
it a
p
p
lica
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
men
ta
l m
o
d
el
a
n
d
…
(
K
o
ma
n
g
C
a
n
d
r
a
B
r
a
ta
)
403
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
s
et
o
f
n
av
ig
atio
n
task
s
o
n
th
eir
ap
p
s
with
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
an
y
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
tact
with
th
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
.
T
h
is
k
in
d
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
r
elativ
ely
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
an
x
iety
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
v
el
.
Similar
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
also
s
tated
in
f
av
o
r
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
r
ate
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
tal
tim
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
ter
ac
tio
n
as
f
o
llo
ws:
“…
[
Stan
d
ar
d
tr
an
s
it
a
p
p
]
co
u
ld
lead
to
lo
ts
o
f
m
is
tak
es
wh
en
u
s
er
s
d
o
n
o
t
s
e
e
th
e
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
s
c
r
ee
n
.
I
t
wa
s
h
ar
d
to
f
o
llo
w,
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
,
an
d
co
n
f
u
s
in
g
wh
en
it
s
h
o
u
ld
k
ee
p
an
ey
e
o
n
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
…
”.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
was
r
ated
s
lig
h
tly
b
etter
th
an
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
n
e,
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
also
m
ad
e
s
ev
er
al
co
m
m
en
ts
ab
o
u
t
a
d
d
itio
n
al
e
x
p
en
s
es
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
em
to
h
av
e
a
s
m
ar
twatch
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ta
k
e
th
e
f
u
ll
b
e
n
e
f
it
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
s
tated
,
“…
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
is
v
e
r
y
u
s
ef
u
l
a
n
d
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e,
b
u
t
a
s
m
ar
twatch
tak
es
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
c
o
s
t w
h
ich
is
n
o
t
ev
er
y
b
o
d
y
co
u
ld
af
f
o
r
d
.
.
.
”
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Usab
ilit
y
t
esti
n
g
r
esu
lts
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
Te
st
C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
S
martp
h
o
n
e
(
M
e
a
n
/
(
σ)
)
a
S
martwat
c
h
(
M
e
a
n
/
(
σ)
)
a
T
r
a
v
e
l
T
i
me
(
mi
n
u
t
e
s)
:
2
6
.
2
0
/
2
.
7
8
2
0
.
4
0
/
2
.
6
8
S
u
c
c
e
ss
R
a
t
e
(
%)
:
1
0
0
%
1
0
0
%
Qu
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
s
[
U
sab
i
l
i
t
y
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
]
:
Q
1
:
Th
e
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
f
l
o
w
s p
r
e
se
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
e
a
s
y
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
[
Le
a
r
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
]
2
.
6
5
/
(
0
.
4
9
)
3
.
5
5
/
(
0
.
5
1
)
Q2
:
Th
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
a
r
e
e
a
sy
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
[
Le
a
r
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
]
3
.
6
0
/
(
0
.
5
0
)
3
.
2
0
/
(
0
.
4
1
)
Q3
:
Th
e
c
o
l
o
r
s,
i
c
o
n
s,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
u
s
e
d
a
r
e
f
a
m
i
l
i
a
r
a
n
d
c
o
n
si
s
t
e
n
t
[
Le
a
r
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
]
3
.
8
0
/
(
0
.
4
1
)
3
.
6
0
/
(
0
.
5
0
)
Q4
:
I
f
e
e
l
I
d
o
n
’
t
n
e
e
d
s
o
me
o
n
e
e
l
s
e
's
g
u
i
d
e
t
o
u
s
e
t
h
e
a
p
p
[
L
e
a
r
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
]
2
.
8
5
/
(
0
.
6
7
)
1
.
8
0
/
(
0
.
6
2
)
Q5
:
Th
e
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
i
s
v
e
r
y
c
l
e
a
r
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
w
h
e
n
l
o
o
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
r
o
u
t
e
s [
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
]
3
.
2
0
/
(
0
.
4
1
)
2
.
0
5
/
(
0
.
8
9
)
Q
6
:
I
d
o
n
’
t
n
e
e
d
t
o
k
e
e
p
mo
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
a
p
p
w
h
e
n
i
t
r
u
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
scr
e
e
n
[
Ef
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
]
0
.
7
0
/
(
0
.
4
7
)
2
.
6
5
/
(
0
.
7
5
)
Q7
:
I
f
I
mak
e
a
m
i
st
a
k
e
,
I
c
a
n
q
u
i
c
k
l
y
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
[
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
]
3
.
2
5
/
(
0
.
5
5
)
2
.
3
5
/
(
0
.
6
7
)
Q
8
:
Th
e
b
u
t
t
o
n
i
s
l
a
r
g
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
w
h
e
n
t
a
p
p
e
d
,
s
o
i
t
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
o
se
l
e
c
t
t
h
e
me
n
u
[
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
]
3
.
2
0
/
(
0
.
7
7
)
2
.
8
0
/
(
0
.
4
1
)
Q
9
:
I
f
I
n
e
e
d
t
o
f
i
n
d
A
n
g
k
o
t
r
o
u
t
e
,
I
w
o
u
l
d
l
o
v
e
t
o
u
s
e
t
h
i
s
a
p
p
[
S
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
]
3
.
5
5
/
(
0
.
6
0
)
3
.
8
0
/
(
0
.
4
1
)
Q1
0
:
I
t
h
i
n
k
I
w
i
l
l
o
f
t
e
n
u
s
e
t
h
i
s s
y
st
e
m [
S
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
]
2
.
0
5
/
(
0
.
6
9
)
3
.
2
0
/
(
0
.
7
7
)
T
o
t
a
l
S
U
S
S
c
o
r
e
7
2
.
1
3
/
(
6
.
8
5
)
7
2
.
5
0
/
(
5
.
1
3
)
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ex
p
an
d
s
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
e
m
en
tal
m
o
d
els
to
r
ef
lect
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
in
n
er
th
in
k
in
g
ab
o
u
t
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
ey
m
ap
is
u
s
ed
t
o
elicit
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
a
p
u
b
lic
t
r
a
n
s
it
ap
p
f
o
r
a
d
aily
co
m
m
u
tin
g
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
with
p
u
b
l
ic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
b
asic
id
e
a
o
f
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
e
y
m
ap
p
i
n
g
u
tili
za
tio
n
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
u
s
er
-
ce
n
ter
ed
v
iewp
o
i
n
t
wh
en
in
s
p
ec
tin
g
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
an
d
lev
el
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
o
u
r
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
h
a
s
b
ee
n
test
ed
in
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
s
m
ar
twatch
as
a
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
u
s
ab
le
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t,
wh
ich
is
g
ath
er
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
en
tal
m
o
d
el
an
d
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
ey
,
co
u
ld
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
e
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
(
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
tr
av
el
tim
e)
wh
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wea
r
ab
le
tr
an
s
it
ap
p
licatio
n
,
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
u
b
li
c
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
ap
p
.
T
h
e
m
e
n
tal
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
e
y
m
ap
ar
e
in
ev
itab
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
ls
to
cr
ea
te
a
n
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
p
ain
p
o
i
n
ts
in
th
e
elicitatio
n
p
h
ase
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
u
s
er
jo
u
r
n
ey
m
ap
also
p
lay
s
a
g
r
ea
t
r
o
le
to
r
ap
id
ly
co
n
v
er
t
u
s
er
’
s
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
a
s
et
o
f
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
h
u
m
an
f
ac
to
r
s
wh
en
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
lo
c
al
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
it
ap
p
licatio
n
th
at
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
lev
el
as
well.
Du
e
to
th
is
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ly
u
s
e
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
d
ata,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
in
s
ig
h
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
with
ca
u
tio
n
wh
en
a
p
p
lie
d
in
s
im
ilar
m
ass
iv
e
co
m
m
er
cial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
at
th
e
s
m
ar
twat
ch
s
till
h
as
b
r
o
ad
p
o
te
n
tial
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
a
n
d
s
ev
e
r
al
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Mo
r
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
also
n
ee
d
to
b
e
in
v
o
l
v
ed
to
v
al
id
ate
th
e
r
esu
lt.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
.
Hu
,
T
.
Da
i
,
“
On
li
n
e
m
a
p
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
u
si
n
g
G
o
o
g
le
M
a
p
s
API,
S
QL
d
a
tab
a
se
,
a
n
d
ASP
.
NET
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
-
1
1
0
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
]
N.
D.
P
rian
d
a
n
i,
H.
To
ll
e
,
D.
R.
Yu
n
ian
t
o
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
m
o
b
i
le
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
M
a
lan
g
c
it
y
p
u
b
li
c
tran
sp
o
rtati
o
n
r
o
u
te
se
a
rc
h
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
S
o
f
t
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
It
s
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
8
-
5
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
R.
M
a
rc
il
ly
,
E.
Am
m
e
n
we
rth
,
E.
Ro
e
h
re
r,
S
.
P
e
lay
o
,
F
.
Va
ss
e
u
r,
a
n
d
M
.
C.
Be
u
sc
a
rt
-
Zép
h
ir
,
"
Us
a
b
il
it
y
F
law
s
in
M
e
d
ica
ti
o
n
Ale
rti
n
g
S
y
ste
m
s:
Im
p
a
c
t
o
n
Us
a
g
e
a
n
d
Wo
r
k
S
y
ste
m
,
"
Y
e
a
rb
o
o
k
o
f
M
e
d
ica
l
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
10
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp.
55
-
67
,
2
0
1
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
39
7
-
40
5
404
[4
]
Ba
h
a
ru
d
d
in
,
Ro
sn
it
a
,
Da
lb
ir
S
i
n
g
h
,
a
n
d
R
o
z
il
a
wa
ti
Ra
z
a
li
,
"
Us
a
b
il
it
y
d
ime
n
sio
n
s
fo
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
re
v
iew
,
"
Res
.
J
.
A
p
p
l.
S
c
i.
E
n
g
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
2
2
5
-
2
2
3
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
]
M
a
rti
g
n
o
n
i,
Dir
k
,
A
n
o
o
p
M
e
n
o
n
,
a
n
d
Nic
o
laj
S
i
g
g
e
l
k
o
w
,
"
Co
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
m
issp
e
c
ifi
e
d
m
e
n
tal
m
o
d
e
ls:
Co
n
tras
ti
n
g
e
ffe
c
ts an
d
th
e
ro
le o
f
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
fi
t
,
"
S
tra
teg
ic M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
37
,
n
o
.
13
,
p
p
.
2
5
4
5
-
2
5
6
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
F
a
rid
iza
d
,
Am
ir
M
a
so
u
d
,
a
n
d
S
a
e
i
d
Aliari
,
"
Co
m
b
i
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
e
rso
n
a
a
n
d
u
se
r
j
o
u
r
n
e
y
m
a
p
i
n
se
rv
ice
d
e
sig
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
"
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Da
ta
b
a
se
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
-
125
,
2
0
1
8
.
[7
]
Bra
ta
K.
C.
,
Li
a
n
g
D.
,
“
An
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
a
u
g
m
e
n
ted
re
a
l
it
y
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
su
p
p
o
rt
,”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
&
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
0
6
0
-
3
0
6
8
,
2
0
1
9
.
[8
]
En
d
m
a
n
n
,
A
n
ja,
a
n
d
Da
n
iela
K
e
ß
n
e
r
,
"
Us
e
r
Jo
u
r
n
e
y
M
a
p
p
in
g
–
A
M
e
th
o
d
in
Us
e
r
E
x
p
e
rien
c
e
De
sig
n
,
"
i
-
c
o
m
,
v
o
l.
15
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
-
1
1
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
Bra
ta
K.
C.
,
Hid
a
y
a
tu
ll
o
h
M
.
S
.
,
”
An
id
e
a
o
f
in
t
u
it
i
v
e
m
o
b
il
e
d
i
o
p
ter
c
a
lcu
lato
r
fo
r
m
y
o
p
ia
p
a
ti
e
n
t
,”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
17
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
7
-
3
1
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
Re
a
y
S
tep
h
e
n
D.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
P
ro
t
o
t
y
p
in
g
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
re
lati
o
n
sh
ip
s
b
e
t
we
e
n
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
e
x
p
e
r
ts:
m
a
p
p
in
g
t
h
e
p
a
ti
e
n
t
j
o
u
r
n
e
y
,
"
De
sig
n
fo
r He
a
l
th
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
65
-
79
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
Ab
ra
n
,
Ala
in
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Us
a
b
il
it
y
m
e
a
n
in
g
s
a
n
d
in
ter
p
re
tatio
n
s
i
n
I
S
O
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
,
"
S
o
ft
wa
re
q
u
a
li
ty
jo
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
11
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
2
5
-
3
3
8
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
2
]
Bro
o
k
e
,
Jo
h
n
,
"
S
US:
a
re
tro
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
u
s
a
b
i
li
ty stu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
29
-
40
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
3
]
M
o
o
n
Ka
ti
e
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
M
e
n
tal
m
o
d
e
ls
fo
r
c
o
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
,
"
Co
n
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
12
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
4
]
Jo
n
e
s
Na
talie
A.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
M
e
n
t
a
l
m
o
d
e
ls:
a
n
in
terd
isc
ip
li
n
a
ry
sy
n
th
e
sis
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
m
e
th
o
d
s
,
"
Eco
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
o
c
iety
,
v
o
l.
16
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
5
]
LaMere
,
Ke
lse
y
,
e
t
a
l.
"
M
a
k
in
g
th
e
m
o
st
o
f
m
e
n
tal
m
o
d
e
ls:
Ad
v
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
m
e
n
tal
m
o
d
e
l
e
li
c
it
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
tati
o
n
wi
th
e
x
p
e
rt
st
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
rs
,
"
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
&
S
o
f
twa
re
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
6
]
Ch
o
,
Ja
n
g
h
e
e
,
"
M
e
n
tal
m
o
d
e
ls
a
n
d
h
o
m
e
v
irt
u
a
l
a
ss
istan
ts
(HV
As
)
,
"
Exte
n
d
e
d
A
b
stra
c
ts
o
f
t
h
e
2
0
1
8
CHI
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
H
u
ma
n
Fa
c
t
o
rs
in
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
7
]
Kü
h
n
,
Ro
m
i
n
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
I
n
v
e
sti
g
a
ti
n
g
Us
e
rs’
Re
sp
o
n
se
s
to
Co
n
tex
t
-
Aw
a
re
P
re
se
n
tatio
n
s
o
n
Lar
g
e
Di
sp
lay
s
i
n
P
u
b
li
c
Tran
sp
o
rt
,
"
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
H
u
ma
n
-
Co
mp
u
ter
In
ter
a
c
ti
o
n
,
S
p
r
in
g
e
r,
Ch
a
m
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
Ko
n
g
,
P
e
n
n
y
,
He
n
r
iette
Co
rn
e
t,
a
n
d
F
ri
tz
F
re
n
k
ler
,
"
P
e
rso
n
a
s
a
n
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
d
e
sig
n
fo
r
p
u
b
li
c
se
rv
ice
ro
b
o
ts:
A
c
a
se
stu
d
y
with
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
v
e
h
icle
s i
n
p
u
b
l
ic t
ra
n
sp
o
rtatio
n
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Cy
b
e
rwo
rld
s
(CW
)
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
9
]
P
u
iu
,
Da
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
A
p
u
b
li
c
tran
s
p
o
rtatio
n
j
o
u
r
n
e
y
p
la
n
n
e
r
e
n
a
b
led
b
y
Io
T
d
a
ta
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
s
,
"
2
0
1
7
2
0
t
h
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
s i
n
Cl
o
u
d
s,
In
ter
n
e
t
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
s (ICIN)
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
0
]
Ho
wa
rd
,
T
h
a
ro
n
,
"
Jo
u
rn
e
y
m
a
p
p
in
g
:
A
b
rief
o
v
e
r
v
iew
,
"
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
De
sig
n
Q
u
a
rte
rly
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
pp.
10
-
13
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
1
]
Be
rn
a
rd
,
G
a
ë
l,
a
n
d
P
e
rik
li
s
An
d
ri
tso
s
,
"
A
p
ro
c
e
ss
m
in
in
g
b
a
se
d
m
o
d
e
l
fo
r
c
u
st
o
m
e
r
jo
u
r
n
e
y
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
,
"
F
o
ru
m
a
n
d
Do
c
to
ra
l
Co
n
so
rtiu
m
Pa
p
e
rs
Pr
e
se
n
ted
a
t
th
e
2
9
t
h
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
I
n
fo
r
ma
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(C
Ai
S
E
2
0
1
7
)
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
2
]
M
a
c
e
field
,
Rit
c
h
,
"
Ho
w
t
o
sp
e
c
if
y
th
e
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
siz
e
fo
r
u
s
a
b
il
it
y
st
u
d
ies
:
a
p
ra
c
ti
ti
o
n
e
r'
s
g
u
i
d
e
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Us
a
b
il
it
y
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
34
-
45
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
3
]
Bra
ta,
Ko
m
a
n
g
Ca
n
d
ra
,
a
n
d
De
ro
n
L
ian
g
,
"
C
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
f
u
se
r
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
o
n
m
o
b
il
e
p
e
d
e
strian
n
a
v
ig
a
ti
o
n
b
e
twe
e
n
d
i
g
it
a
l
m
a
p
in
terfa
c
e
a
n
d
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
a
u
g
m
e
n
ted
re
a
li
ty
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
10
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
7
-
2
0
4
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
4
]
Bra
ta,
Ko
m
a
n
g
Ca
n
d
ra
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
De
sig
n
o
f
p
u
b
li
c
tr
a
n
sp
o
rta
ti
o
n
n
a
v
ig
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
o
n
a
n
d
ro
i
d
we
a
r
d
e
v
ice
,
"
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
S
IET
)
,
2
0
1
7
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
IE
E
E
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
5
]
Bra
ta,
Ko
m
a
n
g
Ca
n
d
ra
,
De
ro
n
Li
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
S
h
o
leh
Ha
d
i
P
ra
m
o
n
o
,
"
Lo
c
a
ti
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
a
u
g
m
e
n
te
d
re
a
li
ty
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
b
u
s
ro
u
te
p
lan
n
in
g
sy
ste
m
,
"
I
n
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp.
1
4
2
-
149
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
6
]
Bra
ta,
Ko
m
a
n
g
Ca
n
d
ra
,
a
n
d
Ad
a
m
He
n
d
ra
Bra
ta
,
"
Us
e
r
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
jap
a
n
e
se
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
m
o
b
il
e
lea
rn
in
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
t
h
ro
u
g
h
m
e
n
tal
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
A/B
tes
ti
n
g
,
"
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
10
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
6
5
9
-
2
6
6
7
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
7
]
Cu
rc
io
,
Ka
rin
a
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Us
a
b
il
i
ty
in
a
g
il
e
so
ftwa
re
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t:
A
tertiary
stu
d
y
,
"
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
ta
n
d
a
r
d
s
&
In
ter
fa
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
64
,
p
p
.
61
-
77
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
8
]
IEE
E
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
o
c
iety
,
“
IEE
E
S
tan
d
a
rd
f
o
r
S
y
ste
m
a
n
d
S
o
ftwa
r
e
Ve
rifi
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Va
li
d
a
ti
o
n
,
”
I
EE
E
S
t
d
1
0
1
2
™
-
2
0
1
2
,
2
0
1
2
[2
9
]
Lew
is,
Ja
m
e
s
R.
,
a
n
d
Je
ff
S
a
u
ro
,
"
Item
b
e
n
c
h
m
a
rk
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
sy
ste
m
u
sa
b
il
it
y
sc
a
le
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Us
a
b
il
i
ty
S
tu
d
ies
,
v
o
l.
13
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
0
]
Lew
is,
Ja
m
e
s
R.
,
a
n
d
Je
ff
S
a
u
ro
,
"
Th
e
fa
c
to
r
str
u
c
tu
re
o
f
th
e
sy
st
e
m
u
sa
b
il
it
y
sc
a
le
,
"
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
h
u
ma
n
c
e
n
ter
e
d
d
e
sig
n
.
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
Be
rli
n
,
He
id
e
l
b
e
rg
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
1
]
S
a
u
ro
,
Je
ff,
a
n
d
Ja
m
e
s
R.
Lew
is
,
"
Wh
e
n
d
e
sig
n
in
g
u
sa
b
il
it
y
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ires
,
d
o
e
s
it
h
u
rt
to
b
e
p
o
siti
v
e
?
,
"
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
S
IGCH
I
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Hu
ma
n
F
a
c
to
rs
i
n
Co
m
p
u
t
in
g
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
2
1
5
-
2
2
2
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
Usa
b
ilit
y
imp
r
o
ve
men
t o
f p
u
b
l
ic
tr
a
n
s
it a
p
p
lica
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
men
ta
l m
o
d
el
a
n
d
…
(
K
o
ma
n
g
C
a
n
d
r
a
B
r
a
ta
)
405
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
K
o
m
a
n
g
Ca
n
d
r
a
Br
a
ta
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Co
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Un
iv
e
rsitas
Bra
wijay
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
S
in
c
e
2
0
1
5
,
h
e
a
c
ti
v
e
s
a
s
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
,
G
a
m
e
,
a
n
d
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
Lab
o
ra
to
r
y
i
n
sid
e
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
n
M
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Na
t
io
n
a
l
Ce
n
tral
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Taiwa
n
in
2
0
1
4
a
s
a
n
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Du
a
l
De
g
re
e
M
a
ste
r
stu
d
e
n
t
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Bra
wijay
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
a
n
d
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Ce
n
tral
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Taiwa
n
.
In
2
0
1
2
,
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
Bra
wijay
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
His
re
s
e
a
rc
h
a
re
a
c
o
v
e
rs
so
ftwa
re
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
m
o
b
il
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
,
u
se
r
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
,
HCI,
a
u
g
m
e
n
ted
re
a
li
ty
,
a
n
d
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Ar
y
o
Pi
n
a
n
d
it
o
re
c
e
iv
e
d
S
.
T.
(B
a
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
)
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
Bra
wijay
a
,
M
a
la
n
g
,
Eas
t
Ja
v
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
,
in
2
0
0
5
,
re
c
e
iv
e
d
M
.
M
T
(M
a
ste
r
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t)
d
e
g
re
e
in
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
fro
m
I
n
stit
u
t
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
S
e
p
u
l
u
h
No
p
e
m
b
e
r,
S
u
ra
b
a
y
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
i
n
2
0
1
1
.
F
r
o
m
2
0
0
7
t
o
2
0
1
1
,
h
e
wa
s a
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
wit
h
S
a
m
su
n
g
Tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
.
S
in
c
e
2
0
1
2
,
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
n
d
a
s
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
,
G
a
m
e
,
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia,
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
Lea
rn
i
n
g
Lab
o
ra
to
r
y
with
th
e
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Un
iv
e
rsitas
Bra
wijay
a
,
M
a
lan
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
rs
o
f
a
b
o
o
k
in
m
o
b
i
le
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
writt
e
n
i
n
Ba
h
a
sa
In
d
o
n
e
sia
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
o
f
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
0
a
rti
c
l
e
s.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsi
n
g
h
is
d
o
c
to
ra
l
d
e
g
re
e
a
t
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Hiro
sh
ima
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Ja
p
a
n
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
we
b
a
n
d
m
o
b
il
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
a
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
i
n
so
ftwa
re
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
lea
rn
in
g
.
Nuriz
a
l
Dw
i
Pri
a
n
d
a
n
i
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
-
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Bra
wijay
a
U
n
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
t
h
e
M
a
ste
r
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
th
e
M
a
ste
r
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
/
In
fo
rm
a
ti
c
s
P
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
-
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Bra
wijay
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
i
n
2
0
1
6
.
His
r
e
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
a
re
a
a
re
in
th
e
a
re
a
s
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
De
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
Hu
m
a
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
In
tera
c
ti
o
n
,
Da
ta
M
in
i
n
g
,
P
a
tt
e
rn
Re
c
o
g
n
i
ti
o
n
.
Ma
h
a
r
d
e
k
a
Tr
i
Ana
n
t
a
is
a
ju
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Bra
w
ij
a
y
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter S
c
ien
c
e
s.
In
2
0
1
4
,
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
n
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
d
u
a
l
-
g
ra
d
u
a
te M
a
ste
r'
s
De
g
re
e
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
I
n
fo
r
m
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Bra
wijay
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Ce
n
t
ra
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
i
n
Taiwa
n
.
In
2
0
1
2
h
e
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
fr
o
m
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
c
s
a
t
Bra
wijay
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
.
His
a
re
a
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
in
c
lu
d
e
s
Us
e
r
Ex
p
e
rien
c
e
,
HCI,
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
Cro
wd
so
u
rc
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.