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ass
o
ciate
s
h
av
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
h
is
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
c
r
ea
ted
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
with
m
o
d
if
ied
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
to
m
ax
i
m
ize
th
e
an
g
u
la
r
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
(
AC
U)
[
2
2
]
.
An
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
th
at
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Z
h
e
n
g
et
a
l.
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
AC
U
i
s
u
s
in
g
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
co
atin
g
th
e
W
L
E
Ds
b
y
im
m
er
s
io
n
[
2
3
]
.
L
iu
e
t
a
l.
p
r
o
ject
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
s
tack
in
g
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
an
d
ap
p
ly
in
g
in
v
er
s
ed
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
wo
u
ld
lead
to
b
etter
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
th
an
t
h
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
with
o
n
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
ese
m
e
th
o
d
s
ac
h
iev
e
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lt
s
f
o
r
s
aid
s
u
b
ject,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
at
th
eir
co
m
p
lex
i
ty
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ex
p
en
s
e
a
r
e
n
o
t
o
p
tim
al
f
o
r
s
er
ial
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
w
h
ich
u
s
es
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
ca
lcu
lated
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
is
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
lig
h
t
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
b
u
t
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
b
y
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
th
e
g
en
er
ated
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
s
tack
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
e
m
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
ef
in
itely
a
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
m
eth
o
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
W
L
E
Ds,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
a
n
g
u
la
r
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
is
n
o
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
at
r
em
o
te
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
en
e
f
its
.
T
o
in
clu
d
e
th
e
an
g
u
lar
co
l
o
r
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
r
em
o
te
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
’
s
ad
v
a
n
tag
es,
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
tr
ied
to
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
u
ch
as
Ku
o
et
a
l.
with
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
at
h
as
a
b
lan
k
cir
c
u
lar
a
r
ea
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
t
h
e
b
lu
e
li
g
h
t
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
Hu
an
g
et
a
l.
b
ala
n
ce
th
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
lig
h
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
W
L
E
Ds
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
p
atter
n
e
d
s
ap
p
h
ir
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
th
at
en
h
an
c
es
th
e
s
ca
tter
ed
b
lu
e
lig
h
t
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
,
C
h
en
et
a
l
.
d
if
f
u
s
ed
th
e
Z
r
O
2
n
an
o
p
a
r
ticles
o
n
to
th
e
p
ac
k
a
g
e
as
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
s
tab
ilize
th
e
co
lo
r
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
t
h
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
was
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
W
L
E
D
s
with
s
ilico
n
e
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
H
o
wev
er
,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
with
PiG,
th
er
e
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
e
s
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
h
o
w
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
an
g
u
lar
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
in
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
lig
h
tin
g
d
e
v
ice
[
2
5
]
.
Fo
r
PiG
W
L
E
Ds,
t
h
e
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
l
u
e
an
d
y
ello
w
lead
s
to
b
ad
c
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
an
d
an
e
f
f
ec
t
ca
lled
th
e
y
ello
w
r
in
g
th
at
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
s
th
e
p
r
o
jecte
d
lig
h
t
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
u
s
,
f
in
d
in
g
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
in
W
L
E
Ds
with
PiG
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
tar
g
et
f
o
r
W
L
E
Ds
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t.
C
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
ap
p
ea
r
a
n
ce
o
f
PiG i
s
an
es
s
en
tial c
r
iter
io
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
co
m
p
licated
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
c
r
e
ate
PiG
m
ak
es
it
h
ar
d
to
a
ch
i
ev
e
th
is
g
o
al.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
f
p
atter
n
ed
PiG
th
at
allo
w
s
b
etter
co
l
o
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
to
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
ac
cu
r
ate
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
o
n
s
u
b
ject’
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
we
h
a
v
e
v
e
r
if
ied
th
at
co
n
e
-
s
h
ap
e
d
PiG
W
L
E
Ds with
m
u
ltip
le
lay
er
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
b
lu
e
lig
h
ts
at
wid
er
an
g
les an
d
b
etter
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
t
ies
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
at
5
6
0
0
K
an
d
8
5
0
0
K
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
L
ig
h
tTo
o
ls
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
later
p
u
t
to
g
et
h
er
to
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
im
p
ac
ts
th
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
alter
atio
n
s
h
ad
o
n
W
L
E
D
lig
h
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
W
L
E
D
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
b
lu
e
L
E
D
ch
ip
s
,
m
u
ltip
l
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
s
,
o
n
e
r
ef
lecto
r
cu
p
,
an
d
a
s
ilico
n
e
lay
er
.
T
h
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
h
alf
-
d
o
r
m
th
at
co
v
er
s
th
e
co
n
ten
t u
n
d
er
n
ea
t
h
,
as c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
f
lecto
r
cu
p
o
f
W
L
E
Ds
m
o
d
el
ar
e
2
.
0
7
m
m
h
i
g
h
,
8
m
m
lo
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
tto
m
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
L
E
D
b
l
u
e
ch
ip
s
attac
h
e
d
to
th
e
r
ef
lect
o
r
o
w
n
th
e
s
ize
o
f
1
.
1
4
m
m
wid
th
an
d
0
.
1
5
m
m
h
eig
h
t
a
n
d
em
it
1
.
1
6
W
at
4
5
3
n
m
p
ea
k
wa
v
elen
g
th
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
ch
i
p
s
ar
e
e
n
s
u
r
ed
to
b
e
id
en
tical
to
o
b
tain
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
lig
h
t
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
0
.
0
8
m
m
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
is
laid
o
v
er
th
e
ch
ip
s
,
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c)
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
d
)
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
,
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
be
twee
n
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
i
s
ch
an
g
ed
s
ev
er
al
tim
es,
an
d
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
d
ef
in
e
th
eir
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
T
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
a
r
ticles ar
e
in
s
p
h
er
ical
f
o
r
m
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
1
4
.
5
µm
.
I
n
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
,
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
in
W
L
E
Ds
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
0
.
2
4
m
m
an
d
co
n
s
tan
tly
r
aised
to
0
.
8
4
m
m
.
T
h
e
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
t
will
im
p
ac
t
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
lig
h
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
a
n
d
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
,
wh
ich
lead
s
u
s
to
th
e
o
p
tim
al
d
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
W
L
E
Ds’
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t,
it
is
cr
u
ci
al
to
k
ee
p
th
e
C
C
T
in
d
ex
s
tab
le
s
o
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t,
an
d
t
o
ac
h
i
ev
e
th
is
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
ad
ju
s
ted
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
ea
ch
d
is
tin
ct
d
is
tan
ce
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
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p
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o
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Mu
ltil
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h
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s
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r
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p
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t in
WL
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r
u
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ifo
r
mity
(
Hu
u
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h
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c
Da
n
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)
979
(a
)
(b
)
(c
)
(d
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ph
o
to
g
r
a
p
h
o
f
W
L
E
Ds s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
;
(
a)
ac
tu
al
W
L
E
Ds,
(
b
)
b
o
n
d
in
g
d
iag
r
am
,
(
c)
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
d
u
al
-
lay
e
r
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
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r
e
,
a
n
d
(
d
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illu
s
tr
atio
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o
f
tr
ip
p
le
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lay
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p
h
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s
p
h
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r
s
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ctu
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I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
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an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
in
th
e
r
e
d
p
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d
g
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n
p
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ar
e
s
ettled
wh
ile
th
o
s
e
v
alu
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y
ello
w
p
h
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s
p
h
o
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is
alter
ed
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o
m
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ar
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g
to
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e
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-
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u
p
p
h
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p
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d
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n
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o
r
m
al
p
h
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p
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r
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e
co
l
o
r
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
in
d
e
x
in
r
em
o
te
p
h
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s
p
h
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r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
m
u
ch
h
ar
d
er
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
e
id
e
a
o
f
ad
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
ch
r
o
m
atic
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
to
W
L
E
Ds
f
o
r
b
etter
o
p
tical
v
alu
es
s
u
ch
as
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
o
r
c
o
l
o
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
i
n
d
ex
,
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
f
o
r
lu
m
i
n
o
u
s
f
lu
x
an
d
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
ese
ex
tr
a
lay
er
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
ei
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
4
d
if
f
er
en
t W
L
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Ds with
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
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r
e
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
6
0
0
K
to
8
5
0
0
K.
I
n
all
th
e
r
esear
ch
es
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
ta
r
g
e
ts
ar
e
s
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le
ch
ip
W
L
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Ds
with
co
lo
r
tem
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er
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lo
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r
th
an
7
0
0
0
K.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
o
f
lig
h
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
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with
co
lo
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ab
o
v
e
7
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is
m
o
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c
h
allen
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u
e
to
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i
m
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ac
ts
f
r
o
m
o
th
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r
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
f
r
o
m
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
.
I
n
h
ig
h
er
co
lo
r
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
W
L
E
Ds,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
o
b
v
i
o
u
s
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
c
o
lo
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
th
e
lo
wer
y
ello
w
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
c
h
an
g
es
in
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ar
e
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
to
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
a
n
d
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
.
No
t
to
m
en
tio
n
,
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
an
d
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
also
h
a
v
e
g
r
e
at
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
v
er
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
o
p
tic
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
m
e
asu
r
em
en
ts
o
f
th
ese
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
y
ello
w
YAG:Ce
3+
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
a
s
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
d
an
d
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
wt
;
(
a)
d
u
al
-
la
y
er
p
h
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s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
,
an
d
(
b
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tr
ip
p
le
-
la
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er
p
h
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s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ch
a
n
g
es
th
at
d
is
tan
ce
d
b
r
i
n
g
s
to
th
e
l
u
m
en
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
W
L
E
Ds.
As
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
wh
en
d
in
c
r
ea
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es
f
r
o
m
0
.
2
4
m
m
to
0
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6
4
m
m
,
th
e
l
u
m
en
o
u
t
p
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t
ten
d
s
to
i
n
cr
ea
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e
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d
r
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ch
e
s
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
v
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e
o
f
9
6
8
lm
at
d
=
0
.
6
4
m
m
.
T
h
e
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
f
o
r
th
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r
esu
l
t
c
an
b
e
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r
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ted
as
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e
f
o
llo
wi
n
g
p
o
in
t.
W
h
en
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
ex
p
an
d
s
,
it
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ea
s
ier
f
o
r
th
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li
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h
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tr
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m
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et
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t
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th
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o
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d
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ce
ab
o
v
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0
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4
m
m
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t
h
e
y
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w
p
h
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s
p
h
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r
YAG:Ce
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also
r
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wh
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o
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p
o
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ite
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ec
t
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ce
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t.
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h
e
d
is
cr
ep
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cies
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tp
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t
at
d
if
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e
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en
t
d
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tan
ce
s
d
ca
n
b
e
tr
ac
k
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f
r
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m
T
ab
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1
.
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h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
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h
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u
tp
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t
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th
e
r
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o
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e
v
en
ts
:
f
ir
s
t
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
th
e
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
in
W
L
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an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
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ce
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lea
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to
th
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o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
lig
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tr
an
s
m
is
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io
n
.
W
h
en
d
=0
.
6
4
m
m
,
th
e
lu
m
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o
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tp
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t
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in
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ea
s
ed
,
wh
ich
is
7
1
lm
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
0
.
2
4
m
m
.
T
h
is
h
as c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
9
.
7
% e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
v
alu
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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1
6
9
3
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T
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KOM
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T
elec
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19
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No
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3
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J
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2
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1
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T
ab
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h
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(
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
lu
m
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o
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s
o
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t
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u
t
o
f
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L
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Ds
a
s
a
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
an
d
g
r
ee
n
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h
o
s
p
h
o
r
wt
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(
a)
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al
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la
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er
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h
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h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
,
an
d
(
b
)
tr
ip
p
le
-
la
y
er
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es o
f
m
o
d
i
f
y
in
g
d
is
tan
ce
d
ar
e
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t in
n
o
t o
n
ly
th
e
lig
h
t o
u
tp
u
t b
u
t a
ls
o
th
e
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
,
wh
ich
ar
e
attain
ed
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
c
o
lo
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d
ev
i
atio
n
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
h
en
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
th
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
d
,
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e
f
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win
g
th
e
em
itted
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h
t
to
m
o
v
e
m
o
r
e
f
r
ee
ly
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m
o
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th
e
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h
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h
o
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lay
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,
it
also
lead
s
to
b
etter
s
ca
tter
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g
ev
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ts
as a
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f
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h
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ch
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is
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r
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ted
T
ab
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2
.
As
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e
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t
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2
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8
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m
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s
t
n
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le
im
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r
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ly
5
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ich
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n
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lo
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u
n
if
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ity
o
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Ds i
s
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b
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ig
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h
e
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p
an
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io
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ar
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o
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etwe
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n
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e
ch
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m
atic
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h
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u
s
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g
to
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etter
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lo
r
q
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ality
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T
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o
r
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e
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m
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s
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h
o
r
lay
er
s
is
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
b
etter
lu
m
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o
u
s
f
lu
x
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d
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
in
W
L
E
Ds.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
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a
s
a
f
u
n
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o
f
d
with
th
e
av
e
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ag
e
C
C
T
s
C
C
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0
.
2
4
mm
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4
mm
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4
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6
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1
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6
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1
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3
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K
T
h
e
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f
co
lo
r
r
e
n
d
er
in
g
in
d
ex
(
C
R
I
)
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
As
th
e
g
r
ap
h
s
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
u
g
g
est,
th
e
r
en
d
e
r
in
g
ab
ilit
y
will
r
em
ain
s
tatic
d
esp
ite
th
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
in
d
is
tan
ce
d
.
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h
is
ev
en
t
b
r
in
g
s
u
p
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
i
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
as
th
e
u
s
u
al
r
ea
ctio
n
wh
e
n
a
d
d
i
n
g
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
wo
u
ld
b
e
th
e
C
R
I
r
is
es
wh
ile
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
f
alls
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
an
in
tr
ig
u
in
g
r
esu
lt
o
cc
u
r
s
in
th
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
itu
atio
n
th
at
th
e
C
R
I
was
u
n
ch
an
g
ed
wh
ile
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
an
d
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
wer
e
en
h
an
ce
d
.
T
h
is
tr
ac
es
b
ac
k
to
th
e
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
s
with
in
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
r
e
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
is
p
lace
d
at
t
h
e
to
p
.
W
ith
t
h
is
k
i
n
d
o
f
a
r
r
an
g
em
en
t,
th
e
e
m
itted
lig
h
t
af
ter
p
ass
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
g
r
ee
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
h
as
m
o
s
tly
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
to
th
e
w
h
ite
lig
h
t b
ef
o
r
e
r
ea
c
h
in
g
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
lo
w
wh
ite
lig
h
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
,
it
ex
p
lain
e
d
wh
y
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
is
n
o
t
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
co
lo
r
r
en
d
er
in
g
in
d
ex
as
i
n
ten
d
ed
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ad
d
i
n
g
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
is
s
till
b
en
ef
icial
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
lig
h
t
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
d
co
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t.
Alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
C
R
I
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ec
ei
v
e
an
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
a
n
d
c
o
lo
r
q
u
ality
ar
e
alr
ea
d
y
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
W
L
E
Ds d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
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p
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ltil
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p
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r
th
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ev
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p
men
t in
WL
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co
lo
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mity
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u
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h
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981
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g
u
r
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h
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o
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s
a
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d
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d
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n
p
h
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s
p
h
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r
wt
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a)
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u
al
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la
y
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p
h
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s
p
h
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r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
,
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d
(
b
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ip
p
le
-
la
y
er
p
h
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s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
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r
e
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a)
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b
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i
g
u
r
e
5
.
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h
e
c
o
l
o
r
r
e
n
d
e
r
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n
g
i
n
d
e
x
o
f
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s
a
s
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f
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n
c
t
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o
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h
o
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a)
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al
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la
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h
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h
o
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s
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ct
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r
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ip
p
le
-
la
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p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t,
th
e
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
s
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
d
o
n
W
L
E
D
s
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
d
etails.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ap
p
licat
io
n
o
f
Mie
-
s
ca
tter
in
g
th
eo
r
y
,
we
h
a
v
e
c
o
m
p
u
te
d
a
n
d
v
er
i
f
ied
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
o
p
tical
s
im
u
latio
n
.
I
n
p
a
r
ticu
l
ar
,
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
ac
h
iev
e
d
9
.
7
%
g
r
o
wth
at
d
=0
.
6
4
in
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
d
=0
.
2
4
.
Ho
wev
er
,
h
ig
h
e
r
d
is
tan
ce
(
ab
o
v
e
0
.
6
4
m
m
)
will
r
esu
lt
i
n
a
m
in
im
al
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
,
b
ec
au
s
e
YAG:Ce
3+
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
is
es
an
d
o
b
s
tr
u
cts
th
e
lig
h
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
lig
h
tin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
h
o
u
ld
ch
o
o
s
e
d
=
0
.
6
4
m
m
.
B
esid
e
th
e
lu
m
in
o
u
s
f
lu
x
ef
f
ec
ts
,
th
e
c
o
lo
u
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
is
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
d
is
tan
ce
a
p
p
licatio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
is
tan
ce
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
lo
r
d
ev
iatio
n
b
y
5
0
%,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
at
d
=0
.
8
4
,
c
o
lo
r
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
is
two
tim
es
en
h
an
ce
d
f
o
r
W
L
E
Ds
at
8
5
0
0
K.
T
h
is
d
is
tan
ce
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
b
y
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
wh
o
d
em
an
d
h
ig
h
e
r
co
lo
r
q
u
ality
i
n
th
eir
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
T
h
e
f
in
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
,
co
lo
r
r
e
n
d
er
in
g
i
n
d
ex
(
C
R
I
)
,
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
u
n
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
lay
er
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
lan
ati
o
n
f
o
r
th
is
e
v
en
t
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
at
th
e
to
p
h
as
th
e
lo
w
wh
it
e
lig
h
t
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ity
,
w
h
ich
m
a
k
es
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
er
less
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
to
th
e
r
en
d
er
in
g
ab
ilit
y
o
f
W
L
E
Ds,
lead
in
g
to
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
e
i
n
C
R
I
wh
en
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
in
cr
ea
s
es.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
lay
e
r
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
t
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
ev
en
ts
i
n
th
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
an
d
s
tab
ilizin
g
th
e
C
R
I
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
i
o
n
,
with
a
p
r
o
p
er
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
iv
e
n
in
th
is
r
esea
r
ch
,
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
r
s
ca
n
cr
ea
te
b
etter
W
L
E
Ds th
at
f
it th
eir
tar
g
ets.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
C.
Ha
n
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Eff
e
c
t
o
f
su
rfa
c
e
re
c
o
m
b
in
a
ti
o
n
in
h
i
g
h
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
wh
it
e
-
li
g
h
t
CH
3
NH
3
P
b
I
3
sin
g
le
c
ry
sta
l
p
h
o
to
d
e
t
e
c
to
rs,"
O
p
t.
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
p
p
.
2
6
3
0
7
-
2
6
3
1
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
]
N.
T.
Ca
n
h
e
t
a
l.
,
"
El
e
c
tro
h
y
d
ro
d
y
n
a
m
ic
jet
-
sp
ra
y
e
d
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
d
o
ts
fo
r
so
lu
ti
o
n
-
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
d
li
g
h
t
-
e
m
it
ti
n
g
-
d
io
d
e
s,
"
Op
t.
M
a
ter
.
Ex
p
re
ss
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
3
7
3
8
-
3
7
4
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
]
C.
Hu
a
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ba
n
d
wi
d
th
c
o
r
re
c
ti
o
n
o
f
sp
e
c
tral
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
b
a
se
d
o
n
Lev
e
n
b
e
rg
–
M
a
rq
u
a
rd
t
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
with
imp
r
o
v
e
d
Ti
k
h
o
n
o
v
re
g
u
lariz
a
ti
o
n
,
"
Ap
p
l.
O
p
t,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
p
p
.
2
1
6
6
-
2
1
7
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NI
KA
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l Co
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
19
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
9
7
7
-
9
8
2
982
[4
]
Y.
Xie
e
t
a
l.
,
"
En
c
a
p
su
late
d
ro
o
m
-
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
sy
n
th
e
siz
e
d
CsP
b
X3
p
e
ro
v
s
k
it
e
q
u
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts
with
h
i
g
h
sta
b
il
i
t
y
a
n
d
wid
e
c
o
lo
r
g
a
m
u
t
f
o
r
d
isp
lay
,
"
Op
t.
M
a
ter
.
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
3
4
9
4
-
3
5
0
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
]
T.
Ko
z
a
c
k
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