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1
9
Uni
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s
Ahm
a
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D
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All
rig
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s
r
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s
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d
.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
F
l
uo
r
om
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s
are s
e
ns
i
ti
v
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eq
u
i
pm
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t th
a
t c
an
c
l
as
s
i
f
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c
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l
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ate
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s
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ed
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ag
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tan
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f
l
u
ores
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en
t
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ha
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ac
te
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ti
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s
[1
–
9]
.
Ho
wev
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i
t
i
s
no
t
ea
s
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ac
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es
s
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s
eq
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os
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ec
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n
an
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o
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i
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al
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s
t
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n
g
f
r
om
the
r
es
ea
r
c
h
an
d
c
ha
r
ac
teri
z
a
ti
on
of
m
ate
r
i
al
s
o
bta
i
ne
d
l
oc
al
l
y
[5,
10
,
11
]
.
T
he
de
s
i
gn
of
l
o
w
-
c
os
t
f
l
u
orom
ete
r
s
tha
t
i
m
prov
e
th
e
op
t
i
c
al
s
pe
c
tr
os
c
op
y
[
12
]
of
bi
ol
og
i
c
a
l
m
ate
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al
s
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h
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ng
i
n
ba
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o
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n
s
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s
a
g
ap
we
m
u
s
t
f
ac
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[10
,
13
–
15
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
L
E
D
tec
h
no
l
og
y
[16]
as
an
ex
c
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tat
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on
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r
c
e
ha
s
be
en
r
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l
ac
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as
ers
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ec
au
s
e
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y
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on
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t.
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l
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e
c
ha
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teri
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ti
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s
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f
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en
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f
l
uo
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om
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s
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s
c
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s
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ol
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eg
es
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d
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i
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t
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es
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s
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20
13
,
a
f
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r
to
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ea
s
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c
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ng
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4
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Ros
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t o
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ph
oto
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e r
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ei
v
er (
P
D
)
[17]
.
A
s
l
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gh
t
l
y
m
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d
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u
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s
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20
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V
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LE
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0
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e
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Ds
at
45
0
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a
U
S
B
20
0
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+
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pe
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tr
om
ete
r
as
the
d
et
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t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
[18]
.
L
E
Ds
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e
n
ot
o
nl
y
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e
d
as
an
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c
i
tat
i
on
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ou
r
c
e
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o
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or
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s
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;
i
n
19
9
2,
a
c
h
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p
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th
an
arr
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y
o
f
s
i
x
LE
Ds
was
de
v
el
op
e
d
an
d
i
m
pl
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en
ted
i
n
a
s
o
l
ar
ph
ot
om
ete
r
to
m
ea
s
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atm
o
s
ph
eric
turbi
di
t
y
an
d
prec
i
pi
tab
l
e
w
at
er
[19]
.
I
n
2
00
5,
A
c
ha
r
y
a
de
v
el
op
e
d
a
s
o
l
ar
ph
ot
om
ete
r
to
m
ea
s
ure
v
ari
ati
on
s
of
op
ti
c
a
l
de
pth
of
the
atm
os
ph
ere
us
i
n
g
three
LE
Ds
(
r
ed
,
y
e
l
l
o
w
an
d
gree
n)
as
a
de
t
ec
ti
o
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
de
m
on
s
tr
ate
d
th
at
th
e
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
r
es
po
ns
e o
f
L
E
Ds
i
s
or
i
en
t
ed
to
war
d
wav
el
en
gt
hs
of
g
r
ea
ter p
o
w
er
[
20
]
.
La
u
an
d
c
o
l
l
ab
orat
ors
i
n
20
06
d
ev
el
o
pe
d
a
n
op
t
i
c
a
l
d
ev
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c
e
f
or
c
o
l
orim
etri
c
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
ba
s
ed
on
a
l
i
gh
t
-
em
i
tti
ng
di
o
de
(
LE
D)
as
t
he
de
t
ec
t
or;
th
e
eq
u
i
pm
en
t
w
as
v
al
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thro
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h
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T
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KO
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Charac
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Mi
gu
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l
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ab
s
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m
ea
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m
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B
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O
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20
07
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w
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de
t
ec
ti
o
n
[2
2]
.
A
m
ul
ti
-
c
ol
or
RG
B
LE
D
(
em
i
tti
ng
r
ed
at
6
25
nm
,
green
at
5
27
nm
,
an
d
bl
u
e
at
46
0
nm
)
ha
s
be
en
i
m
pl
em
en
te
d
to
wor
k
s
i
m
ul
tan
eo
us
l
y
as
a
l
i
gh
t
e
m
i
tte
r
f
or
ex
c
i
tat
i
on
an
d
l
u
m
i
ne
s
c
en
c
e
r
ec
ep
tor
i
n
p
h
os
ph
or
m
ate
r
i
al
s
(
50
0
–
65
0
nm
)
[23]
.
In
20
12
,
P
ok
r
z
y
wn
i
c
k
a
an
d
c
o
l
l
ab
o
r
at
ors
de
v
e
l
op
ed
op
to
el
ec
tr
on
i
c
f
l
o
w
de
tec
tors
i
n
m
i
ni
atu
r
e
to
de
t
erm
i
ne
ph
oto
m
etri
c
al
l
y
a
nd
f
l
uo
r
om
etri
c
al
l
y
pro
tei
ns
s
uc
h
as
al
b
um
i
n
an
d
g
l
ob
ul
i
ns
[24
]
.
F
i
ed
oruk
an
d
c
o
l
l
a
bo
r
at
ors
i
n
20
1
5
w
ere
ab
l
e
to
d
et
ec
t
ph
os
ph
orus
i
n
s
oi
l
s
an
d
c
a
l
c
i
um
an
d
p
h
os
ph
orus
i
n
hu
m
an
s
era
b
y
us
i
ng
ex
t
erna
l
f
l
uo
r
op
ho
r
e
s
as
m
ar
k
ers
,
i
nd
uc
i
ng
f
l
uo
r
es
c
en
c
e
wi
th
two
green
L
E
Ds
of
52
5
nm
,
an
d
t
he
n
d
ete
c
t
i
ng
th
e
f
l
u
o
r
es
c
en
c
e
w
i
th
a
r
ed
L
E
D
of
65
0
nm
[25
,
2
6]
.
In
20
18
,
F
i
ed
oruk
et
al
.
pe
r
f
or
m
ed
the
p
ho
t
om
etri
c
de
term
i
na
ti
on
of
he
m
og
l
ob
i
n
i
n
h
um
an
bl
oo
d
as
wel
l
as
f
l
uo
r
om
etri
c
de
term
i
na
ti
on
of
qu
i
n
i
ne
i
n
ton
i
c
s
an
d
c
al
c
i
um
i
on
s
i
n m
i
ne
r
al
wat
ers
us
i
ng
t
he
s
e
du
a
l
L
E
D s
y
s
t
em
s
[27]
.
A
l
l
th
es
e
w
ork
s
r
ep
ort
the
r
es
ul
ts
of
LE
D
ap
pl
i
c
ati
on
s
as
ex
c
i
tat
i
on
s
ou
r
c
es
an
d
l
i
gh
t
s
en
s
ors
; h
o
wev
er, no
ne
m
ak
es
a
de
ta
i
l
ed
an
d
s
i
m
pl
e
c
ha
r
ac
teri
z
at
i
on
of
th
e
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
f
or i
ts
i
m
pl
em
en
tat
i
on
,
w
h
i
c
h
as
wel
l
as
th
e
f
l
u
ores
c
en
c
e
m
ea
s
urem
en
t
of
f
l
uo
r
es
c
e
i
n
an
d
gree
n
l
e
af
ex
tr
ac
t
(
tot
a
l
c
hl
oroph
y
l
l
)
,
i
s
the
p
urpos
e
of
thi
s
w
ork
.
E
i
gh
t
LE
Ds
(
on
e
bl
ue
,
on
e
gr
ee
n,
on
e
r
ed
,
on
e
i
nf
r
ared,
a
nd
f
ou
r
v
i
o
l
ets
)
are
us
ed
i
n
t
h
e
t
es
t,
where
t
he
f
i
r
s
t
f
ou
r
are
us
ed
as
s
en
s
ors
wi
th
ou
t
op
t
i
c
al
f
i
l
ters
an
d
th
e
l
as
t
f
ou
r
are
us
e
d
as
th
e
ex
c
i
tat
i
on
s
o
urc
e.
T
o
s
ho
w
thi
s
,
s
ec
ti
on
2
pres
en
ts
the
m
ate
r
i
a
l
s
an
d
m
eth
od
s
,
s
ec
ti
on
3
d
es
c
r
i
b
es
the
r
es
ul
ts
an
d
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
,
an
d
s
ec
ti
on
4
i
nc
l
u
de
s
t
h
e c
on
c
l
us
i
o
ns
.
2.
M
ateri
als
and
M
eth
o
d
s
2.1
. Ch
ar
a
cteri
z
atio
n
of
L
E
Ds
F
ou
r
L
E
Ds
of
e
as
y
ac
qu
i
s
i
ti
on
w
ere
us
e
d
as
s
en
s
ors
:
i
nf
r
ared
L
E
D
(
Ir
L
E
D)
,
r
e
d
LE
D
(
r
LE
D)
,
gree
n
LE
D
(
gL
E
D)
,
an
d
b
l
u
e
LE
D
(
bL
E
D)
,
a
l
l
wi
th
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
5
m
m
en
c
ap
s
u
l
at
i
on
.
F
ou
r
v
i
o
l
et
L
E
Ds
(
v
L
E
Ds
)
w
ere
us
ed
as
the
ex
c
i
t
ati
on
s
o
urc
e.
A
l
l
LE
Ds
w
ere
as
s
em
bl
ed
i
n
a
c
uv
ett
e
ho
l
de
r
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
g
ure
1
an
d
p
l
ac
e
d
i
n
a
b
l
ac
k
bo
x
to
a
v
o
i
d
i
nte
r
f
erenc
e
b
y
ex
ternal
l
i
g
ht.
T
he
em
i
s
s
i
on
s
pe
c
tr
a
of
th
e
e
i
g
ht
LE
Ds
wer
e
ob
t
a
i
n
ed
w
i
t
h
a
F
LA
M
E
-
S
m
i
ni
atu
r
e
s
pe
c
tr
om
ete
r
fr
o
m
O
c
ea
n
O
pti
c
s
at
a
d
i
od
e
c
urr
en
t
of
15
m
A
.
T
ab
l
e
1
r
ep
orts
pe
ak
w
av
el
en
g
ths
an
d
ba
n
d
w
i
dth
s
o
bta
i
ne
d f
or f
i
v
e t
y
pe
s
of
L
E
Ds
(
the
f
o
ur v
L
E
Ds
pres
e
nte
d t
h
e s
a
m
e s
pe
c
tr
u
m
)
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
A
s
s
em
bl
y
of
LE
D
s
i
n c
u
v
e
tt
e h
o
l
d
er
T
ab
l
e 1
.
E
m
i
s
s
i
on
S
p
ec
tr
a
Deta
i
l
s
of
Four
S
en
s
or
LE
Ds
an
d
V
i
ol
et
L
E
D Us
ed
as
E
x
c
i
tat
i
on
S
o
urc
es
Ty
p
e
o
f
L
E
D
W
a
v
e
len
g
t
h
P
e
a
k
(
n
m
)
B
a
n
d
w
idt
h
(
n
m
)
I
n
f
r
a
r
e
d
780
33
R
e
d
631
21
Gr
e
e
n
521
37
B
lue
457
23
V
iole
t
400
18
T
o g
ua
r
an
t
ee
the
em
i
s
s
i
on
s
pe
c
tr
um
of
v
LE
D,
the
w
a
v
el
e
ng
th
s
hi
f
t
was
c
ha
r
ac
ter
i
z
ed
at
25
°C
wi
th
r
es
pe
c
t
to
c
urr
e
nt
c
ha
n
ge
s
i
n
the
LE
D
us
i
ng
a
F
l
uk
e
87
V
C
m
ul
ti
m
et
er.
F
i
gu
r
e
2
(
a)
s
ho
w
s
the
r
es
ul
ts
o
bta
i
n
ed
an
d
l
i
ne
ar
r
eg
r
es
s
i
o
n;
i
t
i
s
po
s
s
i
b
l
e
t
o
s
ee
tha
t
b
et
we
en
1
0
m
A
an
d
15
m
A
,
the
em
i
s
s
i
on
i
s
m
ai
nta
i
ne
d
at
40
0±
0.5
nm
.
F
i
g
ure
2
(
b)
s
ho
w
s
t
he
em
i
s
s
i
on
s
pe
c
tr
um
o
f
the
v
L
E
D
at
a
c
urr
en
t
of
1
0
m
A
,
w
hi
c
h
pres
e
nts
a
wi
dt
h
at
h
al
f
-
he
i
gh
t
(
F
W
HM)
of
17
.6
6
nm
an
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
m
i
s
s
i
on
at
3
99
.
45
nm
.
K
no
wi
n
g
the
c
urr
e
nt
an
d
em
i
s
s
i
on
w
a
v
e
l
en
gth
of
the
v
i
o
l
et
L
E
D,
i
r
r
ad
i
an
c
e
w
as
m
ea
s
ured
ac
c
ordi
ng
to
v
ol
t
ag
e.
F
or
th
i
s
,
t
he
c
urr
e
nt
was
ad
j
us
ted
to
15
m
A
an
d
a
pu
l
s
e
wi
dt
h
m
od
ul
ati
o
n
(
P
W
M)
w
as
m
ad
e
w
i
t
h
an
A
r
d
ui
n
o
P
r
o
Mi
ni
wi
th
A
T
m
eg
a3
2
8
m
i
c
r
oc
on
tr
ol
l
er.
Ir
r
ad
i
a
nc
e
was
m
ea
s
ured
wi
th
a
De
l
taOhm
HD
23
0
2.0
r
ad
i
om
ete
r
.
F
i
g
ure
3
s
ho
w
s
t
he
ne
ar
l
i
n
ea
r
i
t
y
of
av
era
ge
i
r
r
ad
i
an
c
e wi
th
r
es
pe
c
t to
v
LE
D
v
ol
tag
e (
l
i
n
ea
r
r
e
gres
s
i
on
R
2
=
0.9
9
99
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
1
7
,
No
.
4
,
A
ug
us
t
20
19
:
1
8
38
-
1
84
4
1840
(
a)
(
b)
F
i
gu
r
e
2.
(
a) C
ha
n
ge
s
i
n v
L
E
D
w
a
v
e
l
e
ng
t
h
w
i
th
c
ha
ng
es
i
n c
urr
en
t a
n
d
(
b) v
L
E
D em
i
s
s
i
on
s
pe
c
tr
u
m
G
i
v
e
n
t
he
ab
ov
e
da
t
a,
ex
c
i
tat
i
on
LE
Ds
w
ere
c
on
f
i
g
ure
d
as
f
ol
l
o
w
s
:
L
E
D
c
urr
en
t
1
5
m
A
,
c
en
tr
al
w
a
v
e
l
e
ng
t
h
40
0
.58
2
nm
,
an
d
LE
D
v
ol
t
ag
e
3
.2
V
,
c
orr
es
po
n
di
ng
to
a
n
i
r
r
ad
i
a
nc
e
of
7.4
W
/
m
2
.
V
ol
tag
es
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
L
E
Ds
us
e
d
as
s
e
ns
ors
wer
e
no
t
am
pl
i
f
i
ed
;
t
he
y
wer
e
r
ea
d
di
r
ec
tl
y
b
y
th
e
an
al
og
-
to
-
di
g
i
ta
l
c
on
v
erter
(
A
DC)
o
f
the
P
IC1
6F193
7
m
i
c
r
oc
on
tr
ol
l
er
f
r
o
m
Mi
c
r
oc
hi
p
I
nc
.,
s
e
nt
b
y
B
l
u
eto
ot
h
t
o
a
c
e
l
l
p
ho
n
e
(
F
r
e
e
a
pp
s
:
B
T
S
i
m
pl
e
T
er
m
i
na
l
,
f
or
A
n
droi
d)
,
an
d
proc
es
s
ed
i
n
O
r
i
g
i
n
P
r
o
8.
T
he
i
r
r
ad
i
an
c
e
of
40
0
nm
LE
Ds
c
an
b
e
c
al
c
u
l
at
ed
w
i
t
h
(
1)
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
ng
a
P
W
M t
o t
he
L
E
D,
w
he
r
e
I
i
s
t
he
i
r
r
ad
i
an
c
e
an
d
V
i
s
t
he
v
o
l
ta
ge
on
t
he
LE
D:
=
2306
.
6
∗
+
2
.
948
(
1
)
LE
Ds
c
a
n
h
av
e
a
s
pe
c
tr
a
l
r
es
po
ns
e
tha
nk
s
to
the
p
ho
t
oe
l
ec
tr
i
c
ef
f
ec
t,
whos
e
en
erg
y
(
)
c
an
be
w
r
i
tte
n
as
i
n
(
2)
[28]
,
w
h
e
r
e
ℎ
i
s
P
l
an
c
k
’
s
c
on
s
tan
t,
i
s
the
m
i
ni
m
u
m
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
of
r
ad
i
ati
on
(
s
o
the
r
e
i
s
a
ph
oto
el
ec
tr
i
c
ef
f
ec
t)
,
i
s
th
e
w
ork
f
un
c
ti
on
,
an
d
e
0
i
s
th
e
m
ax
i
m
um
k
i
ne
ti
c
e
n
erg
y
of
el
ec
tr
on
s
.
=
ℎ
=
e
0
−
(
2)
In
(
1),
i
t
i
s
ob
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e e
ne
r
g
y
of
th
e
i
nc
i
de
nt
ph
oto
n
i
s
di
r
ec
t
l
y
pro
po
r
t
i
on
al
to
t
he
r
ad
i
ati
on
f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
;
the
r
ef
ore,
l
o
wer
-
en
erg
y
p
ho
to
ns
(
a
r
ed
L
E
D
of
63
0
nm
,
f
or
ex
a
m
pl
e)
do
no
t
i
nd
uc
e
a p
h
oto
c
urr
en
t
i
n
a
b
l
u
e L
E
D of
45
7
nm
.
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
A
v
e
r
ag
e
i
r
r
ad
i
a
nc
e o
f
v
L
E
D ac
c
ord
i
ng
to
t
he
v
o
l
tag
e a
pp
l
i
e
d
wi
th
a P
W
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
Charac
teri
z
a
ti
o
n o
f
ex
c
i
tat
i
on
s
ou
r
c
e L
E
Ds
a
nd
s
e
ns
o
r
s
... (
Mi
gu
el
Á
n
ge
l
G
arr
i
d
o
T
am
ay
o
)
1841
2.2
.
E
xtr
ac
t
ion
of
gre
en le
av
es
G
r
ee
n
l
e
af
ex
tr
ac
t
w
as
o
bt
ai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
0.5
g
of
green
l
ea
v
es
i
n
10
m
L
of
96
%
eth
an
o
l
(
CH
3
CH
2
O
H)
th
at
was
m
ac
erated
an
d
c
en
tr
i
f
ug
ed
(
RO
T
O
F
I
X
32
A
H
ett
i
c
h
c
en
tr
i
f
ug
e)
at
4,5
0
0
r
pm
f
or
f
i
v
e
m
i
nu
t
es
.
T
he
s
up
ern
ata
n
t
w
as
f
i
l
tered
us
i
ng
f
i
l
ter
p
ap
e
r
(
MUNK
T
E
LL
grade
39
1)
w
i
t
h
p
arti
c
l
e
r
et
en
ti
on
of
2
–
3
μm
;
thi
s
s
am
pl
e
was
d
i
l
ute
d
to
1:8
,
1
92
to
y
i
e
l
d
a
t
ota
l
of
14
s
a
m
pl
es
.
Chl
oroph
y
l
l
c
on
c
en
tr
at
i
o
n
w
as
no
t
d
ete
r
m
i
ne
d
be
c
au
s
e
the
p
u
r
po
s
e
was
to
de
term
i
ne
L
E
D s
en
s
i
ti
v
i
t
y
i
n t
he
de
t
ec
ti
o
n o
f
f
l
uo
r
es
c
e
nt
r
ad
i
at
i
on
.
2.3
.
P
r
epar
atio
n
of
f
luo
r
e
sc
ein
F
or
f
l
uo
r
es
c
ei
n,
11
s
am
pl
e
s
of
c
on
c
en
tr
ati
o
ns
60
2
,
30
1,
15
0.5
,
75
.
3,
37
.6,
18
.8
,
10
,
7.
2,
5.4
,
a
nd
1.
8
μM
w
er
e
pr
ep
are
d
i
n
a
s
o
l
ut
i
o
n
of
m
on
op
ota
s
s
i
um
ph
os
ph
ate
(
K
H
2
PO
4
)
a
nd
di
p
ota
s
s
i
um
ph
os
ph
at
e
(
K
2
HP
O
4
)
wi
th
a
pH
of
7.6
.
T
he
f
l
uo
r
es
c
en
c
e
s
pe
c
tr
a
of
f
l
uo
r
es
c
ei
n
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
4
a
nd
gre
en
l
e
af
ex
tr
ac
t
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
5
w
ere
o
bta
i
n
ed
wi
th
t
he
s
am
e
s
pe
c
tr
om
ete
r
us
ed
to
c
h
arac
teri
z
e
th
e
L
E
Ds
,
w
h
i
c
h
are
i
n
the
gree
n
an
d
r
ed
r
eg
i
on
s
,
r
es
pe
c
ti
v
el
y
.
A
t
th
e
be
gi
nn
i
ng
of
ea
c
h
m
ea
s
urem
en
t,
r
ea
d
i
ng
s
of
ba
c
k
ground
n
oi
s
e
an
d
s
am
pl
e
bl
a
nk
s
w
ere o
bta
i
ne
d a
n
d s
ub
tr
ac
t
ed
f
r
o
m
s
a
m
pl
e read
i
ng
s
.
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
F
l
uo
r
es
c
en
t
em
i
s
s
i
on
s
pe
c
tr
um
of
f
l
uo
r
es
c
ei
n
F
i
gu
r
e
5.
F
l
uo
r
es
c
en
t
em
i
s
s
i
on
s
pe
c
tr
um
of
green
l
e
af
ex
tr
ac
t
3.
Re
sult
s a
n
d
A
n
al
y
s
is
F
i
gu
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
f
ou
r
c
ha
nn
e
l
s
tha
t
m
ea
s
ure
the
r
es
po
ns
e
of
LE
Ds
(
x
ax
i
s
)
to
the
f
l
u
ores
c
en
c
e
of
di
f
f
erent
d
i
l
uti
on
s
of
gr
ee
n
l
e
af
e
x
tr
ac
t.
It
i
s
c
l
e
ar
th
at
t
he
LE
D
tha
t
g
av
e
a
r
es
po
ns
e
wi
th
gre
ate
r
d
i
s
c
r
i
m
i
na
ti
o
n
w
i
t
h
r
es
pe
c
t
t
o
di
f
f
erent
di
l
ut
i
on
s
of
s
am
pl
e
was
Ir
LE
D,
whereas
r
L
E
D,
gL
E
D,
an
d
bL
E
D
produc
e
d
o
v
erla
p
pi
ng
r
es
p
on
s
es
.
F
i
g
ure
7
s
ho
w
s
the
r
es
po
ns
e
of
Ir
LE
D
to
d
i
f
f
erent
di
l
ut
i
o
ns
of
green
l
ea
f
ex
tr
ac
t,
de
tec
ti
n
g
di
l
ut
i
on
s
of
1:8
,
192
wi
th
a
n
Ir
LE
D
v
ol
t
ag
e
of
0
.06
V
wi
th
ou
t
am
pl
i
f
i
c
at
i
on
.
T
he
v
ol
ta
ge
dro
pp
e
d
be
l
o
w
d
i
l
uti
on
s
of
1:4
,
whi
c
h
c
ou
l
d
be
r
el
a
ted
to
t
he
i
nt
erna
l
f
i
l
t
er
ef
f
ec
t
du
e
to
hi
g
h
c
h
l
oro
ph
y
l
l
c
on
c
en
tr
ati
on
s
i
n
the
s
am
pl
es
w
i
t
h d
i
l
uti
on
s
1
:1
an
d 1
:
2.
Res
po
ns
es
of
the
f
ou
r
L
E
Ds
to
f
l
u
ores
c
e
i
n
are
r
ep
r
es
en
te
d
i
n
F
i
g
ure
8
.
T
hi
s
r
es
ul
t
s
ho
w
s
tha
t
L
E
Ds
tha
t
d
i
s
c
r
i
m
i
na
te
the
be
s
t
at
d
i
f
f
erent
c
on
c
en
tr
at
i
o
ns
w
er
e
r
LE
D
an
d
Ir
LE
D;
the
oth
er
t
wo
LE
Ds
pro
v
i
de
d
a
n
ov
erla
pp
i
ng
r
es
po
ns
e.
F
i
g
ure
9
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
r
es
po
ns
es
of
RL
E
D
an
d
Ir
L
E
D
f
or
di
f
f
erent
c
on
c
e
ntrati
on
s
of
f
l
uo
r
es
c
ei
n.
T
he
s
e
da
ta
s
ho
w
th
at
at
c
o
nc
en
tr
at
i
on
s
of
1.8
µM
, RL
E
D
gi
v
es
a
v
o
l
ta
ge
0.
2 V
an
d I
r
L
E
D g
i
v
es
a
v
o
l
tag
e o
f
0.
0
38
V
wi
th
no
am
pl
i
f
i
c
ati
on
.
F
i
gu
r
e
10
s
ho
w
s
t
ha
t
L
E
D
s
r
es
po
nd
i
ng
t
o
di
f
f
erent
f
l
uo
r
es
c
en
c
e
h
av
e
l
o
ng
er
e
m
i
s
s
i
on
wav
el
e
ng
t
hs
.
T
ha
t
i
s
w
h
y
t
he
L
E
Ds
,
bL
E
D,
gL
E
D,
an
d
r
LE
D
d
o
no
t
r
es
po
n
d
t
o
t
he
f
l
u
ores
c
en
c
e
of
green
l
ea
f
ex
tr
ac
t
(
em
i
s
s
i
on
a
t
68
0
nm
)
;
ho
w
e
v
er,
Ir
LE
D,
whi
c
h
i
s
th
e
l
ea
s
t
e
ne
r
ge
t
i
c
,
d
oe
s
.
O
n
th
e
o
the
r
ha
nd
,
f
or
the
f
l
uo
r
es
c
en
c
e
of
f
l
uo
r
es
c
ei
n
(
em
i
s
s
i
on
a
t
5
20
nm
)
,
r
LE
D
an
d
Ir
L
E
D
r
es
po
nd
,
w
h
ereas
bL
E
D
a
nd
gL
E
D
tha
t
c
orr
ob
orate
the
s
h
i
f
t
b
et
w
e
en
the
em
i
s
s
i
on
an
d
th
e
s
pe
c
tr
al
r
es
p
on
s
e
of
the
L
E
Ds
d
o
n
ot
[20]
.
P
s
eu
d
o
-
r
ep
l
i
c
ate
s
of
the
11
f
l
uo
r
es
c
ei
n
s
o
l
ut
i
o
ns
wer
e
m
ad
e
two
da
y
s
l
ate
r
to
ex
am
i
ne
the
s
ta
bi
l
i
t
y
of
the
r
ea
di
n
gs
.
F
i
g
ure
1
1
s
ho
w
s
the
hi
gh
r
ep
r
od
uc
i
bi
l
i
t
y
i
n t
he
f
l
u
ores
c
en
c
e d
et
ec
ti
o
n o
f
L
E
Ds
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 16
93
-
6
93
0
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
V
ol
.
1
7
,
No
.
4
,
A
ug
us
t
20
19
:
1
8
38
-
1
84
4
1842
F
i
gu
r
e
6.
R
es
po
ns
es
of
f
ou
r
LE
Ds
to
r
ed
f
l
uo
r
es
c
en
c
e o
f
green
l
ea
f
ex
tr
ac
t
F
i
gu
r
e
7.
R
es
po
ns
e
of
IrLE
D to
d
i
f
f
erent
di
l
uti
on
s
of
gree
n l
ea
f
ex
tr
a
c
t
F
i
gu
r
e
8.
R
es
po
ns
es
of
f
ou
r
LE
Ds
to
gree
n
f
l
uo
r
es
c
en
c
e o
f
di
f
f
erent f
l
u
ores
c
ei
n
c
on
c
en
tr
at
i
on
s
F
i
gu
r
e
9.
R
es
po
ns
es
of
r
L
E
D a
nd
IrL
E
D t
o
di
f
f
erent d
i
l
ut
i
on
s
of
f
l
uo
r
es
c
ei
n
F
i
gu
r
e
10
. F
l
u
ores
c
en
t e
m
i
s
s
i
on
s
pe
c
tr
a
of
s
a
m
pl
es
un
de
r
s
tud
y
a
nd
r
es
po
nd
i
n
g L
E
Ds
F
i
gu
r
e
11
.
Res
po
ns
es
of
r
ed
an
d f
ar
-
r
ed
LE
D
S
to
th
e repe
ti
t
i
o
n o
f
m
ea
s
urem
en
ts
f
or
f
l
uo
r
es
c
ei
n s
am
pl
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NIK
A
IS
S
N: 1
69
3
-
6
93
0
◼
Charac
teri
z
a
ti
o
n o
f
ex
c
i
tat
i
on
s
ou
r
c
e L
E
Ds
a
nd
s
e
ns
o
r
s
... (
Mi
gu
el
Á
n
ge
l
G
arr
i
d
o
T
am
ay
o
)
1843
4.
Co
n
clus
ion
T
hi
s
pa
pe
r
pres
en
t
ed
the
c
ha
r
ac
teri
z
at
i
o
n
of
ex
c
i
t
ati
o
n
s
ou
r
c
e
L
E
Ds
a
nd
s
en
s
ors
wi
th
ou
t
f
i
l
t
ers
f
or m
ea
s
urin
g
f
l
uo
r
es
c
en
c
e
i
n
f
l
u
ores
c
ei
n
an
d
gr
ee
n
l
ea
f
ex
tr
ac
t.
T
he
r
es
ul
ts
s
ho
w
tha
t
the
m
ore
en
er
ge
t
i
c
t
he
LE
D
(
s
ho
r
ter
w
a
v
e
l
en
gth
)
,
t
he
na
r
r
o
wer
i
ts
s
pe
c
tr
al
r
es
po
ns
e,
m
a
k
i
ng
i
t
a
bu
i
l
t
-
i
n
ba
nd
p
a
s
s
f
i
l
ter.
T
hi
s
al
l
o
w
s
the
us
e
of
L
E
D
s
en
s
ors
,
whi
c
h
i
s
an
i
n
ex
pe
ns
i
v
e
op
ti
on
f
or
the
de
v
e
l
o
pm
en
t
of
f
l
uo
r
es
c
en
c
e
m
ea
s
urin
g
eq
ui
pm
en
t.
A
78
0
nm
e
m
i
s
s
i
on
LE
D
c
an
be
us
ed
as
a
f
l
uo
r
es
c
en
c
e
s
en
s
or
of
green
l
e
af
ex
tr
ac
t
whos
e
f
l
uo
r
es
c
en
c
e
c
o
ul
d
be
r
el
a
ted
t
o
the
tot
al
c
hl
orop
h
y
l
l
pres
e
n
t
i
n
the
l
ea
f
.
LE
Ds
wi
th
63
1
n
m
(
r
ed
)
an
d
78
0
nm
(
IR)
em
i
s
s
i
on
s
c
a
n
be
us
ed
as
s
en
s
ors
of
f
l
uo
r
es
c
en
c
e
f
or
f
l
uo
r
es
c
ei
n,
a
n
d
wi
th
a
s
ui
tab
l
e
c
al
i
brat
i
o
n
to
qu
an
t
i
f
y
i
t.
T
o
ac
hi
ev
e
g
ua
r
a
nte
e
d
r
e
ad
i
ng
s
at
l
o
w
c
o
nc
en
tr
a
ti
o
ns
,
i
t
i
s
i
m
po
r
tan
t
to
i
ns
ert
an
ad
j
us
tab
l
e
ga
i
n
am
pl
i
f
i
er.
It
i
s
al
s
o
i
m
po
r
tan
t
to
g
ua
r
a
nte
e
the
L
E
D
c
urr
en
t
t
o
k
ee
p
the
w
a
v
e
l
en
gth
s
ta
bl
e
when
us
ed
as
an
ex
c
i
ta
ti
o
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arc
h.
Ref
er
en
ce
s
[1
]
Nel
s
o
n
N,
Sa
n
d
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r
D,
Dan
d
i
n
M
,
e
t
a
l
.
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-
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p
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c
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n
s
.
IEEE
Tra
n
s
B
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m
e
d
Ci
r
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u
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ts
S
y
s
t
.
2
0
0
9
;
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(
2
)
:
9
7
–
1
0
7
.
[2
]
L
a
m
b
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rt
P,
G
o
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M
,
Fi
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l
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r
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0
0
3
;
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0
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1
)
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–
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[3
]
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s
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r
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Uit
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Cla
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s
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H,
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t
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l
.
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5
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)
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5
.
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]
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rp
A,
Han
s
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n
CE,
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p
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PJ
,
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t
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l
.
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m
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:
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1
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7
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6
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]
Sta
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9
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.
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]
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2
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9
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6
–
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[7
]
L
a
n
d
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r
M
E,
L
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n
d
s
tr
o
m
T
,
Rut
i
s
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.
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1
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IEEE
S
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s
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0
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5
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5
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,
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l
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p
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fl
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Re
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Se
n
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u
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ty
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e
n
s
o
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s
.
2
0
1
5
;
1
5
(6
)
:
1
4
4
1
5
–
1
4
4
3
4
.
[1
9
]
M
i
m
s
FM
.
Su
n
p
h
o
to
m
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t
e
r
w
i
th
l
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Ap
p
l
Opt
.
1
9
9
2
;
31
(3
3
)
:
6
9
6
5
.
[2
0
]
Ac
h
a
ry
a
Y
B.
Sp
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c
tra
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m
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E
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.
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p
t
L
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r T
e
c
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l
.
2
0
0
5
;
3
7
(7
)
:
5
4
7
–
5
5
0
.
[2
1
]
L
a
u
K
-
T
,
M
c
Hug
h
E,
Ba
l
d
w
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n
S,
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t
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a
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m
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d
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o
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fo
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th
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m
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a
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t
o
f
l
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a
d
(
II
) a
n
d
c
a
d
m
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m
(I
I).
An
a
l
Ch
i
m
A
c
ta
.
2
0
0
6
;
5
6
9
(1
-
2)
:
2
2
1
–
2
2
6
.
[2
2
]
O
’
T
o
o
l
e
M
,
L
a
u
K
T
,
Sh
e
p
h
e
r
d
R,
e
t
a
l
.
Det
e
r
m
i
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
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s
p
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s
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p
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d
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to
r d
i
o
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p
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to
m
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tri
c
fl
o
w
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te
c
to
r.
An
a
l
Ch
i
m
Ac
ta
.
2
0
0
7
;
5
9
7
(2
)
:
2
9
0
–
294.
[2
3
]
L
a
n
g
e
V,
Ri
b
e
i
ro
F
,
T
e
w
s
W
,
e
t
a
l
.
M
u
l
ti
c
o
l
o
r
L
ED
s
e
n
s
o
r.
I
n
:
Be
rg
h
m
a
n
s
.
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
SPIE
-
T
h
e
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
o
c
i
e
ty
f
o
r Opt
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
.
2
0
0
8
.
[2
4
]
Po
k
rz
y
w
n
i
c
k
a
M
,
T
y
m
e
c
k
i
Ł
,
Ko
n
c
k
i
R.
L
o
w
-
c
o
s
t
o
p
t
i
c
a
l
d
e
te
c
to
rs
a
n
d
f
l
o
w
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
p
ro
te
i
n
d
e
te
r
m
i
n
a
ti
o
n
.
Ta
l
a
n
t
a
.
2
0
1
2
;
9
6
:
1
2
1
–
1
2
6
.
[2
5
]
Fi
e
d
o
r
u
k
-
Po
g
re
b
n
i
a
k
M
,
Ko
n
c
k
i
R.
M
u
l
ti
c
o
m
m
u
t
a
te
d
fl
o
w
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
a
s
e
d
o
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fl
u
o
re
s
c
e
n
c
e
m
i
c
r
o
d
e
t
e
c
t
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fo
r
s
i
m
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l
ta
n
e
o
u
s
d
e
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rm
i
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
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o
s
p
h
a
te
a
n
d
c
a
l
c
i
u
m
i
o
n
s
i
n
h
u
m
a
n
s
e
r
u
m
.
Ta
l
a
n
ta
.
2
0
1
5
;
1
4
4
:
1
8
4
–
1
8
8
.
[2
6
]
Fi
e
d
o
r
u
k
M
,
Coc
o
v
i
-
So
l
b
e
rg
DJ
,
T
y
m
e
c
k
i
Ł
,
e
t
a
l
.
Hy
b
ri
d
fl
o
w
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
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te
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a
ti
n
g
a
m
i
n
i
a
t
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e
d
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p
to
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l
e
c
tro
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i
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d
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t
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c
to
r
fo
r
o
n
-
l
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d
y
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a
m
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c
fra
c
ti
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a
t
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o
n
a
n
d
fl
u
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ro
m
e
tri
c
d
e
te
r
m
i
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
b
i
o
a
c
c
e
s
s
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b
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rt
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o
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s
p
h
a
t
e
i
n
s
o
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l
s
.
T
a
l
a
n
ta
.
2
0
1
5
;
1
3
3
:
5
9
–
65.
[2
7
]
Fi
e
d
o
r
u
k
-
Po
g
re
b
n
i
a
k
M
,
G
ra
n
i
c
a
M
,
Ko
n
c
k
i
R.
Com
p
a
c
t
d
e
te
c
t
o
rs
m
a
d
e
o
f
p
a
i
re
d
L
EDs
fo
r
p
h
o
to
m
e
tr
i
c
a
n
d
f
l
u
o
r
o
m
e
tri
c
m
e
a
s
u
re
m
e
n
t
s
o
n
p
a
p
e
r.
T
a
l
a
n
ta
.
2
0
1
8
;
1
7
8
:
3
1
–
36.
[2
8
]
Sk
o
o
g
D,
Ho
l
l
e
r
F,
Nie
m
a
n
T
.
Pri
n
c
i
p
i
o
s
d
e
a
n
á
l
i
s
i
s
i
n
s
tru
m
e
n
ta
l
.
5
th
e
d
.
M
a
d
ri
d
,
Es
p
a
ñ
a
:
M
c
G
ra
w
-
Hil
l
.
2001.
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