T
E
L
KO
M
N
I
KA
T
e
lec
om
m
u
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icat
ion
,
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g,
E
lec
t
r
on
ics
an
d
Cont
r
ol
Vol.
18
,
No.
3
,
J
une
2020
,
pp.
1
4
47
~
14
58
I
S
S
N:
1693
-
6930,
a
c
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me
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De
c
r
e
e
No:
21/E
/KP
T
/2018
DO
I
:
10.
12928/
T
E
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KO
M
NI
KA
.
v18i3.
15604
1447
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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S
N
:
1693
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6930
T
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KO
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C
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,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1
4
4
7
-
1
4
5
8
1448
2.
RE
S
E
AR
CH
M
E
T
HO
D
B
uil
ding
on
c
onc
e
ptual
be
ne
f
it
s
of
I
oT
that
a
tt
r
a
c
t
ini
ti
a
l
in
ter
e
s
t
a
mong
major
o
r
ga
nis
a
-
ti
ons
,
thi
s
s
tudy
will
e
xplor
e
whe
ther
s
uc
h
be
ne
f
it
s
manif
e
s
t
in
pr
e
s
e
nt
-
da
y
I
o
T
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
;
how
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
pp
li
c
a
ti
ons
a
r
e
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
a
nd
c
las
s
if
ied;
a
nd
the
pe
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
of
o
r
ga
nis
a
ti
ons
ha
ving
e
xpe
r
ien
c
e
d
I
oT
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
in
their
pr
e
s
e
nt
-
da
y
f
or
m.
F
ur
the
r
mor
e
,
thi
s
e
xa
mi
na
ti
on
of
how
or
ga
nis
a
ti
ons
pe
r
c
e
ive
e
xis
ti
ng
im
pleme
ntations
of
I
o
T
will
not
only
s
e
e
k
to
h
igh
li
ght
the
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
that
c
ur
r
e
ntl
y
f
a
c
e
I
o
T
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
a
t
the
tec
hnology
leve
l;
but
a
ls
o,
the
viabili
ty
o
f
thei
r
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
int
o
s
oc
ial
a
nd
e
c
onomi
c
s
c
e
na
r
ios
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
f
utur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
may
s
e
e
k
to
f
u
r
ther
inves
ti
ga
te
the
i
mpl
ica
ti
ons
of
I
o
T
in
the
s
oc
ial
a
nd
e
c
onomi
c
c
ont
e
xts
that
will
be
int
r
oduc
e
d
in
th
is
pa
pe
r
.
2
.
1.
I
oT
f
or
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
W
it
h
a
n
e
xpa
nding
mar
ke
t
a
nd
a
pus
h
to
int
e
gr
a
te
tec
hnologi
e
s
that
maintain
c
ompeti
-
ti
ve
ne
s
s
in
mee
ti
ng
us
e
r
de
mand:
f
e
a
tur
e
s
that
r
e
duc
e
c
os
t,
incr
e
a
s
e
qua
li
ty
a
nd
im
pr
ove
lea
d
ti
me
a
r
e
inc
r
e
a
s
ingl
y
a
tt
r
a
c
ti
ve
in
the
manu
f
a
c
tur
ing
s
e
c
tor
.
W
it
h
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
to
e
nha
nc
e
thes
e
metr
ics
a
nd
dr
a
s
ti
c
a
ll
y
i
mpr
ove
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
c
omm
un
ica
ti
on
in
r
outi
ng,
c
ontr
ol
a
nd
guidanc
e
;
a
n
I
oT
-
ba
s
e
d
platf
or
m
is
pe
r
c
e
ived
a
s
a
n
a
tt
r
a
c
ti
ve
‘
tr
a
ns
it
ion
e
nvi
r
onment’
f
or
or
ga
nis
a
ti
on
s
to
move
towa
r
ds
f
ull
I
oT
-
ba
s
e
d
man
uf
a
c
tur
ing
[
2
]
.
2
.
1.
1.
Hardwar
e
f
or
I
oT
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
I
n
r
e
c
e
nt
ye
a
r
s
,
de
ve
lopm
e
nts
in
a
r
ti
f
icia
l
int
e
ll
ige
nc
e
ha
ve
be
e
n
us
e
d
to
e
nh
a
nc
e
lo
-
c
a
li
s
e
d
s
e
ns
or
s
a
s
a
mea
ns
to
incr
e
a
s
e
the
r
e
s
pons
iven
e
s
s
of
inf
or
mation
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
be
twe
e
n
lo
-
c
a
li
s
e
d
de
vice
s
.
M
or
e
o
ve
r
,
thi
s
ha
s
not
only
led
to
many
s
pe
c
ialis
t
us
e
-
c
a
s
e
s
in
s
c
i
e
nti
f
ic
r
e
-
s
e
a
r
c
h,
but
ha
s
a
ls
o
led
to
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
o
uts
ide
of
ne
twor
ks
a
nd
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
.
T
his
int
e
g
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
int
e
r
c
onne
c
ti
on
of
e
mbedde
d
s
e
ns
or
s
f
or
ms
th
e
ba
s
is
of
the
I
oT
c
onc
e
pt,
whe
r
e
by
a
loca
li
s
e
d
de
vice
is
a
ble
to
int
e
r
pr
e
t
it
s
s
ur
r
ounding
e
nvir
onment;
a
nd
r
e
s
pond
a
c
c
or
dingl
y
us
ing
ther
mal,
ph
otovol
taic
o
r
kinetic
r
e
s
pons
e
s
[
3]
.
F
o
r
the
f
ir
s
t
f
unc
ti
on,
(
T
a
g)
c
ons
is
ts
of
two
pr
im
a
r
y
c
omponents
:
1
)
the
s
tor
a
ge
a
nd
pr
o
-
c
e
s
s
ing
unit
,
a
nd
2)
the
r
e
c
e
ivi
ng
a
ntenna
.
T
he
in
f
or
mation
c
ontaine
d
withi
n
the
s
tor
a
ge
bin
is
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
via
t
he
a
ntenna
to
the
r
e
a
de
r
to
the
c
omput
e
r
.
On
the
other
ha
nd,
the
r
e
a
de
r
is
divi
de
d
int
o
two
c
omponents
:
1)
the
p
r
oc
e
s
s
or
,
a
nd
2)
the
memo
r
y
unit
.
Unde
r
thes
e
c
om
pone
nts
,
the
inf
o
r
mation
is
c
he
c
ke
d
us
ing
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
or
,
wh
ich
c
ontains
it
s
own
unique
s
e
r
ial
number
.
F
ur
the
r
mor
e
,
in
in
or
de
r
to
r
e
a
d
the
in
f
or
mation
e
nc
ode
d
on
a
ta
g,
a
two
-
w
a
y
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
r
-
r
e
c
e
iver
c
a
ll
e
d
a
n
int
e
r
r
oga
tor
or
‘
r
e
a
de
r
’
us
e
d
the
a
ntenna
to
e
mi
t
a
s
ignal
to
the
tag
.
I
n
tu
r
n,
the
tag
r
e
s
ponds
withi
n
the
inf
or
mation
c
ontaine
d
in
it
s
memor
y
blank,
whe
r
e
by
the
r
e
a
d
r
e
s
ult
s
a
r
e
then
tr
a
ns
mi
tt
e
d
by
the
int
e
r
r
og
a
tor
to
a
R
F
I
D
c
omput
e
r
pr
ogr
a
m
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
1
[
4
]
.
F
igur
e
1.
R
F
DI
wor
k
2
.
1.
2.
S
o
f
t
war
e
f
or
I
oT
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
B
uil
ding
on
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
o
f
I
oT
s
e
ns
or
s
to
e
nha
nc
e
loca
li
s
e
d
ha
r
dwa
r
e
a
nd
de
vice
s
,
I
o
T
is
a
ls
o
inf
luenc
ing
the
s
of
twa
r
e
us
e
d
to
c
oor
dinate
the
c
ol
lec
ti
ve
ne
twor
ks
:
in
or
de
r
f
or
the
s
e
ns
or
s
e
mbedde
d
a
c
r
os
s
de
vice
s
to
int
e
r
a
c
t
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y
a
s
pa
r
t
of
thi
s
c
oll
e
c
ti
ve
ne
twor
k,
thi
s
r
e
quir
e
s
ne
w
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
to
man
uf
a
c
tur
e
s
of
twa
r
e
de
s
ign.
I
n
or
de
r
to
f
ur
ther
de
ve
lop
the
f
ields
of
M
I
oT
,
T
I
oT
,
R
I
oT
,
HI
o
T
a
nd
S
I
o
T
,
the
p
r
in
c
ipl
e
s
of
I
oT
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
mus
t
inf
or
m
f
utur
e
manuf
a
c
tu
r
e
s
of
twa
r
e
a
t
it
s
de
s
ign
s
tage
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
2
.
T
h
i
s
im
pli
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
A
Sur
v
e
y
on
the
appl
ications
of
I
oT
:
an
inve
s
ti
gat
i
on
int
o
e
x
is
ti
ng…
(
F
ahad
Ghalib
A
bdulkadhim
)
1449
that
the
f
i
r
s
t
s
tage
towa
r
ds
taking
f
ull
a
dva
ntage
of
the
c
oll
e
c
ti
ve
de
vice
ne
two
r
ks
is
to
e
ns
ur
e
that
f
utur
e
s
of
twa
r
e
pa
c
ka
ge
s
f
or
manuf
a
c
tur
e
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
a
r
e
de
s
igned
to
c
ons
ider
indi
vidu
a
l
de
vice
s
a
s
p
a
r
t
of
a
n
int
e
r
c
onne
c
ted
de
vice
ne
twor
k
[
5
]
.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
by
de
s
igni
ng
s
of
twa
r
e
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
to
c
oor
dinate
a
ne
twor
k
of
int
e
r
c
on
-
ne
c
ted
de
vice
s
a
nd
s
e
ns
or
s
,
thi
s
will
e
na
ble
f
utur
e
manuf
a
c
tur
ing
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
to
e
va
luate
pe
r
f
o
r
-
manc
e
a
nd
a
dmi
nis
ter
s
olut
ions
by
c
oll
e
c
ti
ng
thi
s
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
da
ta
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
s
e
c
ur
it
y
be
ne
f
i
ts
of
r
e
lyi
ng
on
a
vir
tual
s
tor
a
ge
s
pa
c
e
loca
ted
in
the
c
loud
that
is
not
de
f
ined
by
a
phys
ica
l
loca
ti
on;
the
tr
a
ns
it
ion
f
r
om
loca
li
s
e
d
to
c
loud
-
ba
s
e
d
s
tor
a
ge
s
ys
tems
a
ls
o
r
e
moves
the
bur
de
n
of
loca
li
s
e
d
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
of
c
ompl
e
x
dir
e
c
ti
ve
s
a
nd
c
omm
a
nds
,
thus
r
e
duc
ing
the
ove
r
a
ll
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
f
ootp
r
int
a
c
r
os
s
t
he
de
vice
ne
twor
k
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
in
a
ddit
ion
to
r
e
du
c
ing
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
powe
r
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
a
c
ti
on
e
a
c
h
is
s
ue
d
c
omm
a
nd,
the
de
lega
ti
on
o
f
higher
-
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
to
the
c
loud
will
a
ls
o
e
na
ble
f
a
s
ter
r
e
a
c
ti
on
ti
mes
:
thi
s
s
e
t
of
a
dva
ntage
s
is
f
ur
ther
highl
ight
e
d
in
the
be
lo
w
model
il
lus
tr
a
ti
ng
the
p
r
ogr
e
s
s
of
M
I
o
T
in
ne
t
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
umpt
ion;
but
a
ls
o
indi
r
e
c
t
c
a
us
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
e
c
onomi
c
c
ha
nge
s
a
nd
ove
r
a
ll
e
nha
nc
e
ment
to
the
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
a
t
e
a
c
h
s
tage
o
f
the
man
-
uf
a
c
tur
e
s
upply
c
h
a
in
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
3
[
6]
.
F
igur
e
2.
S
tage
s
of
M
I
oT
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
F
igur
e
3.
L
if
e
c
yc
le
o
f
M
I
oT
2
.
1.
3.
T
h
e
c
h
all
e
n
ge
s
o
f
I
oT
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
T
he
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
f
a
c
ing
I
oT
in
manu
f
a
c
tur
ing
a
r
e
nu
mer
ous
,
including
tec
hnica
l
a
nd
s
oc
ial
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
De
s
pit
e
the
potential
be
ne
f
it
s
o
f
I
oT
on
manuf
a
c
tur
e
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
the
r
e
a
r
e
numer
ous
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
to
I
oT
:
thi
s
e
nc
ompas
s
e
s
tec
hnica
l
li
mi
tations
in
a
c
hieving
s
uc
h
c
onc
e
ptual
be
ne
f
it
s
,
but
a
ls
o
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
ba
r
r
ie
r
s
that
may
li
mi
t
the
e
xtent
to
whic
h
a
f
ull
I
oT
-
ba
s
e
d
s
upply
c
ha
in
c
ould
mani
f
e
s
t
[
7]
.
a.
C
ha
ll
e
nge
s
T
he
s
e
include
the
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
pr
e
s
e
nt
-
da
y
I
oT
s
ys
t
e
ms
to
mee
t
de
li
ve
r
y
ti
mes
:
de
s
pit
e
a
dva
nc
e
ments
in
the
s
of
twa
r
e
a
nd
wir
e
les
s
tec
hnologi
e
s
r
e
quir
e
d
to
a
c
hieve
I
oT
-
ba
s
e
d
manuf
a
c
tur
e
,
dif
f
iculti
e
s
in
c
ompatibi
li
ty,
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
a
nd
the
r
e
a
li
s
ti
c
a
bil
it
y
t
o
a
c
hieve
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
tr
a
ns
mi
s
s
ion
of
da
ta
li
mi
t
the
a
bil
it
y
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
to
a
c
hieve
the
a
s
s
umed
de
li
ve
r
y
-
ti
me
a
dva
ntage
ove
r
tr
a
dit
ional
a
l
ter
na
ti
ve
s
.
b.
Da
ta
s
tor
a
ge
a
nd
mana
ge
ment
S
im
il
a
r
ly,
de
s
pit
e
the
c
onc
e
ptual
be
ne
f
it
s
of
da
ta
ba
s
e
s
a
nd
c
loud
-
ba
s
e
d
s
tor
a
ge
,
the
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
o
f
pr
e
s
e
nt
-
da
y
c
loud
s
olut
ions
is
of
ten
inef
f
icie
nt
in
a
c
hieving
a
ll
r
e
quir
e
d
outcome
s
in
c
ompl
ianc
e
a
nd
da
ta
s
e
c
ur
it
y.
How
e
ve
r
,
ther
e
a
r
e
incr
e
a
s
ing
im
p
r
ove
ments
in
the
im
mut
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
c
r
os
s
-
platf
or
m
c
o
mpatibi
li
ty
ne
e
de
d
f
or
c
loud
-
ba
s
e
d
da
ta
man
a
ge
ment
to
be
a
ppli
e
d
to
manuf
a
c
tur
e
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
a
nd
will
be
e
x
-
plor
e
d
f
ur
ther
a
t
the
e
nd
of
thi
s
pa
pe
r
.
c.
S
oc
ial
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
I
n
a
ddit
ion
to
c
ur
r
e
nt
tec
hnica
l
ba
r
r
ier
s
f
a
c
ing
I
o
T
,
the
dim
e
ns
ion
of
s
oc
ial
e
xpe
c
tations
a
nd
bias
e
s
towa
r
ds
tr
a
dit
ional
e
mpl
oyment
f
o
r
mats
may
a
ls
o
l
im
it
the
s
pe
e
d
a
t
whic
h
f
ull
y
I
oT
-
ba
s
e
d
manuf
a
c
tur
e
c
ould
manif
e
s
t:
a
s
a
n
I
oT
-
ba
s
e
d
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
would
e
li
m
i
na
te
the
ne
e
d
f
or
many
manua
l
tas
ks
a
t
e
a
c
h
s
tag
e
of
the
s
upply
c
ha
in,
thi
s
may
lea
d
to
la
r
ge
-
s
c
a
le
dis
plac
e
ment
of
e
mpl
oyment
.
How
e
ve
r
,
a
lt
houg
h
the
r
e
gulator
y
f
r
a
mew
or
ks
s
e
t
by
f
u
tur
e
gove
r
nments
may
pr
io
r
it
is
e
tr
a
dit
ional
labour
ove
r
the
be
ne
f
it
s
of
incr
e
a
s
e
d
s
upply
c
ha
in
e
f
f
icie
nc
y;
a
mec
ha
nis
m
will
late
r
be
int
r
odu
c
e
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy
that
pr
e
s
e
r
ve
s
the
s
a
me
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
be
ne
f
it
s
of
I
o
T
,
but
witho
ut
im
pa
c
ti
ng
the
de
mand
f
or
t
r
a
di
ti
ona
l
labour
d
ir
e
c
tl
y
[
8]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1
4
4
7
-
1
4
5
8
1450
2
.
2.
I
oT
f
or
t
r
an
s
p
or
t
at
ion
I
n
a
ddit
ion
to
incr
e
a
s
ing
the
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
–
a
nd
in
s
o
me
c
a
s
e
s
,
s
a
f
e
ty
-
of
the
manuf
a
c
tur
-
ing
pr
oc
e
s
s
;
I
o
T
a
ls
o
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
n
opp
or
tuni
ty
to
inc
r
e
a
s
e
the
s
a
f
e
ty
of
pa
s
s
e
nge
r
s
in
tr
a
ns
por
t
s
c
e
na
r
ios
.
F
ur
th
e
r
mor
e
,
the
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
of
int
e
r
c
onne
c
ted
s
e
ns
or
s
int
o
r
o
a
ds
a
nd
de
vice
s
would
e
n
a
ble
I
oT
ne
twor
ks
to
f
or
e
c
a
s
t
c
onge
s
ti
on,
identif
y
br
e
a
ka
ge
s
;
a
nd
in
-
tur
n
a
dmi
n
i
s
ter
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
a
c
ti
ons
a
c
r
os
s
a
ll
c
onne
c
ted
ve
hicle
s
in
or
de
r
to
pr
e
s
e
r
ve
tr
a
ve
l
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
pa
s
s
e
ng
e
r
s
a
f
e
ty.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
a
de
tec
ted
f
a
ult
c
ould
e
na
ble
a
ve
hicle
to
be
r
e
ir
e
c
ted
thr
ough
a
s
hor
ter
pa
s
s
a
ge
to
-
wa
r
ds
the
s
a
me
de
s
ti
na
ti
on,
a
s
s
ur
ing
pa
s
s
e
nge
r
s
a
f
e
ty
whils
t
maintai
nin
g
the
r
e
quir
e
ment
whils
t
a
voidi
ng
c
onge
s
ti
on:
with
5
G
c
onne
c
ti
vit
y
e
na
bli
ng
the
r
e
a
c
ti
on
-
ti
me
that
would
be
r
e
quir
e
d
by
high
-
s
pe
e
d
tr
a
ns
por
t
s
c
e
na
r
ios
,
in
ter
ne
t
ter
mi
na
ls
a
nd
c
loud
-
ba
s
e
d
a
r
ti
f
icia
l
int
e
ll
igenc
e
c
ould
be
c
ombi
ne
d
to
c
oor
dinate
thi
s
r
e
a
l
-
tim
e
f
low
of
da
ta
that
would
be
r
e
quir
e
d
f
or
a
n
I
oT
tr
a
ns
por
tation
s
ys
tem
[
9]
.
2
.
2.
1.
Hardwar
e
f
or
I
oT
t
r
an
s
p
or
t
at
ion
a.
T
he
ve
hicle
-
to
-
ve
hicle
(
V2V
)
s
olut
ion
T
he
na
ti
ona
l
highwa
y
t
r
a
f
f
ic
s
a
f
e
ty
a
dmi
nis
tr
a
ti
on
(
NH
T
S
A)
is
e
xplor
ing
the
us
e
of
ve
hicle
-
to
-
ve
hicle
(
V2V
)
c
omm
unica
ti
ons
in
or
de
r
to
r
e
duc
e
t
r
a
f
f
ic
a
c
c
idents
a
nd
i
mpr
ove
ove
r
a
ll
s
a
f
e
ty.
C
ur
r
e
nt
im
pleme
ntations
of
V2
V
tec
hnology
a
r
e
de
s
igned
to
r
e
duc
e
une
xpe
c
ted
pr
oxi
mi
ty
be
twe
e
n
ve
hicle
s
,
noti
f
y
dr
iver
s
of
une
xpe
c
ted
c
ha
nge
s
in
s
ur
r
ounding
ve
h
icle
s
;
a
nd
thus
,
r
e
duc
e
une
xpe
c
ted
a
c
c
idents
.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
a
n
a
ddit
ional
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
V2V
include
s
a
lef
t
tu
r
n
a
s
s
is
t
that
w
a
r
ns
the
dr
iver
not
to
tu
r
n
lef
t
de
pe
nding
on
the
f
low
of
the
onc
omi
ng
tr
a
f
f
ic;
a
nd
a
ls
o,
a
n
int
e
r
s
e
c
ti
on
move
a
s
s
is
t
wa
r
ns
the
dr
iver
whe
n
not
to
e
nter
the
int
e
r
s
e
c
ti
on
whe
n
the
pr
oba
bil
it
y
o
f
c
oll
is
ion
with
o
ther
ve
hicle
s
is
high.
C
oll
e
c
ti
ve
ly,
thi
s
c
omb
ination
of
V2V
a
s
s
is
t
f
unc
ti
ons
c
ur
r
e
ntl
y
pr
e
ve
nt
up
to
592
,
000
c
o
ll
is
ions
pe
r
ye
a
r
[
10
]
.
b.
R
e
a
l
-
ti
me
ve
hicle
loca
ti
on
inf
or
mation
a
nd
da
ta
s
ha
r
ing
B
y
c
onne
c
ti
ng
to
a
ne
twor
k
of
in
-
ter
c
onne
c
ted
de
vice
s
with
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
loca
ti
on
da
ta,
a
mobi
le
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
is
a
ble
to
wa
r
n
pa
s
s
e
nge
r
s
of
une
xpe
c
t
e
d
wa
it
ing;
pr
e
di
c
t
a
c
c
ur
a
te
tr
a
ve
l
ti
mes
ba
s
e
d
on
t
his
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
da
ta;
a
nd
de
li
ve
r
y
thes
e
noti
f
ica
ti
ons
wir
e
les
s
ly
a
s
the
loca
ti
on
o
f
the
us
e
r
is
c
ha
nge
d
by
a
movi
ng
ve
hicle
.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
in
a
ddit
ion
to
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
us
e
r
s
c
e
na
r
ios
,
thi
s
da
ta
a
ggr
e
ga
ted
I
oT
de
vice
s
a
ls
o
e
na
bl
e
s
tr
a
ns
it
of
f
icia
ls
to
diagnos
e
inef
f
icie
nc
ies
withi
n
the
t
r
a
ns
por
t
ne
t
-
wor
k,
a
nd
a
pply
modi
f
ica
ti
ons
to
the
s
tr
uc
tur
e
of
the
tr
a
ns
it
ne
twor
k
[
11]
.
2
.
2.
2.
S
o
f
t
war
e
f
or
I
oT
t
r
an
s
p
or
t
at
ion
S
of
twa
r
e
us
e
d
f
or
I
oT
t
r
a
ns
por
tation
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
f
oll
ow
s
ix
pr
inciples
of
im
pleme
ntation:
the
a
bil
it
y
to
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
with
tec
hnology
us
e
d
f
o
r
r
a
dio
f
r
e
qu
e
nc
y
identif
ica
ti
on;
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
of
da
ta
c
oll
e
c
t
e
d
f
r
om
the
s
ur
r
ounding
e
nvir
on
ment
us
ing
s
e
ns
or
s
;
the
a
c
ti
ve
or
planne
d
int
e
g
r
a
ti
on
with
na
notec
hnology;
a
c
ompatibi
li
ty
with
int
e
ll
igent
e
mbedde
d
tec
hnolog
y;
a
nd
the
incor
por
a
ti
on
o
f
other
tec
hnologi
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
c
loud
c
omput
ing
a
nd
I
P
v6
.
a.
Na
notec
hnology
Onc
e
a
de
vice
is
c
ons
tr
uc
ted
a
t
the
s
c
a
le
of
na
nometr
e
s
,
c
omponents
be
gin
to
e
xhibi
t
unique
phys
ica
l
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
not
f
ound
in
e
quivale
nt
de
vice
s
c
ons
tr
u
c
ted
a
t
tr
a
dit
ional
s
c
a
les
.
F
or
e
xa
mpl
e
,
a
n
objec
t
buil
t
us
ing
ir
on
diamond
a
ll
oy
a
t
a
s
c
a
le
of
20
-
30
nm
e
xhibi
ts
a
mag
-
ne
ti
c
f
or
c
e
that
is
1,
000
ti
mes
higher
than
t
he
s
a
me
a
ll
oy
us
e
d
f
or
lar
ge
r
t
r
a
dit
ional
c
om
-
pone
nts
.
B
uil
ding
on
thes
e
a
dva
nc
e
s
,
the
unique
be
ne
f
it
s
of
na
notec
hnology
ha
ve
be
e
n
a
ppli
e
d
to
I
oT
s
ys
tems
:
jus
t
a
s
e
lec
tr
onic
tags
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
to
tr
a
c
k
lar
ge
r
objec
ts
,
e
lec
tr
onic
tags
de
ve
loped
a
t
the
na
no
s
c
a
le
no
w
e
na
ble
I
oT
s
ys
tems
to
moni
tor
c
ha
nge
s
oc
c
ur
r
ing
a
t
the
mol
e
c
ular
leve
l,
a
nd
tr
igger
c
ha
nge
s
in
r
e
s
pons
e
to
thi
s
c
oll
e
c
ted
da
ta.
T
his
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
a
n
e
wf
ound
oppor
tuni
ty
to
a
pply
the
c
onc
e
pt
ua
l
be
ne
f
it
s
o
f
I
o
T
in
f
or
mation
p
r
oc
e
s
s
ing
to
bi
-
ologi
c
a
l
s
ys
tems
a
nd
other
c
ompl
e
x
e
nvir
onments
that
would
be
out
of
r
e
a
c
h
f
or
tr
a
dit
ional
s
e
ns
or
s
a
nd
de
vice
s
[
10]
.
b.
C
loud
c
omput
ing
C
loud
c
omput
ing
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
a
c
ombi
na
ti
on
of
int
e
r
ne
t
tec
hnologi
e
s
that
e
na
ble
da
ta
s
tor
a
ge
a
nd
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
that
a
r
e
dyna
mi
c
,
e
a
s
il
y
s
c
a
lable
a
nd
indepe
nde
nt
of
one
phys
-
ica
l
loca
ti
on.
T
his
s
e
t
of
inf
or
mation
p
r
oc
e
s
s
ing
a
nd
s
tor
a
ge
f
unc
ti
ons
is
of
ten
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
meta
phor
ica
ll
y
a
s
the
‘
c
loud’
;
a
lt
ho
ugh
thi
s
ter
m
or
igi
na
ll
y
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
the
tele
c
omm
unica
-
ti
ons
ne
twor
k,
thi
s
ha
s
s
ince
e
volved
to
e
n
c
ompas
s
the
int
e
r
c
onne
c
ted
tec
hnologi
e
s
that
e
na
ble
vir
tualis
e
d
s
tor
a
ge
loca
ti
ons
.
S
ince
it
s
ince
pti
on,
moder
n
c
loud
platf
or
ms
a
r
e
a
ble
to
c
ompl
e
te
10
t
r
il
li
on
ope
r
a
ti
o
ns
pe
r
s
e
c
ond
f
or
the
us
e
r
,
with
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
c
a
pa
c
it
y
to
s
im
ulate
nuc
lea
r
e
xplos
ions
;
model
we
a
ther
pa
tt
e
r
ns
a
nd
pr
e
dict
c
li
mate
c
ha
nge
;
a
nd
pr
ojec
t
tr
e
nds
in
the
c
ons
umer
mar
ke
t.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
thi
s
c
loud
ne
twor
k
is
a
c
c
e
s
s
e
s
a
nd
s
us
tain
e
d
by
a
r
a
nge
o
f
mobi
le
a
nd
c
o
mput
ing
de
vice
s
,
e
a
c
h
e
na
bli
ng
the
us
e
r
to
a
c
c
e
s
s
the
s
ys
te
m
a
c
c
or
ding
to
his
or
he
r
r
e
quir
e
ments
.
c.
E
mbedde
d
t
e
c
hnology
E
mbedde
d
tec
hnology
invol
ve
s
e
mbedding
a
c
om
puter
a
s
a
c
omponent
f
or
inf
or
mation
pr
o
-
c
e
s
s
ing
a
nd
a
s
pa
r
t
of
a
n
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
s
ys
tem:
thi
s
e
mbed
de
d
s
e
t
-
up
c
a
n
f
unc
ti
on
wi
th
a
mi
nim
a
l
a
mount
of
c
ode
;
a
nd
ye
t
a
utom
a
te
numer
ous
a
c
ti
vit
ies
wi
th
f
a
s
t
r
e
a
c
ti
on
ti
m
e
s
.
E
m
-
be
dde
d
tec
hnologi
e
s
.
As
e
mbedde
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
A
Sur
v
e
y
on
the
appl
ications
of
I
oT
:
an
inve
s
ti
gat
i
on
int
o
e
x
is
ti
ng…
(
F
ahad
Ghalib
A
bdulkadhim
)
1451
tec
hnologi
e
s
ha
ve
be
c
ome
mor
e
wide
s
pr
e
a
d
thr
ou
gh
-
out
the
21
st
c
e
ntur
y
,
c
omm
on
hous
e
hold
a
ppli
a
nc
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
r
e
f
r
iger
a
to
r
s
a
nd
wa
s
hing
mac
hines
ha
ve
b
e
c
ome
c
a
pa
ble
of
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ng
with
a
wide
r
ne
t
wor
k
o
f
int
e
r
c
onne
c
ted
de
-
vice
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
a
s
e
mbedde
d
te
c
hnologi
e
s
a
r
e
c
e
ntr
e
d
a
r
ound
s
of
twa
r
e
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
s
,
fu
tu
r
e
upda
tes
to
thi
s
gove
r
ning
s
of
twa
r
e
will
e
na
ble
m
a
nuf
a
c
tur
e
r
s
to
e
nha
nc
e
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ty
a
nd
r
e
s
pons
e
ti
mes
without
modi
f
ying
the
o
r
igi
na
l
ha
r
dwa
r
e
:
f
utu
r
e
a
p
pli
c
a
ti
ons
will
be
a
ble
to
c
ontr
ol
de
vice
s
a
c
c
or
ding
t
o
pr
e
c
is
e
f
unc
ti
on,
r
e
quir
e
d
pr
ior
it
y
leve
l
a
s
pa
r
t
of
the
de
vice
ne
twor
k,
a
nd
r
e
quir
e
d
leve
l
of
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion.
T
o
il
lus
tr
a
te
thi
s
r
e
lations
hip,
the
be
low
model
hi
ghli
ghts
how
a
dva
nc
e
ments
in
I
oT
ha
ve
in
tur
n
e
nha
nc
e
d
e
ne
r
gy
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
d
is
tr
ibut
ion;
e
c
onomi
c
mobi
li
t
y
a
nd
pe
r
c
e
ived
qua
li
ty
of
li
f
e
[
12]
.
2
.
2.
3.
T
h
e
c
h
all
e
n
ge
s
o
f
I
oT
t
r
an
s
p
or
t
at
io
n
a.
S
e
c
ur
it
y
vulner
a
bil
it
y
W
it
h
the
number
of
de
vice
s
a
nd
s
e
ns
or
s
c
onne
c
te
d
to
the
ne
twor
k
g
r
owing
e
xpone
nti
a
ll
y,
mea
s
ur
e
s
mus
t
be
take
n
to
pr
otec
t
ne
twor
ks
f
r
om
vu
lner
a
b
il
it
ies
a
nd
pr
otec
t
s
e
ns
it
ive
da
ta.
Although
r
e
gis
t
e
r
ing
f
o
r
a
n
e
nter
pr
is
e
mobi
li
ty
mana
ge
ment
(
E
M
M
)
s
olut
ion
a
n
d
e
ns
ur
ing
c
ompl
ianc
e
of
a
ll
I
oT
de
vice
s
to
a
n
or
ga
nis
a
ti
on’
s
s
e
c
ur
it
y
poli
c
ies
may
mi
ti
ga
te
th
is
c
ha
l
-
lenge
to
a
n
I
oT
t
r
a
ns
por
tation
ne
twor
k,
a
l
ong
-
ter
m
s
tr
a
tegy
f
or
c
ombatti
ng
s
e
c
ur
it
y
vulne
r
-
a
bil
it
y
incl
ude
da
ta
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
e
nc
r
yp
ti
on,
c
ontr
ol
of
us
e
r
a
c
c
e
s
s
a
nd
other
mea
s
ur
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
manda
tor
y
de
vice
a
uthentica
ti
on.
b.
E
xtending
the
ne
two
r
k
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tur
e
As
I
oT
de
vice
s
pr
oli
f
e
r
a
te
e
xis
ti
ng
ne
twor
ks
,
on
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
will
be
c
a
pa
c
it
y
of
or
ga
nis
a
ti
ons
to
s
uf
f
icie
ntl
y
e
xtend
thei
r
ne
twor
k
inf
r
a
s
tr
uc
tur
e
a
s
the
number
o
f
I
P
a
dd
r
e
s
s
e
s
a
nd
vol
-
ume
of
da
ta
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
ove
r
ti
me,
a
nd
to
maintain
c
ompl
ianc
e
with
incr
e
a
s
ing
wor
kload
of
inf
or
mation
tec
hnology
(
I
T
)
tea
ms
.
2
.
3.
I
oT
f
or
r
e
t
ail
T
he
r
e
is
no
doubt
that
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
o
f
ne
twor
ks
,
c
omm
unica
ti
on
,
s
e
ns
or
s
a
nd
their
e
mer
ge
nc
e
int
o
a
r
ti
f
icia
ll
y
-
int
e
ll
igent
I
o
T
platf
o
r
ms
will
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
m
how
f
utur
e
pr
oduc
ts
a
r
e
tr
a
ns
-
por
ted
a
nd
manuf
a
c
tur
e
d;
but
thi
s
will
a
ls
o
c
a
us
e
the
r
e
tail
s
e
c
tor
unde
r
pinni
ng
thi
s
s
upply
c
ha
in
to
a
da
pt
to
thi
s
s
a
me
I
oT
-
dr
iven
int
e
l
li
ge
nc
e
.
W
it
h
lar
ge
volum
e
s
of
c
ons
umer
a
nd
a
c
ti
vit
y
da
ta
c
oll
e
c
ted
a
t
e
a
c
h
s
tage
of
the
pur
c
ha
s
e
c
yc
le,
thi
s
will
e
na
ble
or
ga
nis
a
ti
ons
to
c
e
a
s
e
modelli
ng
s
a
les
s
c
e
na
r
ios
us
ing
pa
s
t
c
li
e
nt
da
ta;
a
nd
de
ve
lop
models
us
ing
the
mos
t
up
-
to
-
da
te
indi
c
a
tor
s
f
r
om
a
c
r
os
s
the
I
oT
ne
twor
k
.
I
n
tu
r
n,
thi
s
e
nha
nc
e
d
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
e
na
bled
th
r
ough
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
da
ta
will
e
mpowe
r
c
ons
umer
s
to
make
mo
r
e
c
a
lcul
a
ted
de
c
is
ions
:
thi
s
a
dva
ntage
of
pr
oduc
t
da
ta
c
oup
led
with
the
e
nha
nc
e
d
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ty
f
o
r
c
a
s
hles
s
pa
yme
nts
may
a
c
c
e
ler
a
te
c
ons
umer
c
ompetit
ion
by
i
nc
r
e
a
s
ing
the
number
of
dis
playe
d
opti
ons
a
c
ons
umer
c
a
n
c
ons
ider
a
nd
pur
c
ha
s
e
withi
n
the
s
a
me
a
ll
oc
a
t
e
d
t
im
e
in
a
r
e
tail
e
nvir
onment
[
13]
.
2
.
3.
1.
Hardwar
e
f
or
I
oT
r
e
t
ail
One
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
I
oT
in
r
e
tail
ha
r
dwa
r
e
is
the
m
i
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
,
Ar
duino;
whic
h
is
us
e
d
f
o
r
bui
ldi
ng
digi
tal
de
vice
s
a
nd
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ve
objec
ts
that
a
r
e
a
bl
e
to
s
e
ns
e
a
nd
c
ontr
ol
objec
ts
in
the
phys
ica
l
wor
ld:
it
ha
s
14
digi
tal
input
/out
put
pins
(
o
f
whic
h
6
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
a
s
P
W
M
output
s
)
;
6
a
na
logue
input
s
;
a
16
M
H
z
qua
r
tz
c
r
ys
tal;
a
USB
c
onne
c
ti
on;
a
powe
r
jac
k;
a
n
I
C
S
P
he
a
de
r
;
a
nd
a
r
e
s
e
t
butt
on.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
the
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
is
pr
ovided
with
e
ve
r
ythi
ng
ne
e
de
d
to
int
e
-
gr
a
te
t
he
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
with
other
ha
r
dwa
r
e
;
is
a
ble
to
c
onne
c
t
s
e
a
ml
e
s
s
ly
to
a
c
omput
e
r
us
ing
a
USB
c
a
ble;
a
nd
c
a
n
be
powe
r
e
d
us
ing
a
s
tanda
r
d
AC
-
to
-
DC
a
da
pter
or
ba
tt
e
r
y.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
one
f
ur
t
he
r
e
xa
mpl
e
o
f
I
oT
-
c
ompatibl
e
r
e
tail
ha
r
dwa
r
e
is
the
E
S
P
8266
W
i
-
F
i
M
odule:
thi
s
is
a
s
e
lf
-
c
ontaine
d
a
nd
int
e
gr
a
ted
T
C
P
/I
P
pr
otocol
s
tac
k
that
pr
ovides
the
mi
c
r
oc
ontr
oll
e
r
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
the
us
e
r
’
s
Wi
-
F
i
ne
twor
k
a
nd
the
E
S
P
8266
c
a
n
e
it
he
r
hos
t
a
n
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
or
of
f
load
a
ll
W
i
-
F
i
ne
twor
k
ing
f
unc
ti
ons
f
r
om
a
nother
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
or
.
F
ur
the
r
mor
e
,
e
a
c
h
E
S
P
8266
modul
e
c
omes
pr
e
-
pr
ogr
a
mm
e
d
wit
h
a
n
AT
c
omm
a
nd
s
e
t
f
i
r
mwa
r
e
:
thi
s
e
na
bles
the
us
e
r
to
s
e
a
ml
e
s
s
ly
c
onne
c
t
the
modul
e
to
his
or
he
r
Ar
duin
o
de
vice
a
nd
a
c
c
e
s
s
the
maximum
s
ignal
s
tr
e
ngth
a
va
il
a
ble
f
r
om
the
W
i
-
F
i
S
hield
.
Additi
ona
ll
y
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
be
in
g
a
n
‘
out
of
the
box’
s
olut
ion
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
to
ins
tall,
the
E
S
P
8266
modul
e
is
highl
y
c
os
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
ompar
e
d
to
other
s
olut
ions
,
a
nd
ha
s
s
ubs
e
que
ntl
y
a
tt
r
a
c
ted
a
l
a
r
ge
u
s
e
r
ba
s
e
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
to
thi
s
e
xa
mpl
e
o
f
I
oT
ha
r
dwa
r
e
us
e
d
f
or
r
e
tail
f
unc
ti
ons
,
the
c
e
ll
L
oa
d
C
e
ll
A
a
ls
o
make
s
us
e
of
I
o
T
-
ba
s
e
d
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ty:
thi
s
de
vice
is
de
s
c
r
ibed
a
s
a
mea
s
ur
ing
de
vice
c
a
pa
ble
of
mea
s
ur
ing
it
e
m
we
i
ght
‘
a
t
the
f
ines
t
f
igur
e
”
du
e
to
it
s
high
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
[
1
4]
.
2
.
3.
2.
S
o
f
t
war
e
f
or
I
oT
r
e
t
ail
As
il
lus
tr
a
ted
in
F
igur
e
4,
unde
r
thi
s
s
of
twa
r
e
d
e
s
ign,
thes
e
two
input
s
a
r
e
p
r
ovided
by
HX
711
a
nd
the
R
F
I
D
r
e
a
de
r
to
the
Ar
duino
pr
oc
e
s
s
or
:
thi
s
f
unc
ti
ons
by
p
r
oduc
ing
a
n
a
na
logue
c
e
ll
f
r
o
m
the
load
c
e
ll
to
the
HX
711;
c
onve
r
ti
ng
thi
s
int
o
a
digi
tal
s
igna
l;
us
ing
the
R
F
I
D
tag
to
tr
a
ns
mi
t
inf
or
mation
a
bout
th
e
pr
oduc
t
to
the
R
F
I
D
r
e
a
de
r
,
a
nd
then
s
e
nding
th
is
in
f
or
mation
ba
c
k
to
the
Ar
duino
pr
oc
e
s
s
or
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
a
ll
inf
or
mation
p
r
oduc
e
d
by
the
Ar
duino
pr
oc
e
s
s
or
is
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
d
us
ing
a
W
i
-
F
i
M
odule
s
tor
e
s
in
t
he
c
loud
:
a
ll
s
or
e
d
inf
or
mation
in
the
c
loud
c
a
n
be
a
c
c
e
s
s
e
d
thr
ough
a
n
Andr
oid
App
a
nd
S
e
r
ve
r
in
or
de
r
to
pr
oduc
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1
4
4
7
-
1
4
5
8
1452
a
c
e
r
tain
r
e
s
ult
.
F
ur
the
r
mor
e
,
e
a
c
h
R
F
I
D
tag
is
us
e
d
to
s
tor
e
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
pr
oduc
t
inf
or
mation:
thi
s
make
s
it
pa
r
a
mount
to
a
s
s
ign
the
c
or
r
e
c
t
R
F
I
D
tag
to
the
r
i
ght
pr
oduc
t,
a
nd
f
or
the
c
or
r
e
c
t
inf
or
mation
int
e
r
p
r
e
ted
by
the
R
F
I
D
r
e
a
de
r
to
be
s
e
nt
to
the
Ar
duino
f
or
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
[
15]
.
I
n
it
s
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
to
r
e
tail
s
c
e
na
r
ios
,
a
mobi
le
de
vice
is
us
e
d
to
c
ontr
ol
a
mobi
le
a
ppli
-
c
a
ti
on:
thi
s
f
a
c
il
it
a
tes
s
im
ple
c
us
tom
e
r
-
f
a
c
ing
f
unc
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
view
ing
a
li
s
t
o
f
a
va
il
a
ble
it
e
ms
f
or
pur
c
ha
s
e
,
view
ing
a
map
of
the
pr
oduc
t,
s
e
a
r
c
hing
f
or
f
u
r
ther
p
r
oduc
ts
,
c
he
c
king
the
nutr
ient
c
ontents
of
a
pr
oduc
t
o
r
c
he
c
king
it
s
e
xpir
y
da
te.
I
n
tur
n
,
thi
s
e
na
bles
the
c
us
tom
e
r
to
c
r
e
a
te
his
or
he
r
own
li
s
t
of
pr
oduc
ts
,
a
nd
a
ls
o
to
buil
d
c
us
tom
li
s
ts
a
c
c
or
ding
to
vis
ibl
e
dis
c
ount
r
a
tes
a
nd
a
dva
ntage
ous
c
ombi
na
ti
o
ns
.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly,
f
or
the
a
dmi
nis
tr
a
tor
,
the
logi
n
por
tal
e
na
bles
a
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
e
t
of
f
unc
ti
ons
s
uc
h
a
s
a
dding
o
r
r
e
movi
ng
vis
ibl
e
it
e
ms
,
e
va
luating
the
c
li
e
nt
-
f
a
c
ing
pr
oduc
t
li
s
t,
a
nd
tr
a
c
ki
ng
pur
c
ha
s
e
pa
tt
e
r
ns
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
the
mobi
le
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
is
a
ble
t
o
us
e
the
I
oT
ne
twor
k
to
de
tec
t
s
tock
in
pr
od
uc
t
inventor
y;
s
ubs
e
que
ntl
y
pr
ovide
a
wa
r
ning
me
s
s
a
ge
to
the
a
dmi
nis
tr
a
tor
if
a
n
or
de
r
r
e
que
s
t
e
xc
e
e
ds
that
of
a
va
il
a
ble
s
tock
inventor
y;
a
nd
las
tl
y
tr
igger
the
a
dmi
nis
tr
a
tor
to
make
a
n
or
de
r
us
ing
the
we
b
s
e
r
v
e
r
.
T
his
we
b
s
e
r
ve
r
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
pr
ovides
the
a
dv
a
ntage
of
dis
play
-
ing
the
mos
t
up
-
to
-
da
te
inf
or
mation
a
nd
metr
ics
on
a
n
or
ga
nis
a
ti
on’
s
a
va
il
a
ble
pr
oduc
ts
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
4
[
16,
17]
.
F
igur
e
4.
S
t
r
uc
tur
e
de
s
ign
f
o
r
I
oT
r
e
tail
a
s
e
xa
mpl
e
2
.
3.
3.
T
h
e
c
h
all
e
n
ge
s
t
o
I
oT
r
e
t
ail
On
the
one
ha
nd,
ther
e
is
no
doubt
that
I
oT
tec
h
nology
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
major
oppor
tuni
ty
to
e
nha
nc
e
r
e
tail
ope
r
a
ti
ons
a
nd
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
s
by
im
pr
oving
ope
r
a
ti
ng
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
How
e
ve
r
,
de
s
pit
e
the
c
onc
e
ptual
be
ne
f
it
s
of
I
oT
in
the
r
e
tail
s
e
c
tor
,
the
major
it
y
o
f
c
ur
r
e
nt
I
oT
im
pleme
ntations
a
r
e
c
ons
ider
e
d
unde
r
mi
ne
d
b
y
s
e
ve
r
a
l
f
a
c
tor
s
.
On
the
one
ha
nd,
the
potential
e
a
s
e
of
us
e
a
nd
f
lex
-
ibi
li
ty
of
I
oT
tec
hnology
is
li
mi
ted
by
i
t
s
lac
k
of
unif
or
m
s
tanda
r
ds
:
thi
s
dir
e
c
tl
y
unde
r
mi
ne
s
the
c
onc
e
ptual
be
ne
f
it
of
c
ombi
ning
a
wide
va
r
iety
o
f
s
e
ns
or
s
,
c
omput
e
r
s
a
nd
other
de
vice
s
unde
r
lar
ge
in
ter
c
onn
e
c
ted
ne
twor
ks
.
How
e
ve
r
,
in
a
ddit
ion
to
a
low
ma
tur
it
y
o
f
the
indus
tr
y,
the
f
a
c
tor
of
c
os
t
a
ls
o
unde
r
mi
ne
s
t
he
c
onc
e
ptual
a
dva
ntage
a
n
I
oT
s
ys
tem
w
ould
e
ve
ntually
a
c
quir
e
thr
ough
e
c
onomi
e
s
of
s
c
a
le:
ke
y
c
omponents
s
uc
h
a
s
R
F
I
Ds
a
r
e
s
ti
ll
out
o
f
r
e
a
c
h
of
mos
t
pr
o
jec
ts
a
nd
or
-
ga
nis
a
ti
ons
;
a
nd
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
s
e
c
ond
a
r
y
is
s
ue
w
he
r
e
by
lar
ge
r
o
r
ga
nis
a
ti
ons
c
a
pa
ble
of
ne
goti
a
ti
n
g
a
lowe
r
c
os
t
-
pe
r
-
unit
may
a
c
quir
e
a
monopol
is
ti
c
c
ompetit
i
ve
a
dva
ntage
thr
ough
unr
ivalled
da
ta
pr
oc
e
s
s
ing
a
n
d
mar
ke
t
s
c
a
nning
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
[
13]
.
2
.
4.
I
oT
f
or
h
e
alt
h
c
ar
e
On
the
one
ha
nd,
the
r
is
e
of
I
nter
ne
t
of
T
hings
(
I
oT
)
tec
hnologi
e
s
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
e
s
s
ome
of
the
mos
t
s
igni
f
ica
nt
a
dva
nc
e
s
of
the
21s
t
c
e
ntur
y
,
a
nd
h
a
s
s
ubs
e
que
ntl
y
be
e
n
a
s
s
oc
iate
d
to
f
utu
r
is
ti
c
p
r
ojec
ts
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
A
Sur
v
e
y
on
the
appl
ications
of
I
oT
:
an
inve
s
ti
gat
i
on
int
o
e
x
is
ti
ng…
(
F
ahad
Ghalib
A
bdulkadhim
)
1453
ne
xt
-
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on
manuf
a
c
tur
e
,
a
utom
a
ted
wa
r
e
hou
s
ing
a
nd
e
nvir
onmenta
ll
y
-
s
e
ns
it
ive
s
mar
t
c
it
ies
.
How
e
ve
r
,
a
lt
hough
I
o
T
doe
s
pr
e
s
e
nt
the
oppor
tun
it
y
to
r
e
de
s
ign
tr
a
dit
ional
indus
tr
ies
int
o
a
n
e
c
os
ys
tem
of
int
e
r
c
onne
c
ted
de
vice
s
,
thi
s
meta
phor
of
the
‘
int
e
ll
igent
or
ga
n
-
is
ms
’
may
a
ls
o
a
ble
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
biol
ogi
c
a
l
s
ys
tems
f
r
om
whic
h
I
oT
wa
s
ins
pir
e
d:
with
bil
l
ions
of
da
ta
point
s
a
nd
a
r
a
te
of
c
ha
nge
that
ha
s
a
lwa
ys
be
e
n
out
of
r
e
a
c
h
of
tr
a
dit
ional
plat
f
or
ms
,
a
n
I
o
T
-
ba
s
e
d
unde
r
s
tanding
of
medic
a
l
a
nd
bio
logi
c
a
l
e
nvi
r
onments
pr
ovi
de
mor
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
a
nd
r
e
s
pons
ive
s
o
lut
ions
to
c
ompl
e
x
medic
a
l
c
ondit
ions
.
How
e
ve
r
,
be
ginni
ng
with
the
medic
a
l
s
e
c
tor
,
I
oT
tec
hnologi
e
s
a
lr
e
a
dy
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
n
i
mpr
ove
ment
to
pa
ti
e
nt
c
a
r
e
a
t
the
o
r
ga
nis
a
ti
ona
l
leve
l:
the
c
os
ts
incur
r
e
d
by
ins
ti
tut
ions
thr
ough
inef
f
icie
nt
wa
it
ing
ti
mes
c
ould
be
mi
ti
ga
ted
by
a
pplyi
ng
I
oT
to
s
hif
t
a
nd
tas
k
-
f
low
mana
ge
ment
[
18]
.
2
.
4.
1.
Hardwar
e
f
or
I
oT
h
e
alt
h
c
ar
e
I
n
or
de
r
to
c
ombat
thi
s
r
is
k
of
une
xpe
c
ted
ha
r
dwa
r
e
f
a
il
ur
e
,
the
ne
w
e
-
Ale
r
t
I
oT
d
r
iver
s
olut
ion
by
P
hil
ips
is
de
s
igned
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
thi
s
dil
e
mm
a
by
de
tec
ti
ng
pe
nding
malf
unc
ti
ons
of
medic
a
l
ha
r
dwa
r
e
in
r
e
a
l
ti
me,
a
nd
then
de
ployi
ng
s
olut
ions
s
uc
h
a
s
s
taf
f
a
ler
ts
i
n
-
ti
me
be
f
or
e
a
vit
a
l
s
ys
tem
f
a
il
s
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
on
e
f
ur
ther
e
xa
mpl
e
of
a
n
I
o
T
-
ba
s
e
d
s
olut
ion
to
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
s
c
e
na
r
ios
is
the
us
e
of
a
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
l
oc
a
ti
on
s
ys
tem
to
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
li
ve
a
s
s
e
t
tr
a
c
king
withi
n
the
hos
pit
a
l
buil
ding
:
a
lt
h
ough
thi
s
p
r
oc
e
s
s
of
tr
a
c
king
de
vice
s
,
vis
it
or
s
a
nd
p
e
r
s
onne
l
may
a
ppe
a
r
a
s
a
manua
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
s
maller
o
r
ga
ni
s
a
ti
ons
,
maintaining
thi
s
ove
r
s
ight
a
t
the
s
a
me
s
ta
nda
r
d
f
o
r
la
r
ge
or
ga
nis
a
ti
ons
wi
th
mul
ti
ple
c
a
mpus
e
s
a
nd
thous
a
nds
of
s
taf
f
is
not
s
us
taina
ble
without
t
ur
ning
to
a
utom
a
ted
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
s
that
r
e
pli
c
a
te
thi
s
s
a
me
c
ont
e
xtual
a
wa
r
e
-
ne
s
s
.
One
I
oT
platf
or
m
bui
lt
in
r
e
c
og
nit
ion
of
thi
s
dil
e
mm
a
is
iB
e
a
c
on
de
ve
loped
by
t
e
c
hn
ology
C
o.
L
td
a
nd
incor
por
a
tes
the
B
luetooth
ga
tew
a
y
G1
in
or
de
r
to
a
c
hieve
the
mul
ti
-
node
tr
a
c
king
a
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
a
s
s
e
t
tr
a
c
king
s
ys
tem
r
e
quir
e
s
.
On
the
other
ha
nd,
on
e
f
ur
the
r
c
a
s
e
of
I
oT
withi
n
a
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
s
e
tt
ing
may
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
one
of
the
mos
t
a
dva
nc
e
d
de
ve
lopm
e
nts
in
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
to
da
te,
a
nd
e
ve
n
I
oT
tec
hnology
a
s
a
whole
:
one
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
I
o
T
is
r
e
volut
ioni
s
ing
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
dr
ug
pr
e
s
c
r
ipt
ion,
with
mi
c
r
os
e
ns
or
s
e
mbedde
d
int
o
the
pil
l
c
a
ps
ules
;
thi
s
a
bil
i
ty
to
tr
a
c
k
s
ignals
e
mi
t
ted
f
r
om
e
a
c
h
e
mbedde
d
s
e
ns
or
e
na
bles
a
mor
e
pr
e
c
is
e
c
ontr
ol
o
ve
r
dr
ug
dos
a
ge
,
e
na
bli
ng
doc
tor
s
to
be
no
ti
f
ied
in
the
e
ve
nt
or
ove
r
dos
e
,
or
whe
n
the
dos
e
a
ppe
a
r
s
ins
uf
f
icie
n
t
a
c
c
or
ding
to
the
r
e
po
r
ted
a
bs
or
pti
on
withi
n
the
pa
ti
e
nt’
s
body.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
thi
s
c
onf
igur
a
t
ion
is
f
u
r
ther
c
o
mbi
ne
d
with
the
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ty
of
a
n
e
xter
na
l
pa
tch
f
or
c
onti
nua
l
tr
a
c
king,
a
nd
a
s
mar
tphone
a
pp
that
dis
plays
c
ontextua
l
s
ugge
s
ti
ons
i
nf
e
r
r
e
d
thr
ough
us
ing
thi
s
da
ta
[
18]
.
2
.
4.
2.
S
o
f
t
war
e
f
or
I
oT
h
e
alt
h
c
ar
e
I
n
c
ons
ider
ing
the
I
oT
s
of
twa
r
e
us
e
d
f
or
medic
a
l
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
c
ur
r
e
nt
p
latf
or
ms
a
r
e
c
ho
-
s
e
n
a
nd
to
c
ontr
ibut
e
to
one
of
the
f
ol
lowing
thr
e
e
c
a
tegor
ies
:
a.
R
e
duc
ing
the
wa
it
ing
ti
me
of
pa
ti
e
nts
withi
n
the
e
mer
ge
nc
y
wa
it
ing
r
oom
.
Not
only
is
e
x
-
tende
d
ti
me
in
the
wa
it
ing
r
oom
unpr
oduc
ti
ve
f
or
both
pa
tents
a
nd
s
taf
f
membe
r
s
;
but
a
ls
o
incur
s
a
wide
r
a
nge
or
e
xp
e
ns
e
s
thr
oughout
a
medic
a
l
or
ga
nis
a
ti
on.
How
e
ve
r
,
a
s
de
mon
-
s
tr
a
ted
(
a
ls
o
mentioned
in
the
a
bove
s
e
c
ti
o
n)
by
the
S
inai
M
e
dica
l
C
e
ntr
e
in
Ne
w
Yor
k
C
it
y,
I
oT
-
b
a
s
e
d
s
of
twa
r
e
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
a
r
e
not
only
a
ble
to
innovate
the
de
li
ve
r
y
of
c
ompl
e
x
med
-
ica
l
pr
oc
e
dur
e
s
;
but
a
ls
o
r
e
gulate
a
nd
upda
te
the
s
ys
tems
of
mana
ge
men
t
that
c
oor
dinate
vit
a
l
human
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
b.
He
a
lt
h
m
onit
or
ing
f
r
om
r
e
mot
e
loca
ti
ons
o
ne
f
ur
ther
e
xa
mpl
e
of
how
I
oT
may
e
nha
nc
e
the
a
bil
it
y
of
pa
ti
e
nts
to
moni
to
r
vi
tals
a
nd
a
pply
a
ppr
opr
iate
s
olut
ions
is
the
us
e
of
tele
medic
ine:
vis
ua
ll
y,
thi
s
l
ikely
a
ppe
a
r
s
the
quint
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
c
ombi
na
ti
on
of
a
medic
a
l
s
e
r
vice
a
nd
int
e
r
ne
t
tec
hnologi
e
s
;
but
a
ls
o
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
br
oa
de
r
be
ne
f
it
by
r
e
duc
ing
the
number
of
pa
ti
e
nts
e
nquir
ing
a
t
the
wa
it
ing
r
oom
leve
l
only
to
dis
c
ove
r
that
a
r
e
mot
e
f
r
om
of
t
r
e
a
tm
e
nt
would
ha
ve
be
e
n
mor
e
e
f
f
icie
nt
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igu
r
e
5
[
19]
.
F
igur
e
5.
S
t
r
uc
tur
e
de
s
ign
f
o
r
I
oT
he
a
lt
h
c
a
r
e
a
s
e
xa
mpl
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1
4
4
7
-
1
4
5
8
1454
2
.
4.
3.
T
h
e
c
h
all
e
n
ge
s
o
f
I
oT
h
e
alt
h
c
ar
e
De
s
pit
e
it
s
pos
it
ive
be
ne
f
it
s
,
ther
e
a
r
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
that
r
e
main
in
I
oT
-
ba
s
e
d
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
a
p
-
pli
c
a
ti
ons
,
s
ome
of
whic
h
e
xtend
be
yond
the
de
li
ve
r
y
of
med
ica
l
c
a
r
e
it
s
e
lf
.
T
he
f
ir
s
t
e
xa
mpl
e
is
the
pe
r
c
e
ived
thr
e
a
t
to
pr
ivac
y
a
nd
da
ta
s
e
c
ur
it
y:
thi
s
pr
im
a
r
il
y
i
nvolv
e
s
the
potential
mi
s
us
e
of
pe
r
s
ona
l
medic
a
l
r
e
c
or
ds
,
or
the
unint
e
nde
d
dis
tr
ibut
ion
o
f
s
e
ns
it
ive
medic
a
l
d
a
ta
to
or
ga
nis
a
ti
ons
with
mor
e
c
omm
e
r
c
ial
ince
nt
ives
.
On
the
one
ha
nd,
in
both
int
e
nt
a
nd
de
s
ign,
a
n
I
o
T
c
o
nf
igur
a
-
ti
on
inher
e
ntl
y
r
e
qui
r
e
s
lar
ge
volum
e
s
of
d
a
ta
to
be
s
ha
r
e
d
with
the
c
loud
,
a
nd
to
be
int
e
r
p
r
e
ted
a
c
c
or
di
ng
to
the
inf
e
r
r
e
d
pa
tt
e
r
ns
they
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt:
thi
s
may
pr
im
a
r
il
y
invol
ve
qua
nti
tative
e
nvir
on
-
menta
l
da
ta
whe
n
a
pp
li
e
d
to
a
di
lemma
s
uc
h
a
s
c
onge
s
ti
on
or
wa
it
ing
ti
mes
;
but
may
a
ls
o
a
pply
to
qua
li
tative
a
nd
be
ha
viour
a
l
da
ta
if
given
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
tr
a
ns
c
r
ipt
s
a
nd
pa
ti
e
nt
r
e
c
or
dings
[
19]
.
3.
I
OT
T
E
CN
OL
OG
I
E
S
F
OR
COM
M
UN
I
CA
T
I
ON
W
it
hin
a
s
tanda
r
d
I
oT
c
onf
igu
r
a
ti
on,
a
ll
it
e
ms
a
r
e
c
onne
c
ted
to
the
int
e
r
ne
t
th
r
ough
de
-
vice
s
,
e
a
c
h
c
a
pa
ble
of
modelli
ng
pa
r
t
of
their
s
ur
r
oundin
g
e
nvir
onment:
whe
n
c
onne
c
ted
togethe
r
us
ing
s
h
or
t
-
r
a
nge
r
a
dio
f
r
e
que
nc
y
identi
f
ica
ti
on
(
R
F
I
D
)
a
s
a
c
oll
e
c
ti
ve
ne
twor
k,
thi
s
is
int
e
nde
d
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
c
ombi
ne
d
e
nti
ty
that
‘
int
e
ll
igently
int
e
r
p
r
e
ts
a
nd
mana
ge
s
’
c
onne
c
ted
de
vic
e
s
withi
n
the
loca
l
e
nvir
onment
[
20
]
.
W
he
ther
the
c
onc
e
pt
of
the
global
ne
ur
a
l
ne
twor
k
or
the
c
onc
e
pt
of
‘
na
ti
on
int
e
ll
igenc
e
’
whe
n
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ng
with
a
c
ountr
y
s
uc
h
a
s
C
hina:
thi
s
inher
e
nt
int
e
r
c
onne
c
ti
on
of
de
vice
s
a
s
pa
r
t
of
a
c
ombi
ne
s
int
e
ll
igent
e
nti
t
y
f
or
ms
the
c
or
ne
r
s
tone
of
the
I
oT
model
.
F
ur
-
ther
mor
e
,
o
ne
ke
y
s
tep
towa
r
ds
the
r
e
a
li
s
a
ti
on
of
thi
s
I
o
T
c
onc
e
pt
wa
s
M
2M
tec
hnology,
s
hor
t
f
o
r
‘
mac
hine
-
to
-
mac
hine
’
a
nd
im
p
lyi
ng
c
omm
unica
ti
on
a
s
the
e
xc
ha
nge
d
a
c
ti
vit
y.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
th
is
c
onc
e
pt
mar
ke
d
a
p
r
e
c
ur
s
or
to
the
moder
n
I
oT
c
onc
e
pt,
whe
r
e
by
mac
hines
a
nd
huma
ns
would
c
omm
unica
te
int
e
r
c
ha
nge
a
bly
towa
r
ds
a
c
oll
e
c
ti
ve
outcome
:
thi
s
would
in
-
tur
n
a
ls
o
im
ply
ubiq
uit
y
a
nd
a
n
indepe
nde
nc
e
f
r
om
loca
ti
on
in
today’
s
c
ontext
due
to
the
a
va
il
a
bil
it
y
of
mobi
le
de
vice
s
.
T
oda
y,
M
2
M
r
e
f
e
r
s
to
the
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
o
f
a
wi
r
e
les
s
c
omm
unica
ti
on
a
nd
inf
o
r
mation
tec
hnology
f
or
two
-
wa
y
c
omm
un
ica
ti
on,
a
nd
is
pr
im
a
r
il
y
de
s
ignate
d
towa
r
ds
a
wide
r
a
nge
of
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
a
nd
long
-
dis
tanc
e
wir
e
les
s
tec
hnologi
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
GSM
/G
P
R
S
/UM
T
S
;
or
r
a
dio
-
ba
s
e
d
s
ignals
s
uc
h
a
s
W
i
-
F
i,
B
luetooth,
Z
igbee
,
R
F
I
D
,
a
nd
U
W
B
[
21]
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
thi
s
c
onf
igu
r
a
ti
on
c
a
n
be
c
ombi
ne
d
wi
th
XM
L
a
nd
C
or
ba
a
s
we
ll
a
s
a
loca
ti
on
s
e
r
vice
tec
hnology
ba
s
e
d
on
GPS
,
wi
r
e
les
s
ter
mi
na
ls
a
nd
ne
twor
ks
.
4.
I
M
P
L
I
CA
T
I
ONS
F
OR
F
UT
UR
E
RE
S
E
AR
CH
I
n
c
ons
ider
ing
the
we
a
kne
s
s
e
s
in
c
ur
r
e
nt
I
o
T
ne
t
wor
ks
identif
ied
in
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
ther
e
a
p
-
pe
a
r
s
to
b
e
f
ive
dis
ti
nc
t
a
r
e
a
s
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
that
may
be
a
ble
to
e
nha
nc
e
the
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ty
,
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
mar
ke
t
via
bil
it
y
o
f
f
utur
e
I
o
T
s
ys
tems
;
a
nd
ult
im
a
tely
e
na
ble
a
wide
r
r
a
nge
or
f
utu
r
e
or
ga
nis
a
-
ti
ons
a
nd
c
a
s
e
s
to
incor
por
a
te
I
oT
int
o
their
c
or
e
ope
r
a
ti
ons
a
nd
bus
ines
s
model
:
a
.
T
he
c
a
pa
c
it
y
to
c
oor
dinate
phys
ica
l
a
s
s
e
ts
W
it
hin
the
pa
r
a
digm
o
f
e
mbedde
d
s
ys
tems
,
s
mall
e
mbedde
d
c
omput
ing
de
vice
s
a
r
e
tr
e
a
ted
a
s
‘
a
s
s
e
ts
’
(
or
de
e
ply
e
mbedde
d
s
ys
tem
s
)
that
s
e
nd
a
nd
r
e
c
e
ive
inf
or
mation
on
the
wide
r
ne
two
r
k:
thi
s
c
a
n
includ
e
de
vice
s
s
uc
h
a
s
s
mar
t
s
e
ns
or
s
a
t
home
or
indus
tr
ial
s
it
e
s
.
F
ur
ther
,
e
mbedde
d
s
ys
tem
de
s
ign
c
a
n
a
ls
o
be
unde
r
s
tood
a
s
a
de
s
ign
qua
li
ty
that
s
e
e
ks
to
mi
nim
is
e
ne
t
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
t
hr
ough
the
a
dde
d
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
pr
ovides
thr
ough
the
ne
twor
k
a
nd
e
c
onomi
e
s
of
s
c
a
le:
e
xa
mpl
e
f
unc
ti
ons
that
indi
c
a
te
thi
s
int
e
nti
ona
l
de
s
ign
a
r
e
to
e
nter
s
lee
p
mode
f
oll
owing
a
pe
r
iod
o
f
inac
ti
vit
y.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
whe
n
r
unning
in
thei
r
low
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
s
tate
,
th
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
of
e
m
-
be
dde
d
pr
oc
e
s
s
or
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
r
e
nde
r
s
powe
r
c
ons
umpt
ion
ne
gli
gibl
e
whe
n
idl
e
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
thi
s
de
s
ign
qua
li
ty
may
a
ls
o
manif
e
s
t
a
s
a
n
e
ve
ntual
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
the
pr
ice
s
of
c
or
e
ne
two
r
k
c
ompo
ne
nts
:
a
s
the
pr
ice
of
32
-
bit
M
C
Us
f
a
ll
s
a
nd
L
inux
is
una
ble
to
s
uppor
t
M
C
Us
without
M
M
U
s
;
thi
s
would
make
R
T
OS
is
pr
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
c
hoice
f
o
r
I
o
T
-
ba
s
e
d
OSs
r
unning
on
M
C
Us
a
s
R
T
OS
-
ba
s
e
d
de
s
igns
r
un
mor
e
f
lexibly
on
s
uc
h
s
ys
tems
,
with
e
xtens
ive
s
of
twa
r
e
c
hoice
s
.
b.
Ubiquit
ous
I
nter
ne
t
f
unc
ti
on
Qua
li
ti
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
‘
loca
ti
on
indepe
nde
nc
e
’
a
nd
w
ir
e
les
s
da
ta
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
may
a
ls
o
be
us
e
d
to
f
ur
ther
a
dva
nc
e
s
in
f
ull
y
ubiqui
tous
s
ys
tems
whe
r
e
the
in
ter
-
a
c
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
c
loud
ne
twor
ks
a
nd
phys
ica
l
d
e
vice
s
is
not
r
e
quir
e
d
[
22]
.
5.
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
I
n
r
e
s
pons
e
to
the
c
onti
nuous
gr
owth
a
nd
a
dva
nc
e
ment
of
I
o
T
tec
hnologi
e
s
,
th
is
ha
s
led
many
gove
r
nment
bodies
to
a
ll
oc
a
te
f
unds
to
s
uppor
t
thi
s
t
r
a
ns
it
ion.
Ac
c
or
ding
to
the
mos
t
r
e
c
e
nt
d
a
ta
f
r
om
the
W
or
ld
S
tatis
ti
c
s
r
e
ve
a
led
a
t
F
igu
r
e
6
:
As
o
f
2
018,
the
e
xpe
ndit
ur
e
r
a
te
a
mount
e
d
to
646
bil
li
on
doll
a
r
s
(
USD)
;
a
nd
is
e
xpe
c
ted
to
r
e
a
c
h
a
n
e
xpe
ndit
ur
e
r
a
te
of
1000
bi
ll
ion
doll
a
r
s
by
2022
[
23
]
.
I
n
a
ddit
io
n
to
thi
s
tr
e
nd,
a
nother
f
a
c
tor
dr
ivi
ng
the
s
igni
f
ica
nc
e
of
I
o
T
is
it
s
d
r
a
matic
in
-
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
the
number
of
d
e
vice
s
that
a
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
A
Sur
v
e
y
on
the
appl
ications
of
I
oT
:
an
inve
s
ti
gat
i
on
int
o
e
x
is
ti
ng…
(
F
ahad
Ghalib
A
bdulkadhim
)
1455
c
onne
c
ted
onli
ne
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
thi
s
r
a
pid
incr
e
a
s
e
i
n
int
e
r
-
ne
t
c
a
pa
bil
it
y
a
mong
de
vice
s
will
in
-
tur
n
r
e
quir
e
upda
ted
s
tanda
r
ds
,
a
nd
a
r
e
-
de
s
igned
tec
hnology
inf
r
a
s
tr
uc
tur
e
.
,
thi
s
r
e
quir
e
d
a
dva
nc
e
ment
of
tec
hnology
e
c
os
ys
tem
is
pr
omot
e
d
thr
oug
h
I
o
T
platf
o
r
ms
.
F
ur
ther
mor
e
,
a
lt
hough
thi
s
ha
s
a
lr
e
a
dy
in
-
pa
r
t
led
to
a
tot
a
l
15.
41
bi
ll
ion
de
vice
s
c
onne
c
ted
to
the
I
n
ter
ne
t;
by
2025,
th
is
number
of
de
vice
s
is
e
xpe
c
ted
to
r
e
a
c
h
7
5
bil
li
on
.
Ac
c
or
ding
to
our
s
ur
ve
y,
whic
h
s
ought
to
inves
ti
ga
te
e
xa
mpl
e
s
of
pr
e
s
e
nt
-
da
y
a
ppli
c
a
-
ti
ons
:
a
lar
ge
number
of
o
r
ga
nis
a
ti
ons
a
c
r
os
s
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ountr
ie
s
a
lr
e
a
dy
s
pe
c
ialis
e
in
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
that
-
c
oll
e
c
ti
ve
ly
-
would
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
f
ull
I
oT
platf
or
ms
.
As
highl
ight
e
d
in
T
a
ble
1
,
thi
s
c
omp
r
is
e
s
of
22
c
ompanie
s
,
a
mong
wh
ich
43%
pr
ovide
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
f
oc
us
e
d
on
medic
a
l
a
ppli
c
a
ti
o
ns
;
30%
f
or
manuf
a
c
tur
ing
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
;
20%
f
o
r
t
he
‘
s
mar
t
c
it
y’
c
onc
e
pt;
4%
f
or
r
e
tail
s
c
e
na
r
ios
;
a
nd
%
f
o
r
e
nha
nc
ing
tr
a
ns
por
tation.
a
s
s
hown
in
F
igur
e
7
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
we
ha
ve
de
s
igned
a
model
f
o
r
the
I
nter
ne
t
of
t
hings
platf
or
m
in
ge
ne
r
a
l
,
e
x
-
plaining
the
r
e
lati
ons
hip
of
the
f
oll
owing
c
las
s
e
s
:
(
buil
dings
;
e
c
onomy;
e
d
uc
a
ti
on;
e
ne
r
gy;
e
nvir
onment;
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
;
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tur
e
;
mobi
li
ty;
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
tec
hnology
a
nd
innovat
ion;
s
oc
ial
inclus
ion)
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
2
.
T
he
platf
o
r
ms
g
e
ne
r
a
ll
y
f
oc
us
on
s
ome
ba
s
ic
f
e
a
tur
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
de
vice
mana
ge
ment,
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
a
nd
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
c
o
nti
nuit
y.
I
n
thi
s
pa
pe
r
,
we
ha
ve
s
hown
the
mos
t
im
po
r
tant
P
latf
or
ms
that
f
oc
us
on
M
I
oT
,
T
I
oT
,
R
I
oT
,
HI
o
T
a
nd
S
I
o
T
.
a
s
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
1
.
F
igur
e
6
.
C
onne
c
ted
de
vice
s
in
the
wor
ld
2015
-
2025
[
23
]
T
a
ble
1
.
I
o
T
’
s
P
latf
o
r
ms
s
pe
c
if
ica
ti
ons
I
oT
’
s
P
la
tf
or
ms
E
a
s
y c
onne
c
ti
vi
ty
L
ow
c
ompl
e
xi
ty
M
a
c
hi
ne
L
e
a
r
ni
ng f
or
c
ompl
e
x
B
ig
-
D
a
ta
A
na
ly
s
is
F
r
e
e
/P
a
id
A
ma
z
on W
e
b S
e
r
vi
c
e
s
(
A
W
S
)
[
24]
Y
e
s
F
r
e
e
A
yl
a
N
e
twor
k [
25]
Y
e
s
P
a
id
A
r
ti
k [
26]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
B
r
ig
ht
W
ol
f
S
tr
a
ndz
E
nt
e
r
p
r
is
e
[
27]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
F
r
e
e
/P
a
id
B
os
c
h I
oT
S
ui
te
[
28]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
F
r
e
e
/P
a
id
C
is
c
o C
lo
ud C
onn
e
c
t
[
29]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
P
a
id
C
a
r
r
io
ts
[
30]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
F
r
e
e
C
3 [
31]
Y
e
s
P
a
id
D
a
ta
v by B
s
qua
r
e
[
32]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
F
r
e
e
D
e
vi
c
e
P
il
ot
S
e
r
vi
c
e
[
33]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
pa
id
G
e
ne
r
a
l
E
le
c
tr
ic
’
s
P
r
e
di
x
[
34]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
P
a
id
G
oogl
e
C
lo
ud P
la
tf
or
m [
35]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
F
r
e
e
I
B
M
W
a
ts
on [
36]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
F
r
e
e
K
a
a
[
37]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
F
r
e
e
M
oc
a
na
[
38]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
F
r
e
e
M
B
E
D
I
oT
’
s
D
e
vi
c
e
[
39]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
F
r
e
e
/P
a
id
M
in
ds
phe
r
e
by S
ie
me
ns
[
40]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
P
a
id
M
ic
r
os
of
t
I
oT
[
41]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
P
a
id
O
r
a
c
le
I
nt
e
gr
a
te
d C
lo
ud [
42]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
F
r
e
e
S
a
le
s
f
or
c
e
I
oT
’
s
C
lo
ud [
43]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
P
a
id
T
hi
ng S
pe
a
k
[
44]
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
P
a
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
1693
-
6930
T
E
L
KO
M
NI
KA
T
e
lec
omm
un
C
omput
E
l
C
ontr
o
l
,
Vol.
18
,
No
.
3
,
J
une
2020:
1
4
4
7
-
1
4
5
8
1456
F
igur
e
7
.
T
a
r
ge
ted
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
f
or
I
o
T
in
the
s
tud
y
T
a
ble
2
.
M
ode
l
of
I
oT
platf
o
r
m
C
la
s
s
e
s
R
e
s
our
c
e
s
I
nnova
ti
ons
Q
ua
li
ty
of
l
iv
in
g
B
ui
ld
in
gs
E
ne
r
gy
c
ons
umpt
io
n
of
e
xi
s
ti
ng
bui
ld
in
gs
f
or
s
pa
c
e
H
e
a
ti
ng;
C
ool
in
g;
W
a
te
r
H
e
a
ti
ng
C
os
t
opt
im
is
a
ti
on.
E
c
onomy
P
ur
c
ha
s
in
g
pow
e
r
Q
ua
nt
it
y
of
he
a
dqua
r
te
r
s
of
in
te
r
na
ti
ona
l
c
ompa
ni
e
s
;
Q
ua
nt
it
y
of
ne
w
e
nt
e
r
pr
is
e
s
;
D
ir
e
c
t
in
ve
s
tm
e
nt
f
lo
w
s
;
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
-
in
te
ns
iv
e
pr
oduc
ts
s
a
le
s
.
E
duc
a
ti
on
Q
ua
nt
it
y
of
w
hol
e
-
da
y;
in
te
gr
a
te
d
s
c
hool
s
;
Q
ua
nt
it
y
of
hi
gh
-
qua
li
ty
c
hi
ld
c
a
r
e
of
f
e
r
in
gs
;
E
duc
a
ti
ona
l
le
ve
l.
E
ne
r
gy
T
he
to
ta
l
f
in
a
l
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
umpt
io
n;
P
r
im
a
r
y
e
ne
r
gy
in
put
;
R
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
s
our
c
e
s
of
e
ne
r
gy.
E
nvi
r
onme
nt
S
ha
r
e
of
gr
e
e
n
s
pa
c
e
s
;
S
a
vi
ngs
a
c
hi
e
ve
d
by
muni
c
ip
a
l;
w
a
s
te
ma
na
ge
me
nt
.
i
nf
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
O
pe
nne
s
s
of
gove
r
nme
nt
;
Q
ua
nt
it
y
of
pi
lo
t
pr
oj
e
c
ts
w
it
h
I
C
T
e
nt
e
r
pr
is
e
s
in
th
e
ir
a
bi
li
ty
to
s
e
r
ve
a
s
s
how
c
a
s
e
s
f
or
th
e
c
it
y
a
nd
it
s
e
c
onomy;
P
ubl
ic
s
pa
c
e
;
Wi
-
F
i
c
ove
r
a
ge
H
e
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
A
f
f
or
da
bi
li
ty
of
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
;
Q
ua
nt
it
y
a
nd
qua
li
ty
of
t
he
ir
le
is
ur
e
t
im
e
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
T
he
a
tt
r
a
c
ti
ve
n
e
s
s
of
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
in
nova
ti
on
hub;
T
h
e
qua
nt
it
y
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
uni
ts
a
t
in
te
r
na
ti
ona
l
c
or
por
a
ti
ons
;
th
e
Q
ua
nt
it
y
of
in
te
r
na
ti
ona
l
le
a
di
ng r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
;
th
e
qua
nt
it
y
of
i
nt
e
r
na
ti
ona
l
s
tu
de
nt
s
.
S
oc
ia
l
in
c
lu
s
io
n
S
a
f
e
ty
of
li
vi
ng
;
A
tt
r
a
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
hous
in
g
e
nvi
r
onme
nt
;
th
e
A
b
s
e
nc
e
of
ge
nde
r
s
upe
r
io
r
it
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.