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tec
h
n
i
q
u
e,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t,
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
,
a
n
d
g
e
n
er
aliza
tio
n
f
o
r
MI
MO
-
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
re
f
er
to
[
6
,
1
2
-
14
]
f
o
r
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
n
SM
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
r
ec
eiv
er
d
esi
g
n
,
an
d
o
t
h
er
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
is
s
u
e
s
)
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
is
clo
s
el
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
r
es
ea
r
ch
p
ap
er
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
OFDM
an
d
s
i
n
g
le
o
r
m
u
ltip
l
e
tr
an
s
m
it
a
n
ten
n
a
ac
tiv
atio
n
.
L
u
n
a
-
R
i
v
er
a
et
al
[
15
]
d
o
th
eir
w
o
r
k
o
n
t
h
e
d
es
ig
n
o
f
co
n
s
tellatio
n
in
SM.
T
h
e
y
co
n
clu
d
es
th
a
t
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
d
ata
s
y
m
b
o
l
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
an
t
en
n
a
at
a
ti
m
e
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
p
ec
tr
al
e
ffi
cien
c
y
b
u
t,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
it
d
eg
r
ad
es
th
e
b
it
er
r
o
r
r
ate
(
B
E
R
)
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
L
i
n
et
al
[
16
]
w
o
r
k
ed
o
n
g
en
er
alize
d
S
M
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
it
h
M
L
(
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
l
ik
le
h
o
o
d
)
d
etec
to
r
.
T
h
e
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
e
th
o
d
to
lo
w
er
co
m
p
l
ex
it
y
in
t
h
e
d
etec
to
r
d
esig
n
b
y
s
p
litt
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
y
m
b
o
ls
i
n
to
t
w
o
v
ec
to
r
s
in
d
ex
an
d
s
y
m
b
o
l.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
e
m
es
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
an
tl
y
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
o
th
er
ex
is
ti
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
h
ile
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
r
e
m
ai
n
s
lo
w
.
Z
h
a
n
g
et
al
[
17
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
lo
w
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
SM
d
etec
tio
n
b
y
r
ea
r
r
an
g
in
g
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
r
d
er
o
f
ML
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
ch
a
n
n
e
l
an
d
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
i
g
n
al.
T
h
e
y
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
B
E
R
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
b
etter
th
an
n
o
r
m
al
MM
L
(
M
-
al
g
o
r
ith
m
M
L
)
b
u
t
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
Aca
r
et
al
[
18
]
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
th
eir
w
o
r
k
o
n
esti
m
a
ti
n
g
ch
an
n
el
s
tate
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
h
o
w
t
h
e
y
u
s
e
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
i
n
SM
-
OFDM.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
lo
w
es
ti
m
atio
n
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
w
it
h
lea
s
t
s
q
u
ar
e
s
(
L
S)
a
n
d
lo
w
p
as
s
i
n
ter
p
o
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e.
Ku
m
ar
av
e
lu
et
al
[
19
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
8
X8
MI
MO
d
esig
n
w
it
h
SM.
T
h
ey
u
s
e
ad
ap
ti
v
e
m
a
p
p
in
g
f
o
r
an
ten
n
a
s
elec
tio
n
w
it
h
M
L
s
c
h
e
m
e.
T
h
ey
clai
m
ed
;
u
s
i
n
g
e
n
co
d
in
g
,
t
h
at
t
h
eir
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
is
a
g
o
o
d
ca
n
d
id
ate
f
o
r
I
MT
-
2
0
2
0
as
w
e
ll
as
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
ax
b
ased
h
an
d
h
eld
d
ev
ices
w
it
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
lin
e
o
f
s
i
g
h
t
c
h
an
n
el.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
it
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
it
ter
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
a
n
ten
n
a
s
s
elec
ti
v
el
y
ac
tiv
a
ted
in
ea
ch
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ti
m
e
s
lo
t.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
es
O
FDM
as
th
e
m
ai
n
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
r
e
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
i
s
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Sectio
n
2
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el
o
f
MI
SO
-
O
F
DM
-
SM.
Sect
io
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
a
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
4
co
n
clu
d
es t
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
.
2.
M
I
SO
-
O
F
D
M
-
S
M
SYST
E
M
M
O
DE
L
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
t
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
i
m
p
le
m
en
tin
g
SM
in
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
o
f
a
t
y
p
ical
b
aseb
an
d
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
o
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
latter
o
n
e,
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
a
t
y
p
ical
O
FDM
b
aseb
an
d
tr
an
ciev
er
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
o
u
t
co
d
in
g
[
2
0
,
2
1
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
l
iter
atu
r
e,
s
o
u
r
ce
d
ata
s
y
m
b
o
ls
ar
e
m
o
d
u
lated
u
s
in
g
M
-
Q
AM
(
s
u
ch
as
4
-
Q
A
M)
,
p
a
r
alleled
,
an
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
o
u
tp
u
t stre
a
m
is
f
ed
to
th
e
I
F
FT
b
lo
ck
w
h
er
e
p
ilo
t
s
y
m
b
o
ls
ar
e
in
s
er
ted
to
e
n
ab
le
r
ec
ei
v
er
ch
an
n
el
s
tate
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
C
SI)
esti
m
atio
n
.
T
y
p
icall
y
,
ze
r
o
p
ad
d
in
g
s
tag
e
en
ab
le
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
r
eq
u
ir
ed
FF
T
s
ize.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
OFDM
s
y
m
b
o
l
i
s
f
o
r
m
ed
f
r
o
m
d
ata
s
y
m
b
o
ls
(
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
)
,
p
ilo
t
s
y
m
b
o
ls
,
an
d
ze
r
o
p
ad
s
y
m
b
o
l
s
.
P
ar
t
o
f
a
tim
e
d
o
m
ai
n
OFD
M
s
y
m
b
o
l
(
a
tail)
is
r
ep
licated
to
th
e
h
ea
d
o
f
th
at
s
y
m
b
o
l
to
p
r
ev
en
t
in
ter
s
y
m
b
o
l
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
(
C
y
clic
P
r
ef
ix
)
.
A
t
r
ec
eiv
er
s
id
e,
C
P
is
r
em
o
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
ti
m
e
d
o
m
a
in
s
ig
n
al,
a
r
ev
er
s
e
o
p
er
atio
n
F
F
T
tak
es
p
lace
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
b
ac
k
in
to
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
o
m
ain
a
n
d
p
ilo
t
s
y
m
b
o
ls
ar
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
lo
c
all
y
g
e
n
er
ated
r
ep
licas
to
o
b
ta
in
th
e
C
SI.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
u
t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
18
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
0
:
1
7
3
8
-
1
7
4
5
1740
as
ch
a
n
n
e
l
esti
m
atio
n
a
n
d
it
is
v
ital
i
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
y
m
b
o
l
d
etec
tio
n
.
E
q
u
ilizat
io
n
co
m
p
e
n
s
ates
f
o
r
s
u
b
ca
r
r
ier
s
ch
an
g
e
an
d
M
L
d
etec
tio
n
[
2
2
]
d
ec
id
es
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
it
ted
s
y
m
b
o
ls
.
Fin
all
y
,
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
it
s
co
n
v
e
y
ed
in
th
is
o
p
er
atio
n
is
l
og
2
,
w
h
er
e
M
th
e
co
n
s
tellatio
n
o
r
d
er
o
f
t
h
e
M
-
QA
M
d
e
m
ap
p
er
(
d
em
o
d
u
lato
r
)
.
Mo
d
if
y
i
n
g
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
f
o
r
SM
r
eq
u
ir
es
ad
d
in
g
e
x
tr
a
OFDM
a
n
d
an
te
n
n
a
b
lo
c
k
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Sin
ce
SM
co
n
v
e
y
s
e
x
tr
a
b
its
in
ac
ti
v
ati
n
g
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
t
h
at
is
,
i
f
is
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
m
it
a
n
te
n
as
t
h
e
n
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
f
l
og
2
b
its
ar
e
co
n
v
e
y
ed
in
th
is
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
its
b
ec
o
m
e:
=
l
og
2
+
l
og
2
=
l
og
2
(
∙
)
(
1
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
y
p
ical
b
aseb
an
d
OFDM
tr
an
ce
i
v
er
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
MI
SO
-
OF
DM
-
SM
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
As
an
ex
a
m
p
le,
u
s
in
g
t
w
o
tr
an
s
m
i
t
an
te
n
n
a
s
an
d
4
-
Q
A
M,
a
t
o
tal
o
f
l
og
2
4
+
l
og
2
2
=
2
+
1
=
3
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
in
o
n
e
tr
an
s
m
i
t
p
er
io
d
r
esu
lt
in
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
5
0
%
o
v
er
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
i
n
g
le
a
n
te
n
n
a
w
h
i
le
th
e
s
a
m
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
r
d
er
is
p
r
eser
v
ed
.
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
er
;
d
u
e
to
a
f
ac
t
th
at
o
n
e
(
o
r
a
s
et
o
f
)
tr
an
s
m
it
an
ten
n
a
(
s
)
ar
e
ac
tiv
e
in
o
n
e
tr
an
s
m
it
p
er
io
d
,
w
i
ll
tr
y
to
d
etec
t
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
its
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
it
y
o
f
ac
h
i
ev
in
g
t
h
is
d
etec
tio
n
(
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
)
d
ep
ed
s
o
n
m
a
n
y
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
d
etec
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
its
e
lf
,
c
h
a
n
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T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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T
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18
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No
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4
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A
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A
MI
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S
M
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s
:
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A
M
(
=
4
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,
=
2
,
=
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=
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e
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3
s
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u
r
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4
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[9
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