TELKOM
NIKA
, Vol.14, No
.4, Dece
mbe
r
2016, pp. 12
13~121
6
ISSN: 1693-6
930,
accredited
A
by DIKTI, De
cree No: 58/DIK
T
I/Kep/2013
DOI
:
10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v14i4.4788
1213
Re
cei
v
ed Se
ptem
ber 11, 2016; Revi
se
d Octob
e
r 26,
2016; Accept
ed No
vem
b
e
r
10, 2016
Editorial
Numerical Investigation of a New Junctionless
Phototransistor for High-performance and Ulta-low
Power Infrared Communication Applications
H. Ferha
t
i
1
, F. Djeffal*
2
, T. Ben
t
ercia
3
1,3
LEA, Department of Electro
n
ics, Univ
er
sit
y
of Batna 2, Batna 050
00, Alg
e
ria
2
LEPCM, Univ
ersit
y
of Batn
a 1, Batna 05
00
0
,
Algeria
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, em
ail
:
fay
c
al.d
jeffal
@
univ-
batn
a2.
dz, fa
y
c
a
l
dzdz
@hotmai
l
.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
In this
pa
per,
a n
e
w
ju
nction
l
e
ss o
p
tical
co
n
t
rolle
d fie
l
d
effect transistor
(
J
L-OCF
E
T
)
is
prop
osed
to i
m
prov
e th
e
devic
e
perfor
m
a
n
ce
as w
e
l
l
as ac
hi
ev
in
g l
o
w
pow
er co
n
s
umptio
n.
An overa
ll optica
l
and
electric
al
perfo
rma
n
ces
co
mp
ariso
n
of
the
p
r
opos
ed
ju
ncti
onl
ess d
e
si
gn
and
the
co
nve
n
tion
al
inv
e
rsi
o
n
mo
de structur
e
(IM-OCF
ET
) h
a
s be
en d
e
ve
lo
ped
nu
mer
i
ca
l
l
y
, to assess the optic
al
mo
dul
ation
beh
avi
o
r of
the OCF
E
T
fo
r low
p
o
w
e
r o
p
tical
interc
on
nectio
n
s
app
li
cations. It
is f
oun
d th
at, the
pro
pos
ed
des
ig
n
de
mo
nstrates excell
ent
c
apa
bility in decre
asin
g
th
e
ph
o
t
otransistor
po
w
e
r consu
m
pti
on for
inter-c
h
i
p
optica
l
co
mmu
nicati
on
ap
plic
ation. M
o
re
ove
r
, the
prop
ose
d
d
e
vice
offers
sup
e
rior
se
nsi
t
ivity an
d I
ON
/I
OFF
ratio, i
n
a
d
d
i
tio
n
to
low
e
r si
gn
al to
no
ise
rati
o as
co
mp
are
d
to the
co
nvent
ion
a
l IM-OCF
E
T
structure. T
h
e
obtai
ne
d result
s indic
a
te the
crucial r
o
le
of the j
uncti
on
les
s
(JL) desig
n i
n
enh
anc
ing th
e phot
otransist
o
r
perfor
m
a
n
ce a
nd re
duci
ng th
e total p
o
w
e
r di
ssipati
on.
Such
a very sens
itiv
e OCF
E
T
can be very
pro
m
isi
n
g
in th
e futur
e
l
o
w
pow
er optic
a
l
rec
e
iver
less
compati
b
le to
CMOS modern techno
lo
gy for
hi
gh-q
u
a
lity i
n
ter-
chips d
a
ta co
mmu
n
ic
ation a
p
p
licatio
ns
.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
Ju
nction
less, OCFET, Sensitivity, CMOS, Po
wer consu
m
ptio
n.
Copy
right
©
2016 Un
ive
r
sita
s Ah
mad
Dah
l
an
. All rig
h
t
s r
ese
rved
.
In the long
-haul tele
com
m
unication
system, the huge p
o
wer con
s
um
ptio
n by the
traditional tra
n
smi
ssi
on
wires i
s
an im
portant
limita
t
ion whi
c
h d
egra
d
e
s
the
comm
uni
cati
on
system
pe
rformance in
terms of
co
st
an
d po
we
r di
ssi
pation [1
-2].
Ho
wever,
opti
c
al i
n
tercon
n
e
cts
are con
s
ide
r
ed as a go
o
d
solution to
remedy the probl
em
s faced by electri
c
wires a
nd can
refashion the inter-c
h
ip data c
o
mmunications
s
y
ste
m
s [2-4]. The
quality of optical re
ceivers in
optical
wi
rel
e
ss comm
u
n
icatio
n syst
ems (
OWCS
) greatly
determi
ne
s t
he total
po
wer
con
s
um
ption in
these syst
ems, whe
r
e
it
is cru
c
ia
l to
develop
re
cei
v
ers’
with fa
ster an
d effici
ent
respon
se. In
this context, several pu
blish
ed
works de
al with
nume
r
ou
s o
p
tical
receivers’
stru
ctures
b
a
se
d on S
c
hottky ba
rrie
r
photo
d
iod
e
,
MSM
phot
odete
c
tors a
nd
FET
-based
phototra
nsi
s
t
o
r [5-8]. Thi
s
latter is consi
dered a
s
the most common devi
c
e due to the
oppo
rtunity f
o
r
avoiding
the hig
h
d
e
n
sity of
the
optical
circuits n
a
mely
Tran
s-Im
ped
ance
Amplifier (
TI
A
) and the li
miting amplifi
e
rs u
s
e
d
in reado
ut circuit
.
These am
pl
ifiers con
s
titute
a
seri
ou
s impe
diment in hi
g
h
-pe
r
forman
ce com
m
uni
cation compat
ible with
CM
OS
tec
h
nology.
Previou
s
ly, different scienti
f
ic ende
avors have ori
g
ina
t
ed the
OCF
E
T
with
IV
group mate
rial
or
germ
anium (
Ge
)
se
nsitive
gate [7-10]. The o
perating
me
cha
n
ism of this d
e
v
ice d
w
ell
s
on
exploiting th
e
photo
-
g
ene
rated
ca
rrie
r
s
to mod
u
late
t
he b
and
be
n
d
ing i
n
the
transi
s
tor,
an
d
thus
cha
nge
s th
e
output
current. Ho
weve
r, the
Ge
-ba
s
ed
O
C
FET
ope
ratin
g
a
t
an
app
rop
r
iate
wavele
ngth o
f
(
λ
=1.
5
5
μ
m
), seem
s to be
prefe
r
able f
o
r infrare
d
co
mmuni
cation
due to the lo
w
optical
ban
d gap and
th
e high ca
rrie
r
mobility
offered
by
the
Ge
semi
co
ndu
ct
or.
B
e
side
s,
t
he
excellent compatibility of the
Ge
material to be gro
w
ing o
n
Si platform lead
s
to an ultra-hi
gh
sensing perf
ormance,
large bandwidt
h and effici
ent co
mpatibility with state-of-art
CMOS
techn
o
logy [1
1-12].
Nevert
hele
ss, the
Ge
-
ba
se
d
OC
FET
has con
s
tantly well-kn
o
w
n o
p
tical
an
d
electri
c
al
con
c
erns nam
ely the lo
w sen
s
itivity,
high fabri
c
ation
co
st and
po
we
r con
s
u
m
ption
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 16
93-6
930
TELKOM
NIKA
Vol. 14, No. 4, Dece
mb
er 201
6 : 1213 – 121
6
1214
These pe
rsi
s
tent probl
em
s adve
r
sely affect the
de
vice optical a
nd ele
c
tri
c
al
perfo
rman
ce
for
chip
-level i
n
frared
opti
c
al
communi
catio
n
. He
nce, it
is of g
r
eat
sig
n
i
f
ican
ce to
p
r
o
pose lo
we
r
cost
desi
g
n
s
, enh
ance the ele
c
tri
c
al beh
avior of the con
v
entional
Ge
-
based
OCFET
and make it
con
s
um
es le
ss p
o
wer. F
o
r a
c
hieving
this obje
c
tive
, the
JL
desi
gn ca
n be consi
dered a
s
a
para
m
ou
nt solution for
re
achi
ng the
d
e
sired im
pro
v
ement in fa
brication p
r
o
c
e
ss
co
st. In this
frame
w
ork, the main adv
antage offered by this
desig
n re
side
s prin
cip
a
lly on avoiding
the
formation
of
the source/d
rain regio
n
s (
n
++
) an
d he
n
c
e th
e e
s
tabl
ishme
n
t of ju
nction
s
whi
c
h
seem
s to be
an intra
c
tab
l
e task. Sev
e
ral exp
e
rim
ental studi
es have co
nfirmed the lo
w-co
st
fabrication
of
the
JL
stru
ctu
r
e i
n
com
pari
s
on
with
the
conve
n
tional
IM
de
sign,
where
u
n
iform
n
-
type cha
nnel
dopin
g
is
suff
icient to
con
d
u
ct the tr
an
si
stor [1
3-1
6
]. In this p
ape
r,
we p
r
op
ose a
new
JL-OC
F
ET
to en
han
ce th
e d
e
vice
pe
rform
ance
and
a
c
hieve
low po
we
r
consumption.
We
perfo
rm al
so
an ove
r
all o
p
tical a
nd el
ectri
c
al
perfo
rman
ce
s
co
mpari
s
o
n
of
the propo
sed
JL
desi
gn an
d the conve
n
tion
al one.
The propo
se
d junctionl
ess de
sign is built
princi
pally on the supp
re
ssi
on
of the
sou
r
ce/drain regio
n
s and adoptin
g
unif
o
rm
n
-type chann
el dopi
n
g
. In orde
r to obtain an ini
t
ial
band
ben
ding
, we a
s
sume
the
Ge
gate i
n
ou
r propo
sed
JL-OC
F
E
T
with
p
-type
dopin
g
. To t
h
is
extent, Figure 1
sh
ows th
e cro
s
s-
se
ctional vie
w
of the p
r
op
os
ed j
unctio
n
le
ss d
e
sig
n
, where
N
Ge
and
N
Si
are t
he
Ge
gate a
nd the
Si
cha
nnel d
oping
concentratio
n
, respe
c
tively,
L
r
e
pr
es
en
ts
th
e
cha
nnel len
g
t
h
and
t
Ge
refers to the ge
rmanium thi
c
kness.
Figure 1. Cro
ss
se
ctional v
i
ew of t
he pro
posed JL-O
CFET phototra
nsi
s
tor.
For ou
r nu
m
e
rical inve
stigation, we
u
s
e Atlas 2
-
D simulato
r [1
6], to develop the
nume
r
ical m
odel
of the p
r
opo
se
d d
e
si
gn that
i
s
m
o
re accu
rate and allows e
v
aluating
the
JL
-
OCFET
el
ect
r
ical
beh
avio
r for the o
p
tical
commu
ni
cation
appli
c
ation. The p
hoto-g
ene
rat
ed
c
u
rrent in the
Ge
gate
is cal
c
ul
ated
u
s
ing
the
sol
u
tion
of Poi
sson’s eq
uatio
n an
d
contin
uity
equatio
ns. T
o
descri
be th
e carrie
r re
co
mbination m
e
cha
n
ism, Fe
rmi model an
d recombi
nati
o
n
model
s (Sh
o
ckl
ey–Read–
Hall (
SR
H
), Auger a
nd
surface re
co
m
b
i
nation
)
are
also in
clu
d
ed.
Furthe
rmo
r
e,
due to the hig
h
level dopin
g
in the
juncti
onle
ss d
e
si
gn
, the carri
er
mobility is taken
depe
ndent o
n
the doping
concentratio
n
.
The pri
n
ci
pal
aspe
ct of the
OCFET
i
s
the optical m
odulatio
n be
havior of the
output
curre
n
t usin
g
different inci
dent po
wer
with an app
rop
r
iate wavel
e
n
g
th value. He
nce, in o
r
de
r to
evaluate the
proposed design
regarding this
aspect
, we illustrat
e
in Figure
2(
a
) the trans
f
er
cha
r
a
c
teri
stics of t
he
pro
p
o
se
d
JL-
O
CF
E
T
with
different in
cide
nt p
o
we
r fo
r a
fixed g
a
te volta
ge
value of (
V
gs
=-
1V
).
It is clea
rly o
b
se
rved from
this figure, the
simpl
e
an
d
the goo
d op
e
r
ating b
ehavi
o
r of the
JL
d
e
si
gn, where
by in
creasi
ng the
o
p
tical p
o
wer,
we
can
ch
a
nge the
ban
d-be
ndin
g
in
the
cha
nnel
and
hen
ce in
crea
se th
e d
r
ain
curre
n
t. This
phen
omen
on
is d
epi
cted
clea
rly in Fi
g
u
re
2(b
)
, whe
r
e
we ob
se
rve the loga
rithmi
c dep
ende
ncy between th
e drain
curre
n
t and the incide
nt
optical
po
wer confi
r
ming
th
e excell
ent o
peratio
n
of th
e propo
se
d d
e
sig
n
. We
ca
n also n
o
tice
the
low d
a
rk current value
of (
I
off
=8×
1
0
-13
A
) obtain
ed
by adoptin
g
the
JL
de
sig
n
,
whi
c
h can
be
attributed to t
he do
ping lev
e
l of the chan
nel in a
dditio
n
to the fully depletio
n mo
de of the d
e
vice
with
V
gs
=-1V
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
1693-6
930
Num
e
ri
cal Investigatio
n of a Ne
w Ju
ncti
onle
ss Photot
ran
s
isto
r for… (H. Fe
rhati
)
1215
0
,
0
0,5
1
,
0
1,5
2
,
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Dr
ai
n
Cu
r
r
e
n
t [
A]
Dr
ai
n
V
o
l
t
ag
e
[V]
10
W
1
W
10
0 n
W
10
nW
1 n
W
Da
r
k
1
E
-
1
0
1
E
-
9
1
E-
8
1
E-
7
1
E-
6
1
E-
5
1
E
-
4
0
5
10
15
20
Cu
r
r
e
n
t [
A]
Optic
a
l Pow
e
r [
W
]
(a)
(b)
Figure 2.
(
a
)
I–V
characte
ristics of the propo
se
d
JL O
C
-FE
T
fo
r different opti
c
al
powers, with
N
Si
= 1×10
18
cm
−
3
, N
Ge
= 1×10
18
cm
−
3
,
V
gs
= -1V
and
L=1
80nm
. (
b
) Drain
cu
rre
nt as a functio
n
of
the optical p
o
w
er
with
V
gs
= -1V
an
d
V
ds
= 0.5V
In orde
r to elucid
ate the perform
an
ce i
m
provem
ent of the propo
sed
JL
de
sig
n
over the
conve
n
tional
IM-OCFET
, it is important
to compa
r
e t
he ele
c
trical perfo
rman
ce
provide
d
by both
device
s
. Fo
r
this pu
rp
ose, Table
1
su
mmari
ze
s th
e overall ele
c
tri
c
al a
nd o
p
tical p
e
rfo
r
mance
comp
ari
s
o
n
b
e
twee
n both
IM
and
JL O
C
FET
d
e
si
gn
s. From thi
s
table,
it is de
monst
r
ated t
hat
the device figure
s
of merit (
FoM
s
)
re
gardi
ng the
power
con
s
u
m
ption a
r
e g
r
eatly imp
r
ov
ed
comp
ared to the conve
n
tional cou
n
terpa
r
t. Moreove
r
, the prop
osed
JL
desi
gn ex
hibits supe
rio
r
sen
s
itivity, which
ma
ke
s it valuable f
o
r
low
co
st
an
d low
p
o
wer co
nsum
ption re
ceiver
for hig
h
-
perfo
rman
ce chip
-level
infrared comm
un
ication
a
pplications.
Table1. Com
pari
s
on
sum
m
ary betwee
n
IM
and
JL OCFET
de
s
i
gn
s
Sy
mbo
l
Con
v
e
n
ti
onal I
M
-OC
F
ET desi
g
n
Propose
d
J
L
-
O
CFET desig
n
Desig
n
v
a
riabl
e
s:
Wavelength
λ
(n
m)
1550
1550
Drain voltage
V
ds
(V)
0.5
0.5
Gate voltage
V
g
s
(V)
0.5
-1
Ge
doping conce
n
tration
(c
m
-
3
)
P t
y
pe 1×10
18
N t
y
pe
1×10
17
Si
doping concentration
(c
m
-
3
)
N t
y
pe
1×10
18
P t
y
pe 5×10
16
Channel length
L(
nm
)
180
180
Si
thicknes
s
t
Ge
(nm)
120
120
Incident po
w
e
r
P (µ
W
)
Performa
nce pa
rameters
:
10
10
OF
F c
u
rre
nt
(I
OF
F
) (nA)
4
8×10
-
4
ON-
O
FF Cu
rre
nt
Ratio
(I
ON
/I
OF
F
)
(d
B)
65
396
Sensitiv
ity
(S)
1258
1.25×10
6
Signal to Noise ratio
(SN)
13
12×10
3
Referen
ces
[1]
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