T
E
L
KOM
NIKA
,
V
o
l.1
7
,
No.
6
,
Dece
m
b
e
r
201
9
,
p
p
.
2729
~
2
7
3
4
IS
S
N: 1
6
9
3
-
6930
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TE
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K
OMN
I
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.
v
1
7
i
6
.
12047
◼
2729
Rece
ived
Dece
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r
1
3
,
2
0
1
8
;
Revise
d
Ju
n
e
5
,
2
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1
9
;
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cce
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D
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epart
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niv
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ed
by
it
s
v
er
y
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w
pow
er
c
on
s
um
p
t
ion.
T
he
node
c
om
pri
s
es
t
hre
e
m
ain
c
om
ponen
t
s
:
Xbee
m
odule,
low
pow
er
PI
C
m
ic
ro
c
ont
roller
and
digit
al
s
en
s
or.
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he
node
c
a
n
be
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et
t
o
s
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e
t
hen
t
ran
s
m
i
t
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t
a
v
ia
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o
f
t
w
o
t
rans
m
i
s
s
ion
m
et
hod
s
:
periodi
c
and
by
int
er
rupt
i
ons
.
T
o
e
v
aluat
e
t
he
pow
er
c
ons
u
m
pt
ion;
c
urre
nt
s
in
t
he
node
is
m
ea
s
ured
during
t
he
dif
f
erent
t
ran
s
m
i
s
s
ion
s
t
ages
f
or
bo
t
h
m
et
hod
s
.
As
a
re
s
ult
,
a
s
ignif
i
c
ant
reduc
t
ion
in
t
he
pow
er
c
on
s
um
p
t
ion
i
s
s
ho
w
n
part
ic
ularly
in
s
leep
m
ode
c
om
pared
t
o
c
onv
en
t
ional
t
rans
m
i
s
s
ion
m
et
hod
s
.
T
he
c
harac
t
eris
t
ic
o
f
low
p
ow
er
c
ons
u
m
pt
ion
m
ak
e
s
t
he
propos
ed
node
prac
t
ic
ally
ec
ologic
.
I
t
c
an
al
s
o
be
f
ed
w
i
t
h
t
he
e
x
t
re
m
lo
w
po
w
er
s
upplied
by
an
energ
y
har
v
es
t
ing
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
K
eywo
r
d
s
:
energy
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
,
energ
y
har
v
es
t
ing,
pow
er
c
on
s
um
p
t
ion
,
W
S
N
node
s
C
o
p
yr
i
g
h
t
©
201
9
U
n
i
ve
r
si
tas
A
h
mad
D
a
h
l
a
n
.
A
l
l
r
i
g
h
ts
r
eser
ve
d
.
1
.
In
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
io
n
T
h
e
r
e
c
e
n
t
d
e
v
e
lop
m
e
n
ts
in
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s f
ield
r
e
fle
cte
d
in
4
G
a
n
d
5
G
syste
m
s
h
a
ve
o
p
e
n
e
d
n
e
w
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
h
o
r
izo
n
su
ch
a
s
In
te
r
n
e
t
o
f
th
ing
s
(
Io
T
)
a
n
d
M
a
ch
ine
to
M
a
c
h
ine
(
M
2
M
)
[1
-
5
].
T
h
is
wi
ll
b
r
ing
m
o
r
e
se
r
vices
int
o
o
u
r
d
a
il
y
li
ve
s.
In
a
d
d
ition
to
th
a
t
,
th
is
h
a
s
d
r
a
wn
th
e
int
e
r
e
s
t
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
e
r
s
a
n
d
ind
u
st
r
ials
t
o
d
e
ve
lop
th
e
wi
r
e
less
se
n
s
o
r
n
e
two
r
ks
(
W
S
Ns)
which
a
r
e
im
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
a
cto
r
fo
r
th
e
d
e
p
loy
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
se
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
t
t
e
ch
n
o
log
ies
[6
,
7
].
A
W
S
N
co
m
p
r
ises
g
e
n
e
r
a
ll
y
a
se
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
r
e
fe
r
r
e
d
t
o
a
s
“
n
o
d
e
s”
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ca
p
a
b
le
to
d
e
t
e
ct,
tr
e
a
t
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
sm
it in
fo
r
m
a
tio
n
wir
e
lesse
ll
y a
n
d
in
r
e
a
l
-
tim
e
[
8
,
9
].
On
e
o
f
th
e
b
igg
e
st
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
a
t
h
ind
e
r
t
h
e
wi
d
e
sp
r
e
a
d
u
se
o
f
W
S
N
syste
m
s
is
th
e
issue
o
f
p
o
wer
su
p
p
ly
to
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s,
th
is
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e
ca
u
se
,
W
S
N
n
o
d
e
s
a
r
e
o
f
te
n
p
lace
d
in
h
a
r
sh
a
r
e
a
s
w
h
e
r
e
it
is
n
o
t
p
o
ssible
to
ch
a
n
g
e
b
a
tt
e
r
ies
[1
0
-
1
2
]
.
In
a
d
d
ition
t
o
th
a
t,
b
a
tt
e
r
ies
a
r
e
n
o
t
m
u
ch
d
e
sir
e
d
fo
r
e
n
vi
r
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
i
n
te
r
e
sts
[1
3
,
1
4
].
A
n
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
so
l
u
tio
n
is
b
e
in
g
inve
sti
g
a
te
d
in
th
e
r
e
ce
n
t
ti
m
e
w
h
ich
su
g
g
e
sts
th
e
id
e
a
o
f
h
a
r
ve
stin
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
fr
o
m
th
e
su
r
r
o
u
n
d
ing
e
n
vir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[1
5
-
2
0
].
T
h
u
s,
th
e
W
S
N
n
o
d
e
ca
n
b
e
e
q
u
ipp
e
d
wi
th
a
m
e
ch
a
n
ism
to
o
b
ta
in
e
lect
r
ical
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
d
iff
e
r
e
n
t
so
u
r
ce
s
su
c
h
a
s
e
lect
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
tic
wave
s,
vib
r
a
tio
n
s,
su
n
,
and
wi
n
d
.
Howe
ve
r
,
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
r
e
c
o
lte
d
is
r
e
lat
ively
ve
r
y
sm
a
ll
a
n
d
th
e
r
e
fo
r
e
it
is
cr
u
ci
a
l
to
d
e
sign
W
S
N
n
o
d
e
s
wi
th
low
p
o
w
e
r
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
[2
1
-
2
4
].
S
o
,
th
e
m
o
tiva
ti
o
n
n
o
wad
a
ys
is
to
co
m
e
u
p
wi
th
W
S
N
th
a
t
h
a
s
a
low
p
o
we
r
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
,
which
is
su
ita
b
le
t
o
wor
k
u
p
o
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
ve
stin
g
sys
t
e
m
s,
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
g
r
a
d
u
a
ll
y t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
im
e
t
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
b
a
tt
e
r
ies.
In
th
is
co
m
m
u
n
icat
ion
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
se
t
h
e
d
e
sign
a
n
d
im
p
le
m
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
o
f
a
W
S
N
n
o
d
e
su
ita
b
le
fo
r
p
o
int
-
to
-
p
o
int
t
r
a
n
s
m
issi
o
n
whe
r
e
d
a
ta
is
se
n
t
p
e
r
iod
ic
a
ll
y
o
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
int
e
r
r
u
p
tio
n
s.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
is
b
u
il
t
u
sing
low
-
co
st
a
n
d
low
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts.
It
is
int
e
n
d
e
d
to
r
e
d
u
c
e
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
b
y
a
d
o
p
tin
g
two
tr
a
n
sm
issi
o
n
a
lgo
r
ith
m
s
to
e
ff
ici
e
n
tly
m
a
n
a
g
e
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
n
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
n
e
xt
se
ctio
n
s
e
x
p
lain
well
t
h
e
d
e
sign
m
e
th
o
d
o
log
y a
n
d
t
h
e
e
xp
e
r
i
m
e
n
ta
l
va
li
d
a
tio
n
.
2
.
P
o
we
r
Req
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
W
S
N No
d
e
s
T
e
ch
n
ically,
p
o
we
r
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
in
W
S
N
n
o
d
e
s
is
r
e
lat
e
d
to
th
r
e
e
o
p
e
r
a
tio
n
s
which
a
r
e
se
n
sing
,
p
r
o
ce
ssing
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
sm
issi
o
n
[2
5
,
2
6
].
A
s
d
e
ta
il
e
d
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
typ
e
a
n
d
m
a
n
u
f
a
ct
u
r
ing
p
e
r
fo
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
se
n
so
r
a
s
well
a
s
th
e
p
r
o
ce
sso
r
ca
n
g
ive
a
n
o
ve
r
view
o
n
h
o
w
m
u
ch
p
o
wer
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NIKA
V
o
l.
1
7
,
No.
6
,
Dece
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
9
:
2729
-
2734
2730
th
e
n
o
d
e
ca
n
co
n
su
m
e
.
Ob
viou
sly,
th
e
la
r
g
e
s
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
we
r
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
in
a
n
o
d
e
is
d
u
e
to
tr
a
n
sm
issi
o
n
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
.
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e
side
s,
it
is
r
e
lat
e
d
to
d
a
ta
r
a
te
,
tr
a
n
sm
issi
o
n
r
a
n
g
e
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
th
e
p
h
ysical
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
istics
o
f
th
e
r
a
d
i
o
m
o
d
u
le.
A
lso,
th
e
p
o
we
r
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
a
ff
e
cte
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
ing
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
int
e
r
-
n
o
d
e
s.
T
h
e
r
e
fo
r
e
,
to
e
f
ficien
tly
m
a
n
a
g
e
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
,
it is wo
r
t
h
y t
o
se
lect
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
d
e
vices
a
n
d
p
r
o
to
co
l
fo
r
su
c
h
a
n
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
.
F
igu
r
e
1
.
P
o
wer
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
WS
N n
o
d
e
2
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
A
s
sh
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
n
o
d
e
co
n
sists o
f
a
DS
1
8
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2
0
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n
so
r
,
l
o
w
p
o
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r
P
IC
1
6
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F
7
2
2
a
n
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le.
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e
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
E
L
KOM
NIKA
IS
S
N: 1
6
9
3
-
6930
◼
Desig
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2731
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NIKA
V
o
l.
1
7
,
No.
6
,
Dece
m
b
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r
2
0
1
9
:
2729
-
2734
2732
3
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T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
◼
IS
S
N: 1
6
9
3
-
6
9
3
0
T
E
L
KOM
NIKA
V
o
l.
1
7
,
No.
6
,
Dece
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
9
:
2729
-
2734
2734
Ref
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
[
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Lai
C
H
,
W
ang
J
H
,
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T
A,
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en
t
ors
;
Bro
c
ere
Elec
t
ronic
s
C
o
Lt
d
,
a
s
s
ignee
.
U
lt
ra
lo
w
po
w
er
s
ub
-
w
ireles
s
s
ens
or
ne
t
w
or
k
(s
ub
-
w
s
n)
f
or
I
n
t
er
net
of
T
hin
gs
(
I
o
T
)
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
U
nit
ed
S
t
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en
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at
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eddy
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y
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n
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egrat
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erne
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en
s
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ork
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I
n
t
ernat
ional
J
ournal
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t
ric
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om
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t
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C
how
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M
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ahan
M
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e
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an
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H
aque
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ilon
M
,
I
s
lam
S
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F
unda
m
ent
al
appli
c
at
ions
o
f
I
n
t
ernet
o
f
T
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o
c
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ert
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nt
erne
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t
e
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hnologies
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ar
c
hit
e
c
t
ure
,
pro
t
oc
ol
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,
s
e
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urit
y
,
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d
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at
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a
s
ur
v
ey
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n
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R
aj
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am
an
A
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Ed
it
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Ha
ndbook
o
f
R
e
s
earc
h
on
C
loud
and
F
og
C
om
put
ing
I
n
f
ras
t
ruc
t
ures
f
or
D
a
t
a
S
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ienc
e
.
H
ers
h
ey
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in
I
U
,
Gui
z
ani
M
,
H
a
s
s
an
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,
Kim
BS
,
Khan
M
K,
At
iquz
z
a
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an
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,
Ah
m
ed
SH
.
T
he
I
nt
erne
t
of
T
hing
s
:
A
rev
iew
of
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t
ec
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ut
ure
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halle
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Koc
ak
ulak
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,
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t
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.
An
o
v
erv
ie
w
o
f
W
ireles
s
Sens
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e
t
w
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s
t
o
w
ards
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erne
t
o
f
t
hings
.
201
7
I
EEE
7
th
Annual
C
o
m
put
ing
and
C
om
m
unic
a
t
ion
W
ork
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C
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erenc
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C
W
C
)
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6.
[
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C
hris
t
in
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R
einhardt
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ogre
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t
einm
e
t
z
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.
W
ireles
s
s
ens
or
ne
t
w
or
k
s
and
t
he
in
t
ernet
o
f
t
hing
s
:
s
elec
t
ed
c
hallenges
.
Proc
eedings
o
f
t
he
8
th
G
I
/
I
T
G
KuVS
F
a
c
hges
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ä
c
h
D
rah
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[
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ly
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o
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ols
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R
C
pres
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[
9]
Khan
I
,
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s
m
i
F
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Glit
ho
R
,
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re
s
pi
N
,
M
orrow
M
,
Polak
o
s
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.
W
ireles
s
s
en
s
or
ne
t
w
or
k
v
ir
t
ualiz
a
t
ion:
A
s
urv
e
y
.
I
EEE
C
o
m
m
uni
c
at
ion
s
Sur
v
ey
s
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T
u
t
oria
ls
.
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;
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576
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[
10]
M
ahm
ood
M
A,
Seah
W
K,
W
elc
h
I
.
R
eliabilit
y
in
w
ireles
s
s
ens
or
net
w
ork
s
:
A
s
ur
v
ey
and
c
hallenges
ahead.
C
o
m
put
er
N
e
t
w
or
k
s
.
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;
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187.
[
11]
J
abeen
F
,
N
a
w
az
S
.
I
n
-
ne
t
w
or
k
w
irele
s
s
s
ens
or
net
w
ork
query
pro
c
es
s
ors
:
St
a
t
e
of
t
he
art
,
c
hallenges
and
f
u
t
ure
dire
c
t
ion
s
.
I
n
f
orm
a
t
ion
F
u
s
io
n
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